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avian hepatitis e virus infection in organic layers.between 2012 and 2014, 141 chickens from 10 organic layer flocks with a history of severe drop in egg production (up to 40%) and slight increased mortality (up to 1% per week) were submitted to the avian health and food safety laboratory (puyallup, wa). at necropsy, the most common finding was pinpoint white foci on the liver and regressed ova without any other remarkable lesions. histologically, there was multifocal mild-to-severe acute necrotizing hepatitis present. no significant bacteria wer ...201526478157
[chronic hepatitis e virus infection and treatment in organ transplant recipients].hepatitis e, caused by hepatitis e virus (hev) infection, usually leads to an acute clinical course, and is the most common diagnosis among cases of acute viral hepatitis. from 2008, there have been increasing reports of chronic hev infection in immunocompromised patients such as organ transplant recipients. without intervention with antiviral treatment, approximately 60% of hev infections in organ transplant recipients evolve into chronic hev infections. of these chronic hepatitis e patients, 1 ...201526470537
[cloning and sequence analyses of genome of swine hepatitis e virus(hev) hn-jy40 strains isolated from henan province].in the present study, the genomic sequence characteristics of hn-jy40 strains of the hepatitis e virus (hev) isolated from pigs in henan province, china, were analyzed and the evolutionary relationship between hn-jy40 and other sequenced strains examined. the whole genome of hn-jy40 was sequenced and analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, 3' rapid amplification of cdna ends (3' race) and 5' race. bioinformatic analyses were carried out with megalign, expasy, clustal x, and ...201526470527
extended microbiological characterization of göttingen minipigs in the context of xenotransplantation: detection and vertical transmission of hepatitis e virus.xenotransplantation has been proposed as a solution to the shortage of suitable human donors. pigs are currently favoured as donor animals for xenotransplantation of cells, including islet cells, or organs. to reduce the xenotransplantation-associated risk of infection of the recipient the pig donor should be carefully characterised. göttingen minipigs from ellegaard are often used for biomedical research and are regularly tested by their vendor for the presence of numerous bacteria, fungi, viru ...201526466154
the hepatitis e virus intraviral interactome.hepatitis e virus (hev) is an emerging virus causing epidemic acute hepatitis in developing countries as well as sporadic cases in industrialized countries. the life cycle of hev is still poorly understood and the lack of efficient cell culture systems and animal models are the principal limitations for a detailed study of the viral replication cycle. here we exhaustively examine all possible intraviral protein-protein interactions (ppis) of hev by systematic yeast two-hybrid (y2h) and lumpis sc ...201526463011
the use of human sewage screening for community surveillance of hepatitis e virus in the uk.hepatitis e virus sequences were detected by rt-pcr in 14/15 (93%) of untreated sewage samples from edinburgh, scotland, uk. phylogenetic analysis of amplicons at limiting dilution revealed the co-circulation of multiple variants of hev-3, with a pattern of diversity matching that observed in a local cohort of hev-infected hepatitis patients.201626461450
replacement of the hepatitis e virus orf3 protein pxxp motif with heterologous late domain motifs affects virus release via interaction with tsg101.the orf3 protein of hepatitis e virus (hev) contains a "psap" amino acid late domain motif, which allows for interaction with the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (escrt) pathway aiding virion release. late domain motifs are interchangeable with other viral late domain motifs in several enveloped viruses, however, it remains unknown whether hev shares this functional interchangeability and what implications this might have on viral replication. in this study, by substituting he ...201526457367
hepatitis e virus infection: an emerging occupational risk?hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is endemic in many developing countries, causing substantial morbidity. transmission is primarily faeco-oral and is associated with both sporadic infections and epidemics in areas where poor sanitation and weak public health infrastructures exist. recently, it has become clear that hev is also an endemic disease in industrialized countries. moreover, a porcine reservoir and growing evidence of zoonotic transmission have been reported in these countries, suggesti ...201526452392
cytokine profiles and cell proliferation responses to truncated orf2 protein in iranian patients recovered from hepatitis e infection.background. the aim of this study was to evaluate hepatitis e virus (hev) specific cellular immune responses to truncated orf2 protein in iranian patients recovered from hev infection. information about hev-specific immune responses could be useful in finding an effective way for development of hev vaccine. methods. a truncated form of hev orf2 protein containing amino acids 112-608 was used to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) separated from hev-recovered and control groups. ...201526451149
[hepatitis e infections in rheumatology. a previously underestimated infectious disease?].the detection and estimation of hepatitis e have greatly changed in recent years. an increasing number of hepatitis e virus (hev) infections, which were acquired in europe and knowledge on chronic hepatitis e in immunosuppressed patients, give this infectious disease a new significance in industrial nations in contrast to the previous assumption of merely being a tropical disease with an acute course. rheumatology patients under immunosuppressive therapy generally have an increased risk of infec ...201526450437
hepatitis e virus exposure is increased in pork butchers from burkina faso.we conducted the first survey of zoonotic risk of hepatitis e virus (hev) transmissions in ouagadougou, burkina faso, through the direct contact with pork meat during professional activity. anti-hev antibodies were more prevalent in pork butchers, 76% than in the general population, which was 47.8% in 2013 (odds ratio = 3.46, 95% ci = 2.85-4.21, p < 0.001). among slaughter-aged swine, hev seroprevalence was of 80%, and hev rna was detected in 1% of pork livers. phylogenetic analysis pointed out ...201526438027
