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expression of two members of the pmga gene family of mycoplasma gallisepticum oscillates and is influenced by pmga-specific antibodies.certain monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antisera directed to pmga, the major protein of mycoplasma gallisepticum, were tested for the ability to influence the surface phenotype of the cell population which resulted from their inclusion in growth medium. the polyclonal antiserum and one monoclonal antibody (mab 66) resulted in an alteration of surface phenotype; specifically, populations of cells grown either on plates or in broth cultures which contained these reagents ceased the expression ...19989596758
mycoplasma sturni from blue jays and northern mockingbirds with conjunctivitis in florida.northern mockingbirds (mimus polyglottos) and blue jays (cyanocitta cristata) in a florida (usa) wildlife care facility developed clinical signs and gross lesions suggestive of the ongoing outbreak of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) conjunctivitis in house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) and american goldfinches (carduelis tristis). mycoplasmal organisms were cultured from conjunctival/corneal swabs of birds with sinusitis, conjunctivitis, and/or epiphora. all of the isolates tested were identified ...19989577796
natural mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in a captive flock of house finches.naturally-occurring mycoplasmal conjunctivitis is described among 104 wild-caught, and initially seronegative, house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) maintained in captivity for 12 wk during november 1995 through january 1996. finches housed in three pens were monitored for clinical signs, and > or = 10 birds were euthanatized for necropsy and mycoplasma testing every 2 wk. within 2 to 4 wk following initial detection of lesions, > 50% of the birds in each of three pens developed a debilitating di ...19989577775
risk factors associated with mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in house finches.observations from a citizen-based survey were used to identify potential risk factors associated with mycoplasmal conjunctivitis (mycoplasma gallisepticum) in eastern house finches (carpodacus mexicanus). between november 1994 and october 1996, 778 volunteers provided 7,224 monthly observations at residential bird feeding sites across an eight state region in the eastern usa. information collected by questionnaires included health status of house finches and four sympatric passerine species, typ ...19989577774
epidemic mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in house finches from eastern north america.in the winter of 1993-94, house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) with severe conjunctivitis (later shown to be caused by mycoplasma gallisepticum) were first observed in sub-urban washington d.c. (usa) and adjacent states. using a large network of volunteer observers in eastern north america, we were able to track the monthly prevalence of the disease between november 1994 and march 1997. using the information on 24,864 monthly data forms, we describe the very rapid spread of the conjunctivitis ep ...19989577773
national surveillance of poultry diseases in lebanon.from 1992 to mid-1996, a national survey of poultry diseases in lebanon was conducted. this surveillance included meat breeder, layer breeder, commercial layer and chicken broiler flocks. the history, signs, lesions and laboratory tests of poultry were used in the diagnosis of prevalent poultry diseases. culture techniques were used to screen for bacterial diseases; serological techniques and, to a lesser extent, culture techniques were used to diagnose viral diseases; and both serological and c ...19979567302
experimental infection of chickens with an atypical mycoplasma gallisepticum strain: comparison of diagnostic methods.fifteen chickens were inoculated with the atypical mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) k703 strain. on different dates post inoculation, tracheal swab samples were collected for mycoplasma culture and blood samples were analysed by slide agglutination test (sa) with commercial or homologous antigen and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) with three different kits. results showed that mg isolation rate was low on several sampling dates. the sa with commercial antigen did not yield positive result ...19979491445
immunoblot examination of humoral response of chickens infected with mycoplasma gallisepticum at various ages.mycoplasma gallisepticum- and mycoplasma synoviae-free chickens were infected with 0.2 ml broth culture of m. gallisepticum strain 1226 intra air sac at 3, 14, 18, 28, 42, 49 and 65 days of age. blood samples were taken 0-5 weeks before infection and 1-6 weeks after infection (depending on age of infection). the antibody response was examined by western blot. as a control of infection, serum plate agglutination test (spa), pathological lesions, and presence of mycoplasma in air sacs were used. a ...19979481517
detection of mycoplasma in avian live virus vaccines by polymerase chain reaction.the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was evaluated to detect mycoplasma contamination of avian live virus vaccines. the specificity of the primers showed that 34 strains belonging to nine species of avian mycoplasma dna could be detected. the sensitivity of pcr to detect mycoplasma dna was 10(0.2) colony forming units (cfu) of mycoplasma synoviae and 10(0.7) cfu of mycoplasma gallisepticum. when m. synoviae and m. gallisepticum were spiked into several avian live virus vaccines, pcr gave a positi ...19979467032
effect of drinking water containing ammonium chloride or sodium bicarbonate on mycoplasma gallisepticum isolation in experimentally infected broiler chickens.in each of three trials, 150 day-old broiler chicks were eyedrop inoculated with 0.04 ml of high-passage f strain mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) and housed in biological isolation units at 10 chicks per unit. at 4 wk of age, 50 chickens were designated as controls and remained on tap water (ph 7.30), 50 chickens were provided tap water containing 0.63% ammonium chloride (nh4cl, ph 6.91), and 50 chickens were provided tap water containing 1.26% sodium bicarbonate (nahco3, ph 8.17). fluids were sup ...19979454928
the effects of f strain mycoplasma gallisepticum, mycoplasma synoviae, and the dual infection in commercial layer hens over a 44-week laying cycle when challenged before beginning of lay. i. egg production and selected egg quality parameters.in each of two trials, 160 commercial pullets were separated into four treatments with four replicates of 10 chickens in each treatment. forty pullets were designated as controls and received no inoculation; 40 other pullets received f strain mycoplasma gallisepticum (fmg); an additional 40 pullets received mycoplasma synoviae (ms); and the final 40 pullets were inoculated with both fmg and ms (dual). hen-day egg production, egg weight, eggshell strength, haugh unit score, pimpling incidence, an ...19979454916
efficacy of tilmicosin in the control of experimental mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chickens.this study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of 5-day, "in water" tilmicosin medication for the prevention of experimental mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) disease in 10-day-old specific-pathogen-free (spf) chickens. birds were inoculated intratracheally and into the sinus with the mg r-p10 strain. a limited dose titration of the antibiotic over the expected effective range was included, using six groups of 60 birds each: ui: uninfected untreated group; iut: infected untreated group; it1 to it ...19979454912
