Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| bacteria may provide access to the tsetse fly. | 1993 | 8342015 | |
| epidemiology of trypanosome infections of the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes in the zambezi valley. | the epidemiology of trypanosome infections of glossina pallidipes was studied at a riverine site in the zambezi valley, zimbabwe for a period of 13 months. over 9000 flies were captured using a single trap. these flies were dissected, screened for trypanosome infection, sexed, and aged using both wing fray and (for females) ovarian category indices. midgut infections were identified to species using recently developed dna probes. the overall prevalence of mature infections was 5.5%, comprising 3 ... | 1993 | 8341584 |
| the effect of cattle infection by trypanosoma congolense on the attraction, and feeding success, of the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes. | an incomplete ring of electric nets was placed around uninfected cattle and cattle infected with trypanosoma congolense. the numbers of fed and unfed glossina pallidipes caught on the nets were used to estimate the attractiveness of infected and uninfected cattle to tsetse, and the feeding success of tsetse on the cattle. there was no difference in the attractiveness of infected and uninfected cattle to g. pallidipes. however, the feeding success of g. pallidipes on infected cattle was 75% great ... | 1993 | 8316432 |
| thyroid dysfunction in african trypanosomiasis: a possible role for inflammatory cytokines. | sleeping sickness (african trypanosomiasis) is an anthropozoonosis transmitted by the tsetse fly. the treatments of choice are the antiparasitic agents suramin and/or melarsoprol. experimental infection of animals with trypanosoma brucei results in inflammatory lesions in the pituitary and/or the thyroid gland. in biochemical terms, these animals have hypothyroidism. we evaluated the functional integrity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in patients with african trypanosomiasis before, ... | 1993 | 8287572 |
| a conserved stem-loop structure in the 3' untranslated region of procyclin mrnas regulates expression in trypanosoma brucei. | african trypanosomes that cycle between mammalian hosts and the tsetse fly vector must be poised to survive in different environments. the control of stage-specific gene expression is undoubtedly one of the keys to successful adaptation, but no regulatory elements have been defined to date. procyclins (also known as procyclic acidic repetitive proteins) are specifically expressed on the surface of procyclic and epimastigote forms in the fly. procyclin genes are already transcribed in bloodstream ... | 1994 | 8278396 |
| man-fly contact in the gambian trypanosomiasis focus of nola-bilolo (central african republic). | a study using bipyramid tetse fly traps in the nola-bilolo sleeping sickness focus (central african republic) reveals ecological and behavioural differences between two vectors, glossina palpalis palpalis and g. fuscipes fuscipes. the latter species inhabits mainly open water sites and surrounding forest, whereas g. p. palpalis occurs mainly in coffe plantations near villages. consequently, the man-fly contact differs considerably according to the species. the intensity of trypanosomiasis transm ... | 1993 | 8256100 |
| ubombo and the site of david bruce's discovery of trypanosoma brucei. | the site and remains believed to be those of the camp where sir david bruce and his wife mary worked between 1894 and 1897, and where bruce discovered the causative agent of nagana and its transmission by the tsetse fly, have recently been discovered at the small village of ubombo in northern kwazulu (zululand), south africa. the site where these remnants were found fits the meagre, albeit significant, information presented by bruce in his writings on the location of the camp. | 1993 | 8249096 |
| genetic analysis by dna fingerprinting in tsetse fly genomes. | genomic dna from tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae: glossina wiedemann) was analyzed by hybridization using the whole m13 phage as a probe to reveal dna fingerprinting (dnafp) profiles. intrapopulation variability, measured by comparison of dnafp profiles of tsetse flies from a large colony of g. brevipalpis, showed a high degree of polymorphism similar to that found in other animal species. different lines of g. m. morsitans, g. m. centralis, g. m. submorsitans, g. p. palpalis and g. p. gambie ... | 1993 | 8220390 |
| major surface glycoproteins of procyclic stage african trypanosomes. | the procyclic stage in the life cycle of african trypanosomes is adapted for life in the harsh environment of the midgut of the tsetse fly vector. procyclic forms derived by transformation from antigenically distinct bloodstream variants are antigenically similar and have lost the variant surface glycoprotein coat of the bloodstream forms. in contrast to bloodstream forms, where the variant surface glycoprotein coat is essentially the only molecule exposed, many different proteins can be labeled ... | 1994 | 8206145 |
| genetic variability and segregation analysis in glossina moristans moristans (diptera: glossinidae) using dna fingerprinting. | dna hybridization, using the m13 sequence as a probe, was used to analyze the genetic variability in four inbred lines of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans westwood. an average of 11.2 bands (ranging from 2 to 10 kb) were found per fly. an average of nine loci were detected in each line; 40% of the loci were polymorphic and the mean heterozygosity per locus varied from 0.098 to 0.29. averaging the data across the four inbred lines, the band sharing estimates were 82.5% in males and 81. ... | 1994 | 8200517 |
| evidence for an interplay between cell cycle progression and the initiation of differentiation between life cycle forms of african trypanosomes. | successful transmission of the african trypanosome between the mammalian host blood-stream and the tsetse fly vector involves dramatic alterations in the parasite's morphology and biochemistry. this differentiation through to the tsetse midgut procyclic form is accompanied by re-entry into a proliferative cell cycle. using a synchronous differentiation model and a variety of markers diagnostic for progress through both differentiation and the cell cycle, we have investigated the interplay betwee ... | 1994 | 8195296 |