[hepatitis e virus seroprevalence: a reappraisal].reported seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) in developed countries is between 0.3-53%. published data relies on the assays used and its technical performance. sensitivity on new available tests has improved, which has changed hev seroprevalence around the world. we re-evaluated retrospectively, 178 serum samples of patients with previous anti hev igg determination between 2009 and 2012. initial analysis was performed with elisa kit genelabs (singapore), with 7.3% positivity. the reevaluat ...201526436799
hepatitis e virus: seroprevalence and frequency of viral rna detection among us blood donors.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a nonenveloped emerging virus of increasing worldwide interest. antibody prevalence, rna frequencies, and transfusion transmissions have been reported. we investigated the hev rna and antibody frequencies in us blood donors.201626434952
detection of hepatitis e virus rna in raw sausages and liver sausages from retail in germany using an optimized method.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a pathogen of increasing importance, which can be zoonotically transmitted from domestic pigs, wild boar, and deer to humans. foodborne transmission by consumption of raw and undercooked liver, meat, or sausages prepared from infected animals has been documented. the aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of hev in different types of sausages sold in germany. as no standardized methods for hev detection in food exist, several techniques of sample homogen ...201526433460
high proportion of asymptomatic infections in an outbreak of hepatitis e associated with a spit-roasted piglet, france, 2013.on 11 december 2013, 3 clustered cases of hepatitis e were reported on a french coastal island. individuals had taken part in a wedding meal that included a spit-roasted piglet. the piglet had been stuffed with a raw stuffing partly made from the liver. investigations were carried out to identify the vehicle of contamination and evaluate the dispersion of the hepatitis e virus (hev) in the environment.201626429341
seroprevalence of hepatitis a and e virus infections among healthy population in shiraz, southern iran.enterically-transmitted acute viral hepatitis is caused predominantly by hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev). the prevalence of hev and hav infections varies in different geographical regions.201526421130
a novel astrovirus species in the gut of yaks with diarrhoea in the qinghai–tibetan plateau, 2013.the yak (bos grunniens) is an iconic symbol in the high-altitude region of the qinghai–tibetan plateau. diarrhoea is a common disease in yaks, resulting in major economic losses. to investigate the diversity of viral species, we reported the metagenomics-derived virome in a pooled faecal sample of 20 diarrhoeic yaks. the nine viruses found in the pooled diarrhoeic samples, in order of abundance of nucleic acid sequence, were influenza a virus, bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv), rotavirus, ungu ...201526419604
complete genome sequencing of a genotype 3 hepatitis e virus strain identified in a swine farm in italy.in this study, we investigated hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in piglets sampled in two farms in southern italy. the virus was detected in 11 out of 15 animals tested. based on sequence analysis, the 6 italian strains examined belonged to two clusters containing both swine and human strains of either genotype 3 subtype e or f from europe and japan. the two italian strain clusters shared nucleotide identity of 81.8% and 87.5% in the orf2 (capsid protein) and orf1 (rdrp) diagnostic fragments, r ...201626415753
sofosbuvir inhibits hepatitis e virus replication in vitro and results in an additive effect when combined with ribavirin.infection with hepatitis e virus genotype 3 may result in chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised patients. reduction of immunosuppression or treatment with ribavirin or pegylated interferon-α can result in viral clearance. however, safer and more effective treatment options are needed. here, we show that sofosbuvir inhibits the replication of hepatitis e virus genotype 3 both in subgenomic replicon systems as well as a full-length infectious clone. moreover, the combination of sofosbuvir and rib ...201626408347
hepatitis e virus and the safety of plasma products: investigations into the reduction capacity of manufacturing processes.hepatitis e virus (hev) has been transmitted by transfusion of labile blood products and the occasional detection of hev rna in plasma pools indicates that hev viremic donations might enter the manufacturing process of plasma products. to verify the safety margins of plasma products with respect to hev, virus reduction steps commonly used in their manufacturing processes were investigated for their effectiveness to reduce hev.201626399175
seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in blood donors and renal transplant recipients: a retrospective study from central italy.autochthonous hepatitis e virus (hev) is an emerging health issue in developed countries and is thought to be a porcine zoonosis; its spread is underestimated and there is concern about the possibility of chronic infection in immunosuppressed patients; hev transmission through blood has also been demonstrated. we conducted a retrospective study (2007-2013) on hev seroprevalence using stored serum samples from 132 blood donors and 118 renal transplant recipients living mainly in central italy. an ...201526397295
acute hepatitis e-associated acute pancreatitis: a single center experience and literature review.because acute pancreatitis (ap) associated with acute hepatitis e is rarely reported, we present such a case series.201526390412
chronic hepatitis e: a brief review.hepatitis e viral infection has traditionally been considered an acute, self-limited, water borne disease similar to hepatitis a, endemic to developing countries. however, over the past decade, zoonotic transmission and progression to chronicity in human patients has been identified, resulting in persistently elevated transaminase levels, progressive liver injury and cirrhosis. in addition to liver injury, neurological, renal and rheumatological manifestations have also been reported. chronic he ...201526380044
low frequency of acute hepatitis e virus (hev) infections but high past hev exposure in subjects from cambodia with mild liver enzyme elevations, unexplained fever or immunodeficiency due to hiv-1 infection.in cambodia, previous studies conducted on hepatitis e virus (hev) infection are scant, sometimes old, and showed inconsistent results. moreover, there is no data about hev infection in cambodian hiv-1-infected patients.201526370310
