Publications

three-dimensional structure and molecular mechanism of novel enzymes of spore-forming bacteria.	bacillus and clostridium species are spore-forming bacilli that cause serious diseases in livestock and in humans. an important pathogen in this group of organisms is bacillus anthracis is which is the causative agent of anthrax. the biochemical properties, structure, function, and mechanism of catalysis of the novel spore germination protease (gpr) that degrades small, acid soluble proteins (sasp) protecting spore's dna against damage and a novel, cofactor independent phosphoglycerate mutase (i ...	2002	12165756
bioterrorism. student charged with possessing anthrax.		2002	12161620
searching for clues.		2002	12160625
cutaneous anthrax in turkey: a review of 32 cases.	anthrax, caused by the gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium bacillus anthracis, is rarely seen in industrialized nations but is common in developing countries. cutaneous anthrax accounts for 95% of cases and usually develops on exposed sites. this study reviews the clinical and laboratory findings of 32 patients diagnosed with cutaneous anthrax over a 4-y period in the eastern part of turkey. all patients had a history of direct contact with infected animals. the patients, aged 6-7 ...	2002	12160166
observations and comments on the september 11 attacks on the united states, an african american physician's perspective.		2002	12152931
[species of the bacillus strain: macroscopic and microscopic morphology].	between october 2001 and january 2002, the microbiology group of the instituto nacional de salud processed 705 envelopes under suspicion of harboring anthrax spores. we present photographs of cultures and slides prepared from them of bacillus species to be used as reference material for the accurate macroscopic and microscopic identification of the agent found in samples.	2002	12152475
issues in preparedness for biologic terrorism: a perspective for critical care nursing.	although the use of microorganisms as weapons is as old a practice as war itself, the sense of our collective vulnerability to these agents has seldom been as great. the events of late 2001 demonstrated that the united states is vulnerable to terrorist attack carried out by highly motivated, organized, funded, and trained individuals. it is our collective good fortune that the perpetrator of the anthrax mailings was not bent on destruction of the scale witnessed on september 11, 2001. because ac ...	2002	12151997
trends in drug prescriptions among elderly residents of ontario in the weeks after september 11, 2001.		2002	12150668
management of asymptomatic pregnant or lactating women exposed to anthrax.	anthrax infections are diagnosed by isolating bacillus anthracis from body fluids or by measuring specific antibodies in the blood of persons suspected to have the disease. it is recommended that asymptomatic pregnant and lactating women who have been exposed to a confirmed environmental contamination or a high-risk source as determined by the local department of health (not the women's health care provider) receive prophylactic treatment. a variety of antimicrobial regimens are available. altho ...	2002	12150144
hacking your way through the jungle.		2002	12149799
large-scale screening of nasal swabs for bacillus anthracis: descriptive summary and discussion of the national institutes of health's experience.	in october 2001, a letter containing a large number of anthrax spores was sent through the brentwood post office in washington, d.c., to a united states senate office on capitol hill, resulting in contamination in both places. several thousand people who worked at these sites were screened for spore exposure by collecting nasal swab samples. we describe here a screening protocol which we, as a level a laboratory, used on very short notice to process a large number of specimens (3,936 swabs) in o ...	2002	12149367
detection of bacillus anthracis dna by lightcycler pcr.	anthrax is a zoonotic disease that is also well recognized as a potential agent of bioterrorism. routine culture and biochemical testing methods are useful for the identification of bacillus anthracis, but a definitive identification may take 24 to 48 h or longer and may require that specimens be referred to another laboratory. virulent isolates of b. anthracis contain two plasmids (px01 and px02) with unique targets that allow the rapid and specific identification of b. anthracis by pcr. we dev ...	2002	12149348
a cutaneous sore with black eschar in a cowhide worker.		2002	12147375
the impact of anthrax attacks on the american public.	incidents involving anthrax (bacillus anthracis) through the mail in 4 metropolitan areas have raised concerns about the public's response nationally and locally.	2002	12145561
[the belle and the bete: diary of a disease].	from the diary of the shooting of la belle et la bête, the author studies the skin disease from which jean cocteau had to suffer, and the various treatments which were proposed to him.	2002	12143846
