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enhanced reactive oxygen species scavenging by overproduction of superoxide dismutase and catalase delays postharvest physiological deterioration of cassava storage roots.postharvest physiological deterioration (ppd) of cassava (manihot esculenta) storage roots is the result of a rapid oxidative burst, which leads to discoloration of the vascular tissues due to the oxidation of phenolic compounds. in this study, coexpression of the reactive oxygen species (ros)-scavenging enzymes copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (mecu/znsod) and catalase (mecat1) in transgenic cassava was used to explore the intrinsic relationship between ros scavenging and ppd occurrence. transg ...201323344905
crop expansion and conservation priorities in tropical countries.expansion of cropland in tropical countries is one of the principal causes of biodiversity loss, and threatens to undermine progress towards meeting the aichi biodiversity targets. to understand this threat better, we analysed data on crop distribution and expansion in 128 tropical countries, assessed changes in area of the main crops and mapped overlaps between conservation priorities and cultivation potential. rice was the single crop grown over the largest area, especially in tropical forest ...201323326316
effects of dietary fibers with different fermentation characteristics on feeding motivation in adult female pigs.dietary fibers can be fermented in the colon, resulting in production of short-chain fatty acids (scfa) and secretion of satiety-related peptides. fermentation characteristics (fermentation kinetics and scfa-profile) differ between fibers and could impact their satiating potential. we investigated the effects of fibers with varying fermentation characteristics on feeding motivation in adult female pigs. sixteen pair-housed pigs received four diets in four periods in a latin square design. starch ...201323313406
effects of starches on the textural, rheological, and color properties of surimi-beef gels with microbial tranglutaminase.in order to evaluate effects of starches (corn starch, potato starch, and tapioca starch) on the characteristics of surimi-beef gels with microbial transglutaminase, the cooking loss, gel strength, color and rheological properties of samples were investigated. results demonstrated that starches gave negative effects on the cooking loss of surimi-beef gels. the gel with corn starch had the highest cooking loss while that with tapioca starch showed the lowest value. the gel with potato starch obta ...201323273461
screening for bacillus subtilis group isolates that degrade cyanogens at ph 4.5-5.0.cyanogenic food crops abound in nature with important crops like cassava forming the staple food for over half a billion people. detoxification by hydrolysis of cassava cyanogenic glycosides often involves acid fermentation, and in some of these processes bacillus species are encountered. forty bacillus spp. (20 bacillus subtilis, 11 bacillus licheniformis, 7 bacillus sonorensis, 2 bacillus cereus) isolated from acid fermented primary starters to produce gergoush, a sudanese fermented snack, wer ...201323261810
[x-ray diffraction study of high hydrostatic pressure on crystalline structure of different type starches].crystalline changes of different type starches after high hydrostatic pressure treated under 300, 450, 600 mpa were studied by x-ray diffraction. waxy maize (a type, 100% amylopectin), hylon vii (b type, 30% amylopectin) and tapioca starch (c type, 83% amylopectin) were chosen. the results indicated that for waxy maize starch, annealing effect was observed at 300 mpa, disappearance of crystalline structure happened at 450 mpa and retrogradation at 600 mpa. the results proved that the granule und ...201223240443
complete genome sequencing of two causative viruses of cassava mosaic disease in ghana.cassava mosaic disease (cmv), caused by one or a combination of cassava mosaic geminiviruses, is ranked among the most important constraints to profitable and efficient production of cassava. effective control measures require in-depth knowledge of the viral causative agent. using rolling-circle amplification and unique enzymes, the full genome of two species of cassava mosaic geminivirus isolated from infected cassava plants in ghana were cloned into pcambia 1300 and pet-28b. the sequences of t ...201223237086
biological invasions of geminiviruses: case study of tylcv and bemisia tabaci in reunion island.in the last 20 years, molecular ecology approaches have proven to be extremely useful to identify and assess factors associated with viral emerging diseases, particularly in economically and socially important tropical crops such as maize (maize streak disease) and cassava (cassava mosaic disease). molecular ecology approaches were applied in reunion island to analyze the epidemic of tomato yellow leaf curl disease, which has been affecting the island since the end of the 1990s. before the invas ...201223235470
characterization of carotenoid-protein complexes and gene expression analysis associated with carotenoid sequestration in pigmented cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) storage root.carotenoid-protein complex (cpc) was isolated from chromoplast-enriched suspensions of cassava storage root (csr) using size exclusion chromatography and characterized. peptide sequences (lc_ms/ms spectrum) obtained from cpc and their corresponding proteins were obtained using publically available databases. small heat shock proteins (shsps) were the most abundant proteins identified in the cpc. western blot analysis showed that fribrillin and or-protein were present in chromoplast-enriched susp ...201223230451
microbial community diversity of organically rich cassava sago factory waste waters and their ability to use nitrate and n2o added as external n-sources for enhancing biomethanation and the purification efficiency.water shortage necessitated south indian sago factory owners, extracting starch out of cassava tubers, to install biogas plants where a starch utilizing microbial community multiplies and reduces the biological oxygen demand (bod) of the waste waters by presently about 30%. the purification efficiency of sago factory waste waters, rich in solid particles and having wide c/n ratios, around 250, through unstirred biogas plants needs to be improved. our approach was to apply instead of animal slurr ...201223219890
effects of lipids on enzymatic hydrolysis and physical properties of starch.this study aimed to understand effects of lipids, including corn oil (co), soy lecithin (sl), palmitic acid (pa), stearic acid (sa), oleic acid (oa), and linoleic acid (la), on the enzymatic hydrolysis and physical properties of normal corn (ncs), tapioca (tps), waxy corn (wcs), and high-amylose corn (ha7) starch, and to elucidate mechanisms of interactions between the starches and lipids. after cooking with the lipids (10%, w/w, dsb), ncs, tps, and ha7 showed significant decreases in enzymatic ...201323218274
effect of resistant starch on the cooking quality of yam (dioscorea spp.) and cassava (manihot esculenta) based paste products.total starch (ts) and resistant starch (rs) contents in pasty edible product of mealy and hard cooking tubers of three yam varieties and four cassava varieties were determined to evaluate their contribution in their cooking quality. ts and rs contents appeared as the main components in determining yam cooking quality. mealy cooking yam varieties were characterized by a significant higher ts content (75.2 ± 7.7 g/100 g d.m.) and lower rs content (13.8 ± 3.4 g/100 g d.m.) than hard cooking yam var ...201323215529