detection and assessment of infectivity of hepatitis e virus in urine.hepatitis e virus (hev) is known to be excreted in the stool but there has been no report of its presence in urine. this study investigated the presence of hev rna and antigen (hev-ag) in urine and its possible transmission.201626362822
extra-hepatic manifestations associated with hepatitis e virus infection: a comprehensive review of the literature.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is a significant public health problem that afflicts almost 20 million individuals annually and causes acute liver injury in 3.5 million, with approximately 56 000 deaths. as with other viral hepatitides, extra-hepatic manifestations could represent an important aspect of this infection. the spectrum of these manifestations is still emerging. acute pancreatitis and neurological, musculoskeletal, hematological, renal, and other immune-mediated manifestations have ...201626358655
autochthonous hepatitis e virus infection in europe: a matter of concern for public health?human hepatitis e virus (hhev) is the proposed name for a diverse group of rna viruses from the family hepeviridae that cause acute hepatitis among humans. waterborne strains are regularly imported into europe by international travelers, and virus transmission of zoonotic strains via contaminated aliments is involved in autochthonous cases. therefore, in europe, hepatitis e displays a unique dual character, having features of both imported and autochthonous infections. environmental involvement ...201426357613
maternal-fetal hepatitis e transmission: is it underestimated?hepatitis e virus (hev) is an enterically transmitted virus; and several modes of transmission have been proposed, including blood transfusion, person to person transmission, and transplacental transmission. hev during pregnancy is associated with an unfavorable prognosis for mothers and in severe cases can cause acute fulminate hepatitis and death. transplacental transmission of hev usually results in unfavorable outcomes of pregnancy, mainly fetal loss, preterm labor, and hepatic dysfunction i ...201426356414
current knowledge on hepatitis e.although only a single serotype of hepatitis e virus (hev), the causative agent of hepatitis e, has been identified, there is great genetic variation among the different hev isolates reported. there are at least four major recognized genotypes of hev: genotypes 1 and 2 are mainly restricted to humans and linked to epidemic outbreaks in nonindustrialized countries, whereas genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic in both developing and industrialized countries. besides human strains, genotype 3 and 4 strai ...201526355220
hepatitis e: an emerging global disease - from discovery towards control and cure.hepatitis e is a systemic disease affecting the liver predominantly and caused by infection with the hepatitis e virus (hev). hev has marked genetic heterogeneity and is known to infect several animal species including pigs, boar, deer, mongoose, rabbit, camel, chicken, rats, ferret, bats and cutthroat trout. hev is the sole member of the family hepeviridae and has been divided into 2 genera: orthohepevirus (mammalian and avian hev) and piscihepevirus (trout hev). human hevs included within the ...201626344932
hepatitis e: an emerging global disease - from discovery towards control and cure.hepatitis e is a systemic disease affecting the liver predominantly and caused by infection with the hepatitis e virus (hev). hev has marked genetic heterogeneity and is known to infect several animal species including pigs, boar, deer, mongoose, rabbit, camel, chicken, rats, ferret, bats and cutthroat trout. hev is the sole member of the family hepeviridae and has been divided into 2 genera: orthohepevirus (mammalian and avian hev) and piscihepevirus (trout hev). human hevs included within the ...201626344932
chronically infected wild boar can transmit genotype 3 hepatitis e virus to domestic pigs.hepatitis e virus (hev) causes acute hepatitis e in humans in developing countries, but sporadic and autochthonous cases do also occur in industrialized nations. in europe, food-borne zoonotic transmission of genotype 3 (gt3) has been associated with the consumption of raw and undercooked products from domestic pig and wild boar. as shown recently, naturally acquired hev gt3 replicates efficiently in experimentally infected wild boar and is transmissible from a wild boar to domestic pigs. genera ...201526344041
antigenic properties of avian hepatitis e virus capsid protein.avian hepatitis e virus (hev) is the main causative agent of big liver and spleen disease and hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome in chickens, and is genetically and antigenically related to mammalian hevs. hev capsid protein contains immunodominant epitopes and induces a protective humoral immune response. a better understanding of the antigenic composition of this protein is critically important for the development of effective vaccine and sensitive and specific serological assays. to date, six li ...201526340899
an epidemiologic investigation of a case of acute hepatitis e.hepatitis e virus (hev) is considered a zoonotic infection in developed nations. a case of acute hepatitis e in a researcher following a scalpel injury while working on a pig prompted a seroepidemiologic study to identify potential modes of transmission and determine the seroprevalence of hev among animal handlers at the institute. sera from personnel (n = 64) in two animal facilities and age/sex-matched blood donors (n = 63) as controls were tested for igg anti-hev and, if positive, for igm ant ...201526338861
mix-breeding with hev-infected swine induced inapparent hev infection in spf rabbits.studies have shown that swine hev (shev) and rabbit hev (rhev) can experimentally infect rabbits and swine, respectively. however, no published data have documented isolating shev strains from rabbits in natural environment so far. to clarify the possibility of natural cross-species transmission of shev to rabbits, the pigs with hev infection were farmed along with spf rabbits in the same enclosed space. five of 10 rabbits had seroconversion for anti-hev antibody from the third week after mix-br ...201626334930
impaired monocyte-macrophage functions and defective toll-like receptor signaling in hepatitis e virus-infected pregnant women with acute liver failure.acute viral hepatitis resulting due to hepatitis e viral infection (avh-e) is often serious in pregnancy and could result in acute liver failure (alf). the role of monocytes and macrophages (mono-macs) in the pathogenesis of avh-e and development of alf-e in pregnancy is unclear. we investigated the functions of mono-macs in pregnant (p), avh-e (n = 44), alf-e (n = 12), healthy controls (hc; n = 20) and compared with nonpregnant (np) avh-e (n = 10), alf-e (n = 5), and hc (n = 10). we also recrui ...201526331854