anthrax toxin characterization.	the anthrax toxin comprises three proteins. when they work together, they can kill humans, especially after spores of the bacteria have been inhaled. one anthrax protein, called protective antigen (pa), chaperones the two other toxins into human or animal cells and shields them from the body's immune system. the second, lethal factor (lf), destroys the white blood cells that hosts send in defence. the third toxin molecule, edema factor (ef), hijacks the signaling system in the body. this disrupt ...	2002	12143109
cutaneous anthrax of the hand and its reconstruction with a reverse-flow radial forearm flap.	bacillus anthracis infection can lead to necrosis in tissues and may manifest as a fatal disease in human beings. the authors present a patient with a large area of skin necrosis on the dorsum of the hand that was reconstructed with a reverse flow-through radial forearm flap, and they discuss the relevant literature. to the authors' knowledge, this is the first published report of such extensive necrosis resulting from anthrax limited to the extensor retinaculum of the hand.	2002	12142604
bioterriorism: from threat to reality.	the fears and predictions of attacks with biological weapons, which were increasing at the close of the twentieth century, were transformed into reality not long after september 11, 2001, when several anthrax-laden letters were sent through the u.s. postal system. the attack challenged our medical preparedness and scientific understanding of the epidemiology of biothreat agents. it is fortunate that this was not a massive aerosol release that could have exposed hundreds of thousands. rapid diagn ...	2002	12142472
age as a risk factor for cutaneous human anthrax: evidence from haiti, 1973-1974.		2002	12141982
passive antibody administration (immediate immunity) as a specific defense against biological weapons.	the potential threat of biological warfare with a specific agent is proportional to the susceptibility of the population to that agent. preventing disease after exposure to a biological agent is partially a function of the immunity of the exposed individual. the only available countermeasure that can provide immediate immunity against a biological agent is passive antibody. unlike vaccines, which require time to induce protective immunity and depend on the host's ability to mount an immune respo ...	2002	12141970
peptide toxins directed at the matrix dissolution systems of cancer cells.	growth and spread of tumors requires a variety of membrane and extracellular proteases to modify membrane integrins, dissolve the surrounding matrix and release critical growth factors from both the tumor cell surface and surrounding structures. the two major protease systems involved in this process are the matrix metalloproteases and the serine proteases. genes and gene products for both protease systems are overexpressed in a variety of neoplasms. thus, these enzymes serve as excellent target ...	2002	12141918
from the centers for disease control and prevention. public health dispatch: update: cutaneous anthrax in a laboratory worker-texas, 2002.		2002	12141318
[problem of bioterrorism under modern conditions].	it is practically impossible to discuss the problem of bioterrorism (bt) and to develop effective programs of decreasing the losses and expenses suffered by the society from the bt acts without evaluation of the threat and prognosis of consequences based on research and empiric data. stained international situation following the act of terrorism (attack on the usa) on september 11, 2001, makes the scenarios of the bacterial weapon use (the causative agents of plague, smallpox, anthrax, etc.) by ...	2002	12141033
[anthrax in hungary in the first half of the 19th century].		2002	12140864
screening inhibitors of anthrax lethal factor.	the disease anthrax is caused by lethal factor, an enzyme component of the toxin produced by the spore-forming bacterium bacillus anthracis. here we describe substrate molecules for this factor that offer a means for high-throughput screening of potential inhibitors for use in anthrax treatment. our assay should help to answer the urgent call for new and specific therapies to combat this pathogen after its recent emergence as a terrorist bioweapon.	2002	12140548
more on anthrax exposure case report.		2002	12138949
effect of the lower molecular capsule released from the cell surface of bacillus anthracis on the pathogenesis of anthrax.	bacillus anthracis enters the body as an endospore, and encapsulation and toxin production occur after germination. capsule is proposed to be an antiphagocytic factor, and toxin induces cytokine production for systemic shock. the dep gene, adjacent to the cap region for the encapsulation, degrades the high-molecular weight capsule (h-capsule) to the lower-molecular weight capsule (l-capsule), which releases into the culture supernatant. this study analyzed the biological function of the cap-dep ...	2002	12134259
child safety. a perspective on bioterrorism.		2002	12132419