| midgut lectin activity and sugar specificity in teneral and fed tsetse. | midgut infection rates of trypanosoma congolense in glossina palpalis palpalis and of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in glossina pallidipes are potentiated by the addition of d+ glucosamine to the infective feed, but not to the levels of super-infection reported for g.m.morsitans, g.p.palpalis and g.pallidipes are shown to possess two trypanocidal molecules: a glucosyl lectin which can be inhibited by d+ glucosamine and a galactosyl molecule inhibited by d+ galactose. addition of both d+ glucosa ... | 1994 | 8161852 |
| agricultural development paths and pest management: a pragmatic view of sustainability. | historical profiles can be used to portray past pathways of agricultural development, the factors that affected pest status and the responses made by farmers in the form of pest management. understanding the key factors affecting these historical developments is thought to be crucial for identifying likely future scenarios and associated opportunities and constraints for improving pest management. evidence for this view is provided by four case studies: brassica pests in the united kingdom; tset ... | 1993 | 8149816 |
| upsurge of the tsetse fly glossina swynnertoni at nguruman, kenya. | 1994 | 8025331 | |
| cytogenetic and isozymic comparisons of two laboratory lines of glossina palpalis gambiensis. | the genetics of two laboratory colonies of glossina palpalis gambiensis were characterized by c-banding and isoenzyme studies. the colonies, derived from flies collected in the same locality, had different histories in the laboratory and different susceptibilities to trypanosome infection. although the two lines were also found to differ in the frequencies of chromosome and isozyme variants, the variation was not enough to put their specific status in doubt; it was probably the result of genetic ... | 1994 | 7979641 |
| bait methods for tsetse fly control. | 1994 | 7976751 | |
| isolation and characterization of hypervariable sequences from tsetse fly genome. | a glossina brevipalpis newstead genomic library, constructed using a charomid 9-36 vector, was used to isolate putative clones that hybridize to polymorphic regions of the tsetse genome. five types of probes, that reveal individual dna polymorphic in humans and higher animal species, were used to screen 300 tsetse charomid clones; 15% of the clones hybridized with at least one probe. twenty four recombinants were further characterized by southern blotting hybridization using dna isolated from in ... | 1994 | 7951269 |
| genetic exchange in trypanosoma brucei: evidence for meiosis from analysis of a cross between drug-resistant transformants. | genetic exchange in trypanosoma brucei spp. can occur when two strains are cotransmitted through the tsetse fly vector, but it is non-obligatory and a comparatively rare event. to increase recovery of hybrids, we crossed drug resistant parental strains and selected hybrids by double drug resistance [15]. analysis of 29 hybrid clones from five separate genetic exchange events shows independent segregation of marker genes and a high frequency of triploidy, both of which phenomena have been observe ... | 1994 | 7935602 |
| analysis of a new genetic cross between two east african trypanosoma brucei clones. | two clones of east african trypanosoma brucei, with distinct homozygous isoenzyme patterns for one of three enzymes examined, were cotransmitted through the tsetse fly vector glossina morsitans centralis. flies with mature infections were individually fed on mice and the subsequent bloodstream from populations analysed for the presence of hybrid trypanosomes by isoenzyme analysis. several combinations have previously been detected using this approach (schweizer, tait & jenni, 1988; sternberg et ... | 1994 | 7914691 |
| insect acetyl-coa carboxylase: enzyme activity during adult development and after feeding in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans. | acetyl-coa carboxylase (ec 6.1.4.2) activity in the adult tsetse fly (glossina morsitans) increased 2-3 days after pupation to reach a plateau of between 0.4 and 0.6 mumol/min/mg after 7 days, and between 0.6 and 0.8 mumol/min/mg after 6 days in the abdomens of male and female flies, respectively. the enzyme showed a 50-70% increase in specific activity within 20 hr after a blood meal in previously starved flies. lipogenesis and acetyl-coa carboxylase activity were detected in the thorax, the ab ... | 1994 | 7911385 |
| measurement of risk in endemic areas of human african trypanosomiasis in côte d'ivoire. | an index of epidemiological risk was developed for the foci of human african trypanosomiasis (hat) in the forest zone of côte d'ivoire, based on the following characteristics of glossina palpalis palpalis populations: daily survival rate, apparent density of teneral males and females, and frequency of human-fly contact. the index agreed well with hat prevalence. it varied according to ethnic groups and with seasonal changes in agricultural activities and fell rapidly to zero following the start ... | 1994 | 7886756 |
| [vectorial fauna at the site of the future dam at memve'ele(cameroon)]. | the present study was designed to assess the health risk of the future hydroelectric dam of memve'ele with reference to vector-borne diseases. entomological and malacological surveys were carried out in the project area. the main vectors collected were anopheles gambiae and an. nili for malaria; simulium damnosum for onchocerciasis; glossina palpalis for trypanosomiasis; chrysops dimidiata and c. silacea for loasis. no snail host of schistosome was reported. the risk of introduction of the disea ... | 1994 | 7866048 |
| inhibition of bloodmeal digestion in glossina morsitans fed on rabbits immunized with tsetse midgut homogenate. | the efficacy of bloodmeal digestion in teneral glossina morsitans centralis fed on rabbits immunized with tsetse fly midgut extracts was progressively monitored over a period of 96 hours. flies fed on immunized rabbits showed reduced rate of bloodmeal digestion as compared to the controls. although there was insignificant difference in the rate of bloodmeal digestion upto 24 hours post-feeding in later stages of digestion there was quite a significant difference. polyacrylamide gel electrophoret ... | 1994 | 7821245 |