prevalence and clinical consequences of hepatitis e in patients who underwent liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis c in the united states.infection with hepatitis e virus (hev) in immunocompromised patients can lead to severe liver disease. treatment options for hev include peginterferon or ribavirin, routinely also used for the treatment of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection. we determined the prevalence and clinical consequences of hev in united states (us) based patients who underwent liver transplantation (lt) for chronic hcv.201526328802
hepatitis e virus in cambodia: prevalence among the general population and complete genome sequence of genotype 4.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a growing public health problem in many countries. in this study, we investigated hev seroprevalence among the general population in the siem reap province, cambodia, and performed hev genetic analysis with the aim to develop an hev prevention strategy. this seroepidemiological cross-sectional study conducted from 2010 to 2014 included 868 participants from four different locations in siem reap province, cambodia. they answered questionnaires and provided blood samples ...201526317620
preventing transfer of infectious agents.xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues and organs may be associated with the transfer of porcine infectious agents, which may infect the human recipient and in the worst case induce a disease (zoonosis). to prevent this, a broad screening program of the donor animals for putative zoonotic microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and others, using sensitive and specific detection methods has to be performed. as long as it is still unknown, which microorganism represents a real ris ...201526316157
hepatitis e infection in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis: is there a place for systematic screening?one study has suggested that markers of acute hepatitis e virus (hev) infection are present in 3.6% of patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis (ah). however, validation of these preliminary results is lacking, as well as the impact of hev infection on the 6-month survival.201526308710
chronic hepatitis e infection with an emerging virus strain in a heart transplant recipient successfully treated with ribavirin: a case report.during the last decade hepatitis e infections have been recognized as a health problem in high-income countries, where hepatitis e virus genotype 3 is endemic. the infection is often self-limiting, but may develop into chronic infection in immunocompromised patients, especially in solid organ recipients. if these patients or patients with underlying liver disease get hepatitis e infection, they may develop liver failure and cirrhosis. hepatitis e virus is occasionally found in blood products and ...201526307049
performance of a new rapid test for detecting anti-hepatitis e virus immunoglobulin m in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients.hepatitis e virus (hev) infections are widespread in both developing and developed countries. it is, therefore, important to assess the performance of systems for rapidly detecting anti-hev immunoglobulin m antibodies in human sera.201526305830
hepatitis e virus seroprevalence in three hyperendemic areas: nepal, bangladesh and southwest france.hepatitis e causes a significant burden of disease in developing countries and has recently been increasingly recognized in developed countries. comparing population anti-hepatitis e virus (hev) seroprevalence across populations has been difficult.201526305817
hepatitis e virus infection: an underdiagnosed infection in transplant patients in southern africa? 201526305814
swine and rabbits are the main reservoirs of hepatitis e virus in china: detection of hev rna in feces of farmed and wild animals.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is recognized as a zoonosis. the prevalence of hev rna and anti-hev antibodies in many animal species has been reported, but the host range of hev is unclear. the aims of this study were to investigate hev infection in various animal species and to determine the reservoirs of hev. eight hundred twenty-two fecal samples from 17 mammal species and 67 fecal samples from 24 avian species were collected in china and tested for hev rna by rt-npcr. the products of pcr ...201526303139
incidence of hepatitis e antibodies in swedish lung transplant recipients.hepatitis e virus (hev) is an important cause of acute and chronic hepatitis in solid organ transplant recipients, especially liver transplant recipients. however, less is known of the incidence and prevalence of hev in lung transplant recipients.201526293083
genotype 4 hepatitis e virus prevalent in eastern china shows diverse subtypes.hepatitis e virus (hev), a zoonotic pathogen, uses several species of animal as reservoirs. swine is considered as the major reservoir for hev infection in humans. genotype 4 hev is the dominant cause of hepatitis e disease in humans in china.201526288632
variability and pathogenicity of hepatitis e virus genotype 3 variants.infection with hepatitis e virus (hev) can be clinically inapparent or produce symptoms and signs of hepatitis of varying severity and occasional fatality. this variability in clinical outcomes may reflect differences in host susceptibility or the presence of virally encoded determinants of pathogenicity. analysis of complete genome sequences supports the division of hev genotype 3 (hev-3) variants into three major clades: 3ra comprising hev isolates from rabbits, and 3efg and 3abchij comprising ...201526282123
nmr study on the interaction of the conserved crex 'stem-loop' in the hepatitis e virus genome with a naphthyridine-based ligand.a 2-amino-1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is described to bind single guanine bulges in rna-dna and rna-rna duplexes was synthesized and its interaction with the single g bulge in the conserved crex of the hepatitis e virus (hev) genome was explored by nmr and molecular modeling. results indicate that the ligand intercalates in the internal loop, though none of the expected hydrogen bonds with the single g in the bulge could be demonstrated.201526264660