tuberization in cassava (manihot esculenta): cytokinin and abscisic acid activity in tuberous roots.the nature and distribution of cytokinins and abscisic acid in tuberous roots of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) was studied. trans-ribosylzeatin, dihydrozeatin and trans-zeatin were tentatively identified as the major cytokinins in tuberous root extracts. cytokinin activity was concentrated in the meristematic region of the secondary xylem and in the phloem. this suggests a role for cytokinins in the regulation of meristematic activity which is responsible for the growth of the tuberous root ...198523196078
east african cassava mosaic-like viruses from africa to indian ocean islands: molecular diversity, evolutionary history and geographical dissemination of a bipartite begomovirus.cassava (manihot esculenta) is a major food source for over 200 million sub-saharan africans. unfortunately, its cultivation is severely hampered by cassava mosaic disease (cmd). caused by a complex of bipartite cassava mosaic geminiviruses (cmg) species (family: geminivirideae; genus: begomovirus) cmd has been widely described throughout africa and it is apparent that cmg's are expanding their geographical distribution. determining where and when cmg movements have occurred could help curtail i ...201223186303
the nigeria high glycemic index starchy foods, obesity, and the environment.glycemic index has generated a lot of debate for nearly 30 years, especially as it relates to the control for the treatment of diabetes.201123175893
[effects of seven rna silencing suppressors on heterologous expression of green fluorescence protein expression mediated by a plant virus-based system in nicotiana benthamiana].to test the effects of 7 virus-encoded rna silencing suppressors (rsss) for enhancement of a plant virus-based vector system-mediated heterologous expression of green fluorescence protein (gfp) in nicotiana benthamiana.201223174571
a single-tube duplex and multiplex pcr for simultaneous detection of four cassava mosaic begomovirus species in cassava plants.a single-tube duplex and multiplex pcr was developed for the simultaneous detection of african cassava mosaic virus (acmv), east african cassava mosaic cameroon virus (eacmcv), east african cassava mosaic malawi virus (eacmmv) and east african cassava mosaic zanzibar virus (eacmzv), four cassava mosaic begomoviruses (cmbs) affecting cassava in sub-saharan africa. co-occurrence of the cmbs in cassava synergistically enhances disease symptoms and complicates their detection and diagnostics. four p ...201323174160
genetic diversity and geographic distribution of bemisia tabaci (gennadius) (hemiptera: aleyrodidae) genotypes associated with cassava in east africa.the genetic variability of whitefly (bemisia tabaci) species, the vectors of cassava mosaic begomoviruses (cmbs) in cassava growing areas of kenya, tanzania, and uganda, was investigated through comparison of partial sequences of the mitochondria cytochrome oxidase i (mtcoi) dna in 2010/11. two distinct species were obtained including sub-saharan africa 1 (ssa1), comprising of two sub-clades (i and ii), and a south west indian ocean islands (swio) species. among the ssa1, sub-clade i sequences s ...201223170210
cassava starch as a stabilizer of soy-based beverages.soy-based beverages are presented as healthy food alternatives for human nutrition. cassava (manihot esculenta, crantz) starch is relatively inexpensive, widely available in brazil and is broadly used by the food industry due to its desired properties that result from pasting. the objective of this study was to develop soy-based beverages with good sensory quality using native cassava starch as a stabilizer and maintaining the nutritional value that makes this product a functional food. the deve ...201223144242
cloning and characterization of a tuberous root-specific promoter from cassava (manihot esculenta crantz).in order to obtain a tuberous root-specific promoter to be used in the transformation of cassava, a 1,728 bp sequence containing the cassava granule-bound starch synthase (gbssi) promoter was isolated. the sequence proved to contain light- and sugar-responsive cis elements. part of this sequence (1,167 bp) was cloned into binary vectors to drive expression of the firefly luciferase gene. cassava cultivar adira 4 was transformed with this construct or a control construct in which the luciferase g ...201223132522
selection and characterization of a newly isolated thermotolerant pichia kudriavzevii strain for ethanol production at high temperature from cassava starch hydrolysate.pichia kudriavzevii dmku 3-et15 was isolated from traditional fermented pork sausage by an enrichment technique in a yeast extract peptone dextrose (ypd) broth, supplemented with 4 % (v/v) ethanol at 40 °c and selected based on its ethanol fermentation ability at 40 °c in ypd broth composed of 16 % glucose, and in a cassava starch hydrolysate medium composed of cassava starch hydrolysate adjusted to 16 % glucose. the strain produced ethanol from cassava starch hydrolysate at a high temperature u ...201323132277
hev b 5: latex allergen implicated in clinically relevant cross-reactivity with manioc. 201223101196
comparative analysis of genetic variation among xanthomonas axonopodis pv manihotis isolated from the western states of nigeria using rapd and aflp.xanthomonas axonopodis pv manihotis is the causal agent of cassava bacterial blight (cbb) worldwide. cbb disease is a major constraint to cassava cultivation, and losses can be extremely severe in regions where highly susceptible cultivars are grown. to develop an efficient disease management policy, the genetic diversity of the pathogens population must be known. there is dearth of information on the genetic diversity of x. axonopodis pv manihotis population in nigeria. we used rapd (random amp ...201023100819
introduction of east african cassava mosaic zanzibar virus to oman harks back to "zanzibar, the capital of oman".cassava mosaic disease (cmd) is the most devastating disease of the subsistence crop cassava (manihot esculenta) across africa and the indian subcontinent. the disease is caused by viruses of the genus begomovirus (family geminiviridae)-seven species have been identified so far. the sultanate of oman is unusual among countries in arabia in growing cassava on a small scale for local consumption. during a recent survey in a'seeb wilayat of muscat governorate, oman, cassava plants were identified w ...201323085885
characteristics and malaria prevalence of migrant populations in malaria-endemic areas along the thai-cambodian border.the rise of artemisinin resistant plasmodium falciparum along the thai-cambodian border is an urgent public health threat. we conducted an employer-based survey of migrant workers in two provinces in thailand along the thai-cambodian border to explore socio-economic conditions, bednet ownership, and parasite prevalence among migrant workers. five thousand three hundred seventy-one migrant workers were enrolled in this study; 56.9% were male. cambodians comprised 69.0%, migrants from myanmar comp ...201223082578