detection and identification of avian mycoplasmas by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism assay.the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with primers complementary to the 16s rrna genes was used to detect avian mycoplasmas. a primer pair designed for the detection of human and rodent mycoplasmal species was examined for its ability to detect the most important avian mycoplasmas. after testing the respective reference strains, we found that mycoplasma iowae, mycoplasma meleagridis and mycoplasma synoviae could be detected by pcr with this primer pair, and distinction could be made among them by ...19979451458
various blood parameters in commercial hens acutely and chronically infected with mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae.two trials were conducted to study the effects of acute (trial 1) and chronic (trial 2) mycoplasma infections on differential leukocyte counts in chickens. the trials initially included either 20 (trial 1) or 40 (trial 2) 6-wk-old commercial leghorn chickens negative for antibodies to mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) and mycoplasma synoviae (ms). chickens were inoculated with f strain mg (fmg), ms (wvu 1853), or both. one group of chickens remained uninoculated and served as a negative control for ...19979356698
antibody-mediated selection of a mycoplasma gallisepticum phenotype expressing variable proteins.a variant phenotype of mycoplasma gallisepticum s6 was isolated from an in vitro antibody-culture system utilizing metabolism-inhibiting antibodies against the 64 kda lipoprotein (lp64). m. gallisepticum populations grown in medium alone or medium containing normal rabbit serum maintained expression of the parental phenotype. this paper describes the identification of proteins which undergo variable expression. several of these were integral membrane proteins, with estimated molecular masses of ...19979345761
molecular epidemiologic investigations of mycoplasma gallisepticum conjunctivitis in songbirds by random amplified polymorphic dna analyses.an ongoing outbreak of conjunctivitis in free-ranging house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) began in 1994 in the eastern united states. bacterial organisms identified as mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) were isolated from lesions of infected birds. mg was also isolated from a blue jay (cyanocitta cristata) that contracted conjunctivitis after being housed in a cage previously occupied by house finches with conjunctivitis, and from free-ranging american goldfinches (carduelis tristis) in north caroli ...19979284386
dna amplification methods for diagnosis and epidemiological investigations of avian mycoplasmosis.rapid, sensitive and specific tests that detect nucleic acid from pathogenic mycoplasmas are very attractive for the laboratory detection of infected flocks, and methods for direct detection of the four main pathogenic mycoplasmas have been developed. moreover, most avian mycoplasma species can be differentiated, according to their unique restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) patterns generated with different restriction enzymes. however, this method is limited to the identification of ...19979276996
changing expectations in the control of mycoplasma gallisepticum.mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) is traditionally controlled by maintaining mg-free flocks on single-age production sites and maintaining them mg-free utilizing good biosecurity and a consistent serological monitoring program. in recent years, several changes have taken place which have changed our ways about thinking about mg control. there have been significant improvements in detection methods. for example, polymerase chain reaction now represents a rapid and sensitive method for detecting the o ...19979276990
application of a nonlinear regression function to evaluate the kinetics of antibody response to vaccines in chicken lines divergently selected for multitrait immune response.to evaluate the kinetics of immune response to vaccines in chickens, antibody response curves were approximated to the observed antibody ratios by using a nonlinear regression function. new parameters, the curve maximum (ymax) and the time of the maximum (tmax), were calculated. the method was applied to analyze the kinetics of the serum antibody response to mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) and pasteurella multocida (pm) vaccines in white leghorn lines selected, in replicate, for 10 generations for ...19979276887
multiplex pcr for avian pathogenic mycoplasmas.mycoplasma infections are of great concern in avian medicine, because they cause economic losses in commercial poultry production. a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was optimized to simultaneously detect four pathogenic species of avian mycoplasmas. four sets of oligonucleotide primers specific for mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), m. synoviae (ms), m. meleagridis (mm) and m. iowae (mi) were used in the test. by using agarose gel electrophoreses for detection of the pcr-amplified dna prod ...19979232620
epitope diversity of f strain mycoplasma gallisepticum detected by flow cytometry.a culture of f strain mycoplasma gallisepticum (f-mg) that exhibited an epitope identified by monoclonal antibody (mab) 6f10 was used to inoculate leghorn hens in two different trials. in trial 1, mature hens chronically infected with f-mg were swabbed at intervals from 230 to 345 days postinoculation (pi). the f-mg isolates were tested with an agar plate fluorescent antibody (apfa) method that used a polyclonal antibody and with a flow cytometry (pc) technique that used mab 6f10. primary cultur ...19979201390
avian mycoplasmosis in asia.since 1954, avian mycoplasmosis has been considered a significant problem in chicken flocks in japan and in other asian countries. in japan, mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) and m. synoviae (ms) infections were confirmed aetiologically in chicken flocks affected with respiratory disease or synovitis in 1962 and 1973, respectively. in other asian countries, including indonesia, the people's republic of china, korea, malaysia, the philippines, taipei china and thailand, the occurrence of mycoplasmosi ...19969190025
control of avian mycoplasmoses by vaccination.vaccination is an option for controlling mycoplasma gallisepticum or m. synoviae when biosecurity measures fail to prevent the infection of poultry flocks with these mycoplasmas. both killed vaccines (bacterins) and living vaccines are currently in commercial use. bacterins usually contain an oil emulsion adjuvant and are administered by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. they can reduce the decline in egg production associated with m. gallisepticum, although they do not prevent infection. ...19969190024
mycoplasmoses in poultry.the most important mycoplasmas isolated from domestic avian species include mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), m. synoviae (ms), m. meleagridis (mm) and m. iowae (mi). mg causes chronic respiratory disease of chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys, resulting in economic losses. ms causes infectious synovitis or mild upper respiratory disease. mm infects only turkeys, causing airsacculitis and sub-optimal production and hatchability. mi is associated with reduced hatchability in turkey flocks. ...19969190023
adherence of mycoplasma gallisepticum involves variable surface membrane proteins.adherence of mycoplasma gallisepticum to erythrocytes was examined by colony immunoblotting, detergent phase fractionation, trypsin treatment, comparison of protein profiles, and comparison of erythrocyte-bound mycoplasma protein fractions of hemadsorption-positive and -negative mutants. the binding of m. gallisepticum to chicken or human erythrocytes was found to be mediated via surface-exposed membrane proteins undergoing high-frequency phase variation.19979169793
mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in a european starling.bilateral conjunctivitis and episcleritis were identified in an adult european starling (sturnus vulgaris). a novel mycoplasma species, mycoplasma sturni, was isolated in pure culture from the conjunctiva of both eyes. the clinical presentation was similar to that of conjunctivitis in house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) caused by mycoplasma gallisepticum. however, the histologic lesions were distinct, by the presence of ulceration and by the absence of epithelial hyperplasia and lymphoplasmacyt ...19979131571
mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in wild songbirds: the spread of a new contagious disease in a mobile host population.a new mycoplasmal conjunctivitis was first reported in wild house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) in early 1994. the causative agent was identified as mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), a nonzoonotic pathogen of poultry that had not been associated with disease in wild songbirds. since the initial observations of affected house finches in the mid-atlantic region, the disease has become widespread and has been reported throughout the eastern united states and canada. by late 1995, mycoplasmal conjunct ...19979126448
transmissibility of live mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine strains ts-11 and 6/85 from vaccinated layer pullets to sentinel poultry.in separate trials, layer pullets were vaccinated with mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) strain 6/85 or strain ts-11 commercially produced live vaccines. for a 15-wk postvaccination (pv) period, vaccinates were commingled with unvaccinated pullets and were in indirect contact with sentinel groups of pullets, broiler breeders, turkey breeders, or meat turkeys in adjoining pens. infectivity and transmissibility of vaccine strains were determined by tracheal culture and serology at 1 wk followed by 3-w ...19979087336
identification of mycoplasma isolates by elisa.an antigen-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for the rapid identification of mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae. two trials were conducted to compare the elisa with the conventional fluorescent antibody technique. in trial 1, broilers were inoculated with m. gallisepticum f, m. gallisepticum s6, and m. synoviae. in trial 2, hens were inoculated with m. gallisepticum f, m. synoviae, and a combination of the two. swab isolates were obtained from the choana ...19979087324
use of species-specific oligonucleotide probes to detect mycoplasma gallisepticum, m. synoviae, and m. iowae pcr amplification products.three digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probes, complementary to the variable region of the 16s ribosomal rna (rrna) gene of mycoplasma gallisepticum, m. synoviae, and m. iowae were designed. the oligonucleotides were used in a dot blot hybridization assay. the target dna is a 780-bp fragment of the 16s rrna gene of avian mycoplasmas amplified by a single set of primers (multispecies polymerase chain reaction [pcr]). the oligonucleotide probes were specific for their corresponding pcr products ...19969026082
antibody responses of chickens to inoculation with mycoplasma gallisepticum membrane proteins in immunostimulating complexes.membrane proteins of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) strain r were extracted with the detergent mega-10 and incorporated into immunostimulating complexes (iscoms). a membrane protein of approximately 64 kd (p64) molecular weight was a major component of mg iscoms. six-week-old specific-pathogen-free leghorn chickens were inoculated by various routes (subcutaneous; combined intranasal and eyedrop; and combined subcutaneous, intranasal, and eyedrop) with 10 micrograms mg proteins in iscoms, or inocu ...19968980811
bioadhesion of lectin-latex conjugates to rat intestinal mucosa.the specific interactions between three lectin-latex conjugates and different structures of rat intestinal mucosa have been studied ex vivo.19968956340
standardized method of aerosol challenge for testing the efficacy of mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccines.a special chamber was constructed with the goal of controlling the process of aerosol infection of chickens with mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg). the virulent australian mg field strain ap3as was used in each of three experiments. the response to infection of layer-strain pullets was measured serologically, by the incidence and severity of gross lesions in tracheas and air sacs, and by the relative numbers of mg isolated from tracheas and air sacs 2 wk after challenge. in two of the experiments tr ...19968883797
monoclonal antibodies specific to mycoplasma iowae.monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against mycoplasma iowae (mi) were produced to identify common immunogenic determinants shared between antigenically heterogenous mi. twenty-four mabs were produced against mi. with western immunoblotting, all 24 mabs recognized a 45,000-mw protein (p45) of mi strain i-695. one of the mabs characterized, mab 2c, identified p45 antigen in western immunoblots with six laboratory strains and 24 field isolates of mi. mab 2c did not cross-react with mycoplasma galliseptic ...19968883792
optimising the conditions for isolation of mycoplasma gallisepticum collected on applicator swabs.an experiment to compare the recovery of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) on dry swabs and swabs wet with mycoplasma broth (mb) was carried out by swabbing choanal clefts of mg infected turkey poults at days 3, 6, 9, 12 post-infection. wet swabs yielded significantly greater numbers of mycoplasmas than dry swabs on three out of four sampling days. when low numbers of mycoplasmas were collected on wet or dry swabs (in vitro) and then stored at room temperature (rt) or 4 degrees c for various interva ...19968861642
protective immunity induced in chicken by a single immunization with mycoplasma gallisepticum immunostimulating complexes (iscoms).an experimental immunostimulating complex vaccine has been prepared from detergent (mega-10) solubilized mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) antigens. sucrose gradient centrifugation, sds-page and immunoblotting studies demonstrated that the iscom vaccine contained virtually all of the immunodominant mg membrane proteins, including p64 and p56. protective immunity generated by the experimental mg iscom vaccine was demonstrated in challenge experiments. chickens immunized with a single dose containing ...19968843631
purification of mycoplasma gallisepticum membrane proteins p52, p67 (pmga), and p77 by high-performance liquid chromatography.the plasma membrane of the avian pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum contains about 200 polypeptides including the major lipoprotein pmga. we have developed a simple and efficient procedure for the purification of three membrane proteins of this wall-less bacterium. proteins were selectively extracted from isolated plasma membranes with the mild zwitterionic detergent (n-dodecyl-n,n-dimethylammonio) undecanoate (ddmau) and subjected to size-exclusion chromatography (fplc) in the presence of the sa ...19968812852
detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum antibodiesin the sera of village chickens by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 19968809982