| a comparison of three types of "m" traps for sampling tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidae) populations at south luangwa game management area, zambia. | a field trial was conducted between 27th july and 1st august, 1992 in mfuwe, south luangwa, zambia to assess the effectiveness of locally developed "m" traps for suppressing and sampling the tsetse flies glossina pallidipes austen and glossina morsitans morsitans westwood. the tsetse catches in the "m" traps and the standard f3 traps were collected at 24 hour intervals. the highest catches of both tsetse species in the series of "m" traps were in the m3 trap. the numbers of female flies caught f ... | 1994 | 7812999 |
| comparisons of eukaryotic genomic sequences. | a method for assessing genomic similarity based on relative abundances of short oligonucleotides in large dna samples is introduced. the method requires neither homologous sequences nor prior sequence alignments. the analysis centers on (i) dinucleotide (and tri- and tetra-) relative abundance extremes in genomic sequences, (ii) distances between sequences based on all dinucleotide relative abundance values, and (iii) a multidimensional partial ordering protocol. the emphasis in this paper is on ... | 1994 | 7809130 |
| trypanosome infections of the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes in the luangwa valley, zambia. | trypanosome infections of glossina pallidipes were investigated at a site in the luangwa valley, zambia between june 1991 and september 1992. almost 3700 flies were captured, dissected, screened for trypanosome infection, and aged using both wing fray and (for females) ovarian categories. dna probes were used to identify midgut infections. prevalences of mature infections were 6.2% trypanosoma vivax-type and 3.1% t. congolense-type (including low prevalances of t. brucei, t. simiae and another n ... | 1994 | 7772128 |
| a successful backcross in trypanosoma brucei. | genetic exchange can take place between different strains of trypanosoma brucei ssp. when they are cotransmitted via the tsetse fly vector, but the mechanism and limits of compatibility between strains are ill-defined as yet. following the recovery of several hybrid genotypes with single drug resistance from a cross of drug resistant parental strains, we attempted a series of backcrosses and f1 crosses, selecting hybrids by double drug resistance. of 4 backcrosses, one produced hybrid progeny, t ... | 1995 | 7723777 |
| mixed populations of trypanosoma brucei in wild glossina palpalis palpalis. | in many previous characterization studies of trypanozoon, isolates have been subpassaged numerous times in laboratory rodents until a quantity of trypanosomes sufficient for analysis has been obtained. in addition to the numerous biochemical effects of such a process on the parasite, it appears probable that adaptation to an unnatural host may also serve to filter out less virulent populations from mixed infections, leading to an underestimate of the true level of genetic diversity. by the early ... | 1994 | 7716394 |
| tsetse flies and their control. | the authors use a quantitative modelling framework to describe and explore the features of the biology of tsetse flies (glossina spp.) which are important in determining the rate of transmission of the african trypanosomiases between hosts. examples are presented of the contribution of previous research on tsetse to quantified epidemiological and epizootiological understanding, and areas of current ignorance are identified for future study. spatial and temporal variations in risk are important ( ... | 1994 | 7711306 |
| multiple trypanosome infections in wild tsetse in côte d'ivoire detected by pcr analysis and dna probes. | trypanosomes were isolated from the midguts of glossina palpalis palpalis, g. pallicera pallicera and g. nigrofusca nigrofusca captured around the village of guediboua, south west of daloa in côte d'ivoire. seventy of the 124 isolates, obtained from 688 flies, were examined for four different kinds of trypanosome using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). prevalences were: trypanozoon 46%, riverine-forest t. congolense 86% and savannah t. congolense 54%. only 29 samples were examined for t. simi ... | 1995 | 7676910 |
| expression of garp, a major surface glycoprotein of trypanosoma congolense, on the surface of trypanosoma brucei: characterization and use as a selectable marker. | procyclic and epimastigote forms of trypanosoma congolense express an immunodominant glutamic acid/alanine-rich protein (garp) that covers the parasite surface. although garp shows no sequence similarity to procyclins from t. brucei, the general characteristics of the two sets of surface glycoproteins suggest that they have analogous functions, in much the same way that variant surface glycoproteins with unrelated primary sequences fulfil the same function in bloodstream form trypanosomes. since ... | 1995 | 7637714 |
| purification and characterization of a midgut lectin-trypsin complex from the tsetse fly glossina longipennis. | a blood-meal-induced lectin (agglutinin) with proteolytic activity was isolated from midgut extracts of glossina longipennis by a two-step procedure involving anion-exchange chromatography. it is a glycoprotein [native molecular weight (m(r) 61,000 +/- 3000 da) composed of two noncovalently-linked subunits designated alpha (m(r), approximately 27,000 da) and beta (m(r), approximately 33,000 da). the trypsin activity and the glycosyl residues were present on the alpha- and beta-subunits, respecti ... | 1995 | 7624283 |
| properties of a blood-meal-induced midgut lectin from the tsetse fly glossina morsitans. | the properties of a blood-meal-induced lectin (agglutinin) from the midgut of glossina morsitans capable of agglutinating trypanosoma brucei were studied in vitro. the midgut homogenate from flies that had been fed twice had the highest agglutination activity, followed by that from the once-fed flies and that from the unfed insects. as compared with the bloodstream-form trypanosomes, a much lower concentration of the midgut homogenate was required for agglutination of the procyclic parasites. fu ... | 1995 | 7624282 |
| are cd8 t cells involved in control of african trypanosomiasis in a natural host environment? | murine models have suggested that cd8 t cells might play a major parasite-promoting role in african trypanosomiasis. to assess the role of these cells in a natural host environment, we have depleted cd8 cells from boran cattle in vivo and subsequently infected these animals with trypanosoma congolense by tsetse fly challenge. following administration of a mouse monoclonal anti-bovine cd8 antibody, we have been able to achieve a depletion of more than 99.9% in peripheral blood, spleen, prescapula ... | 1995 | 7621872 |