postprocessing microflora of commercial attieke (a fermented cassava product) produced in the south of côte d'ivoire.the distribution and presence of hygiene indicator and pathogenic micro-organisms in 375 samples of attieke marketed in côte d'ivoire, and their roles in the food poisoning were evaluated. microbiological analyses were carried out, which included the total viable bacteria, coliforms, escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella, bacillus spores, fungi and clostridium perfringens. the results revealed that the viable bacteria counts ranged from 2·2 ± 1·2 × 10(5) to 3·4 ± 1·4 × 10(6) cfu g( ...201323078634
unintended consequences of bioethanol feedstock choice in china.economic, energy, and environmental impacts of 11 types of bioethanol feedstock in china were evaluated using a mixed-unit input-output life cycle assessment model. corn grain and wheat grain had higher negative economic, energy, and environmental impacts. sweet sorghum, cassava, sugar beet, and sugarcane showed better economic performance but increasing negative energy and environmental impacts. cellulose-based feedstocks in general showed positive economic, energy, and environmental performanc ...201223070140
mercury in the surface soil and cassava, manihot esculenta (flesh, leaves and peel) near goldmines at bogoso and prestea, ghana.mercury amalgamation is used indiscriminately in the recovery of gold by small-scale native gem winners in ghana. mercury is released into the environment in the form of wastewater, tailing and vapor from the roasting of amalgam to separate gold. the study looked at the levels of total mercury concentration in surface soil and cassava crop from farms located within the vicinities of bogoso and prestea goldmines. the surface soil total mercury concentrations ranged between 125.29 and 352.52 μg/kg ...201223052587
exploiting the combination of natural and genetically engineered resistance to cassava mosaic and cassava brown streak viruses impacting cassava production in africa.cassava brown streak disease (cbsd) and cassava mosaic disease (cmd) are currently two major viral diseases that severely reduce cassava production in large areas of sub-saharan africa. natural resistance has so far only been reported for cmd in cassava. cbsd is caused by two virus species, cassava brown streak virus (cbsv) and ugandan cassava brown streak virus (ucbsv). a sequence of the cbsv coat protein (cp) highly conserved between the two virus species was used to demonstrate that a cbsv-cp ...201223049780
starch addition in renneted milk gels: partitioning between curd and whey and effect on curd syneresis and gel microstructure.milk gels were made by renneting and acidifying skim milk containing 5 different starches, and then compressed by centrifugation to express whey and simulate curd syneresis during the manufacture of low-fat cheese. a series of 17 starches were examined, with 5 starches being selected for in-depth analysis: a modified waxy corn starch (wc), a waxy rice starch (wr), an instant tapioca starch (it), a modified tapioca starch (mt), and dextrin (dx). milks containing wc, wr, and dx were given a 72°c h ...201223040026
yeast extract promotes phase shift of bio-butanol fermentation by clostridium acetobutylicum atcc824 using cassava as substrate.when fermenting on cassava (15-25%, w/v) with clostridium acetobutylicum atcc824, a severe delay (18-40 h) was observed in the phase shift from acidogenesis to solventogenesis, compared to the cases of fermenting on corn. by adding yeast extract (2.5 g/l-broth) into cassava meal medium when the delay appeared, the phase shift was triggered and fermentation performances were consequently improved. total butanol concentrations/butanol productivities, compared to those with cassava substrate alone, ...201223023236
raw starch-degrading α-amylase from bacillus aquimaris mksc 6.2: isolation and expression of the gene, bioinformatics and biochemical characterization of the recombinant enzyme.the aims were to isolate a raw starch-degrading α-amylase gene baqa from bacillus aquimaris mksc 6.2, and to characterize the gene product through in silico study and its expression in escherichia coli.201323020612
[identification and characterization of a flavonoid-3-o-glucosyltransferase gene from saussurea involucrata].the flavonoid-3-o-glucosyltransferas (3gt) is one of the most important enzymes for biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites. in this paper, the homology analysis and gene special primers design were used. with the methods of modern molecular biology, the full-length gene of 3gt (genbank accession no. jn092127) which was cloned from saussurea involucrata kar. et kir by rt-pcr and race. the cdna sequence of 3gt consisted of 1548 bp open reading frame (orf) encoding 516 amino acid, the deduced ...201223016307
iron biofortification and homeostasis in transgenic cassava roots expressing the algal iron assimilatory gene, fea1.we have engineered the tropical root crop cassava (manihot esculenta) to express the chlamydomonas reinhardtii iron assimilatory gene, fea1, in its storage roots with the objective of enhancing the root nutritional qualities. iron levels in mature cassava storage roots were increased from 10 to 36 ppm in the highest iron accumulating transgenic lines. these iron levels are sufficient to meet the minimum daily requirement for iron in a 500 g meal. significantly, the expression of the fea1 gene in ...201222993514
first report of infestation of cassava fruit, manihot esculenta, by neosilba perezi (romero & ruppell) (lonchaeidae) in brazil. 201222990837
retraction: transgenic biofortification of the starchy staple cassava (manihot esculenta) generates a novel sink for protein. 201222970110
convergent adaptations: bitter manioc cultivation systems in fertile anthropogenic dark earths and floodplain soils in central amazonia.shifting cultivation in the humid tropics is incredibly diverse, yet research tends to focus on one type: long-fallow shifting cultivation. while it is a typical adaptation to the highly-weathered nutrient-poor soils of the amazonian terra firme, fertile environments in the region offer opportunities for agricultural intensification. we hypothesized that amazonian people have developed divergent bitter manioc cultivation systems as adaptations to the properties of different soils. we compared bi ...201222952727
tale1 from xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis acts as a transcriptional activator in plant cells and is important for pathogenicity in cassava plants.many plant-pathogenic bacteria suppress pathogen-associated molecular pattern (pamp)-triggered immunity by injecting effector proteins into the host cytoplasm during infection through the type iii secretion system (ttss). this type iii secretome plays an important role in bacterial pathogenicity in susceptible hosts. xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (xam), the causal agent of cassava bacterial blight, injects several effector proteins into the host cell, including tale1(xam) . this protein i ...201322947214
preparation and characterization of gelatinized granular starches from aqueous ethanol treatments.in order to modify the properties of native starch granules, the formation of gelatinized granular forms (ggs) from normal, waxy, and high amylose maize, as well as potato and tapioca starches was investigated by treating granules with aqueous ethanol at varying starch:water:ethanol ratios and then heating in a rotary evaporator to remove ethanol. the modified starches were characterized using bright field, polarized and electron microscopy. short/long range molecular order and enthalpic transit ...201222944420
