Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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| group 5 lea protein, zmlea5c, enhance tolerance to osmotic and low temperature stresses in transgenic tobacco and yeast. | group 5 lea (late embryogenesis abundant) proteins contain a significantly higher proportion of hydrophobic residues but lack significant signature motifs or consensus sequences. this group is considered as an atypical group of lea proteins. up to now, there is little known about group 5c lea proteins in maize. here, we identified a novel group 5c lea protein from maize. the accumulation of transcripts demonstrated that zmlea5c displayed similar induced characteristics in leaves and roots. trans ... | 2014 | 25240107 |
| association of the p6 protein of cauliflower mosaic virus with plasmodesmata and plasmodesmal proteins. | the p6 protein of cauliflower mosaic virus (camv) is responsible for the formation of inclusion bodies (ibs), which are the sites for viral gene expression, replication, and virion assembly. moreover, recent evidence indicates that ectopically expressed p6 inclusion-like bodies (i-lbs) move in association with actin microfilaments. because camv virions accumulate preferentially in p6 ibs, we hypothesized that p6 ibs have a role in delivering camv virions to the plasmodesmata. we have determined ... | 2014 | 25239023 |
| pepper mitochondrial formate dehydrogenase1 regulates cell death and defense responses against bacterial pathogens. | formate dehydrogenase (fdh; ec 1.2.1.2) is an nad-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of formate to carbon dioxide. here, we report the identification and characterization of pepper (capsicum annuum) mitochondrial fdh1 as a positive regulator of cell death and defense responses. transient expression of fdh1 caused hypersensitive response (hr)-like cell death in pepper and nicotiana benthamiana leaves. the d-isomer -: specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase signatures of fdh1 were required ... | 2014 | 25237129 |
| detailed functional characterization of glycosylated and nonglycosylated variants of malaria vaccine candidate pfama1 produced in nicotiana benthamiana and analysis of growth inhibitory responses in rabbits. | one of the most promising malaria vaccine candidate antigens is the plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen 1 (pfama1). several studies have shown that this blood-stage antigen can induce strong parasite growth inhibitory antibody responses. pfama1 contains up to six recognition sites for n-linked glycosylation, a post-translational modification that is absent in p. falciparum. to prevent any potential negative impact of n-glycosylation, the recognition sites have been knocked out in most ... | 2015 | 25236489 |
| pseudomonas corrugata crpcde is part of the cyclic lipopeptide corpeptin biosynthetic gene cluster and is involved in bacterial virulence in tomato and in hypersensitive response in nicotiana benthamiana. | pseudomonas corrugata cfbp 5454 produces two kinds of cyclic lipopeptides (clps), cormycin a and corpeptins, both of which possess surfactant, antimicrobial and phytotoxic activities. in this study, we identified genes coding for a putative non-ribosomal peptide synthetase and an abc-type transport system involved in corpeptin production. these genes belong to the same transcriptional unit, designated crpcde. the genetic organization of this locus is highly similar to other pseudomonas clp biosy ... | 2015 | 25231335 |
| the transmembrane domain of n -acetylglucosaminyltransferase i is the key determinant for its golgi subcompartmentation. | golgi-resident type-ii membrane proteins are asymmetrically distributed across the golgi stack. the intrinsic features of the protein that determine its subcompartment-specific concentration are still largely unknown. here, we used a series of chimeric proteins to investigate the contribution of the cytoplasmic, transmembrane and stem region of nicotiana benthamiana n-acetylglucosaminyltransferase i (gnti) for its cis/medial-golgi localization and for protein-protein interaction in the golgi. th ... | 2014 | 25230686 |
| complete genome sequences of two biologically distinct isolates of asparagus virus 1. | the complete genome sequences of two asparagus virus 1 (av-1) isolates differing in their ability to cause systemic infection in nicotiana benthamiana were determined. their genomes had 9,741 nucleotides excluding the 3'-terminal poly(a) tail, encoded a polyprotein of 3,112 amino acids, and shared 99.6 % nucleotide sequence identity. they differed at 37 nucleotide and 15 amino acid sequence positions (99.5 % identity) scattered over the polyprotein. the closest relatives of av-1 in amino acid se ... | 2015 | 25216774 |
| new target carotenoids for ccd4 enzymes are revealed with the characterization of a novel stress-induced carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase gene from crocus sativus. | apocarotenoid compounds play diverse communication functions in plants, some of them being as hormones, pigments and volatiles. apocarotenoids are the result of enzymatic cleavage of carotenoids catalyzed by carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (ccd). the ccd4 family is the largest family of plant ccds, only present in flowering plants, suggesting a functional diversification associated to the adaptation for specific physiological capacities unique to them. in saffron, two ccd4 genes have been previo ... | 2014 | 25204497 |
| malaria vaccine candidate antigen targeting the pre-erythrocytic stage of plasmodium falciparum produced at high level in plants. | plants have emerged as low-cost production platforms suitable for vaccines targeting poverty-related diseases. besides functional efficacy, the stability, yield, and purification process determine the production costs of a vaccine and thereby the feasibility of plant-based production. we describe high-level plant production and functional characterization of a malaria vaccine candidate targeting the pre-erythrocytic stage of plasmodium falciparum. cct, a fusion protein composed of three sporozoi ... | 2014 | 25200253 |
| expression of aspergillus nidulans phy gene in nicotiana benthamiana produces active phytase with broad specificities. | a full-length phytase gene (phy) of aspergillus nidulans was amplified from the cdna library by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and it was introduced into a bacterial expression vector, pet-28a. the recombinant protein (rphy-e, 56 kda) was overexpressed in the insoluble fraction of escherichia coli culture, purified by ni-nta resin under denaturing conditions and injected into rats as an immunogen. to express a. nidulans phytase in a plant, the full-length of phy was cloned into a plant express ... | 2014 | 25192284 |
| significant reduction of bifc non-specific assembly facilitates in planta assessment of heterotrimeric g-protein interactors. | protein networks and signaling cascades are key mechanisms for intra- and intercellular signal transduction. identifying the interacting partners of a protein can provide vital clues regarding its physiological role. the bimolecular fluorescence complementation (bifc) assay has become a routine tool for in vivo analysis of protein-protein interactions and their subcellular location. although the bifc system has improved since its inception, the available options for in planta analysis are still ... | 2014 | 25187041 |
| agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transient expression of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes in detached sunflower leaves. | for biofuel applications, synthetic endoglucanase e1 and xylanase (xyn10a) derived from acidothermus cellulolyticus were transiently expressed in detached whole sunflower (helianthus annuus l.) leaves using vacuum infiltration. three different expression systems were tested, including the constitutive camv 35s-driven, cmvar (cucumber mosaic virus advanced replicating), and trbo (tobacco mosaic virus rna-based overexpression vector) systems. for 6-day leaf incubations, codon-optimized e1 and xyla ... | 2014 | 25180328 |