| transcriptional regulation of metacyclic variant surface glycoprotein gene expression during the life cycle of trypanosoma brucei. | in antigenic variation in african trypanosomes, switching of the variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) allows evasion of the mammalian host immune response. trypanosomes first express the vsg in the tsetse fly vector, at the metacyclic stage, in preparation for transfer into the mammal. in this life cycle stage, a small, specific subset (1 to 2%) of vsgs are activated, and we have shown previously that the system of activation and expression of metacyclic vsg (m-vsg) genes is very different from th ... | 1995 | 7565747 |
| identification of a mariner element from the tsetse fly, glossina palpalis palpalis. | in the present study, the polymerase chain reaction was used initially to demonstrate the presence of mariner sequences in seven species/subspecies of tsetse flies. dna hybridization experiments show mariner sequences to be dispersed within the tsetse genome and that there are large variations in copy numbers among the various taxa. a genomic library was used to isolate and characterize a full-length mariner element from g. p. palpalis. the results indicate that this element is 1257 bp in length ... | 1995 | 7551197 |
| wigglesworthia gen. nov. and wigglesworthia glossinidia sp. nov., taxa consisting of the mycetocyte-associated, primary endosymbionts of tsetse flies. | the primary endosymbionts (p-endosymbionts) of tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) are harbored inside specialized cells (mycetocytes) in the anterior region of the gut, and these specialized cells form a white, u-shaped organelle called mycetome. the p-endosymbionts of five tsetse fly species belonging to the glossinidae have been characterized morphologically, and their 16s ribosomal dna sequences have been determined for phylogenetic analysis. these organisms were found to belong to a distinc ... | 1995 | 7547309 |
| decline of glossina morsitans ugadensis in gambella, ethiopia. | gambella is the only area where sleeping sickness is endemic in ethiopia. four species of glossina had been reported from gambella out of the five species found in the country in surveys made before 1985. these are glossina morsitans ugadensis, g. pallidipes, g. fuscipes and g. tachinoides. a tsetse fly survey was carried out in parts of gambella owing to the fact that the area is undergoing ecological changes due to massive deforestation (because of resettlement and development programmes), poa ... | 1995 | 7498005 |
| the separation and structure of infective trypanosomes from cultures of trypanosomas brucei grown in association with tsetse fly salivary glands. | infective trypanosomes developed when trypanosoma brucei was cultivated at 28 c in a liquid medium containing tsetse fly head-salivary gland explants. they were separated from the noninfective culture forms using deae-cellulose column chromatography. it was demonstrated by light and electron microscopy that the separated organisms were morphologically similar to metacyclic stages found in a tsetse fly and that they had a characteristic surface coat. single metacyclic trypanosomes isolated from t ... | 1980 | 7400995 |
| environmental aspects of field trials with pyrethroids to eradicate tsetse fly in nigeria. | 1980 | 7389632 | |
| the construction of laboratory studies on tsetse fly behaviour [proceedings]. | 1980 | 7385313 | |
| feeding behaviour of tsetse flies infected with salivarian trypanosomes. | although much is known about factors which determine infection rates of salivarian trypanosomes (subgenera nannomonas, duttonella and tryanozoon) in the tsetse fly glossina, it is not clear why infection rates of trypanozoon are high in mammalian hosts but low in wild-caught glossina and why trypanosomiasis occurs where glossina is not readily detectable. we report here that the feeding behaviour of trypanosome-infected glossina differed from that of uninfected control flies. infected flies prob ... | 1980 | 7352013 |
| presence of a peculiar pathway of glucose metabolism in infective forms of trypanosoma brucei cultured from salivary glands of tsetse flies. | we have studied metabolism of glucose by infective forms of trypanosoma brucei brucei isolated from tsetse fly salivary glands and grown in continuous culture for more than 700 days. the end products of glucose metabolism under aerobic conditions were found to be pyruvate and glycerol in the ratio 3:1. this changed to equimolar formation of pyruvate and glycerol when glucose was metabolized under aerobic conditions in the presence of 1.5 mm salicylhydroxamic acid (sham), a situation analogous to ... | 1981 | 7328458 |
| some phenomena associated with the development of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infections in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans. | immature salivary gland (sg) infections averaging 10(3) parasites per fly can apparently develop into mature gland infections averaging 10(5) parasites per fly in as little as 4 days. frequently flies which extrude parasites in their saliva prove to have no parasites in the sg, but often show trypanosomes in the esophagus, cibarial pump, and proboscis. in some instances, sg infections have cleared, resulting in a loss of infectivity. results of studying numbers of parasites regurgitated upon fee ... | 1981 | 7258478 |
| [pathological evaluation of 4 years of breeding domestic rabbits used as feeding hosts for tsetse flies (glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank 1949) in upper volta]. | for the last 6 years, c. r. t. a. has experimented the sterile male release method for the control of tsetse flies. a breeding unit of 400 rabbits has supplied the blood needed for feeding a colony of 40 000 tsetse females. the main diseases of the rabbit under tropical humid conditions are pneumopathies, coccidioses, affections connected to the great variations of humidity and temperature and side effects as host feeding. despite regular preventive treatments against pasteurelloses and coccidio ... | 1981 | 7202248 |