acromyrmex octospinosus (hymenoptera: formicidae) management: effects of tramils fungicidal plant extracts.leaf-cutting ants, acromyrmex octospinosus (reich), are considering among the most important pest species of the new world. until now, the main insecticides used for controlling these ants were synthetic chemicals. leaf-cutting ants live in obligate symbiosis with abasidiomycete fungus, leucocoprinus gongylophorus (heim) moeller. the crucial role of this symbiotic partner in the nest of leaf-cutting ants has prompted us to focus on a. octospinosus management through the use of fungicides in our ...201222928301
characterization of ethanol fermentation waste and its application to lactic acid production by lactobacillus paracasei.in this study, an ethanol fermentation waste (efw) was characterized for use as an alternative to yeast extract for bulk fermentation processes. efw generated from a commercial plant in which ethanol is produced from cassava/rice/wheat/barley starch mixtures using saccharomyces cerevisiae was used for lactic acid production by lactobacillus paracasei. the effects of temperature, ph, and duration on the autolysis of an ethanol fermentation broth (efb) were also investigated. the distilled efw (de ...201322907566
a melting pot of old world begomoviruses and their satellites infecting a collection of gossypium species in pakistan.clcud in southern asia is caused by a complex of multiple begomoviruses (whitefly transmitted, single-stranded [ss]dna viruses) in association with a specific ssdna satellite; cotton leaf curl multan betasatellite (clcumub). a further single ssdna molecule, for which the collective name alphasatellites has been proposed, is also frequently associated with begomovirus-betasatellite complexes. multan is in the center of the cotton growing area of pakistan and has seen some of the worst problems ca ...201222899988
occurrence of lace bug vatiga illudens and vatiga manihotae (hemiptera: tingidae) in mato grosso do sul, midwestern brazil.nymphs and adults of the lace bug (hemiptera: tingidae) have been found in cassava crops (manihot esculenta) in mato grosso do sul state, brazil. the insects were collected in the field and taken to the laboratory where they were identified based on some morphological traits of the species vatiga manihotae (drake) and v. illudens (drake), which are first reported in the aforementioned state.201222886161
microbial community structure and performance of an anaerobic reactor digesting cassava pulp and pig manure.microbial community dynamics in response to changes in substrate types (i.e. pig manure (pm), cassava pulp (cp) and mixtures of pm and cp) were investigated in an anaerobic continuously stirred tank reactor (cstr). molecular identification of bacterial and archaeal domains were performed, using a 16s rdna clone library with polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (pcr-dgge) screening and phylogenetic analysis. analysis of bacterial clone libraries revealed that the diff ...201222864448
research on motor neuron diseases konzo and neurolathyrism: trends from 1990 to 2010.konzo (caused by consumption of improperly processed cassava, manihot esculenta) and neurolathyrism (caused by prolonged overconsumption of grass pea, lathyrus sativus) are two distinct non-infectious upper motor neurone diseases with identical clinical symptoms of spastic paraparesis of the legs. they affect many thousands of people among the poor in the remote rural areas in the central and southern parts of africa afflicting them with konzo in ethiopia and in the indian sub-continent with neu ...201222860149
heavy metals health risk assessment for population via consumption of food crops and fruits in owerri, south eastern, nigeria.this study assessed lead, cadmium, and nickel level in food crops, fruits and soil samples from ohaji and umuagwo and owerri in south eastern nigeria and estimated the potential health risks of metals. samples were washed, oven-dried at 70-80°c for 24 h and powdered. samples were digested with perchloric acid and nitric acid. metals were analysed with unicam atomic absorption spectrophotometer.201222853175
transgenic rna interference (rnai)-derived field resistance to cassava brown streak disease.cassava brown streak disease (cbsd), caused by the ipomoviruses cassava brown streak virus (cbsv) and ugandan cassava brown streak virus (ucbsv), is considered to be an imminent threat to food security in tropical africa. cassava plants were transgenically modified to generate small interfering rnas (sirnas) from truncated full-length (894-bp) and n-terminal (402-bp) portions of the ucbsv coat protein (δcp) sequence. seven sirna-producing lines from each gene construct were tested under confined ...201222845735
effect of carbohydrate source and cottonseed meal level in the concentrate: iv. feed intake, rumen fermentation and milk production in milking cows.four early-lactation crossbred cows (82.5 % holstein) were selected to investigate the effect of carbohydrate source and cottonseed meal level in the concentrate on rumen fermentation and milk production. cows were randomly assigned to receive four dietary treatments according to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in a 4 × 4 latin square design. factor a was carbohydrate source: cassava chip (cc) and cc + rice bran at a ratio 3:1 (cr3:1), and factor b was variation in the level of cottonseed meal (cm ...201322843214
formamide-based rna isolation at above zero temperatures from high starch cassava tubers.cassava (manihot esculenta) tubers are a main source of carbohydrate for a large percentage of people in the tropics. however, obtaining rna from such high starch tubers proves problematic because gelation occurs during standard isolation procedures. in preliminary studies, formamide was used to homogenise tubers at room temperature and no gelation was observed.201222826189
loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid detection of the causal agents of cassava brown streak disease.the causal agents of cassava brown streak disease have recently been identified as cassava brown streak virus (cbsv) and ugandan cassava brown streak virus (ucbsv). primers have been developed for rapid detection of these viruses by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp). performance of the rt-lamp assays compared favourably with published rt-pcr and real-time rt-pcr methods. furthermore, amplification by rt-lamp is completed in 40 min and does not require thermal ...201322820076
influence of nitrogen sources on ethanol fermentation in an integrated ethanol-methane fermentation system.an integrated ethanol-methane fermentation system was proposed to resolve wastewater pollution in cassava ethanol production. in the integrated system, wastewater originating from ethanol distillation was treated by two-stage anaerobic digestion and then used in medium for the next batch of ethanol fermentation. ammonium and other components in the effluent promoted yeast growth and fermentation rate but did not increase the yield of ethanol. fermentations with the effluent as the nitrogen sourc ...201222804850