| na⁺/h⁺ exchanger 1 participates in tobacco disease defence against phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae by affecting vacuolar ph and priming the antioxidative system. | despite the importance of nhx1 (na(+)/h(+) exchanger 1) in plant salt tolerance, little is known about its other functions. in this study, intriguingly, it was found that nhx1 participated in plant disease defence against phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae (ppn) in nicotiana benthamiana. nbnhx1 was originally isolated from n. benthamiana, and characterized. the subcellular localization of nbnhx1 with its c-terminus fused with green fluorescent protein indicated that nbnhx1 localized primari ... | 2014 | 25170102 |
| development of a vigs vector based on the β-satellite dna associated with bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus. | bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus (bymv) is a monopartite begomovirus with an associated β-satellite. βc1 orf encoded by the β-satellite is the symptom determinant and a strong suppressor of post transcriptional gene silencing. to create a virus induced gene silencing vector based upon the β-satellite associated with byvmv the βc1 orf was replaced with multiple cloning sites. gfp transgene and plant endogenous genes su, pds, pcna and ago1 were cloned into β-satellite based vigs vector. gfp express ... | 2015 | 25169741 |
| multifaceted capsid proteins: multiple interactions suggest multiple roles for pepino mosaic virus capsid protein. | pepino mosaic virus (pepmv) (family alphaflexiviridae, genus potexvirus) is a mechanically transmitted tomato pathogen that, over the last decade, has evolved from emerging to endemic worldwide. here, two heat-shock cognate (hsc70) isoforms were identified as part of the coat protein (cp)/hsc70 complex in vivo, following full-length pepmv and cp agroinoculation. pepmv accumulation was severely reduced in hsp70 virus-induced gene silenced and in quercetin-treated nicotiana benthamiana plants. sim ... | 2014 | 25162316 |
| simultaneous analysis of apolar phytohormones and 1-aminocyclopropan-1-carboxylic acid by high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray negative ion tandem mass spectrometry via 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride derivatization. | a strategy to detect and quantify the polar ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropan-1-carboxylic acid (acc) along with the more apolar phytohormones abscisic acid (aba), indole-3-acetic acid (iaa), jasmonic acid (ja), jasmonic acid-isoleucine conjugate (ja-ile), 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (opda), trans-zeatin, and trans-zeatin 9-riboside using a single extraction is presented. solid phase resins commonly employed for extraction of phytohormones do not allow the recovery of acc. we circumvent this pr ... | 2014 | 25160953 |
| molecular cloning and functional characterization of the lycopene ε-cyclase gene via virus-induced gene silencing and its expression pattern in nicotiana tabacum. | lycopene ε-cyclase (ε-lcy) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of α-branch carotenoids through the cyclization of lycopene. two cdna molecules encoding ε-lcy (designated ntε-lcy1 and ntε-lcy2) were cloned from nicotiana tabacum. ntε-lcy1 and ntε-lcy2 are encoded by two distinct genes with different evolutionary origins, one originating from the tobacco progenitor, nicotiana sylvestris, and the other originating from nicotiana tomentosiformis. the two coding regions are 97% identical at ... | 2014 | 25153631 |
| a critical domain of sweet potato chlorotic fleck virus nucleotide-binding protein (nabp) for rna silencing suppression, nuclear localization and viral pathogenesis. | rna silencing is an important mechanism of antiviral defence in plants. to counteract this resistance mechanism, many viruses have evolved rna silencing suppressors. in this study, we analysed five proteins encoded by sweet potato chlorotic fleck virus (spcfv) for their abilities to suppress rna silencing using a green fluorescent protein (gfp)-based transient expression assay in nicotiana benthamiana line 16c plants. our results showed that a putative nucleotide-binding protein (nabp), but not ... | 2015 | 25138489 |
| a pathogenicity determinant maps to the n-terminal coat protein region of the pepino mosaic virus genome. | pepino mosaic virus (pepmv) poses a worldwide threat to the tomato industry. considerable differences at the genetic level allow for the distinction of four main genotypic clusters; however, the basis of the phenotypic outcome is difficult to elucidate. this work reports the generation of wild-type pepmv infectious clones of both eu (mild) and ch2 (aggressive) genotypes, from which chimeric infectious clones were created. phenotypic analysis in three solanaceous hosts, nicotiana benthamiana, dat ... | 2015 | 25131553 |
| influenza virus-like particle vaccines made in nicotiana benthamiana elicit durable, poly-functional and cross-reactive t cell responses to influenza ha antigens. | cell-mediated immunity plays a major role in long-lived, cross-reactive protection against influenza virus. we measured long-term poly-functional and cross-reactive t cell responses to influenza hemagglutinin (ha) elicited by a new plant-made virus-like particle (vlp) vaccine targeting either h1n1 a/california/7/09 (h1) or h5n1 a/indonesia/5/05 (h5). in two independent clinical trials, we characterized the cd4(+) and cd8(+) t cell homotypic and heterotypic responses 6 months after different vacc ... | 2014 | 25128897 |
| nucleoporin 75 is involved in the ethylene-mediated production of phytoalexin for the resistance of nicotiana benthamiana to phytophthora infestans. | mature nicotiana benthamiana shows stable resistance to the oomycete pathogen phytophthora infestans. induction of phytoalexin (capsidiol) production is essential for the resistance, which is upregulated via a mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascade (nbmek2-wipk/sipk) followed by ethylene signaling. in this study, nbnup75 (encodes a nuclear pore protein nucleoporin75) was identified as an essential gene for resistance of n. benthamiana to p. infestans. in nbnup75-silenced plants, initial ... | 2014 | 25122483 |
| identification of a sphingolipid α-glucuronosyltransferase that is essential for pollen function in arabidopsis. | glycosyl inositol phosphorylceramide (gipc) sphingolipids are a major class of lipids in fungi, protozoans, and plants. gipcs are abundant in the plasma membrane in plants, comprising around a quarter of the total lipids in these membranes. plant gipcs contain unique glycan decorations that include a conserved glucuronic acid (glca) residue and various additional sugars; however, no proteins responsible for glycosylating gipcs have been identified to date. here, we show that the arabidopsis thal ... | 2014 | 25122154 |
| pollen transmission of asparagus virus 2 (av-2) may facilitate mixed infection by two av-2 isolates in asparagus plants. | asparagus virus 2 (av-2) is a member of the genus ilarvirus and thought to induce the asparagus decline syndrome. av-2 is known to be transmitted by seed, and the possibility of pollen transmission was proposed 25 years ago but not verified. in av-2 sequence analyses, we have unexpectedly found mixed infection by two distinct av-2 isolates in two asparagus plants. because mixed infections by two related viruses are normally prevented by cross protection, we suspected that pollen transmission of ... | 2014 | 25116643 |
| infectious cdna clones of the crinivirus tomato chlorosis virus are competent for systemic plant infection and whitefly-transmission. | tomato chlorosis virus (tocv) (genus crinivirus, family closteroviridae) causes important emergent diseases in tomato and other solanaceous crops. tocv is not transmitted mechanically and is naturally transmitted by whiteflies. the tocv genome consists of two molecules of linear, positive-sense rna encapsidated into long flexuous virions. we present the construction of full-length cdna clones of the tocv genome (rna1 and rna2) fused to the sp6 rna polymerase promoter and under the control of the ... | 2014 | 25113907 |