| [main ovario-uterine abnormalities in female glossina palpalis gambiensis (vanderplank 1949) in bodo-diulasso breeding units (upper volta)]. | 1980 | 7197388 | |
| [glossina, domestic livestock and wild fauna: is a conciliation possible?]. | animal trypanosomiasis is one of the major obstacles to livestock production in africa. south of the sahara. tsetse fly control is considered to be the best method of overcoming the disease. the adverse effect of glossina on cattle rearing and their role in the protection of the environment in west africa is discussed. meat production possibilities in infested areas, difficulties encountered in tsetse control and related problems are reviewed. lastly solutions which would assure both livestock d ... | 1980 | 7196143 |
| [combination of an insecticide treatment with the sterile male method in the control of glossina palpalis gambiensis : value of the implementation of several methods]. | 1980 | 7192877 | |
| the susceptibility of glossina palpalis palpalis at different ages to infection with trypanosoma congolense. | 1982 | 7103580 | |
| sleeping sickness and the factors affecting it in botswana. | from the first appearance of sleeping sickness in botswana in 1934 outbreaks increased in severity up to 1971. all populated areas around the fly belt were affected. rates of infection are highest in the hot wet season and males aged between 30 and 50 years most affected. rates vary considerably between tribes and have greatly increased in one tribe since 1966. between 5 and 20% of cases die each year. increase both in area of tsetse fly infestation and in human population size can account for t ... | 1982 | 7086926 |
| heterosis, additive maternal and additive direct effects of the red poll and boran breeds of cattle. | data on 202 calves born, 191 calves weaned and 182 calves at 30 mo of age produced in 1969 from the boran and red poll breeds and their reciprocal crosses were analyzed to estimate heterosis, additive maternal effects and additive direct effects on survival and growth traits from birth to 30 mo of age. the calves were produced in the ankole district of south-western uganda as a part of a beef cattle research program designed to provide information to support a commercial ranching development sch ... | 1982 | 7085511 |
| sex recognition pheromone in the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes austen. | sexual responses of adult male g. pallidipes towards baited decoys show that a contact sex pheromone for this species is present in the hydrocarbon fraction of the adult female cuticle. results are consistent with the view that the pheromone is a c35 compound and is present in sufficient quantity in newly emerged females to elicit maximum responses from males. thus, maturation of sexual responsiveness is considered to be behavioral in females of this species. | 1982 | 7084410 |
| early events following challenge of cattle with tsetse infected with trypanosoma congolense: development of the local skin reaction. | a local skin reaction (chancre) was elicited in susceptible cattle after the successful feeding of glossina morsitans morsitans infected with one of two different cloned isolates of trypanosoma congolense. the chancre first appeared as a small 2 to 3 mm nodule at the site of the challenge as early as day 5 and reached maximum activity by days 10 to 13 when it had developed into a raised, indurated, hot, painful swelling measuring up to 100 mm in diameter. thereafter it declined in size and activ ... | 1982 | 7072104 |
| studies on trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense iii. antigenic variation in three cyclically transmitted stocks. | cyclical transmission of different variable antigen types of trypanosoma congolense stib 228 resulted in the development of metacyclic trypanosome populations which were similar in their variable antigen composition as judged by immunofluorescence and neutralization assays. the variable antigen types present in the ingested bloodstream populations were not found in the metacyclic populations. the bloodstream populations which were obtained from cyclically infected, irradiated (900 rad.) mice con ... | 1980 | 6992057 |
| [preliminary study on the longevity and the distribution of glossina palpalis gambiensis irradiated males in their natural biotope]. | 1980 | 6935708 | |
| a reassessment of the expected development consequences of tsetse control efforts in africa. | since the world food conference (1974) recommended a long term program of tsetse control, increasing attention of governments and international agencies has focused on the problem. this paper briefly outlines the strategies potentially available for tsetse control operations before assessing the likely consequences of any large scale tsetse control endeavor. the implications for both natural and human systems are shown to be profound and, in many cases, counter-productive to development goals. s ... | 1983 | 6879252 |
| african trypanosomiasis in the united states. | african trypanosomiasis of the rhodesian variety occurred in an american who recently traveled to tanzania. skin findings included a fluctuant, indurated, tsetse-fly bite site (chancre) and a fleeting, erythematous, macular eruption. the diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of the organism in peripheral blood smears. the patient's condition responded to intravenous suramin. african trypanosomiasis should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients who have visited areas where this d ... | 1983 | 6870320 |
| the susceptibility of gamma-irradiated glossina palpalis palpalis at different ages to infection with trypanosoma congolense. | 1983 | 6859970 | |
| first record of a reptile trypanosome isolated from glossina pallidipes in kenya. | trypanosomes, isolated from the gut of a naturally infected glossina pallidipes in kiboko, kenya, were grown in vitro. the cultured trypanosomes ("f4"-stock) showed a wide variety in morphological stages, not characteristic of the salivarian trypanosomes that are known to occur in the kiboko area. identification of the "f4"-stock was attempted by isoenzyme studies, infection of tsetse flies and of experimental animals. electrophoretic isoenzyme patterns of the "f4"-organisms were developed for t ... | 1983 | 6837099 |