mycoplasma gallisepticum isolated from house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) with conjunctivitis.an epornitic of conjunctivitis in free-flying house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) occurred in several mid-atlantic and eastern states of the usa in 1994. clinical signs and gross lesions ranged from mild to severe unilateral or bilateral conjunctival swelling with serous to mucopurulent drainage and nasal exudate. microscopic lesions consisted of chronic lymphoplasmacytic conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and sinusitis. notably slow-growing mycoplasmas were isolated from conjunctival and/or infraorbita ...19968790904
experimental reproduction of mycoplasma gallisepticum disease in chukar partridges (alectoris graeca).an outbreak of conjunctivitis and severe respiratory disease occurred in an integrated chukar partridge (alectoris graeca) operation that involved about 8000 birds. the main clinical features were conjunctivitis and sinusitis and frequent mouth breathing, but almost no gasping or coughing. in 1000 breeders, egg production declined from 73% to 20%. morbidity reached 100%, and losses from mortality and culling approached 60%. at necropsy, a conjunctivitis (often bilateral) and extensive caseated s ...19968790893
development and application of dna probes and pcr tests for haemophilus paragallinarum.a genomic dna library of haemophilus paragallinarum strain modesto was created. screening of this library identified four clones that reacted specifically with all 56 isolates of h. paragallinarum tested and failed to react with 24 closely related bacteria from the genera pasteurella and actinobacillus. all four clones also failed to react with dna extracted from one field isolate each of mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae. the probes based on these four clones were approximately 1 ...19968790892
field investigation of mycoplasma gallisepticum infections in house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) from maryland and georgia.a field study investigating the occurrence of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) in house finches (carpodacus mexicanus) was conducted in maryland and georgia. eighty-eight finches were captured and examined grossly and microscopically for mg-related conjunctivitis. serum samples were obtained for serum plate agglutination (spa) and hemagglutination inhibition (hi) testing. swabs from conjunctiva, sinus, and choanal cleft were inoculated into two mycoplasma broth media for culture and polymerase chai ...19968790883
the minimum inhibitory concentration of tilmicosin and tylosin for mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae and a comparison of their efficacy in the control of mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in broiler chicks.the minimum inhibitory concentrations of tylosin tartrate and a new macrolid antimicrobial agent, tilmicosin, were assessed for six strains of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) and three strains of mycoplasma synoviae (ms) in vitro by the microbroth method. for four of the strains of mg, tilmicosin showed a slightly lower minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) than did tylosin at both the initial reading (when ph 7.0 is first seen in the dilutions under test) and the final reading at 14 days of incu ...19968790882
california national animal health monitoring system for meat turkey flocks-1988-89 pilot study: management practices, flock health, and production.a pilot project for a meat turkey national animal health monitoring system was undertaken in california in 1988-89 to explore data gathering techniques and to estimate the frequency, magnitude, and variability of management, flock health (including administration of pharmaceuticals for prevention and treatment of disease), and production variables in order to facilitate planning for future food animal monitoring systems. enteritis, which occurred in over one-third of the flocks, and colibacillos ...19968790875
[a physical map of mycoplasma gallisepticum strain a5969 genome and determination of its positions on certain genes]. 19968754006
evaluation of enrofloxacin against egg transmission of mycoplasma gallisepticum.five groups of 20 commercial leghorn hens near peak production were challenged with mycoplasma gallisepticum, and medicated with enrofloxacin in the drinking water at 7-11, 21-25, or 7-11 and 21-25 days postchallenge (pc), a combination of lincomycin/spectinomycin at 7-11 and 21-25 days pc, or left as untreated controls. egg production records were maintained, and all eggs produced during the 63 days following challenge were incubated for 18 days and then cultured for m. gallisepticum. all group ...19958719217
application of polymerase chain reaction with arbitrary primers to strain identification of mycoplasma gallisepticum.dna heterogeneity among strains and isolates of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) was demonstrated with the arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (ap-pcr) method. this method involves three cycles of low-stringency amplification followed by pcr at higher stringency. reproducible dna fragments of 25 different mg strains or isolates were generated with three arbitrarily chosen primers. the mg strains or isolates were distinguished according to the banding patterns of their amplified dna on agar ...19958719206
[determination of the nucleotide sequence of the part of the mycoplasma gallisepticum genome, containing the rpob gene, during the use of the bal-ptm method for obtaining sequential deletions of the sequenced fragment]. 19968714123
development of a polymerase chain reaction and a nonradioactive dna probe for infectious laryngotracheitis virus.the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was developed using infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv) primers made from a portion of the iltv thymidine kinase gene. dna from various iltv field isolates, from the usda challenge strain of iltv, and from commercial iltv vaccines was specifically amplified. no amplification occurred using template dna from uninfected chicken-embryo liver cells (celc), several nonavian alphaher-pesviruses, mycoplasma gallisepticum, mycoplasma synoviae, pasteurella hemoly ...19968713048
polymerase chain reaction optimization for mycoplasma gallisepticum and m. synoviae diagnosis.mycoplasma gallisepticum- or m. synoviae-challenged chickens were monitored with serological assays (serum plate agglutination, hemagglutination inhibition, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the tracheal swabs from m. gallisepticum-challenged chickens received three different treatments (phosphate-buffered saline [pbs], frey's broth, or 10 mm tris-hcl/250 mm ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid/ 2.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate [ste]) prior to dna purification. a ...19968713037
comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and hemagglutination-inhibition for detection of antibody to mycoplasma gallisepticum in commercial broiler, fair and exhibition, and experimentally infected birds.hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) assay and a new affinity-purified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for detection of antibody to mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) compared for use as confirmatory tests for the national poultry improvement plan program. samples from three different poultry populations with different prevalences of mg infection were studied: commercial broiler breeder birds (low prevalence of infection), fair and exhibition birds (moderate prevalence of infection), and experi ...19968713026