development and evaluation of a sybr green real-time rt-pcr assay for detection of avian hepatitis e virus.avian hepatitis e virus (hev) is the main causative agent of big liver and spleen disease, as well as hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome in chickens. to date, conventional reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and nested rt-pcr methods have been used for the diagnosis of avian hev infection in chickens. however, these assays are time consuming, inconvenient, and cannot detect the virus quantitatively. in this study, a rapid and sensitive sybr green real-time rt-pcr assay was deve ...201526260476
hepatitis e seroprevalence in inflammatory bowel disease.several cases of chronic infection by hepatitis e virus (hev) in immunocompromised patients have been described recently. patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) are frequently immunocompromised because of the disease itself or due to therapy. our aims were to determine hev seroprevalence in patients with ibd and to detect possible chronic forms.201626257097
[two cases of acute hepatitis e infected with descendant strains of hepatitis e virus genotype 3 strain isolated from swine herd in miyazaki prefecture 12 years ago - one case had acute facial paralysis].we experienced two cases of acute hepatitis e in miyazaki prefecture in the same period. the patients were unknown to each other and did not have any clear causes or common risk factors of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection. nucleotide sequences of the hev isolates revealed that the two isolates were closely related but with different hev genotype 3 strains. the two cases appeared to be infected from unknown and different sources. molecular phylogenetic analysis indicated that the strains were pr ...201526250134
the high prevalence of hepatitis e virus infection in wild boars in ibaraki prefecture, japan.hepatitis e virus (hev) is known as a causative agent of zoonosis and food poisoning. pigs and some species of wild animals, including wild boar, are known to be a reservoir of hev. in this study, we investigated the situation regarding hev infection in wild boars in ibaraki prefecture, japan. serum, liver and feces samples from 68 animals were collected, and the presence or absence of hev genomic rna and hev antibodies were analyzed. the viral genome was detected in samples from 7 (10.3%) anima ...201626234737
characteristics of 20 patients with autochthonous acute hepatitis e in hokkaido, japan: first report of bilateral facial palsy following the infection with genotype 4 hepatitis e virus.autochthonous hepatitis e is increasingly being recognized in industrialized countries, including japan. although neurological abnormalities have been sporadically reported as an extrahepatic manifestation of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection, it is rare and has not been reported in japan. the present study aimed to characterize a total of 20 patients consecutively diagnosed with sporadic acute hepatitis e at a city hospital in hokkaido, japan, during 2001-2014, focusing on a patient complicated ...201526228039
first case genotype 4 hepatitis e infection after a liver transplant.chronic hepatitis in immunosuppressed patients because of infection with hepatitis e virus is increasingly recognized, but there is a paucity of knowledge about hepatitis e virus infection in solid-organ transplant recipients. herein, we reported the first confirmatory case of hepatitis e virus genotype 4 infection in a 47-year-old woman who underwent a liver transplant recipient in taiwan. the patient presented with unexplained hepatitis and severe jaundice. hepatitis e virus rna was present in ...201726221721
temporal evolution of the distribution of hepatitis e virus genotypes in southwestern france.southwest france is a highly endemic region for hepatitis e virus (hev). this study examined the circulation of hev strains between 2003 and 2014 in the midi-pyrénées, and compared these data with those from the rest of france. the polyproline region (ppr) of the orf1 region of the hev genome was also analyzed. hev genotype was determined by sequencing a 348-nt fragment within the orf2 gene for 333 strains in the midi-pyrénées and for 571 strains from the rest of france. ppr region was character ...201526218544
hepatitis e virus genotype 4 in southeastern france: still around. 201626216587
detection and molecular characterization of zoonotic viruses in swine fecal samples in italian pig herds.gastrointestinal disease is frequent in pigs, and among the different etiological agents involved, viruses are considered the leading cause of infection in this animal species. furthermore, about half of the newly identified swine pathogens are viruses, many of which may be transmitted to humans by direct contact or by indirect transmission pathways. in this study, the prevalence of astrovirus (astv), group a rotavirus (rva), norovirus (nov) and hepatitis e virus (hev) infections in pigs was inv ...201526215443
acute infection by hepatitis e virus with a slight immunoglobulin m antibody response.the anti-hepatitis e virus (hev) immunoglobulin (ig) m antibody response is generally regarded as a useful marker for diagnosing primary infection. however, in some cases, this antibody is not detected during the acute phase of infection. an 81-year-old man with stable membranous nephropathy who presented with asymptomatic acute liver dysfunction came to our hospital. hev rna of genotype 3 was detected in his serum, and he was diagnosed with acute hepatitis e. according to an enzyme-linked immun ...201526215116
an early viral response predicts the virological response to ribavirin in hepatitis e virus organ transplant patients.ribavirin is efficient at treating chronic hepatitis e virus infection in solid-organ transplant patients. however, the early kinetics of viral replication under therapy and the impact of immunosuppressant regimens on viral replication are unknown: thus, determining the aim of our study.201526214817
hepatitis e vaccine immunization for rabbits to prevent animal hev infection and zoonotic transmission.hepatitis e virus (hev) infection has become a significant global public health concern as increasing cases of acute and chronic hepatitis e are reported. hev of animal origin was proved to be a possible source of human infection and a previous study showed that the recent licensed hev 239 vaccine can serve as a candidate vaccine to manage animal sources of hev infection. however, previous immunization strategy for rabbits was the same as that for human, which is too costly to conduct large-scal ...201526212003
high prevalence of hepatitis e virus antibodies among blood donors in southern brazil.brazil has been classified as moderately endemic for hepatitis e virus (hev) infection. however, data on the seroprevalence of hev in this region are limited. this study evaluated the prevalence of past or present hev infection among blood donors in the metropolitan area of itajai valley, southern brazil, a region of predominant german heritage, where cultural habits result in a high consumption of pork. serum samples from 300 blood donors were tested in december 2014 using serological and molec ...201626211918