| involvement of potato (solanum tuberosum l.) mkk6 in response to potato virus y. | mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades have crucial roles in the regulation of plant development and in plant responses to stress. plant recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns or pathogen-derived effector proteins has been shown to trigger activation of several mapks. this then controls defence responses, including synthesis and/or signalling of defence hormones and activation of defence related genes. the mapk cascade genes are highly complex and interconnected, and thu ... | 2014 | 25111695 |
| successful agrobacterium mediated transformation of thielaviopsis basicola by optimizing multiple conditions. | thielaviopsis basicola is a hemibiotrophic root pathogen causing black root rot in a wide range of economically important crops. our initial attempts to transform t. basicola using standard agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (atmt) protocols were unsuccessful. successful transformation required the addition of v8 juice (to induce germination of t. basicola chlamydospores) and higher concentrations of acetosyringone in the co-cultivation medium, and of chlamydospores/endoconidia, a ... | 2014 | 25110130 |
| mutations in the alpha-helical region of the amino terminus of the maize rayado fino virus capsid protein and cp:rna ratios affect virus-like particle encapsidation of rnas. | viral-based nanoplatforms rely on balancing the delicate array of virus properties to optimally achieve encapsidation of foreign materials with various potential objectives. we investigated the use of maize rayado fino virus (mrfv)-virus-like particles (vlps) as a multifunctional nanoplatform and their potential application as protein cages. mrfv-vlps are composed of two serologically related, carboxy co-terminal coat proteins (cp1 and cp2) which are capable of self-assembling in nicotiana benth ... | 2015 | 25102332 |
| specific argonautes selectively bind small rnas derived from potato spindle tuber viroid and attenuate viroid accumulation in vivo. | the identification of viroid-derived small rnas (vd-srnas) of 21 to 24 nucleotides (nt) in plants infected by viroids (infectious non-protein-coding rnas of just 250 to 400 nt) supports their targeting by dicer-like enzymes, the first host rna-silencing barrier. however, whether viroids, like rna viruses, are also targeted by the rna-induced silencing complex (risc) remains controversial. at the risc core is one argonaute (ago) protein that, guided by endogenous or viral srnas, targets complemen ... | 2014 | 25100851 |
| silencing suppressor protein vpg of a potyvirus interacts with the plant silencing-related protein sgs3. | viral genome-linked protein (vpg) of potyviruses is involved in multiple steps of the potyvirus infection cycle, including viral multiplication and movement in plants. recently, we showed that vpg of potato virus a (pva; genus potyvirus) suppresses sense-mediated rna silencing, which is linked to one or both nuclear or nucleolar localization. here, we studied interactions between vpg and components of the plant rna silencing pathway. results showed that vpg interacts with the sgs3 protein of sol ... | 2014 | 25099340 |
| the capsid protein p38 of turnip crinkle virus is associated with the suppression of cucumber mosaic virus in arabidopsis thaliana co-infected with cucumber mosaic virus and turnip crinkle virus. | infection of plants by multiple viruses is common in nature. cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) and turnip crinkle virus (tcv) belong to different families, but arabidopsis thaliana and nicotiana benthamiana are commonly shared hosts for both viruses. in this study, we found that tcv provides effective resistance to infection by cmv in arabidopsis plants co-infected by both viruses, and this antagonistic effect is much weaker when the two viruses are inoculated into different leaves of the same plant. ... | 2014 | 25092463 |
| induction of innate immune responses by flagellin from the intracellular bacterium, 'candidatus liberibacter solanacearum'. | 'candidatus liberibacter solanacearum' (lso) is a phloem-limited alphaproteobacterium associated with the devastating zebra chip disease of potato (solanum tuberosum). like other members of liberibacter, lso-zc1 encodes a flagellin domain-containing protein (fla lso ) with a conserved 22 amino-acid peptide (flg22 lso ). to understand the innate immune responses triggered by this unculturable intracellular bacterium, we studied the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) that triggered imm ... | 2014 | 25091183 |
| agroinfiltration as an effective and scalable strategy of gene delivery for production of pharmaceutical proteins. | current human biologics are most commonly produced by mammalian cell culture-based fermentation technologies. however, its limited scalability and high cost prevent this platform from meeting the ever increasing global demand. plants offer a novel alternative system for the production of pharmaceutical proteins that is more scalable, cost-effective, and safer than current expression paradigms. the recent development of deconstructed virus-based vectors has allowed rapid and high-level transient ... | 0 | 25077181 |
| arabinogalactan glycosyltransferases target to a unique subcellular compartment that may function in unconventional secretion in plants. | we report that fluorescently tagged arabinogalactan glycosyltransferases target not only the golgi apparatus but also uncharacterized smaller compartments when transiently expressed in nicotiana benthamiana. approximately 80% of atgalt31a [arabidopsis thaliana galactosyltransferase from family 31 (at1g32930)] was found in the small compartments, of which, 45 and 40% of atgalt29a [arabidopsis thaliana galactosyltransferase from family 29 (at1g08280)] and atglcat14a [arabidopsis thaliana glucurono ... | 2014 | 25074762 |
| pepper mildew resistance locus o interacts with pepper calmodulin and suppresses xanthomonas avrbst-triggered cell death and defense responses. | pepper camlo2 specifically interacts with cacam1 and translocates cytoplasmic cacam1 to the plasma membrane, leading to the suppression of xanthomonas avrbst-triggered ca (2+) influx, hypersensitive cell death and defense responses. pathogen-induced cell death is closely linked with disease susceptibility and resistance in plants. pepper (capsicum annuum) mildew resistance locus o (camlo2) and calmodulin (cacam1) genes are required for disease-associated cell death and hypersensitive cell death, ... | 2014 | 25074588 |
| atmyb41 activates ectopic suberin synthesis and assembly in multiple plant species and cell types. | suberin is a lipid and phenolic cell wall heteropolymer found in the roots and other organs of all vascular plants. suberin plays a critical role in plant water relations and in protecting plants from biotic and abiotic stresses. here we describe a transcription factor, atmyb41 (at4g28110), that can activate the steps necessary for aliphatic suberin synthesis and deposition of cell wall-associated suberin-like lamellae in both arabidopsis thaliana and nicotiana benthamiana. overexpression of atm ... | 2014 | 25060192 |
| arabidopsis msl10 has a regulated cell death signaling activity that is separable from its mechanosensitive ion channel activity. | members of the mscs superfamily of mechanosensitive ion channels function as osmotic safety valves, releasing osmolytes under increased membrane tension. mscs homologs exhibit diverse topology and domain structure, and it has been proposed that the more complex members of the family might have novel regulatory mechanisms or molecular functions. here, we present a study of mscs-like (msl)10 from arabidopsis thaliana that supports these ideas. high-level expression of msl10-gfp in arabidopsis indu ... | 2014 | 25052715 |