identification of mycoplasma membrane proteins by systematic tn phoa mutagenesis of a recombinant library.wall-less prokaryotes in the genus mycoplasma include over 90 species of infectious agents whose pathogenicity for humans and other animals is currently being assessed. molecular characterization of surface proteins is critical in this regard but is hampered by the lack of genetic systems in these organisms. we used tnphoa transposition to systematically mutagenize, in escherichia coli, a genomic plasmid library constructed from mycoplasma fermentans, a potential human pathogen. the strategy cir ...19958709847
size and genomic location of the pmga multigene family of mycoplasma gallisepticum.the pmga multigene family encodes variant copies of the cell surface haemagglutinin of mycoplasma gallisepticum. quantitative southern blotting, using an oligonucleotide probe complementary to a region conserved in the leader sequence of all known pmga genes, was used to estimate the number of members of the family in the genome of seven strains of m. gallisepticum. the number of copies estimated to be present in the genome varied from 32 in strain f to 70 in strain r, indicating that the pmga g ...19968704982
cloning and characterization of a putative cytadhesin gene (mgc1) from mycoplasma gallisepticum.a 150-kda cytadhesin-like protein from mycoplasma gallisepticum has been identified. a previously described 583-bp fragment (j.e. dohms, l.l. hnatow, p. whetzel, r. morgan and c.l. keeler, jr., avian dis. 37:380-388, 1993) was used to probe a genomic library of m. gallisepticum dna. an 8.0-kb saci fragment was identified, cloned, and partially sequenced. analysis of the resulting 3,750-bp sequence revealed the presence of a 3,366-nucleotide open reading frame, mgc1. the 1,122-amino-acid protein ...19968613358
sequence analysis of 56 kb from the genome of the bacterium mycoplasma pneumoniae comprising the dnaa region, the atp operon and a cluster of ribosomal protein genes.to sequence the entire 800 kilobase pair genome of the bacterium mycoplasma pneumoniae, a plasmid library was established with contained the majority of the ecor1 fragments from m.pneumoniae. the ecor1 fragments were subcloned from an ordered cosmid library comprising the complete m.pneumoniae genome. individual plasmid clones were sequenced in an ordered fashion mainly by primer walking. we report here the initial results from the sequence analysis of -56 kb comprising the dnaa region as a pote ...19968604303
studies on the efficacy of combined immunostimulant-antibiotic therapy against experimental mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chickens.josamycin is an antibiotic known to become selectively concentrated intracellularly and in respiratory organs, the habitate of mycoplasma gallisepticum. the aim of this present work was to evaluate the efficacy of josamycin when given alone or combined with an immunostimulant cornebacterium cutis ultralysate. groups of chickens were given josamycin alone or corynebacterium ultralysate alone or both agents or nothing immediately before induction of mycoplasma gallisepticum infection. birds were s ...19958591743
acylation and immunological properties of mycoplasma gallisepticum membrane proteins.the acylation of mycoplasma gallisepticum membrane proteins was studied by electrophoresis after in vivo labelling with different 14c-fatty acids and by chemical analysis. the immunological properties of these proteins were investigated by western blotting and crossed immunoelectrophoresis. among the ca. 200 membrane polypeptides resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis, 35 components (including the major protein p67) were covalently modified with acyl chains. these acylated proteins displaye ...19958584796
detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum, m. synoviae, and m. iowae by multi-species polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism.a single set of oligonucleotide primers was designed from known 16s ribosomal rna (rrna) sequences of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), m. synoviae (ms), and m. iowae (mi). this set of primers selectively amplifies a 780-base-pair dna fragment within the 16s rrna gene of mg, ms, and mi but does not amplify other avian mycoplasmas or other bacteria. the detection limit of the multi-species polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was approximately 100 mycoplasma (mg, ms, mi) colony-forming units per pcr reac ...19958561747
the effect of route of inoculation on protection by killed vaccines in chickens.the effect of various routes of immunization on protection against challenge by virulent agents was examined in chickens. chickens were immunized intratracheally, intranasally, per os, by crop gavage, and intramuscularly. agents examined were killed haemophilus paragallinarum, mycoplasma gallisepticum, and infectious bursal disease virus. results of immunization by intratracheal administration were equivalent to those produced by parenteral administration. all vaccines effectively induced produc ...19958561734
pathogenicity and cytadherence of mycoplasma imitans in chicken and duck embryo tracheal organ cultures.two strains of the avian organism mycoplasma imitans were examined for pathogenicity and cytadherence in chicken and duck embryo tracheal organ cultures, and a virulent strain of the related pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum was included for comparison. all consistently cause ciliostasis in tracheal explants from both hosts, and examination of infected tissues by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that m. imitans proliferated on the epithelial surface and adhere ...19968550208
expression studies on four members of the pmga multigene family in mycoplasma gallisepticum s6.a large family of related genes known as pmga exists in the avian pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum but only a single member of this family was previously found to be expressed in one strain of this bacterium. in this work two unrelated strains of m. gallisepticum were also shown by amino-terminal sequencing to express a unique pmga polypeptide in both cases. to investigate pmga gene selection in m. gallisepticum, mrna expression was analysed in m. gallisepticum strain 56 using reverse transcrip ...19958535528
mycoplasma gallisepticum f-vaccine strain-specific polymerase chain reaction.a mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) f-vaccine strain polymerase chain reaction (pcr) (mgf-pcr) was developed and standardized. the origin of the primers was a clone (p08-m6#17) that contained an mg f-strain-specific dna fragment of 6.0 kilobase pairs designated fmgf-1. both ends of fmgf-1 (bamhi and ecori) were sequenced, and regions adequate for the primers were chosen. seven 25-base primers were synthesized, and two near the ecori end (mgf-p1 left [l] and right [r]) were selected for mgf-pcr, mgf- ...19938452497
protection against airsacculitis with sequential systemic and local immunization of chickens using killed mycoplasma gallisepticum bacterin with iota carrageenan adjuvant.the induction of protective immunity to mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) by bacterins containing 0.2% iota carrageenan (icgn) as an adjuvant has been studied. various combinations of intracoelomic (i.c.), intratracheal (i.t.), intranasal (i.n.), intravenous (i.v.), subcutaneous (s.c.) and oral immunization routes were evaluated. vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups were compared with a group vaccinated s.c. with a commercial bacterin. primary i.c. immunization with the bacterin was as effective as ...19938447159