removal of rotavirus and bacteriophages by membrane bioreactor technology from sewage.human enteric viruses constitute a public health concern due to their low infectious dose and their resistance to environmental factors and to inactivation processes. we aimed at assessing the performance of a laboratory scale submerged membrane bioreactor (smbr) treating abattoir wastewaters for rotavirus (rv) and total coliphages removal. we also aimed at evaluating removal efficiency of enteric viruses through conventional activated sludge treatment by measuring concentrations of total coliph ...201526210901
hepatitis e and neuralgic amyotrophy: five cases and review of literature.hepatitis e virus infection - mainly genotype 3 - is increasingly common in industrialized countries. infection is usually asymptomatic, but cases of central or peripheral neurological symptoms with hepatitis e have been described. the most frequent is guillain-barre but somes cases of neuralgic amyotrophy have been described. in our center, since 2010, we have identified five cases of neuralgic amyotrophy associated with acute hepatitis e in immunocompetent patients. for all these patients, neu ...201526209399
paediatric liver transplanted patients and prevalence of hepatitis e virus.hepatitis e is an emerging disease in developed countries and is usually asymptomatic, particularly in children. chronic infection is possible in immunocompromised individuals. in the context of a liver transplant, it can simulate a rejection. in this case, antiviral therapy may be considered, thus highlighting the need to diagnose hepatitis e virus (hev) infection in this population.201526209371
prevalence of hepatitis e virus among adults in south-west of iran.background. knowledge regarding prevalence of hev in general population can be an indicator of the public health and hygiene. therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of hev among adults in south-west of iran. methods. blood samples were taken from 510 participants, 206 (40.4%) males and 304 (59.6%) females from february to july 2014. detection of anti-hev igg and igm antibodies was carried out by elisa test. results. the overall anti-hev igg and igm prevalence rates were 4 ...201526199756
serologic and molecular survey for hepatitis e virus in wild boar (sus scrofa) in central italy.the aim of this study was to further investigate the role of wild boar (sus scrofa) as a reservoir for hepatitis e virus (hev). sixty-four blood and faecal samples collected from wild boar hunted in central italy in 2011-2012 were examined by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and rt-pcr analysis. positive rt-pcr samples were further examined by nucleotide sequence determination and subsequent phylogenetic analysis. thirty-six sera (56.2%) were positive for hev-specific antibodies, and s ...201526199731
ribavirin for chronic hepatitis prevention among patients with hematologic malignancies.findings among a cohort of 26 patients who had hematologic malignancies and hepatitis e virus (hev) infection support that hev can induce chronic hepatitis. however, a 3-month course of ribavirin can induce a rapid viral clearance, reducing the risk for chronic hepatitis and enabling continuation of cytotoxic treatments for underlying malignancies.201526197210
prevalence of hepatitis e virus infection in pigs at the time of slaughter, united kingdom, 2013.since 2010, reports of infection with hepatitis e virus (hev) have increased in england and wales. despite mounting evidence regarding the zoonotic potential of porcine hev, there are limited data on its prevalence in pigs in the united kingdom. we investigated antibody prevalence, active infection, and virus variation in serum and cecal content samples from 629 pigs at slaughter. prevalence of antibodies to hev was 92.8% (584/629), and hev rna was detected in 15% of cecal contents (93/629), 3% ...201526196216
a case of fulminant hepatic failure caused by hepatitis e virus.recent studies reported finding hepatitis e virus (hev) in sera of domestic animals in japan and also that hev is a causative agent of non-a, non-b, non-c acute hepatitis and fulminant hepatitis. to clarify the incidence and severity of the disease caused by hev in hiroshima, japan, we studied 97 patients with acute sporadic hepatitis. stored serum samples were analysed for markers of hepatitis viruses. only one patient, who developed fulminant hepatitis that was indistinguishable from acute exa ...200826193466
factors affecting detection of hepatitis e virus on canadian retail pork chops and pork livers assayed using real-time rt-pcr.we collected 599 canadian retail pork chops and 283 pork livers routinely (usually weekly) from april 2011 to march 2012 using the canadian integrated program for antimicrobial resistance surveillance (cipars) retail sampling platform. samples were assayed using validated real-time (q) reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and nested classical rt-pcr for the detection of hepatitis e virus (hev), porcine enteric calicivirus (pec) and rotavirus (rv). the presence of escherichia ...201626192650
severe acute pancreatitis with pseudocyst bleeding due to hepatitis e virus infection.coincidence of acute pancreatitis caused by hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is rare. we report a case of severe acute pancreatitis in the course of acute hepatitis e in a 35-year-old man who presented with jaundice for 1 week. serum was positive for igm anti-hev and negative for hepatitis a, b and c viruses. there was upper abdominal tenderness and fullness with absent bowel sounds. a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis was made and confirmed with elevated serum lipase 2,032 u/l and amylase 1,287  ...200926191807
experimental evaluation of faecal escherichia coli and hepatitis e virus as biological indicators of contacts between domestic pigs and eurasian wild boar.domestic pigs and eurasian wild boar (sus scrofa) share several important viral and bacterial pathogens. therefore, direct and indirect contacts between domestic pigs and wild boar present a risk of pathogen spillover and can lead to long-term perpetuation of infection. biological indicators could be a powerful tool to understand and characterize contacts between wild boar and domestic pigs. here, faecal escherichia coli and hepatitis e virus (hev) were explored as potential biological indicator ...201726190581