| improved expression of recombinant plant-made hegf. | the yield of recombinant hegf was increased approximately tenfold through a range of optimisations. further, the recombinant protein was found to have biological activity comparable to commercial hegf. human epidermal growth factor (hegf) is a powerful mitogen that can enhance the healing of a wide range of injuries, including burns, cuts, diabetic ulcers and gastric ulcers. however, despite its clinical value, hegf is only consistently used for the treatment of chronic diabetic ulcers due to it ... | 2014 | 25048022 |
| elicitin-like proteins oli-d1 and oli-d2 from pythium oligandrum trigger hypersensitive response in nicotiana benthamiana and induce resistance against botrytis cinerea in tomato. | the biocontrol agent pythium oligandrum and its elicitin-like proteins oligandrins have been shown to induce disease resistance in a range of plants. in the present study, the ability of two oligandrins, oli-d1 and oli-d2, to induce an immune response and the possible molecular mechanism regulating the defence responses in nicotiana benthamiana and tomato were investigated. infiltration of recombinant oli-d1 and oli-d2 proteins induced a typical immune response in n. benthamiana including the in ... | 2015 | 25047132 |
| phosphorylation of coat protein by protein kinase ck2 regulates cell-to-cell movement of bamboo mosaic virus through modulating rna binding. | in this study, we investigated the fine regulation of cell-to-cell movement of bamboo mosaic virus (bamv). we report that the coat protein (cp) of bamv is phosphorylated in planta at position serine 241 (s241), in a process involving nicotiana benthamiana casein kinase 2α (nbck2α). bamv cp and nbck2α colocalize at the plasmodesmata, suggesting that phosphorylation of bamv may be involved in its movement. s241 was mutated to examine the effects of temporal and spatial dysregulation of phosphoryla ... | 2014 | 25025779 |
| the nb-lrr proteins rga4 and rga5 interact functionally and physically to confer disease resistance. | plant resistance proteins of the class of nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat domain proteins (nb-lrrs) are immune sensors which recognize pathogen-derived molecules termed avirulence (avr) proteins. we show that rga4 and rga5, two nb-lrrs from rice, interact functionally and physically to mediate resistance to the fungal pathogen magnaporthe oryzae and accomplish different functions in avr recognition. rga4 triggers an avr-independent cell death that is repressed in the presence of rga5 ... | 2014 | 25024433 |
| replication-associated proteins encoded by wheat dwarf virus act as rna silencing suppressors. | wheat dwarf virus (wdv) is an economically important and widespread single-stranded dna virus in the genus mastrevirus, family geminiviridae. so far, an rna silencing suppressor in the genus mastrevirus has not been reported. in this study, the viral replication-associated proteins of wdv, rep and repa proteins, were demonstrated to have rna silencing suppressor activities when expressed in agro-infiltrated leaves of nicotiana benthamiana line 16c, by their ability to inhibit posttranscriptional ... | 2014 | 25016035 |
| a versatile complementation assay for cell-to-cell and long distance movements by cucumber mosaic virus based agro-infiltration. | microinjection, bombardment or tobamovirus and potexvirus based assay has been developed to identify the putative movement protein (mp) or to characterize plasmodesma-mediated macromolecular transport. in this study, we developed a versatile complementation assay for the cell-to-cell and long distance movements of macromolecules by agro-infiltration based on the infectious clones of cucumber mosaic virus (cmv). the movement-deficient cmv reporter was constructed by replacing the mp on rna 3 with ... | 2014 | 25014544 |
| interaction between the transcription factor attify4b and begomovirus al2 protein impacts pathogenicity. | the begomovirus al2 protein is a transcriptional activator, a silencing suppressor, and inhibitor of basal defense. al2 forms a complex at the cp promoter, through interaction with a plant-specific dna-binding protein, arabidopsis peapod2 (also known as tify4b). attify4b has three domains (ppd, tify and cct_2) conserved between homologs from different plant species. we confirmed that the al2 protein from tomato golden mosaic virus and cabbage leaf curl virus interacts with tify4b from arabidopsi ... | 2014 | 25011501 |
| effectiveness of gene silencing induced by viral vectors based on citrus leaf blotch virus is different in nicotiana benthamiana and citrus plants. | virus induced gene silencing (vigs) is an effective technology for gene function analysis in plants. we assessed the vigs effectiveness in nicotiana benthamiana and citrus plants of different citrus leaf blotch virus (clbv)-based vectors, using insets of the phytoene desaturase (pds) gene. while in n. benthamiana the silencing phenotype was induced only by the construct carrying a 58-nt pds hairpin, in citrus plants all the constructs induced the silencing phenotype. differences in the generatio ... | 2014 | 25010281 |
| geminivirus al2 protein induces expression of, and interacts with, a calmodulin-like gene, an endogenous regulator of gene silencing. | rna silencing is an innate cellular response involved in antiviral defense. arabidopsis calmodulin-like protein 39 (at-rgscam) is related to known regulators of rna silencing in tomato and nicotiana tabacum. geminivirus al2 protein functions to suppress post-transcriptional and transcriptional gene silencing, possibly through induction of an endogenous regulator. in support of this, the at-rgscam promoter responds to tomato golden mosaic virus (tgmv) al2 in protoplasts and geminivirus infection ... | 2014 | 25010276 |
| the rxl motif of the african cassava mosaic virus rep protein is necessary for rereplication of yeast dna and viral infection in plants. | geminiviruses, single-stranded dna plant viruses, encode a replication-initiator protein (rep) that is indispensable for virus replication. a potential cyclin interaction motif (rxl) in the sequence of african cassava mosaic virus rep may be an alternative link to cell cycle controls to the known interaction with plant homologs of retinoblastoma protein (prbr). mutation of this motif abrogated rereplication in fission yeast induced by expression of wildtype rep suggesting that rep interacts via ... | 2014 | 24999043 |
| a peroxisomal long-chain acyl-coa synthetase from glycine max involved in lipid degradation. | seed storage oil, in the form of triacylglycerol (tag), is degraded to provide carbon and energy during germination and early seedling growth by the fatty acid β-oxidation in the peroxisome. although the pathways for lipid degradation have been uncovered, understanding of the exact involved enzymes in soybean is still limited. long-chain acyl-coa synthetase (acsl) is a critical enzyme that activates free fatty acid released from tag to form the fatty acyl-coa. recent studies have shown the impor ... | 2014 | 24992019 |
| diterpene synthases of the biosynthetic system of medicinally active diterpenoids in marrubium vulgare. | marrubium vulgare (lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant whose major bioactive compounds, marrubiin and other labdane-related furanoid diterpenoids, have potential applications as anti-diabetics, analgesics or vasorelaxants. metabolite and transcriptome profiling of m. vulgare leaves identified five different candidate diterpene synthases (ditpss) of the tps-c and tps-e/f clades. we describe the in vitro and in vivo functional characterization of the m. vulgare ditps family. in addition to mveks ent-k ... | 2014 | 24990389 |
| structural and functional characterization of an anti-west nile virus monoclonal antibody and its single-chain variant produced in glycoengineered plants. | previously, our group engineered a plant-derived monoclonal antibody (mab pe16) that efficiently treated west nile virus (wnv) infection in mice. in this study, we developed a pe16 variant consisting of a single-chain variable fragment (scfv) fused to the heavy chain constant domains (ch) of human igg (pe16scfv-ch). pe16 and pe16scfv-ch were expressed and assembled efficiently in nicotiana benthamiana ∆xf plants, a glycosylation mutant lacking plant-specific n-glycan residues. glycan analysis re ... | 2014 | 24975464 |