molecular cloning of a member of the gene family that encodes pmga, a hemagglutinin of mycoplasma gallisepticum.a hemagglutinin with an m(r) of 67,000 (pmga) from mycoplasma gallisepticum s6 was purified by using monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography. purified pmga was treated with a number of enzymes, the resultant peptides were purified, and their amino acid sequence was determined by using an applied biosystems (model 471a) protein sequencer. the dna sequence encoding two peptides was used to dictate the sequences of synthetic oligonucleotides which were used to screen a library of ecori-cut m. g ...19938432610
a comparison of danofloxacin and tylosin in the control of induced mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in broiler chicks.experimental mycoplasmosis was induced in 1-day-old chicks by intrapulmonary inoculation of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg). this method of infection proved to be useful for evaluating the efficacy of antimicrobial medication, by measuring mortality, weight gain, pathological responses, frequency of reisolation of mg, and seroconversion. using this model, the efficacies of danofloxacin (a novel fluoroquinolone) and tylosin were compared for two mg isolates, a reference isolate (the r-strain) and a ...19938395804
efficacy of danofloxacin and tylosin in the control of mycoplasmosis in chicks infected with tylosin-susceptible or tylosin-resistant field isolates of mycoplasma gallisepticum.the efficacy of danofloxacin was compared with that of tylosin in the control of induced mycoplasmosis. in three experiments, disease was induced in broiler chicks by intrapulmonary injection of field isolates of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) originating from brazil, a different isolate being used for each experiment. starting the day after inoculation, groups of chicks were medicated for 3 days via the drinking water with danofloxacin (50 ppm) or tylosin (500 ppm) or were left as unmedicated co ...19938395803
a comparison of the efficacy of danofloxacin and tylosin in the control of mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in broiler chicks.groups of chicks were infected with a virulent strain of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) and treated with either danofloxacin or tylosin while one infected group was left untreated and a further group was uninfected and untreated. control of clinical signs and mortality was better with danofloxacin than tylosin and there was significantly (p < 0.05) greater weight gain with danofloxacin at 21 days after infection. however at necropsy the prevalence of lesions of the airsac walls was similar in bot ...19938386777
species-specific oligonucleotide probes complementary to 16s rrna of mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae.mycoplasma gallisepticum and m synoviae are important avian pathogens causing respiratory diseases which result in great economic losses in poultry farming. two oligonucleotide probes, complementary to the variable region v8 of 16s rrna from the avian mycoplasmas m gallisepticum and m synoviae have, therefore, been designed and used in direct filter hybridisation experiments. both probes gave strong hybridisation signals with their homologous targets, whereas no cross-hybridisations were obtaine ...19938378607
identification of the putative cytadhesin gene of mycoplasma gallisepticum and its use as a dna probe.a portion of the putative mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) cytadhesin gene was identified and used as a diagnostic dna probe. degenerate oligonucleotide primers corresponding to conserved regions of the cytadhesin proteins from two human mycoplasmas, m. pneumoniae and m. genitalium, were synthesized for use in the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) on genomic mg dna. a 583-base-pair mg dna fragment was amplified and subsequently cloned and sequenced. the mg dna fragment is predicted to encode a 193-am ...19938363503
phylogenetic diversity of phytopathogenic mycoplasmalike organisms.by using specific primers, the 16s rrna genes of japanese mycoplasmalike organisms (mlos) were amplified by polymerase chain reactions from mlo-enriched fractions of plants infected with each of six different mlos. each of the polymerase chain reaction fragments (length, 1,370 nucleotides) was directly sequenced in both strands by using 17 oligonucleotide primers. a phylogenetic tree constructed by using the sequence data showed that these japanese mlos are phylogenetically diverse microorganism ...19938347505
construction of tn4001lac derivatives to be used as promoter probe vectors in mycoplasmas.studies of gene expression in mycoplasmas has been difficult, because the elements involved in gene expression remain relatively undefined. in order to be able to examine these regulatory elements in vivo, derivatives of tn4001 containing the promoterless escherichia coli lacz reporter gene have been constructed. a tn4001lac derivative, tn4001.2062.2lac, transforms mycoplasma gallisepticum and acholeplasma strain ism1499. approximately 3% of the m. gallisepticum and 8% of the acholeplasma ism149 ...19938299950
monoclonal antibodies species-specific to mycoplasma gallisepticum and m. synoviae.two species-specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were produced against mycoplasma gallisepticum and m. synoviae. the mab against m. synoviae recognizes an antigen of 90,000 molecular weight present in strain wvu 1853 and in two brazilian field isolates. the mab produced against m. gallisepticum recognizes a surface antigen in strains s6 and r and in three brazilian field isolates of different molecular weights. the mabs do not recognize antigens in m. gallinarum and m. iowae.19938257387
detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in field samples using a species-specific dna probe.species-specific dna probes for mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) were compared with serologic and isolation procedures as a routine diagnostic tool on field specimens acquired from chicken flocks experiencing egg-production losses and suspected of mg infection. the mg dna probe clearly identified mg directly from tracheal specimens within 2 days, unlike the 7 to 10 days required for culture procedures. cross-reaction of mg with m. synoviae continues to be a stumbling block in the serum plate agglut ...19938257385
clinical mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in multiplier breeder and meat turkeys caused by f strain: identification by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, restriction endonuclease analysis, and the polymerase chain reaction.in february 1991, a flock of north carolina multiplier breeder turkeys experienced respiratory signs, sinusitis, airsacculitis, and increased mortality. mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) was isolated, and appropriate control measures were initiated. ultimately, this outbreak involved several breeder flocks of an integrated turkey production company before the last infected flock was identified in may 1991. during this time, mg was also isolated from a flock of commercial layer-type chickens raised a ...19938257382
inhibition of mycoplasma gallisepticum growth and attachment to chick tracheal rings by antibodies to a 64-kilodalton membrane protein of m. gallisepticum.a mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) strain r protein of 64 kilodaltons (p64) was partially digested from the surface of the bacterium by trypsin. monospecific polyclonal anti-p64 igg inhibited attachment of mg to chick tracheal rings by as much as 69%. however, trypsin treatment of viable mg cells did not reduce attachment to tracheal rings or hemagglutination titer. anti-p64 igg inhibited growth of mg strain r in broth and on solid media, inhibited the uptake of radiolabeled thymidine, but did not ...19938257360