arsenic exposure and hepatitis e virus infection during pregnancy.arsenic has immunomodulatory properties and may have the potential to alter susceptibility to infection in humans.201526186135
changes in gene expression in liver tissue from patients with fulminant hepatitis e.to study host gene expression and number of immune cells in liver tissues from patients with fulminant hepatitis e (fh-e).201526185374
treatment of autochthonous acute hepatitis e with short-term ribavirin: a multicenter retrospective study.hepatitis e virus (hev) genotypes 3 and 4 cause sporadic cases of infection in developed countries. being elderly and having an underlying liver disease are the main risk factors for death in this population. chronic infection has been described in immunocompromised patients. ribavirin is now the antiviral treatment of choice in solid-organ-transplant recipients with chronic hev infection. we hypothesized that early short-term treatment of acute hev infection may be useful for patients with risk ...201626179015
liver transplantation for acute liver failure because of genotype 3 hepatitis e virus infection. 201526178234
a proline-rich domain in the genotype 4 hepatitis e virus orf3 c-terminus is crucial for downstream v105dlp108 immunoactivity.the hepatitis e virus (hev) is responsible for serious viral hepatitis worldwide. animals are considered a reservoir of hev, particularly pigs. while hev infection in pigs and dogs is always asymptomatic, the virus causes high death rates in patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease and pregnant women in developing countries. hev open reading frame 2 (orf2) has been used as a diagnostic target to detect specific antibodies against hev in serum samples. recent research has additionally sup ...201526177202
hepatitis e infection during pregnancy.many of my patients are from southeast asia where hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is quite common. what precautions can i suggest they take before traveling to these areas and what is the risk of contracting hev during pregnancy?201526175368
is hepatitis e virus an emerging problem in industrialized countries?hepatitis e virus (hev) is yearly responsible for approximately 20 million infections worldwide. although most infections occur in developing countries, hev appears to be an emerging problem in several industrialized countries, where it is mostly associated with either traveling to an hev endemic area or contact with pigs, which represent a major reservoir of hev. the major risk groups for hev infection and its ensuing complications are elderly men, pregnant women, young children, immunocompromi ...201526175182
hepatitis e virus in patients with decompensated chronic liver disease: a prospective uk/french study.in developed countries, hepatitis e is a porcine zoonosis caused by hepatitis e virus (hev) genotype 3. in developing countries, hepatitis e is mainly caused by genotype 1, and causes increased mortality in patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease (cld).201526174470
epidemiology of hev in the mediterranean basin: 10-year prevalence in italy.the present study is aimed at describing the seroprevalence and exploring potential risk factor(s) for hepatitis e virus (hev) in participants who voluntarily underwent anti-hiv antibody testing.201526173715
comparison of autochthonous and imported cases of hepatitis a or hepatitis e.hepatitis a and hepatitis e are not limited to tropical countries but are also present in industrialized countries. both infections share similar clinical features. there is no comparative study evaluating the clinical parameters of autochthonous and imported hepatitis a virus and hepatitis e virus infections.201526167693
hepatitis e virus produced from cell culture has a lipid envelope.the absence of a productive cell culture system hampered detailed analysis of the structure and protein composition of the hepatitis e virion. in this study, hepatitis e virus from a robust hev cell culture system and from the feces of infected monkeys at the peak of virus excretion was purified by ultra-centrifugation. the common feature of the two samples after ultracentrifugation was that the orf2 protein mainly remained in the top fractions. the orf2 protein from cell culture system was glyc ...201526161670
characterization of self-assembled virus-like particles of dromedary camel hepatitis e virus generated by recombinant baculoviruses.dromedary camel hepatitis e virus (dchev), a novel hepatitis e virus, has been identified in dromedary camels in dubai, united arab emirates. the antigenicity, pathogenicity and epidemiology of this virus have been unclear. here we first used a recombinant baculovirus expression system to express the 13 and 111 n-terminus amino-acid-truncated dchev orf2 protein in insect tn5 cells, and we obtained two types of virus-like particles (vlps) with densities of 1.300 g/cm(3) and 1.285 g/cm(3), respect ...201526160190
cryptic hepatitis b and e in patients with acute hepatitis of unknown etiology.up to 30% of acute viral hepatitis has no known etiology. to determine the disease etiology in patients with acute hepatitis of unknown etiology (hue), serum specimens were obtained from 38 patients residing in the united kingdom and vietnam and from 26 healthy us blood donors. all specimens tested negative for known viral infections causing hepatitis, using commercially available serological and nucleic acid assays.201526155829
transverse myelitis caused by hepatitis e: previously undescribed in adults.we report the case of a 62-year-old caucasian woman who was admitted with urinary retention and lower limb paraesthesia following a week's prodromal illness of headache and malaise. liver function tests showed a picture of acute hepatocellular dysfunction. she developed reduced lower limb power, brisk reflexes, extensor plantars, a sensory level at t8 and reduced anal sphincter tone, establishing a clinical diagnosis of transverse myelitis. a spinal mri showed no evidence of cauda equina or spin ...201526150621
two generations of "gold standards": the impact of a decade in hepatitis e virus testing innovation on population seroprevalence.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a global pathogen responsible for approximately 20 million infections every year in developing countries, yet remains under-recognized. in this population-based cohort study, 1,025 randomly selected participants were enrolled from matlab, bangladesh (2004-2005). all participants were tested for hev antibodies and total immunoglobulin (ig), using an in-house enzyme immunoassay developed by walter reed army institute of research (wrair). in 2014, we retested the banked s ...201526149865