| maintaining zebu maure cattle in a tsetse infested area of mali. | a study was initiated to evaluate two trypanocidal drugs, the prophylactic isometamidium chloride (trypamidium) and the curative diminazene aceturate (berenil) as to their potential for long-term maintenance of zebu cattle in a tsetse infested area of mali. trypamidium was administered quarterly and berenil was administered only as animals were found to be positive for trypanosomes. during the 21-month study trypanosomiasis was the most frequently encountered disease in the cattle in the berenil ... | 1984 | 6729998 |
| parasite development and host responses during the establishment of trypanosoma brucei infection transmitted by tsetse fly. | following inoculation of trypanosoma brucei into large mammals by the tsetse fly a local skin reaction, the 'chancre', develops due to trypanosome proliferation. we have cannulated the afferent and efferent lymphatics of the draining lymph node in goats and examined the onset of a cellular reaction, the emigration of the parasite from the chancre and the development of both antigenic variation and the specific immune response. the chancre first became detectable by day 3 post-infection, peaked b ... | 1984 | 6709396 |
| [nocturnal resting sites of glossina species (diptera: glossinidae) of western upper volta. ii. glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank]. | 1983 | 6687016 | |
| the tsetse fly glossina fuscipes in the sleeping sickness epidemic area of busoga, uganda. | 1983 | 6673958 | |
| [efficacy of barriers made from screens or biconical traps impregnated with ddt, deltamethrin or dieldrin against glossina palpalis gambiensis and glossina tachinoides]. | 1983 | 6665271 | |
| infection, immunity and the development of local skin reactions in rabbits infected with cyclically-transmitted stocks of trypanosoma congolense. | the development of local skin reactions following bites by tsetse flies (glossina morsitans) infected with trypanosoma congolense was observed in normal rabbits, in rabbits with concurrent infections with t. congolense and in rabbits challenged after immunization by infection and treatment. local reactions developed in normal rabbits within seven days of fly bite and were resolved by approximately 19 days after infection. in rabbits with concurrent infections no typical local reactions developed ... | 1983 | 6660964 |
| investigations on development of an artificial diet for in vitro rearing of glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera: glossinidae). | 1983 | 6630713 | |
| vector--parasite relationships: the effect of trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense on glossina pallidipes. | an electron microscope study was made on the infection by trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense of the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes. infected flies showed many clear abnormalities in their gut cells and peritrophic membrane. these features are described and illustrated. | 1983 | 6625732 |
| characterization of the genes specifying two metacyclic variable antigen types in trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. | bloodstream trypanosomes evade the immune system of their mammalian host by sequentially expressing a large number of different variable surface glycoproteins (vsgs). in contrast, metacyclic trypanosomes, the final developmental stage in the tsetse fly, express a much more restricted set of vsgs. these metacyclic vsgs are the first to be exposed to the immune system of the mammalian host after infection and may offer the potential for the eventual development of a vaccine. we have identified cdn ... | 1984 | 6593722 |
| attraction of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans submorsitans to acetone, 1-octen-3-ol, and the combination of these compounds in west africa. | 1984 | 6545841 | |
| experimental aerial release of sterile males of glossina palpalis gambiensis and of glossina tachinoides in a biological control operation. | 1984 | 6544956 | |
| genetic relationships between subspecies of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans inferred from variation in mitochondrial dna sequences. | a 750 base pair segment of dna from the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans was isolated by means of molecular cloning. it was shown by dna hybridization to have substantial sequence homology with a defined region of the mitochondrial genomes of several drosophila species. when used as a probe against dna prepared from single tsetse flies, the cloned sequence revealed local restriction site variation between members of the g. morsitans subspecies complex. this feature was used to demonstrate ... | 1984 | 6525570 |
| occurrence of glossina nashi potts 1955 diptera-glossinidae in the republic of gabon. | glossina nashi, a little known species of tsetse fly, inhabits the forests of central africa. it has recently been detected in the province of haut ogooué in the south-east of the republic of gabon. | 1984 | 6506846 |
| tsetse fly feeding preference as determined by vehicular trapping in tanzania. | in eastern tanzania an electric grid trap carried in the back of a moving pick-up truck was used to capture engorged glossina morsitans morsitans and g. pallidipes for an analysis of their food sources. although 12 000 head of domestic cattle represented c. 75% of the animal biomass in the survey area, they provided only 5.6% of the total blood meals, while 74.8% were from warthogs and bushpigs. the percentage of females among the captured flies was 12 and 47 for g. m. morsitans and g. pallidipe ... | 1984 | 6486936 |
| unexpectedly slow homogenisation within a repetitive dna family shared between two subspecies of tsetse fly. | repetitive dna families in sexual species are subject to a variety of turnover mechanisms capable of homogenising newly arising mutations. very high levels of homogeneity in dna families in some species of drosophila indicate that the rate of turnover is fast relative to that of mutation. to gauge the generality of such phenomena, we cloned and sequenced individual members of homologous repetitive dna families from two subspecies of tsetse fly, glossina morsitans centralis and g. morsitans morsi ... | 1984 | 6439886 |
| [the use of screens in the anti-tsetse campaign in the forest zone]. | after preliminary studies on the ecodistribution of glossina palpalis s.l. in the sleeping sickness focus of vavoua (ivory coast) trials with screens impregnated with decamethrine were carried out. artificial supports for insecticide present several advantages: less pollution, less costly, simplicity, facility of use by local personnel, possibility of re-use, integration with other methods. on the other hand, its action based on the attraction of flies which come into contact with the screen is ... | 1982 | 6291199 |