iris mammillations in two female siblings with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.iris mammillations are dark brown, smooth, mound- or dome-shaped protuberances that are typically found on the anterior iris surface and are presumed to be congenital in origin. this congenital anomaly is usually unilateral and can be hereditary or sporadic. lisch nodules in neurofibromatosis, tapioca melanoma of the iris, inflammatory iris granulomata and cogan-reese syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis. in this case report, the authors present a case of a bilateral iris ...201022802477
efficient 2,3-butanediol production from cassava powder by a crop-biomass-utilizer, enterobacter cloacae subsp. dissolvens sdm.2,3-butanediol (bd) is considered as one of the key platform chemicals used in a variety of industrial applications. it is crucial to find an efficient sugar-utilizing strain and feasible carbon source for the economical production of bd.201222792324
a novel cassava-infecting begomovirus from madagascar: cassava mosaic madagascar virus.cassava mosaic geminiviruses (cmgs) are implicated in cassava mosaic disease (cmd), the main constraint to cassava production in africa. here, we report the complete nucleotide sequences of the dna-a and dna-b of a newly characterized cmg found infecting cassava in madagascar, for which we propose the tentative name cassava mosaic madagascar virus. with the exception of two recombinant regions that resembled a cmg, we determined that the non-recombinant part of the dna-a component is distantly r ...201222777180
preparation of hybrid hydrogel containing ag nanoparticles by a green in situ reduction method.in this article, large and uniform ag nanoparticle-containing hybrid hydrogels were prepared by in situ reduction of ag ions in cross-linked tapioca dialdehyde starch (das)-chitosan hydrogels. in the hybrid hydrogels, chitosan was chosen as a macromolecular cross-linker because of its abundant source and good biocompatibility. the hybrid hydrogel showed good water-swelling properties, which could be controlled by varying the ratio of chitosan to tapioca das in the hydrogel. the reductive aldehyd ...201222770209
in vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activity of methanolic leaf extract of manihot esculenta (cassava) on susceptible and resistant strains of trichostrongylus colubriformis.this study aimed to represent the first report of the ovicidal and larvicidal activity of the methanolic leaf extract of manihot esculenta (cassava) against eggs and larvae of susceptible and resistant strains of trichostrongylus colubriformis. as well as, to determine the total tannin compounds, antioxidant activity and toxicity of the extract. the egg hatch test was used to evaluate ovicidal activity against unembryonated eggs, whereas larval feeding inhibition assay and mtt-formazan assay wer ...201222749290
metabolic engineering of klebsiella oxytoca m5a1 to produce optically pure d-lactate in mineral salts medium.klebsiella oxytoca strains were constructed to produce optical pure d-lactate by ph-controlled batch fermentation in mineral salts medium. the alcohol dehydrogenase gene, adhe, and the phospho-transacetylase/acetate kinase a genes, pta-acka, were deleted from the wild type. kms002 (δadhe) and kms004 (δadhe δpta-acka) exhibited d-lactate production as a primary pathway for the regeneration of nad(+). both strains produced 11-13 g/l of d-lactate in medium containing 2% (w/v) glucose with yields of ...201222728200
extending cassava root shelf life via reduction of reactive oxygen species production.one of the major constraints facing the large-scale production of cassava (manihot esculenta) roots is the rapid postharvest physiological deterioration (ppd) that occurs within 72 h following harvest. one of the earliest recognized biochemical events during the initiation of ppd is a rapid burst of reactive oxygen species (ros) accumulation. we have investigated the source of this oxidative burst to identify possible strategies to limit its extent and to extend cassava root shelf life. we provi ...201222711743
high-throughput genomic sequencing of cassava bacterial blight strains identifies conserved effectors to target for durable resistance.cassava bacterial blight (cbb), incited by xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (xam), is the most important bacterial disease of cassava, a staple food source for millions of people in developing countries. here we present a widely applicable strategy for elucidating the virulence components of a pathogen population. we report illumina-based draft genomes for 65 xam strains and deduce the phylogenetic relatedness of xam across the areas where cassava is grown. using an extensive database of eff ...201222699502
pcr-rflp analysis indicates that recombination might be a common occurrence among the cassava infecting begomoviruses in india.cassava mosaic disease (cmd) is caused in india by two bipartite begomoviruses, indian cassava mosaic virus (icmv), and sri lankan cassava mosaic virus (slcmv). polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) was used as a rapid means of investigating the molecular diversity of icmv and slcmv in 38 samples of cmd-affected cassava plants under field conditions in new areas of cassava cultivation, along with traditional areas in southern india. a very large proportion ...201222696049
empowering biotechnology in southern africa: establishment of a robust transformation platform for the production of transgenic industry-preferred cassava.knowledge and technology transfer to african laboratories and farmers is an important objective for achieving food security and sustainable crop production on the sub-saharan african continent. cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) is a vital source of calories for more than a billion people in developing countries, and its potential industrial use for starch and bioethanol in the tropics is increasingly being recognized. however, cassava production remains constrained by the susceptibility of the ...201322683498
feeding regime and management of local lao pigs in central lao pdr.a survey was carried out in smallholder farming systems in the districts of borrikun, khamkeuth, and pakkading, in central lao people's democratic republic, to assess the feeding regime and health status of local lao pigs. in total, 216 farmers, 72 in each district, were interviewed using a questionnaire. feed samples were collected for nutrient analysis and pen soil samples for mineral content determination. farmers kept sows of native breeds such as moo lath, moo chid, and moo hmong. the numbe ...201322639036
utilization of smoked salmon trim in extruded smoked salmon jerky.during smoked salmon processing, the dark meat along the lateral line is removed before packaging; this by-product currently has little economic value. in this study, the dark meat trim was incorporated into an extruded jerky. three formulations were processed: 100% smoked trim, 75% : 25% smoked trim : fresh salmon fillet, and 50% : 50% smoked trim : fresh salmon blends (w/w basis). the base formulation contained salmon (approximately 83.5%), tapioca starch (8%), pregelatinized potato starch (3% ...201222591245
development of microsatellite primers for jatropha curcas (euphorbiaceae) and transferability to congeners.microsatellite primers were developed for jatropha curcas (euphorbiaceae), a tree species with large potential for biofuel production, to investigate its natural genetic diversity and mating system to facilitate the establishment of tree improvement and conservation programs.201222575369