bacillus anthracis as an agent of bioterrorism: a review emphasizing surgical treatment.	to familiarize surgeons with the specific complications of cutaneous, gastrointestinal, inhalation, and systemic infection with bacillus anthracis, which may require surgical treatment.	2002	12131080
antibodies to squalene in recipients of anthrax vaccine.	we previously reported that antibodies to squalene, an experimental vaccine adjuvant, are present in persons with symptoms consistent with gulf war syndrome (gws) (p. b. asa et al., exp. mol. pathol 68, 196-197, 2000). the united states department of defense initiated the anthrax vaccine immunization program (avip) in 1997 to immunize 2.4 million military personnel. because adverse reactions in vaccinated personnel were similar to symptoms of gws, we tested avip participants for anti-squalene an ...	2002	12127050
co-immunisation with a plasmid dna cocktail primes mice against anthrax and plague.	the protective antigen (pa) of bacillus anthracis and the v antigen of yersinia pestis are potent immunogens and candidate vaccine sub-units. when plasmid dna encoding either pa or v antigen was used to immunise the balb/c mouse, a low serum igg titre was detected (log (10)1.0 or less) which was slightly increased by boosting with plasmid dna. however, when mice immunised with plasmid dna were later boosted with the respective recombinant protein, a significant increase in titre (up to 100-fold) ...	2002	12126905
problem of timely diagnosis in anthrax meningitis.	anthrax continues to remain a problem in parts of india. meningitis is often a complication encountered among cases with cutaneous anthrax. we have encountered a dozen cases of anthrax meningitis in our hosptal in the past decade. a sudden unexplained rise in cases in the past two years with hundred percent mortality stresses the need for rapid confirmatory diagnosis. most of the cases admitted with central nervous system involvement had a provisional diagnosis of conditions other than anthrax m ...	2002	12126347
the probability of severe disease in zoonotic and commensal infections.	cross-species transfers of pathogens (zoonoses) cause some of the most virulent diseases, including anthrax, hantavirus and q fever. zoonotic infections occur when a pathogen moves from its reservoir host species into a secondary host species. similarly, commensal infections often have a primary reservoir location within their hosts' bodies from which they rarely cause disease symptoms, but commensals such as neisseria meningitidis cause severe disease when they cross into a different body compa ...	2001	12123298
development of an improved vaccine for anthrax.		2002	12122102
bioterrorism preparedness. iii: state and federal programs and response.	management of a bioterrorism event will begin with early detection and intervention at the local level. any large-scale event will require rapid state and federal assistance. federal initiatives targeting bioterrorism have increasingly become a complex web of executive and legislative actions, frequently initiated in reaction to specific events, and often unrelated to this threat. multiple executive and legislative branch actions have resulted in a proliferation of federal programs, and coordina ...	2002	12120488
medical management of the suspected victim of bioterrorism: an algorithmic approach to the undifferentiated patient.	we have purposely expanded on the well-known atls paradigm to aid ehcps in their approach to a potential bioterrorism event. by building on a process that is already familiar, we hope this will aid the ehcp to remember a systematic approach to such an incident. by following this ten-step process, we believe that all ehcps, and especially those practicing at the first echelons of care in urgent care clinics and eds, can approach the daunting problem of biological defense with a good deal more con ...	2002	12120483
threats in bioterrorism. i: cdc category a agents.	although once considered unlikely, bioterrorism is now a reality in the united states since the anthrax cases began appearing in the fall of 2001. intelligence sources indicate there are many countries and terrorist organizations that either possess biological weapons or are attempting to procure them. in the future it is likely that we will experience additional acts of bioterrorism. the cdc category a agents represent our greatest challenge because they have the potential to cause grave harm t ...	2002	12120480
the epidemiologic pyramid of bioterrorism.	recent events have drawn world attention to "mythological diseases"--such as anthrax, plague and smallpox--which have been out of the spotlight for some decades. much of our current knowledge of epidemic intervention and disease prevention was acquired over history through our experience with these diseases, such that the sudden panic over the reemergence of these historically well-known entities is perplexing. over time, changes in the balance of the epidemiologic triangle have driven each of t ...	2002	12120459