| [observations on tsetse flies in a forest focus of human trypanosomiasis in ivory coast. 3. dispersal and distribution of fly populations around a village (author's transl)]. | in the vavoua human trypanosomiasis focus (forest zone of ivory coast) four tsetse fly catching series, of nine days each, were made during the rainy season using eighty five biconical traps. the dispersion of flies in the study area was studied by the mark-release-recapture method. two series of two sets of capture-mark-release were carried out. in the first set flies were captured, marked and released in their point of origin and in the second set captured and marked in the village periphery b ... | 1982 | 6287688 |
| traps to control and estimate populations of glossina species. | biconical traps were used to capture continuously glossina palpalis s.l. in ivory coast and g. morsitans centralis in zambia for 19 and 20 days respectively. both fly populations declined markedly during the continuous trapping period though populations subjected to intermittent trapping or where the traps were very widely spaced did not do so to the same extent. fly density was estimated by applying the principles of removal trapping and were compared with other trapping studies. the results de ... | 1981 | 6285562 |
| absence of detectable alteration in the kinetoplast dna of a trypanosoma brucei clone following loss of ability to infect the insect vector (glossina morsitans). | a monomorphic bloodstream population of trypanosoma brucei eatro 1244 was derived from a cloned pleomorphic parental population by 77 rapid passages through mice. loss of pleomorphism was accompanied by increased virulence of trypanosomes towards the mammal, by loss of ability to infect the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, loss of ability to transform to the procyclic stage in vitro at 26 degrees c, and by loss of oligomycin-sensitive atpase activity in trypanosome homogenates. no differences in ... | 1981 | 6275264 |
| the distribution of repetitive dnas between regular and supernumerary chromosomes in species of glossina (tsetse): a two-step process in the origin of supernumeraries. | several species of tsetse fly within the morsitans and fusca subgenera of glossina contain supernumerary (b) chromosomes. previous studies on the meiotic behaviour of chromosomes (southern and pell, 1973) and the c-band patterns (jordan et al., 1977) have indicated a close similarity between the y chromosome and the supernumeraries. the distributions of the highly abundant families of dna (satellite dnas) between the autosomes, sex chromosomes and b chromosomes of g.m. morsitans, g. austeni and ... | 1981 | 6258877 |
| antigenic variation during the developmental cycle of trypanosoma brucei. | during the complex life cycle of trypanosoma brucei, changes in the exposed surface antigens occur in both the mammalian host and the insect vector (glossina spp.). these antigenic changes are associated with alterations of the variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) composition or with the loss of the vsg. in the bloodstream of the mammalian host, trypanosomes successfully evade destruction by the host's immune response by continuously expressing alternative vsgs, at low frequency, which are not des ... | 1984 | 6204043 |
| all metacyclic variable antigen types of trypanosoma congolense identified using monoclonal antibodies. | vaccination against the tsetse-borne trypanosomiases has proved impossible because of the trypanosome's ability to generate a seemingly inexhaustible number of variable antigen types in the blood or tissues of the host. each variable antigen is a glycoprotein which forms a surface coat on the trypanosome and each glycoprotein is the product of a single gene. the full repertoire of such antigens has not been identified for any trypanosome serodeme (genotype) as yet, but the number of genes coding ... | 1983 | 6196642 |
| antigenic analysis by immunofluorescence of in vitro-produced metacyclics of trypanosoma brucei and their infections in mice. | the antigenic types in populations of metacyclic trypanosomes of trypanosoma brucei isolated from glossina morsitans head-salivary gland trypanosome cultures and bloodstream forms in the early parasitemias produced from whole culture supernatant fluids containing metacyclic forms, were analyzed by the indirect fluorescent antibody test using clone-specific antisera. metacyclic trypanosomes in cultures initiated with cloned bloodstream forms with heterogeneous with respect to their variable antig ... | 1980 | 6161247 |
| studies on trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense iv. experimental immunization of mice against tsetse fly challenge. | groups of mice were exposed to multiple bites by tsetse flies (glossina morsitans morsitans) infected with a clone of trypanosoma congolense spread over a periof of 8 days. the mice were subsequently treated with berenil 10 days after the first fly bite as were uninfected control mice. the group of mice which received 12--15 infectious fly bites on two occasions, 21 days apart, were subsequently resistant to infection when re-challenged by flies infected with the same clone of t. congolense. the ... | 1980 | 6155654 |
| analysis by flow cytometry of dna synthesis during the life cycle of african trypanosomes. | dna content, at different stages in the life cycle of the hemoprotozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei, has been analysed with a fluorescence activated cell sorter. it was observed that the long slender bloodstream form stage and procyclic culture forms (analogous to the tsetse fly midgut stage) are dividing cell populations with cells in g1, s, g2 and mitosis. short stumpy bloodstream form and metacyclic fly salivary gland form populations are composed of non-dividing parasites stabilized in g1 or ... | 1984 | 6152113 |
| antigenic variation in its biological context. | the biology of antigenic variation is discussed, and the problems that must be solved to provide a full understanding of antigenic variation are considered. these are (i) the induction of v.s.g. synthesis in the salivary glands of the tsetse fly; (ii) the nature of the restriction on v.s.g. genes that allows only some of them to be expressed in the salivary glands; (iii) the nature of 'predominance' in v.s.g. expression in the mammalian host, and the mechanism by which it operates; (iv) the repr ... | 1984 | 6151685 |