| production and characterization of in planta transiently produced polygalacturanase from aspergillus niger and its fusions with hydrophobin or elp tags. | pectinases play an important role in plant cell wall deconstruction and have potential in diverse industries such as food, wine, animal feed, textile, paper, fuel, and others. the demand for such enzymes is increasing exponentially, as are the efforts to improve their production and to implement their use in several industrial processes. the goal of this study was to examine the potential of producing polygalacturonase i from aspergillus niger in plants and to investigate the effects of subcellu ... | 2014 | 24970673 |
| overexpression and self-assembly of virus-like particles in nicotiana benthamiana by a single-vector dna replicon system. | based on recent developments, virus-like particles (vlps) are considered to be perfect candidates as nanoplatforms for applications in materials science and medicine. to succeed, mass production of vlps and self-assembly into a correct form in plant systems are key factors. here, we report expression of synthesized coat proteins of the three viruses, brome mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, and maize rayado fino virus, in nicotiana benthamiana and production of self-assembled vlps by transient ... | 2014 | 24965559 |
| differential rnai responses of nicotiana benthamiana individuals transformed with a hairpin-inducing construct during plum pox virus challenge. | gene silencing and large-scale small rna analysis can be used to develop rna interference (rnai)-based resistance strategies for plum pox virus (ppv), a high impact disease of prunus spp. in this study, a pppvirna hairpin-inducing vector harboring two silencing motif-rich regions of the ppv coat protein (cp) gene was evaluated in transgenic nicotiana benthamiana (nb) plants. wild-type nb plants infected with a chimeric ppv virus (ppv::gfp) exhibited affected leaves with mosaic chlorosis congruen ... | 2014 | 24964777 |
| infection of beet necrotic yellow vein virus with rna4-encoded p31 specifically up-regulates pathogenesis-related protein 10 in nicotiana benthamiana. | beet necrotic yellow vein virus (bnyvv) is the infectious agent of sugar beet rhizomania, which consists of four or five plus-sense rnas. rna4 of bnyvv is not essential for virus propagation in nicotiana benthamiana but has a major effect on symptom expression. early reports showed that rna4-encoded p31 was associated with severe symptoms, such as curling and dwarfing, in n. benthamiana. | 2014 | 24961274 |
| is vip1 important for agrobacterium-mediated transformation? | agrobacterium genetically transforms plants by transferring and integrating t-(transferred) dna into the host genome. this process requires both agrobacterium and host proteins. vire2 interacting protein 1 (vip1), an arabidopsis bzip protein, has been suggested to mediate transformation through interaction with and targeting of vire2 to nuclei. we examined the susceptibility of arabidopsis vip1 mutant and vip1 overexpressing plants to transformation by numerous agrobacterium strains. in no insta ... | 2014 | 24953893 |
| prevention and treatment of clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin intoxication in mice with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (c4d7) produced in nicotiana benthamiana. | epsilon toxin (etx), produced by clostridium perfringens types b and d, is among the most lethal toxins known. etx is a potential bioterrorism threat that was listed as a category b agent by the u.s. centers for disease control until 2012 and it still remains a toxin of interest for several government agencies. we produced a monoclonal antibody (mab) against etx (etx mab c4d7) in nicotiana benthamiana and characterized its preventive and therapeutic efficacy in mice. the etx preparation used was ... | 2014 | 24950050 |
| norovirus narita 104 virus-like particles expressed in nicotiana benthamiana induce serum and mucosal immune responses. | narita 104 virus is a human pathogen belonging to the norovirus (family caliciviridae) genogroup ii. noroviruses cause epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. to explore the potential of developing a plant-based vaccine, a plant optimized gene encoding narita 104 virus capsid protein (navcp) was expressed transiently in nicotiana benthamiana using a tobacco mosaic virus expression system. navcp accumulated up to approximately 0.3 mg/g fresh weight of leaf at 4 days postinfection. initiation of hyper ... | 2014 | 24949472 |
| a novel role of the potyviral helper component proteinase contributes to enhance the yield of viral particles. | the helper component proteinase (hcpro) is an indispensable, multifunctional protein of members of the genus potyvirus and other viruses of the family potyviridae. this viral factor is directly involved in diverse steps of viral infection, such as aphid transmission, polyprotein processing, and suppression of host antiviral rna silencing. in this paper, we show that although a chimeric virus based on the potyvirus plum pox virus lacking hcpro, which was replaced by a heterologous silencing suppr ... | 2014 | 24942578 |
| the powdery mildew resistance gene pm8 derived from rye is suppressed by its wheat ortholog pm3. | the powdery mildew resistance gene pm8 derived from rye is located on a 1bl.1rs chromosome translocation in wheat. however, some wheat lines with this translocation do not show resistance to isolates of the wheat powdery mildew pathogen avirulent to pm8 due to an unknown genetically dominant suppression mechanism. here we show that lines with suppressed pm8 activity contain an intact and expressed pm8 gene. therefore, the absence of pm8 function in certain 1bl.1rs-containing wheat lines is not t ... | 2014 | 24942074 |
| suppression among alleles encoding nucleotide-binding-leucine-rich repeat resistance proteins interferes with resistance in f1 hybrid and allele-pyramided wheat plants. | the development of high-yielding varieties with broad-spectrum durable disease resistance is the ultimate goal of crop breeding. in plants, immune receptors of the nucleotide-binding-leucine-rich repeat (nb-lrr) class mediate race-specific resistance against pathogen attack. when employed in agriculture this type of resistance is often rapidly overcome by newly adapted pathogen races. the stacking of different resistance genes or alleles in f1 hybrids or in pyramided lines is a promising strateg ... | 2014 | 24942051 |
| a golden gate modular cloning toolbox for plants. | plant synthetic biology requires robust and efficient methods for assembling multigene constructs. golden gate cloning provides a precision module-based cloning technique for facile assembly of multiple genes in one construct. we present here a versatile resource for plant biologists comprising a set of cloning vectors and 96 standardized parts to enable golden gate construction of multigene constructs for plant transformation. parts include promoters, untranslated sequences, reporters, antigeni ... | 2014 | 24933124 |
| cloning of the arabidopsis rwm1 gene for resistance to watermelon mosaic virus points to a new function for natural virus resistance genes. | arabidopsis thaliana represents a valuable and efficient model to understand mechanisms underlying plant susceptibility to viral diseases. here, we describe the identification and molecular cloning of a new gene responsible for recessive resistance to several isolates of watermelon mosaic virus (wmv, genus potyvirus) in the arabidopsis cvi-0 accession. rwm1 acts at an early stage of infection by impairing viral accumulation in initially infected leaf tissues. map-based cloning delimited rwm1 on ... | 2014 | 24930633 |
| tomato slmkk2 and slmkk4 contribute to disease resistance against botrytis cinerea. | mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades are highly conserved signaling modules that mediate the transduction of extracellular stimuli via receptors/sensors into intracellular responses and play key roles in plant immunity against pathogen attack. however, the function of tomato mapk kinases, slmkks, in resistance against botrytis cinerea remains unclear yet. | 2014 | 24930014 |