analysis of heterogeneity of copia-like retrotransposons in the genome of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz).retrotransposons are ubiquitous in eukaryotic genomes and now proving to be useful genetic tools for genetic diversity and phylogenetic analyses, especially in plants. in order to assess the diversity of ty1/copia-like retrotransposons of cassava, we used pcr primers anchored on the conserved domains of reverse transcriptases (rts) to amplify cassava ty1/copia-like rt. the pcr product was cloned and sequenced. sequences analysis of the clones revealed the presence of 69 families of ty1/copia-lik ...201122547180
bio-ethanol production from non-food parts of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz).global climate issues and a looming energy crisis put agriculture under pressure in sub-saharan africa. climate adaptation measures must entail sustainable development benefits, and growing crops for food as well as energy may be a solution, removing people from hunger and poverty without compromising the environment. the present study investigated the feasibility of using non-food parts of cassava for energy production and the promising results revealed that at least 28% of peels and stems comp ...201222535425
violet diode laser-induced chlorophyll fluorescence: a tool for assessing mosaic disease severity in cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) cultivars.violet diode laser-induced chlorophyll fluorescence was used in agronomical assessment (disease severity and average yield per plant). because cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) is of economic importance, improved cultivars with various levels of affinity for cassava mosaic disease were investigated. fluorescence data correlated with cassava mosaic disease severity levels and with the average yield per plant.201222519123
variations in the chemical composition of cassava ( manihot esculenta crantz) leaves and roots as affected by genotypic and environmental variation.the purpose of this study was to assess the quality of cassava cultivars, in terms of cyanogenic potential and composition of macro- and micronutrients, sampled from different locations in rural mozambique. total cyanide concentrations in fresh cassava tissues were measured using portable cyanide testing kits, and elemental nutrients were later analyzed from dried plant tissue. variation in cyanogenic potential and nutrient composition occurred both among cultivars and across locations. the majo ...201222515684
protein improvement in gari by the use of pure cultures of microorganisms involved in the natural fermentation process.the ability of microorganisms involved in cassava mash fermentation to produce and improve protein value by these microorganisms during fermentation was studied. standard microbiological procedures were used to isolate, identify and determine the numbers of the organisms. alcaligenes faecalis, lactobacillus plantarum, bacillus subtilis, leuconostoc cremoris, aspergillus niger, a. tamari, geotrichum candidum and penicillium expansum were isolated and identified from cassava waste water while stan ...201122514894
microbiological and physicochemical characterisation of caxiri, an alcoholic beverage produced by the indigenous juruna people of brazil.caxiri is a traditional fermented alcoholic beverage produced from cassava and sweet potatoes by the indigenous juruna or yudjá people in brazil. our results showed that caxiri fermentation is invariably associated with the following: (i) an increase in the total microbial population, with yeast being the largest group detected; (ii) a decrease in reducing sugars, malic, tartaric, succinic, oxalic and propionic acid; and (iii) a final product characterised by a high content of ethanol and a high ...201222497838
a comparison of the production of ethanol between simultaneous saccharification and fermentation and separate hydrolysis and fermentation using unpretreated cassava pulp and enzyme cocktail.the processes of separate hydrolysis and fermentation (shf) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (ssf) were employed using saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of ethanol from cassava pulp without any pretreatment. a combination of amylase, cellulase, cellobiase, and glucoamylase produced the highest levels of ethanol production in both the shf and the ssf method. a temperature of 37 °c, a ph of 5.0, and an inoculum size of 6% were the optimum conditions for ssf. for the bat ...201222484928
construction of effective inverted repeat silencing constructs using sodium bisulfite treatment coupled with strand-specific pcr.rna silencing has been exploited to produce transgenic plants with resistance to viral pathogens via posttranscriptional gene silencing (ptgs). in some cases, this technology is difficult to apply due to the instability of inverted repeat (ir) constructs during cloning and plant transformation. although such constructs have been shown to be stabilized with introns and efficiently induce rna silencing, we found that the pdk intron did not stabilize south african cassava mosaic virus (sacmv) silen ...201222482441
direct fermentation of l (+)-lactic acid from cassava pulp by solid state culture of rhizopus oryzae.this study shows that rhizopus oryzae is capable of directly utilizing cassava pulp alone to l-lactic acid in solid state fermentation (ssf). ph control at 6.0 helped prevent end product inhibition. increasing lactate titer was observed at the higher initial moistened water due to the higher degree of substrate swelling and hydrolysis. with shaking, limited ethanol production but no change in lactate titer was observed. rigorous shaking gave better oxygen transfer but presumably caused cell dama ...201222476767
retention of total carotenoid and β-carotene in yellow sweet cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) after domestic cooking.over the last decade, considerable efforts have been made to identify cassava cultivars to improve the vitamin a nutritional status of undernourished populations, especially in northeast brazil, where cassava is one of the principal and essentially only nutritional source.201222468142
in vitro activity of neem (azadirachta indica) and cassava (manihot esculenta) on three pre-parasitic stages of susceptible and resistant strains of teladorsagia (ostertagia) circumcincta.anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes is considered as one of the main limiting factors causing significant economic losses to the small ruminant industry. the anthelmintic properties of some plants are among the suggested alternative solutions to control these parasitic worms. the present study investigated the anthelmintic activity of neem (azadirachta indica) and cassava (manihot esculenta) leaf extracts against the susceptible and resistant strains of one of the most importan ...201222455724
phylogeny, coat protein genetic variability, and transmission via seeds of hosta virus x.the complete genome of hosta virus x (hvx), which is thought to be a distinct species of potexvirus, was sequenced. nucleotide sequences of hvx were compared with those of other members of the genus potexvirus and phylogenetic tree was constructed. the range of identities of viral replicase open reading frame 1 (orf1) between hvx and other potexviruses were 43.1%-55.1% and 35.9%-46.6% at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. phylogenetic analysis was performed according to the amin ...201222453807