| [breeding sites of glossina palpalis s.1. pupae in a transitional woodland area in ivory coast]. | search for pupae of g. palpalis s.1. was conducted from february to december 1981 in the bouaflé area, ivory coast. 1909 pupae were collected from 70 breeding sites after 518 hours of search. pupae were found both in the dry and the rainy seasons. the vegetation and the nature of the soil seem to be two inseparable factors for the creation and the maintenance of glossina breeding sites in the study area. in localities with high pig population density, a greater number of pupae were found either ... | 1984 | 6150625 |
| change in levels of cyclic amp and cyclic gmp during pregnancy and larval development of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans. | cyclic amp and cyclic gmp levels change very little in response to feeding and mating, but during pregnancy and at parturition major changes can be detected in both the mother and larva. in both the female head and larva (whole body) cyclic amp levels reach a peak at parturition. in the larval brain and ring gland cyclic amp is at its lowest at parturition but rises sharply, reaching a peak 1.5 hr later at the time of pupariation . though cyclic amp levels in the head and thorax are consistently ... | 1984 | 6144421 |
| genetic polymorphism in three species of tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) in upper volta. | natural populations of glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead, glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank and glossina tachinoides westwood occurring within 150 km of bobo-dioulasso, upper volta were examined using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. no variation was found in the banding pattern for arginine phosphokinase (ec 2.7.3.3). g. p. gambiensis and g. tachinoides had three alleles for each of the thoracic enzymes octanol dehydrogenase (ec 1.1.1.73), malic dehydrogenase (ec 1.1.1.37) and ... | 1981 | 6115554 |
| infectivity of monomorphic and pleomorphic trypanosoma brucei stocks cultivated at 28 c with various tsetse fly tissues. | noninfective procyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei stocks derived from the pleomorphic eve 10 were cultivated at 28 c in cunningham's liquid medium in the presence of head-salivary gland, alimentary tract, and abdominal body wall explants of glossina morsitans morsitans. after 8 to 10 days of cultivation some of the procyclic forms transformed into metacyclic stages infective for mice. infectivity persisted for varying periods up to 66 days, when the experiments were terminated. only 10 explants ... | 1981 | 6115002 |
| resistance of vectors of disease to pesticides. fifth report of the who expert committee in vector biology and control. | the resistance of vectors (the term includes primary and intermediate vertebrate and invertebrate hosts and animal reservoirs of human and animal diseases) of disease to pesticides is a major problem faced by who member states in the control of vectorborne diseases. since the meeting of the who expert committee on insecticides in 1975, resistance has continued to increase and to affect disease control programs in many countries. the appearance of multiresistance in several important vectors ha ... | 1980 | 6111866 |
| [impact of biconic impregnated traps on the populations of glossina palpalis gambiensis and glossina tachinoides. results of a large-scale control campaign against animal trypanosomiasis in the north ivory coast]. | 1984 | 6100564 | |
| trypanosome infection rates of glossina spp. (diptera: glossinidae) in transitional forest-savanna near bouaflé, ivory coast. | tsetse, caught in biconical traps near bouaflé, ivory coast in 1980-81, were examined for trypanosome infections. in a sample of 1138 non teneral glossina palpalis s.l. there were infection rates of 12.2% (all infections) and 5.3% (mature infections). female flies had a significantly higher infection rate than males. in g. palpalis only 3 (0.26%) salivary gland infections were detected, 62.3% of the mature infections were t. vivax-like and 71.4% of all infections were restricted to the midgut. t ... | 1984 | 6098057 |
| a mixed population of trypanozoon in glossina palpalis palpalis from ivory coast. | cloning trypanosomes clearly showed that at least two enzymically distinct populations of trypanozoon were present within the salivary glands of a wild-caught glossina palpalis palpalis from ivory coast. normal sampling techniques detected only the predominant population, which would be the only population reaching a stage suitable for enzyme characterization. thus a tsetse fly may fail to be implicated as a transmitter of man-infective trypanosomes. the enzymic relationship of the two trypanozo ... | 1984 | 6095495 |
| [contact between glossina palpalis palpalis (rob.-desv., 1830) and g. palpalis gambiensis vanderplank, 1949 (diptera) in the bouaké area (ivory coast)]. | the boundary between the distributions of the tsetse sub-species g. palpalis palpalis and g. p. gambiensis lies 60 km north of bouaké, ivory coast. at this place, there is a very narrow hybridization belt. 10 males were caught and compared with hybrids of laboratory origin. the possibility of a postcopulatory sub-specific barrier is discussed. | 1984 | 6093300 |
| [glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank 1949 (diptera) in the niayes region and on the petite côte (senegal republic)]. | 1967 | 6083208 | |
| experimental evidence for a hormonal control of digestion in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans westwood: a study of the larva, pupa, and teneral adult fly. | 1967 | 6081063 | |
| the conversion of glutamate to alanine in the tsetse fly (glossina morsitans). | 1967 | 6079419 | |
| digestion in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans westw.: the effect of feeding field-caught flies on guinea pigs in the laboratory. | 1967 | 6066008 | |
| behaviour and regulation of puparium formation in the larva of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans orientalis vanderplank in relation to humidity, light and mechanical stimuli. | 1967 | 6036868 | |
| effect of ligaturing on puparium formation in the larva of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans westwood. | 1967 | 6032838 |