protective immune response to mycoplasma gallisepticum demonstrated in respiratory-tract washings from m. gallisepticum-infected chickens.chickens inoculated with mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) produced iga, igm, and igg detectable in washings from the upper respiratory tract (urtw; nasal sinuses and turbinates) and lower respiratory tract (lrtw; trachea, lungs, and air sacs). urtw and lrtw from infected chickens had significant protective effects in a mg-inoculated tracheal-ring-organ-culture system. protective effects in vitro correlated positively with total mg-specific immunoglobulin titer, but not iga titer, as determined by e ...19938257359
monoclonal antibodies to mycoplasma gallisepticum membrane proteins.monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were prepared to study the immunogenesis of mycoplasma gallisepticum. balb/c mice were immunized with m. gallisepticum immunostimulating complexes and the supernatant of heterokaryotes screened with m. gallisepticum and closely related m. synoviae as antigens in indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. all selected mabs proved to be m. gallisepticum species-specific when they were tested against 10 different avian mycoplasma species. after immunoblotting analysis, ...19938257358
mycoplasma imitans sp. nov. is related to mycoplasma gallisepticum and found in birds.a mycoplasma designated strain 4229t (t = type strain) was isolated in 1984 from the turbinate of a duck in france, and similar strains were isolated from geese in france and from a partridge in england. all of these strains were originally identified as mycoplasma gallisepticum by immunofluorescence and growth inhibition tests, but subsequent serological and molecular studies indicated only a partial relationship to this species and dna-dna hybridization studies revealed only approximately 40 t ...19938240954
cloning and dna sequence of a 29 kilodalton polypeptide gene of mycoplasma gallisepticum as a possible protective antigen.a lambda gt11 clone, designated m1 and having a 0.8 kilobase (kb) insert, was selected by screening a mycoplasma gallisepticum (m.g.) genomic dna library with antisera against m.g. cells and their membrane proteins. the sequence of a 1.7 kb ecori fragment of genomic dna covering the entire m1 insert revealed a long open reading frame, tm-1, that encoded a polypeptide with a deduced molecular weight of 29 kda. an antiserum raised in chicken against the tm-1 polypeptide, which was produced by reco ...19938212828
[serologic monitoring of pullet and laying hen flocks in switzerland: results from the years 1990 and 1991].in 1990 and 1991 4522 blood samples from 398 pullet flocks and 1338 blood samples from 128 laying flocks were monitored for antibody against infectious bronchitis virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, adenovirus, reovirus, infectious bursal disease virus, newcastle disease virus, mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae. the results are discussed for pullets and laying hens.19938211056
differences in major histocompatibility complex frequencies after multitrait, divergent selection for immunocompetence.white leghorn chickens from lines selected for four immune-response traits (ir lines) were serotyped for b system alloantigens characterizing the haplotypes and genotypes to examine the effect of divergent selection for multitrait immunocompetence on mhc haplotype and genotype frequencies. the selected lines were derived from the ottawa strain 7. the selection index included four immunocompetence traits: antibody production against mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) and pasteurella multocida, inflamm ...19948165171
direct and correlated responses to multitrait, divergent selection for immunocompetence.leghorn lines had been selected for an immunocompetence index based on four traits: antibody production to mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) and pasteurella multocida (pm) vaccines, reticuloendothelial clearance of colloidal carbon (cca), and cell-mediated, wing web response to phytohemagglutinin (pha). the purpose of this study was to produce replicated lines of chickens with divergent levels of multitrait immunocompetence by index selection. the objectives of analyses of generations 5 to 7 of this ...19948165163
a comparative study of mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccines in young chickens.ten-day-old leghorn chickens were vaccinated with the f, ts-11, or 6/85 strain of mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) via the intraocular route or subcutaneously with mg bacterin and challenged by aerosol with the r strain of mg at 30, 60, or 90 days post-vaccination. respiratory reaction post-vaccination, serological response, persistence of the vaccine strain, and protection against aerosol challenge were compared. in general, the ts-11 and 6/85 strains induced a milder post-vaccination reaction tha ...19938141758
immunoglobulin receptors used in avian mycoplasma identification.among 77 isolates of avian mycoplasma examined, igg receptors were demonstrated on six of the nine species represented. species identified with receptors were: mycoplasma gallisepticum (two receptors of approximately 84,000 and 75,000 molecular weight [mw]), m. gallinarum (one receptor of approximately 135,000 mw), m. pullorum (one receptor of approximately 130,000 mw), m. gallinaceum (one receptor of approximately 125,000 mw), m. iowae (two receptors of approximately 50,000 and 38,000 mw), and ...19938141737
local reaction and serological response in commercial layer chickens injected intramuscularly in the leg with oil-adjuvanted mycoplasma gallisepticum bacterin.the incidence of local vaccine reaction was investigated in three flocks of commercial layer chickens after they were vaccinated intramuscularly in the leg with oil-adjuvanted mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) bacterin by commercial crews. local vaccine reaction typically involved swelling due to a granulomatous cellulitis in the connective tissue above the tibiotarsal joint of the vaccinated leg. histopathology revealed that the inflammatory reaction was confined primarily to subcutis and muscle fa ...19938141726
transformation of mycoplasma gallisepticum with tn916, tn4001, and integrative plasmid vectors.mycoplasma gallisepticum causes respiratory disease in avian species, but little is known about its mechanism(s) of pathogenesis. these studies were undertaken in order to develop genetic systems for analysis of potential virulence factors. m. gallisepticum was transformed with plasmids containing one of the gram-positive transposons tn916 or tn4001, which inserted randomly into the mycoplasmal chromosome. plasmids containing cloned chromosomal dna were also constructed and tested for integratio ...19948021232
physical map of mycoplasma gallisepticum.physical chromosomal maps of two mycoplasma gallisepticum strains, r and atcc 19610, were constructed by using field inversion gel electrophoresis. to assist in the ordering of chromosomal fragments and the construction of the chromosomal maps, the gram-positive transposon tn4001 was modified to serve as a mobile restriction site. the total sizes of the m. gallisepticum r and atcc 19610 genomes were estimated to be 1,037 and 998 kb, respectively. the restriction enzyme locations for eagi and sma ...19948021195
tubular structures of mycoplasma gallisepticum and their possible participation in cell motility.in five strains of mycoplasma gallisepticum, a protein with a molecular mass of about 40 kda was detected by immunoblotting with anti-pig brain tubulin polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. in eight other mycoplasma species similarly tested no reaction was observed. thin serial sections of m. gallisepticum and acholeplasma laidlawii cells examined by transmission electron microscopy revealed a submembrane system of tubules in m. gallisepticum but not in a. laidlawii. the intracellular spatial di ...19948012588