reducing the fat content in ground beef without sacrificing quality: a review.americans are becoming more health conscious in their food choices and many are interested in reducing dietary fat intake. fat replacers can affect meat flavor both by adding flavors of their own, by reducing the original aroma-generating substrate (fat) and by altering release of aroma compounds. when fat is removed from meat, water is generally added to replace it. water-binding compounds can be added to prevent the added water from cooking out or evaporating and to prevent patty shrinkage. fa ...201222444664
ileal digestibility of amino acids of cassava, sweet potato, cocoyam and erythrina foliages fed to growing pigs.ileal digestibility in growing pigs fed starch-based diets with inclusion of four tropical leaves in a meal form was studied in a 5 × 5 latin square design. five diets were formulated with only casein as protein source in the basal diet (cas), and casein plus dry cassava (ca) leaves, casein plus dry sweet potato (sp) leaves, casein plus dry cocoyam (co) leaves and casein plus erythrina (er) leaves in the other four diets. all diets contained the same amount of cp (14%), either provided by only c ...201222436274
an est-derived snp and ssr genetic linkage map of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz).cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) is one of the most important food security crops in the tropics and increasingly being adopted for agro-industrial processing. genetic improvement of cassava can be enhanced through marker-assisted breeding. for this, appropriate genomic tools are required to dissect the genetic architecture of economically important traits. here, a genome-wide snp-based genetic map of cassava anchored in ssrs is presented. an outbreeder full-sib (f1) family was genotyped on tw ...201222419105
digestibility, fermentability, and energy value of highly cross-linked phosphate tapioca starch in men.the objective of this study was to determine glycemic and breath hydrogen responses in 10 healthy men in response to highly cross-linked starch phosphate (hxls), made of tapioca starch (ts). plasma glucose concentration was analyzed at baseline and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min postprandially. in addition, breath hydrogen excretion was measured at baseline and at hourly intervals, over 10 h, after test substance challenge. when compared with unmodified ts easily digested, the area under t ...201122417501
evolution of african cassava mosaic virus by recombination between bipartite and monopartite begomoviruses.cassava mosaic disease (cmd) is a major constraint on cassava cultivation in africa. the disease is endemic and is caused by seven distinct cassava mosaic geminiviruses (cmgs), some of them including several variants.201222416906
study of the effects of hydrogen cyanide exposure in cassava workers.hydrogen cyanide is the chemical responsible for tissue hypoxia. chronic exposure to hcn may cause neurological, respiratory, cardiovascular and thyroid defects. onset of symptoms depends on dose and duration of exposure. large scale of cassava processing could be disastrous due to discharge of hydrocyanic acid into the air. cassava processing is the major industrial work in and around salem. hence the present study is taken to assess the effects of hcn exposure in cassava workers.201122412292
computational identification of micrornas and their targets in cassava (manihot esculenta crantz.).micrornas (mirnas) are a newly discovered class of noncoding endogenous small rnas involved in plant growth and development as well as response to environmental stresses. mirnas have been extensively studied in various plant species, however, only few information are available in cassava, which serves as one of the staple food crops, a biofuel crop, animal feed and industrial raw materials. in this study, the 169 potential cassava mirnas belonging to 34 mirna families were identified by computat ...201322388699
iris melanoma: features and prognosis in 317 children and adults.to evaluate iris melanoma in children versus adults.201222370659
bioinformatic identification of cassava mirnas differentially expressed in response to infection by xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis.micrornas (mirnas) are short rna molecules that control gene expression by silencing complementary mrna. they play a crucial role in stress response in plants, including biotic stress. some mirnas are known to respond to bacterial infection in arabidopsis thaliana but it is currently unknown whether these responses are conserved in other plants and whether novel species-specific mirnas could have a role in defense.201222361011
polyphenol content and modulatory activities of some tropical dietary plant extracts on the oxidant activities of neutrophils and myeloperoxidase.young leaves of manihot esculenta crantz (euphorbiaceae), abelmoschus esculentus (malvaceae), hibiscus acetosella (malvaceae) and pteridium aquilinum (dennstaedtiaceae) are currently consumed as green vegetables by peoples in sub-saharan africa, latin america, asia and their migrants living in western europe. sub-saharan peoples use manihot, abelmoschus and hibiscus also in the folk medicine to alleviate fever and pain, in the treatment of conjunctivitis, rheumatism, hemorrhoid, abscesses, ... t ...201222312276
molecular cloning and characterization of a novel ring zinc-finger protein gene up-regulated under in vitro salt stress in cassava.cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) is one of the world's most important food crops. it is cultivated mainly in developing countries of tropics, since its root is a major source of calories for low-income people due to its high productivity and resistance to many abiotic and biotic factors. a previous study has identified a partial cdna sequence coding for a putative ring zinc finger in cassava storage root. the ring zinc finger protein is a specialized type of zinc finger protein found in many o ...201222307786
molecular studies on the transmission of indian cassava mosaic virus (icmv) and sri lankan cassava mosaic virus (slcmv) in cassava by bemisia tabaci and cloning of icmv and slcmv replicase gene from cassava.cassava mosaic disease, caused by cassava mosaic geminiviruses are transmitted by bemisia tabaci. the b. tabaci adults from colonies reared on virus free cassava plant produced from apical meristem culture was studied to determine their ability to transmit indian cassava mosaic virus (icmv) and sri lankan cassava mosaic virus (slcmv) from cassava to cassava. virus free plants were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using geminivirus degenerate primers. the virus acquisition access peri ...201222302313
relationship between population growth of the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum and protein and carbohydrate content in flour and starch.the effects of eight diets (atta flour, wheat flour, self-rising flour, rice flour, custard powder, corn flour, tapioca starch, and potato starch) on the development of the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum (herbst), reared at 29-31 degrees c and 66-70% rh were assessed. five pairs of male and female t. castaneum were reared on the respective diets for 28 d before the experimental setup was dismantled and adult counts were recorded. in another experiment, the insects were allowed to mate and ...201122299375