| role of intron-mediated enhancement on accumulation of an arabidopsis nb-lrr class r-protein that confers resistance to cucumber mosaic virus. | the accumulation of rcy1 protein, which is encoded by resistance to cmv(y) (rcy1), a cc-nb-lrr class r-gene, is tightly correlated with the strength of the resistance to a yellow strain of cucumber mosaic virus [cmv(y)] in arabidopsis thaliana. in order to enhance resistance to cmv by overexpression of rcy1, a. thaliana was transformed with intron-less rcy1 cdna construct under the control of strong camv35s promoter. remarkably, a relative amount of rcy1 protein accumulation in the transformants ... | 2014 | 24915153 |
| the dihydrolipoyl acyltransferase gene bce2 participates in basal resistance against phytophthora infestans in potato and nicotiana benthamiana. | dihydrolipoyl acyltransferase (ec 2.3.1.12), a branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase e2 subunit (bce2), catalyzes the transfer of the acyl group from the lipoyl moiety to coenzyme a. however, the role of bce2 responding to biotic stress in plant is not clear. in this study, we cloned and characterized a bce2 gene from potato, namely stbce2, which was previously suggested to be involved in phytophthora infestans-potato interaction. we found that the expression of stbce2 was strongly induced by ... | 2014 | 24913048 |
| fluorescent protein tagging of arabidopsis mapks for in vivo localization studies. | mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk) are key regulatory elements in many processes. they are highly conserved throughout eukaryotes. in plants, mapks are involved in biotic and abiotic stress responses; they regulate cell division, cell growth, and also programmed cell death. in vivo visualization of mapks is crucial for understanding of their spatiotemporal organization. cloning of mapk-fluorescent protein fusions might present difficulties related to the preservation of protein-protein int ... | 2014 | 24908125 |
| agroinfection of sweet potato by vacuum infiltration of an infectious sweepovirus. | sweepovirus is an important monopartite begomovirus that infects plants of the genus ipomoea worldwide. development of artificial infection methods for sweepovirus using agroinoculation is a highly efficient means of studying infectivity in sweet potato. unlike other begomoviruses, it has proven difficult to infect sweet potato plants with sweepoviruses using infectious clones. a novel sweepovirus, called sweet potato leaf curl virus-jiangsu (splcv-js), was recently identified in china. in addit ... | 2014 | 24903591 |
| tobacco rattle virus-based virus-induced gene silencing in nicotiana benthamiana. | tobacco rattle virus (trv)-based virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) is widely used in various plant species to downregulate the expression of a target plant gene. trv is a bipartite, positive-strand rna virus with the trv1 and trv2 genomes. to induce post-transcriptional gene silencing (ptgs), the trv2 genome is genetically modified to carry a fragment of the target gene and delivered into the plant (along with the trv1 genome) by agroinoculation. trv1- and trv2-carrying agrobacterium strains a ... | 2014 | 24901739 |
| functional domains of the petal loss protein, a trihelix transcription factor that represses regional growth in arabidopsis thaliana. | petal loss (ptl) is a trihelix transcription factor that represses growth, especially between sepal primordia. as one of 30 trihelix proteins in arabidopsis, it falls in the gt2 clade with duplicated trihelix dna-binding domains and a long α-helical central domain. ptl orthologs occur in all angiosperm genomes examined except grasses, and sequence comparisons reveal that there are two further short conserved domains at each end. gt2 itself carries two nuclear localization sequences, but ptl has ... | 2014 | 24889508 |
| temperature-dependent symptom recovery in nicotiana benthamiana plants infected with tomato ringspot virus is associated with reduced translation of viral rna2 and requires argonaute 1. | symptom recovery in nepovirus-infected plants has been attributed to the induction of rna silencing. however, recovery is not always accompanied with viral rna clearance. in this study, we show that recovery of nicotiana benthamiana plants infected with the tomato ringspot virus (torsv) is associated with a reduction of the steady-state levels of rna2-encoded coat protein (cp) and movement protein but not of rna2. in vivo labeling experiments revealed efficient synthesis of the cp early in infec ... | 2014 | 24889238 |
| proof by synthesis of tobacco mosaic virus. | synthetic biology is a discipline that includes making life forms artificially from chemicals. here, a dna molecule was enzymatically synthesized in vitro from dna templates made from oligonucleotides representing the text of the first tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) sequence elucidated in 1982. no infectious dna molecule of that seminal reference sequence exists, so the goal was to synthesize it and then build viral chimeras. | 2014 | 24887356 |
| agrobacterium-derived cytokinin influences plastid morphology and starch accumulation in nicotiana benthamiana during transient assays. | agrobacterium tumefaciens-based transient assays have become a common tool for answering questions related to protein localization and gene expression in a cellular context. the use of these assays assumes that the transiently transformed cells are observed under relatively authentic physiological conditions and maintain 'normal' sub-cellular behaviour. although this premise is widely accepted, the question of whether cellular organization and organelle morphology is altered in agrobacterium-inf ... | 2014 | 24886417 |
| characterization of necrosis-inducing nlp proteins in phytophthora capsici. | effector proteins function not only as toxins to induce plant cell death, but also enable pathogens to suppress or evade plant defense responses. nlp-like proteins are considered to be effector proteins, and they have been isolated from bacteria, fungi, and oomycete plant pathogens. there is increasing evidence that nlps have the ability to induce cell death and ethylene accumulation in plants. | 2014 | 24886309 |
| cucumber pti1-l is a cytoplasmic protein kinase involved in defense responses and salt tolerance. | homologs of the cytoplasmic protein kinase pti1 are found in diverse plant species. a clear role of pti1 in plant defense response has not been established. we identified a pti1 homolog in cucumber (cspti1-l). cspti1-l expression was induced when cucumber plants were challenged with the fungal pathogen sphaerotheca fuliginea or with salt treatment. cspti1-l expression in cucumber leaves also was induced by methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid. cspti1-l exhibited autophosphorylatio ... | 2014 | 24877673 |
| gene silencing of ccd7 and ccd8 in phelipanche aegyptiaca by tobacco rattle virus system retarded the parasite development on the host. | strigolactones are phytohormones that stimulate seed germination of parasitic plants including phelipanche aegyptiaca. strigolactones are derived from carotenoids via a pathway involving the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases ccd7 and ccd8. we report here identification of paccd7 and paccd8 orthologous genes from p. aegyptiaca. expression analysis of paccd7 and paccd8 genes showed significant variation in their transcript levels in seeds and tubercles of p. aegyptiaca at different developmental st ... | 2014 | 24874436 |
| llhsfa1, a novel heat stress transcription factor in lily (lilium longiflorum), can interact with llhsfa2 and enhance the thermotolerance of transgenic arabidopsis thaliana. | a heat stress transcription factor llhsfa1 in lily and its relationship with llhsfa2 was investigated, and its function in enhancing thermotolerance was confirmed by analyzing transgenic arabidopsis thaliana overexpressed llhsfa1. a large family of heat stress transcription factors that are involved in the heat stress response in plants can induce the expression of multiple genes related to thermotolerance including heat-shock proteins. in this study, a novel class a1 hsf named llhsfa1 was isola ... | 2014 | 24874231 |