preparedness of the israeli health system for a biologic warfare event.	the threat of a disease outbreak resulting from biologic warfare has been of concern for the israeli health system for many years. in order to be prepared for such an event the health system has formulated doctrines for various biologic agents and defined the logistic elements for the procurement of drugs. during the last 4 years, and especially after the west nile fever epidemic in 2000, efforts to prepare the healthcare system and the relevant organizations were accelerated. the director-gener ...	2002	12120458
virtual screening using grid computing: the screensaver project.		2002	12120261
broadway: anthrax threat intensifies focus on disaster preparedness.		2002	12119826
identification of amino acid residues of anthrax protective antigen involved in binding with lethal factor.	protective antigen (pa) and lethal factor (lf) are the two components of anthrax lethal toxin. pa is responsible for the translocation of lf to the cytosol. the binding of lf to cell surface receptor-bound pa is a prerequisite for the formation of lethal toxin. it has been hypothesized that hydrophobic residues p184, l187, f202, l203, p205, i207, i210, w226, and f236 of domain 1b of pa play an important role in the binding of pa to lf. these residues are normally buried in the 83-kda version of ...	2002	12117959
[anthrax as biological warfare weapon].	anthrax-disease of herbivorous animals, occasionally affecting humans, is regarded as an ideal biowarfare weapon. this was witnessed during a tragic accident in swierdłowsk some time ago and nowadays it has been observed among post office workers in the usa. depending on the way the pathogen enters the body, several forms of disease develops: skin anthrax specific for the man (with mortality up to 20%), intestinal anthrax resulting from the consumption of infected food or flash of infected anima ...	2002	12116908
effect of electrical charges and fields on injury and viability of airborne bacteria.	in this study, the effects of the electric charges and fields on the viability of airborne microorganisms were investigated. the electric charges of different magnitude and polarity were imparted on airborne microbial cells by a means of induction charging. the airborne microorganisms carrying different electric charge levels were then extracted by an electric mobility analyzer and collected using a microbial sampler. it was found that the viability of pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria, used as a ...	2002	12115440
microbiology. a binding contract for anthrax.		2002	12114612
immunological responses are not abnormal in symptomatic gulf war veterans.	the underlying etiology and pathogenesis of gulf war veterans' illnesses continue to be under intense investigation. reports have suggested the basis for these illnesses may be an altered immune system, but compelling evidence is lacking. we sought to determine whether in vitro immune responses were abnormal in symptomatic gulf war veterans relative to matched controls. a randomized case-control study was conducted by blinded comparison of laboratory measures of in vitro immune responses in bloo ...	2002	12114290
asp 187 and phe 190 residues in lethal factor are required for the expression of anthrax lethal toxin activity.	anthrax toxin consists of three proteins, protective antigen, lethal factor, and edema factor. protective antigen translocates lethal factor and edema factor to the cytosol of mammalian cells. the amino-termini of lethal factor and edema factor have several homologous stretches. these regions are presumably involved in binding to protective antigen. in the present study we have determined the role of one such homologous stretch in lethal factor. residues 187aspleuleuphe190 were replaced by alani ...	2002	12113932
application of rapid-cycle real-time polymerase chain reaction for the detection of microbial pathogens: the mayo-roche rapid anthrax test.	rapid-cycle real-time polymerase chain reaction has immediate and important implications for diagnostic testing in the clinical microbiology laboratory. in our experience this novel testing method has outstanding performance characteristics. the sensitivities for detecting microorganisms frequently exceed standard culture-based assays, and the time required to complete the assays is considerably shorter than that required for culture-based assays. we describe the principle of real-time polymeras ...	2002	12108605
confronting bioterrorism: physicians on the front line.	the events surrounding september 11, 2001, and its aftermath have compelled the public health and medical community to face the hitherto unfamiliar reality of bioterrorism. physicians and public health personnel are frontline soldiers in this new form of warfare. this article provides a general overview of the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of patients infected with the 6 highest priority agents that could potentially be used in bioterrorism. the diseases discu ...	2002	12108604