bacteriological quality of foods and water sold by vendors and in restaurants in nsukka, enugu state, nigeria: a comparative study of three microbiological methods.bacterial count in prepared food or water is a key factor in assessing the quality and safety of food. it also reveals the level of hygiene adopted by food handlers in the course of preparation of such foods. this comparative study evaluated the bacteriological quality of food and water consumed in nsukka, enugu state, nigeria, using three bacteria enumeration methods. data obtained are assumed to reflect the level of personal and environmental hygiene in the study population. ten types of foods ...201122283029
hydroxypropylated distarch phosphate versus unmodified tapioca starch: fat oxidation and endurance in c57bl/6j mice.an rs4-type resistant starch is a chemically modified starch that shows reduced availability in comparison to the corresponding unmodified starch. hydroxypropylated distarch phosphate (hdp) is an rs4-type resistant starch that increases energy expenditure and prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity through increased hepatic fatty acid oxidation. the aim of this study was to clarify the acute effects of hdp from tapioca starch (hpdtsp) on physical performance in mice. male c57bl/6j mice were used ...201222270482
antioxidant and antiradical activities of manihot esculenta crantz (euphorbiaceae) leaves and other selected tropical green vegetables investigated on lipoperoxidation and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (pma) activated monocytes.abelmoschus esculentus (malvaceae), hibiscus acetosella (malvaceae), manihot esculenta crantz (euphorbiaceae) and pteridium aquilinum (dennstaedtiaceae) leaves are currently consumed as vegetables by migrants from sub-saharan africa living in western europe and by the people in the origin countries, where these plants are also used in the folk medicine. manihot leaves are also eaten in latin america and some asian countries. this work investigated the capacity of aqueous extracts prepared from t ...201122254126
genetic structure of traditional varieties of bitter manioc in three soils in central amazonia.manioc is the most important food crop that originated in amazonia. many studies have increased our understanding of its evolutionary dynamics under cultivation. however, most of them focused on manioc cultivation in environments with low soil fertility, generally oxisols. recent ethnobotanical observations showed that bitter manioc also performs well in high fertility soils, such as amazonian dark earths (ade) and the floodplain. we used 10 microsatellite loci to investigate the genetic diversi ...201122228136
iron and protein biofortification of cassava: lessons learned.over two hundred and fifty million africans rely on the starchy root crop cassava (manihot esculenta) as their primary source of calories. cassava roots, however, have the lowest protein:energy ratio of all the world's major staple crops. furthermore, a typical cassava-based diet provides less than 10-20% of the required amounts of iron, zinc, vitamin a and vitamin e. the biocassava plus program employed modern biotechnologies to improve the health of africans through development and delivery of ...201222226461
influence of retinoblastoma-related gene silencing on the initiation of dna replication by african cassava mosaic virus rep in cells of mature leaves in nicotiana benthamiana plants.abstract: background: geminiviruses mainly infect terminally differentiated tissues and cells in plants. they need to re-programme host cellular machinery for dna replication. this process is thought to be mediated by inactivation of cell-cycle repressor proteins and by induction of host dna synthesis protein expression through actions of the geminviral replication initiator protein (rep). findings: exploiting a nicotiana benthamiana pori2 line, which is transformed with a transgene consisting ...201122204717
informal "seed" systems and the management of gene flow in traditional agroecosystems: the case of cassava in cauca, colombia.our ability to manage gene flow within traditional agroecosystems and their repercussions requires understanding the biology of crops, including farming practices' role in crop ecology. that these practices' effects on crop population genetics have not been quantified bespeaks lack of an appropriate analytical framework. we use a model that construes seed-management practices as part of a crop's demography to describe the dynamics of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) in cauca, colombia. we quan ...201122174952
Anaerobic biological treatment of high strength cassava starch wastewater in a new type up-flow multistage anaerobic reactor.Anaerobic treatment of cassava starch wastewater using an up-flow multistage anaerobic reactor was investigated. The results showed that startup was successfully accomplished in 22d. The maximum 87.9% chemical oxygen demand (COD) was removed at hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6.0h at fixed concentration 4000mg/L. In addition, 77.5-92.0% COD were removed as organic loading rates at 10.2-40.0kgCOD/(m(3)d) at fixed HRT of 6.0h. The Grau second-order kinetic model and modified Stover-Kincannon mod ...201222169215
antioxidant phenolic compounds of cassava (manihot esculenta) from hainan.an activity-directed fractionation and purification process was used to isolate antioxidant components from cassava stems produced in hainan. the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions showed greater dpph˙and abts·+ scavenging activities than other fractions. the ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to column chromatography, to yield ten phenolic compounds: coniferaldehyde (1), isovanillin (2), 6-deoxyjacareubin (3), scopoletin (4), syringaldehyde (5), pinoresinol (6), p-coumaric acid (7), ficuso ...201122157579
apomixis in different ploidy levels of cassava.two polyploid hybrids between cassava (manihot esculenta) cultivar 307-2 and its wild relatives m. glaziovii and m. anomala, were studied to examine the relationship between ploidy level and the production of seeds without fertilization. a clearing method was applied to assess ovule sizes as an indication of multiembryony. the diploid cultivar 307-2 had regular 18 bivalents at meiotic metaphase 1 while the polyploid types showed chromosome configurations varying from 3 to 4 quadrivalents and 28 ...201122150824
Low genetic diversity of Squash vein yellowing virus in wild and cultivated cucurbits in the U.S. suggests a recent introduction.Squash vein yellowing virus (SqVYV) isolates were collected from cultivated and weedy cucurbits representing major hosts and locations in the U.S. and analyzed to better understand the diversity and population structure. No differences in symptoms were observed in field-collected isolate source plants or subsequently inoculated greenhouse plants, and the complete genome of an SqVYV isolate from a wild cucurbit host (smellmelon, Cucumis melo var. dudaim) was highly similar (99.4% nucleotide ident ...201122142477
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