| identification of an rna silencing suppressor encoded by a mastrevirus. | wheat dwarf virus (wdv) is a dna virus belonging to the genus mastrevirus of the family geminiviridae. in this study, we report that the rep protein encoded by wdv is a rna silencing supressor as determined by co-infiltration assays using transgenic nicotiana benthamiana line 16c carrying the gfp reporter gene. the rep protein was shown to inhibit both local and systemic rna silencing of the gfp gene as well as the spread of systemic gfp rna silencing signals. gel mobility shift assays showed th ... | 2014 | 24866851 |
| phytophthora sojae effector pscrn70 suppresses plant defenses in nicotiana benthamiana. | phytophthora sojae, an oomycete pathogen, produces a large number of effector proteins that enter into host cells. the crinklers (crinkling and necrosis, crn) are cytoplasmic effectors that are conserved in oomycete pathogens and their encoding genes are highly expressed at the infective stages in p. sojae. however, their roles in pathogenesis are largely unknown. here, we functionally characterized an effector pscrn70 by transiently and stably overexpressing it in nicotiana benthamiana. we demo ... | 2014 | 24858571 |
| sec14 phospholipid transfer protein is involved in lipid signaling-mediated plant immune responses in nicotiana benthamiana. | we previously identified a gene related to the sec14-gene phospholipid transfer protein superfamily that is induced in nicotiana benthamiana (nbsec14) in response to infection with ralstonia solanacearum. we here report that nbsec14 plays a role in plant immune responses via phospholipid-turnover. nbsec14-silencing compromised expression of defense-related pr-4 and accumulation of jasmonic acid (ja) and its derivative ja-ile. transient expression of nbsec14 induced pr-4 gene expression. activiti ... | 2014 | 24845602 |
| the arabidopsis lecrk-vi.2 associates with the pattern-recognition receptor fls2 and primes nicotiana benthamiana pattern-triggered immunity. | pattern-triggered immunity (pti) is broad spectrum and manipulation of pti is believed to represent an attractive way to engineer plants with broad-spectrum disease resistance. pti is activated upon perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) by pattern-recognition receptors (prrs). we have recently demonstrated that the l-type lectin receptor kinase-vi.2 (lecrk-vi.2) positively regulates arabidopsis thaliana pti. here we show through in vitro pull-down, bimolecular fluorescence ... | 2014 | 24844677 |
| identification of photoperiod-regulated gene in soybean and functional analysis in nicotiana benthamiana. | soybean (glycine max) is a short-day crop and the photoperiod is a crucial factor regulating its flowering time. to investigate the molecular mechanism controlling the flowering time by photoperiod in soybean, cdna-amplified fragment length polymorphism (cdna-aflp) was used to identify photoperiod-regulated genes in leaves of soybean growing under short-day length, neutral photoperiod and long-day length. a total of 36 transcript-derived fragments (tdfs) were identified to be regulated by photop ... | 2014 | 24840822 |
| pseudomonas syringae cc1557: a highly virulent strain with an unusually small type iii effector repertoire that includes a novel effector. | both type iii effector proteins and nonribosomal peptide toxins play important roles for pseudomonas syringae pathogenicity in host plants, but whether and how these pathways interact to promote infection remains unclear. genomic evidence from one clade of p. syringae suggests a tradeoff between the total number of type iii effector proteins and presence of syringomycin, syringopeptin, and syringolin a toxins. here, we report the complete genome sequence from p. syringae cc1557, which contains t ... | 2014 | 24835253 |
| heat shock protein 70 is necessary for rice stripe virus infection in plants. | heat shock proteins 70 (hsp70s) are a highly conserved family of genes in eukaryotes, and are involved in a remarkable variety of cellular processes. in many plant positive-stranded rna viruses, hsp70 participates in the construction of a viral replication complex and plays various roles during viral infection. here, we found increased expression of hsp70 following infection by rice stripe virus (rsv), a negative-stranded rna virus, in both rice (the natural host) and nicotiana benthamiana (an e ... | 2014 | 24823923 |
| β-carboxysomal proteins assemble into highly organized structures in nicotiana chloroplasts. | the photosynthetic efficiency of c3 plants suffers from the reaction of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) with o2 instead of co2 , leading to the costly process of photorespiration. increasing the concentration of co2 around rubisco is a strategy used by photosynthetic prokaryotes such as cyanobacteria for more efficient incorporation of inorganic carbon. engineering the cyanobacterial co2 -concentrating mechanism, the carboxysome, into chloroplasts is an approach to enha ... | 2014 | 24810513 |
| tools and strategies to match peptide-ligand receptor pairs. | peptide signals have emerged as an important class of regulators in cell-to-cell communication in plants. several families of small, secreted proteins with a conserved c-terminal pro-rich motif have been identified as functional peptide signals in arabidopsis thaliana. these proteins are presumed to be trimmed proteolytically and undergo posttranslational modifications, such as hydroxylation of pro residues and glycosylation, to form mature, bioactive signals. identification and matching of such ... | 2014 | 24808051 |
| genetic analyses of the frnk motif function of turnip mosaic virus uncover multiple and potentially interactive pathways of cross-protection. | cross-protection triggered by a mild strain of virus acts as a prophylaxis to prevent subsequent infections by related viruses in plants; however, the underling mechanisms are not fully understood. through mutagenesis, we isolated a mutant strain of turnip mosaic virus (tumv), named tu-gk, that contains an arg182lys substitution in helper component-proteinase (hc-pro(k)) that confers complete cross-protection against infection by a severe strain of tumv in nicotiana benthamiana, arabidopsis thal ... | 2014 | 24804808 |
| a plant-produced antigen elicits potent immune responses against west nile virus in mice. | we described the rapid production of the domain iii (diii) of the envelope (e) protein in plants as a vaccine candidate for west nile virus (wnv). using various combinations of vector modules of a deconstructed viral vector expression system, diii was produced in three subcellular compartments in leaves of nicotiana benthamiana by transient expression. diii expressed at much higher levels when targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (er) than that targeted to the chloroplast or the cytosol, with a ... | 2014 | 24804264 |
| recombinant keratinocyte growth factor 1 in tobacco potentially promotes wound healing in diabetic rats. | keratinocyte growth factor 1 (kgf1) is a growth factor that promotes epidermal cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and wound repair. it is expressed at low levels in a form of inclusion body in e. coli. in order to increase its expression and activity, we produced tobacco plants expressing kgf1 via agrobacterium-mediated transformation using a potato virus x (pvx)-based vector (pgr107). the vector contained the sequence encoding the kgf1 gene fused with a green florescence protein. t ... | 2014 | 24783215 |
| cytochrome p450s from cynara cardunculus l. cyp71av9 and cyp71bl5, catalyze distinct hydroxylations in the sesquiterpene lactone biosynthetic pathway. | cynara cardunculus (asteraceae) is a cross pollinated perennial crop which includes the two cultivated taxa globe artichoke and cultivated cardoon. the leaves of these plants contain high concentrations of sesquiterpene lactones (stls) among which cynaropicrin is the most represented, and has recently attracted attention because of its therapeutic potential as anti-tumor and anti-photoaging agent. costunolide is considered the common precursor of the stls and three enzymes are involved in its bi ... | 2014 | 24767116 |