prevalence of hepatitis viruses in patients with acute hepatitis and characterization of the detected genotype 4 hepatitis e virus sequences in mongolia.hepatitis e is considered to be a worldwide public health problem. although the prevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) antibodies in healthy individuals is noted to be 11%, no patients with acute hepatitis e have previously been identified in mongolia. three hundred two consecutive patients (183 males and 119 females; median age of 22.0 [interquartile range: 18.3-25.0] years) who were clinically diagnosed with sporadic acute hepatitis during 2012-2013 in ulaanbaatar, mongolia, were studied. by se ...201626147664
hepatitis e virus in domestic pigs, wild boars, pig farm workers, and hunters in estonia.while hepatitis e is a growing health concern in europe, epidemiological data on hepatitis e virus (hev) in estonia are scarce. along with imported hev infections, autochthonous cases are reported from european countries. both domestic and wild animals can be a source of human cases of this zoonosis. here, we investigated the presence of anti-hev antibodies and hev rna in domestic pigs and wild boars, as well as in pig farm workers and hunters in estonia. anti-hev antibodies were detected in 234 ...201526141050
hepatitis e virus infection in brazil: results of laboratory-based surveillance from 1998 to 2013.data on hepatitis e virus (hev) in brazil are limited. we analyzed 15 years of hev surveillance data in a major clinical laboratory in são paulo, brazil.201526132499
antigenic composition and immunoreactivity differences between hev recombinant capsid proteins generated from different genotypes.appreciable variability has been observed in hepatitis e virus (hev) serological diagnostics. four recombinant proteins (p166s) were generated from position 452 to 617 aa of orf2 of different hev genotypes and used in an indirect elisa to detect anti-hev igms and iggs in serially diluted sera of patients infected with different hev genotypes (genotype 1, n=15; genotype 3, n=12; genotype 4, n=17). to evaluate the differences at a conformational level, 3d-structure models of p166s were predicted, ...201526122075
[hepatitis e virus-associated aplastic anemia. report of a case].hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia (haaa) is a well-recognized clinical syndrome in which marrow failure follows the development of hepatitis; it can be observed in up to 5% in the aplastic anemia in west europe and north american countries and 10% in the east asia. although hepatotropic and other viruses were suspected of causing haaa, this hypothesis was rarely confirmed. currently, the infection with hepatitis e virus represents the first cause of acute hepatitis in the world. its genotype ...201526117610
hepatitis e virus in the countries of the middle east and north africa region: an awareness of an infectious threat to blood safety.hepatitis e virus (hev) is mainly transmitted through contaminated water supplies which make the virus endemic in developing countries including countries of the middle east and north africa (mena) region. recent reports suggest potential risk of hev transmission via blood transfusion.201626112744
recombinant hepatitis e virus like particles can function as rna nanocarriers.assembled virus-like particles (vlps) without genetic material, with structure similar to infectious virions, have been successfully used as vaccines. we earlier described in vitro assembly, characterisation and tissue specific receptor dependent clathrin mediated entry of empty hev vlps, produced from escherichia coli expressed hev capsid protein (porf2). similar vlp's have been described as a potential candidate vaccine (hecolin) against hev.201526104584
hepatitis e virus of subtype 3a in a pig farm, south-eastern france.hepatitis e virus (hev) has emerged during the past decade as a causative agent of autochthonous hepatitis and is a clinical concern in western developed countries. it has been increasingly recognized that pigs are a major reservoir of hev of genotypes 3 and 4 worldwide and pig-derived food items represent a potential source of infections by these viruses in humans. hepatitis e virus rna testing was performed here on faeces from rectal swabs sampled in 2012 from 50 3-month-old farm pigs from the ...201526102074
[hepatitis e--overview of the latest knowledge].hepatitis e (he) is a ubiquitous infection, occurring both in developing and in developed countries. it is caused by the hepatitis e virus (hev), a small, non-enveloped rna virus. the reported incidence in the czech republic in 2013 was 2 cases per 100,000 inhabitants and the number of he cases has been growing over the past years. besides the long known fecal-oral transmission, zoonotic and blood product transmission of hev has recently been observed in industrialized countries. most infections ...201526099610
relevance of chronic hepatitis e in liver transplant recipients: a real-life setting.the chronic course of hepatitis e virus (hev) infections in orthotopic liver transplant (olt) recipients has been described previously, but prospectively collected data are rare. we aimed to study the role of chronic hepatitis e in olt in a real-life setting. therefore, 287 adult olt recipients (169 male [59%], median age 56 years) were prospectively tested by hev polymerase chain reaction assay (lower level of detection = 10 iu/ml), irrespective of their level of liver enzymes. in 4 patients (1 ...201526094550
effect of swine hepatitis e virus on the livers of experimentally infected mongolian gerbils by swine hepatitis e virus.previous studies have shown that hepatitis e virus (hev) can be transmitted between rats, pigs, cattle, rabbits, chicken, cats, and deer. because wild and domestic rodents have anti-hev antibodies, they are considered potential reservoirs of hev. in the current study, mongolian gerbils were experimentally infected with swine hepatitis e virus and the effects of this infection were investigated. after inoculation with hev, the liver-to-body weight ratio increased at 7 dpi. mongolian gerbils demon ...201526093307
identification and characterization of cellular proteins interacting with hepatitis e virus untranslated regions.lack of robust cell culture systems for hepatitis e virus (hev) infection has hampered understanding of hev biology. we attempted to identify the host cellular factors that interact with hev 5' and 3' untranslated regions (utrs) by rna affinity chromatography followed by mass spectrometry analysis. hepatitis e virus genotype-1 (hev-1) and hepatitis e virus genotype-4 (hev-4) and three cell lines (hepg2/c3a, a549 and caco2) were employed to understand the utr-host protein interaction. rna pull-do ...201526087402
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