transformation of mollicutes with single-stranded tn4001 dna.acholeplasma oculi ism1499 and mycoplasma gallisepticum were transformed with single-stranded and double-stranded plasmids containing tn4001. the transposon mobilized to the chromosome using both single-stranded and double-stranded dna at the same frequency. m. gallisepticum transformed at a 2 log lower frequency than did a. oculi ism1499. restriction enzyme digestion of single-stranded dna indicated homologous base pairing in the inverted repeat regions, which could account for the transpositio ...19947991677
effect of mixed live vaccine (newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis) and mycoplasma gallisepticum on the chicken respiratory tract and on escherichia coli infection.interaction between mixed live vaccine (newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis), mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg) and escherichia coli (ec) was studied in specific-pathogen-free chickens, aged 7 days, inoculated intranasally. in the tracheas of chickens inoculated with vaccine, mg and ec, profuse multiplication of ec occurred together with severe and persisent histological lesions, and some birds died from ec infection. similar though less dramatic effects occurred in birds that received vacci ...19947962725
recombinant dna probes and polymerase chain reaction for detection of mycoplasma gallisepticum strains.two recombinant dna clones, pmg286.2 and pmg301.1, were isolated from the partial genomic library of mycoplasma gallisepticum strain s6. recombinant m. gallisepticum specific fragments were used as probes in southern hybridisation with 10 m. gallisepticum strains whose dna was digested by ecori, hindiii, bglii, rsai and bamhi. the 1.5 kb fragment pmg301.1 did not show polymorphism in hybridisation patterns with m. gallisepticum strains, while the 3.5 kb fragment pmg286.2 enabled differentiation ...19947958781
the organisation of the multigene family which encodes the major cell surface protein, pmga, of mycoplasma gallisepticum.the genome of the avian pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum contains a number of related genes for putative adhesion molecules (pmga). cloning and sequence analysis of several pmga genes suggested that all of them might be transcriptionally and translationally functional. analysis of the gene sequence encoding the sole pmga variant expressed in vitro in the s6 strain (pmga1.1) revealed no unambiguous feature that could account for its unique expression. it is estimated that the pmga gene family ma ...19947925999
[identification of a mycoplasma strain using fingerprinting of restriction enzyme hydrolysates of chromosomal dna].the heterogeneity among mycoplasma gallisepticum strains was characterized by comparing genomic dna from different strains. two criteria were used for the comparison. 1. analysis of smai and bgli restriction patterns. a method using a dialysis sack for preparation of mycoplasma dna suitable for pulsed-field gel electrophoresis is described. 2. comparison of "fingerprinting" patterns obtained as a result of southern transfer of hindiii-digested dna followed by hybridization with cloned repetitive ...19947885330
mycoplasma gallisepticum strain differentiation by arbitrary primer pcr (rapd) fingerprinting.we demonstrate here that the arbitrary primer polymerase-chain-reaction-based dna fingerprinting method (also termed random amplified polymorphic dna or rapd) can be used to distinguish among strains of the avian pathogen mycoplasma gallisepticum. ten base oligonucleotide primers were used individually to prime dna synthesis from genomic dnas. strain-specific arrays of dna fragments were generated, which allowed us to identify and group isolates. isolates of m. synoviae, m. gallinarum and m. ine ...19947870072
preparation and characterization of lectin-latex conjugates for specific bioadhesion.this paper reports on the preparation and characterization of certain bioadhesive model drug deliver systems formed by a carrier (e.g. modified nanoparticles of polystyrene) and a ligand (e.g. tomato lectin, asparagus pea lectin, mycoplasma gallisepticum lectin or albumin). three different manufacturing methods (carbodiimide and glutaraldehyde coupling and physical adsorption) were studied. the activity of the lectin-latex conjugates and albumin-latex conjugate (control) were tested with gastric ...19947833437
complicated infectious coryza outbreaks in argentina.seventeen complicated outbreaks of infectious coryza in layer, broiler-breeder, and broiler flocks were studied. in the layer flock outbreaks, drops in egg production of up to 35% were seen. in the broiler flocks and several of the layer flocks, losses due to persistent mortality and/or culling varied between 2 and 5%. signs of infectious coryza in both layers and broiler-breeders were typical; in broilers, however, swollen head-like syndrome was seen. except in one flock, no viral diseases were ...19947832727
diseases and management of backyard chicken flocks in chitungwiza, zimbabwe.to gather information on backyard chicken flocks in chitungwiza, an urban center in zimbabwe, 85 flock owners were interviewed. the mean flock size was 53 birds (range 1-650), and most birds were kept for meat, for either domestic consumption or local sale. mean age at slaughter was 12.4 weeks (range 8-24). none of the owners vaccinated their birds, and reported mortality rates were high (mean 25%), most commonly being associated with diseases causing eye and respiratory problems. most owners co ...19947832719
a serosurvey using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies against poultry pathogens in ostriches (struthio camelus) from zimbabwe.horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-ostrich igg was raised and used in commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits to detect antibodies reactive with 11 poultry pathogens in sera from 149 ostriches from nine farms around zimbabwe. antibodies were detected to turkey rhinotracheitis virus (99%), newcastle disease virus (23%), avian reovirus (19%), infectious bursal disease virus (15%), avian encephalomyelitis virus (15%), mycoplasma gallisepticum and/or m. synoviae (11%), reticuloend ...19947832718
differentiation of two strains of mycoplasma gallisepticum with monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry.identification of infecting mycoplasma spp. is difficult and not routine for strain. this paper describes a procedure for the rapid identification of the strain of m. gallisepticum. monoclonal antibodies were prepared against m. gallisepticum f and m. gallisepticum s6. aliquots of 24-hour broth cultures of these organisms were incubated briefly with either of the monoclonal antibodies. a second incubation was made with anti-mouse immunoglobulin conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate. fluoresce ...19947832707
effect of bentonite incorporated in a feed ration with tilmicosin in the prevention of induced mycoplasma gallisepticum airsacculitis in broiler chickens.a factorial arrangement of tilmicosin and bentonite was evaluated for efficacy in broiler chickens infected with mycoplasma gallisepticum and correlated to tilmicosin recovery in a feed assay method. tilmicosin at 300-500 g/ton prevented development of airsacculitis. the addition of 2% bentonite to the ration caused tilmicosin at 300 g/ton to be ineffective in controlling air-sac lesions, whereas 400 and 500 g/ton were moderately effective. six percent bentonite rendered tilmicosin completely in ...19947832702
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