| functionally redundant rxlr effectors from phytophthora infestans act at different steps to suppress early flg22-triggered immunity. | genome sequences of several economically important phytopathogenic oomycetes have revealed the presence of large families of so-called rxlr effectors. functional screens have identified rxlr effector repertoires that either compromise or induce plant defense responses. however, limited information is available about the molecular mechanisms underlying the modes of action of these effectors in planta. the perception of highly conserved pathogen- or microbe-associated molecular patterns (pamps/mam ... | 2014 | 24763622 |
| gmsgt1 is differently required for soybean rps genes-mediated and basal resistance to phytophthora sojae. | using rnai approach, we demonstrate that gmsgt1 is an essential component in soybean against phytophthora sojae, but not required for rps 2 or rps 3a-mediated resistance. utilization of disease resistance in soybean is a major approach to combat root and stem rot disease, which is caused by phytophthora sojae and poses a growing threat to soybean safety production. the sgt1 protein is essential for disease resistance in many plant species. here, we analyzed and characterized functions of gmsgt1 ... | 2014 | 24763608 |
| positive and negative roles for soybean mpk6 in regulating defense responses. | it has been well established that mpk6 is a positive regulator of defense responses in model plants such as arabidopsis and tobacco. however, the functional importance of soybean mpk6 in disease resistance has not been investigated. here, we showed that silencing of gmmpk6 in soybean using virus-induced gene silencing mediated by bean pod mottle virus (bpmv) caused stunted growth and spontaneous cell death on the leaves, a typical phenotype of activated defense responses. consistent with this ph ... | 2014 | 24762222 |
| complete genome sequence of a natural mutant of grapevine virus a (gva). | a new genetic variant of grapevine virus a (gva) of phylogenetic group i was identified during comparative analysis of the viruses infecting two sibling grapevines cv. shiraz. the grapevines were propagated from a single mother plant. one of them become infected with shiraz disease (sd), which is highly destructive on noble grapevine cultivars shiraz and merlot in south africa. the new variant was not associated with sd, as it was present in both sd-affected and sd-free plants. however, unlike i ... | 2014 | 24756347 |
| high-level systemic expression of conserved influenza epitope in plants on the surface of rod-shaped chimeric particles. | recombinant viruses based on the cdna copy of the tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) genome carrying different versions of the conserved m2e epitope from influenza virus a cloned into the coat protein (cp) gene were obtained and partially characterized by our group previously; cysteines in the human consensus m2e sequence were changed to serine residues. this work intends to show some biological properties of these viruses following plant infections. agroinfiltration experiments on nicotiana benthamiana ... | 2014 | 24755563 |
| ghwrky40, a multiple stress-responsive cotton wrky gene, plays an important role in the wounding response and enhances susceptibility to ralstonia solanacearum infection in transgenic nicotiana benthamiana. | wrky transcription factors form one of the largest transcription factor families and function as important components in the complex signaling processes that occur during plant stress responses. however, relative to the research progress in model plants, far less information is available on the function of wrky proteins in cotton. in the present study, we identified the ghwrky40 gene in cotton (gossypium hirsutum) and determined that the ghwrky40 protein is targeted to the nucleus and is a stres ... | 2014 | 24747610 |
| the endo-arabinanase bcara1 is a novel host-specific virulence factor of the necrotic fungal phytopathogen botrytis cinerea. | the plant cell wall is one of the first physical interfaces encountered by plant pathogens and consists of polysaccharides, of which arabinan is an important constituent. during infection, the necrotrophic plant pathogen botrytis cinerea secretes a cocktail of plant cell-wall-degrading enzymes, including endo-arabinanase activity, which carries out the breakdown of arabinan. the roles of arabinan and endo-arabinanases during microbial infection were thus far elusive. in this study, the gene bcar ... | 2014 | 24725206 |
| aly proteins participate in multifaceted nep1mo-triggered responses in nicotiana benthamiana and arabidopsis thaliana. | previously, it was found that nep1mo (a nep1-like protein from magnaporthe oryzae) could trigger a variety of plant responses, including stomatal closure, hypersensitive cell death (hcd), and defence-related gene expression, in nicotiana benthamiana. in this study, it was found that nep1mo-induced cell death could be inhibited by the virus-induced gene silencing of nbaly916 in n. benthamiana. nbaly916-silenced plants showed impaired nep1mo-induced stomatal closure, decreased nep1mo-induced produ ... | 2014 | 24723400 |
| the tomato spotted wilt virus cell-to-cell movement protein (nsm ) triggers a hypersensitive response in sw-5-containing resistant tomato lines and in nicotiana benthamiana transformed with the functional sw-5b resistance gene copy. | although the sw-5 gene cluster has been cloned, and sw-5b has been identified as the functional gene copy that confers resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv), its avirulence (avr) determinant has not been identified to date. nicotiana tabacum 'sr1' plants transformed with a copy of the sw-5b gene are immune without producing a clear visual response on challenge with tswv, whereas it is shown here that n. benthamiana transformed with sw-5b gives a rapid and conspicuous hypersensitive resp ... | 2014 | 24720811 |
| plasma membranes are subcompartmentalized into a plethora of coexisting and diverse microdomains in arabidopsis and nicotiana benthamiana. | eukaryotic plasma membranes are highly compartmentalized structures. so far, only a few individual proteins that function in a wide range of cellular processes have been shown to segregate into microdomains. however, the biological roles of most microdomain-associated proteins are unknown. here, we investigated the heterogeneity of distinct microdomains and the complexity of their coexistence. this diversity was determined in living cells of intact multicellular tissues using 20 different marker ... | 2014 | 24714763 |
| galactosyltransferases from arabidopsis thaliana in the biosynthesis of type ii arabinogalactan: molecular interaction enhances enzyme activity. | arabinogalactan proteins are abundant proteoglycans present on cell surfaces of plants and involved in many cellular processes, including somatic embryogenesis, cell-cell communication and cell elongation. arabinogalactan proteins consist mainly of glycan, which is synthesized by post-translational modification of proteins in the secretory pathway. importance of the variations in the glycan moiety of arabinogalactan proteins for their functions has been implicated, but its biosynthetic process i ... | 2014 | 24693939 |
| the movement protein (nsm) of tomato spotted wilt virus is the avirulence determinant in the tomato sw-5 gene-based resistance. | the avirulence determinant triggering the resistance conferred by the tomato gene sw-5 against tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) is still unresolved. sequence comparison showed two substitutions (c118y and t120n) in the movement protein nsm present only in tswv resistance-breaking (rb) isolates. in this work, transient expression of nsm of three tswv isolates [rb1 (t120n), rb2 (c118y) and non-resistance-breaking (nrb)] in nicotiana benthamiana expressing sw-5 showed a hypersensitive response (hr) ... | 2014 | 24690181 |