detection of vaccinia virus, herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and bacillus anthracis dna by lightcycler polymerase chain reaction after autoclaving: implications for biosafety of bioterrorism agents.	to determine whether autoclaving suspensions of vaccinia virus, herpes simplex virus (hsv), varicella-zoster virus (vzv), and bacillus anthracis inactivate infectivity of these agents but allow detection of target dna by lightcycler polymerase chain reaction (pcr).	2002	12108599
[anthrax].		2002	12108013
vaccines against dangerous infections and cancer.		2002	12107018
anthrax: factsheet.		2001	12105641
germination of bacillus cereus spores in response to l-alanine and to inosine: the roles of gerl and gerq operons.	bacillus cereus 569 (atcc 10876) endospores germinate in response to inosine or l-alanine, the most rapid germination response being elicited by a combination of these germinants. the geri operon has already been characterized as a homologue of the gera spore-germination receptor family of operons found in all bacillus spp. examined; the primary defect in geri mutant spores is in the inosine germination response, although spores were also slower to germinate in l-alanine. additional transposon-i ...	2002	12101297
a collagen-like surface glycoprotein is a structural component of the bacillus anthracis exosporium.	bacillus anthracis, the aetiological agent of anthrax, is a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium. the exosporium is the outermost integument surrounding the mature spore. here, we describe the purification and the characterization of an immunodominant protein of the spore surface. this protein was abundant, glycosylated and part of the exosporium. the amino-terminal sequence was determined and the corresponding gene was identified. it encodes a protein of 382 amino acid residues, the central pa ...	2002	12100557
bioterrorism today.	anthrax being sent through the postal service brought the risks of bioterrorism home to us all: but what dies it really mean?	2002	12097718
horse kicks, anthrax and the poisson model for deaths.		2002	12095459
anthrax of the gastrointestinal tract.	when swallowed, anthrax spores may cause lesions from the oral cavity to the cecum. gastrointestinal anthrax is greatly underreported in rural disease-endemic areas of the world. the apparent paucity of this form of anthrax reflects the lack of facilities able to make the diagnosis in these areas. the spectrum of disease, ranging from subclinical infection to death, has not been fully recognized. in some community-based studies, cases of gastrointestinal anthrax outnumbered those of cutaneous an ...	2002	12095428
perceptions of state public health officers and state veterinarians regarding risks of bioterrorism in the united states.	to assess perceptions of state public health officers and state veterinarians in the united states regarding the risks of bioterrorism and determine the degree of support provided for activities related to bioterrorism.	2002	12092950
[anthrax and disaster planning at the university hospital in ulleval].		2002	12092084
diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous anthrax.		2002	12090859
diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous anthrax.		2002	12090858
[anthrax. the growing danger].		2002	12089782
2001: a year of major advances in anthrax toxin research.	anthrax is caused when spores of bacillus anthracis enter a host and germinate. the bacteria multiply and secrete a tripartite toxin causing local edema and, in systemic infection, death. in nature, anthrax is primarily observed in cattle and other herbivores; humans are susceptible but rarely affected. in 2001, anthrax spores were used effectively for the first time in bioterrorist attacks, resulting in 11 confirmed cases of human disease and five deaths. these events have underscored the need ...	2002	12088665
maximum shields: the assembly and function of the bacterial spore coat.	spores produced by bacilli and clostridia are surrounded by a multilayered protein shell called the coat. as the armor-like appearance of the coat suggests, this structure, along with others within the spore, confers the remarkable resistance properties that make bacillus anthracis spores such potent biological weapons. here, i review recent studies of coat assembly in the model organism bacillus subtilis, and explore the implications of these findings for coat assembly in b. anthracis and for d ...	2002	12088650
bacterial and fungal aerosols in indoor environment in central and eastern european countries.	studies of indoor bioaerosols conducted in central and eastern european countries, as a result of the scarcity of funding, mostly do not attain the level presented by similar studies in northern america and western europe. for socio-economic reasons, most of the intense studies on indoor bioaerosols in central and eastern european countries were carried out in industrial facilities and have contributed significantly to occupational health science. in contrast, until recently, insufficient of stu ...	2002	12088392
a perspective: risk analysis as a tool for reducing the risks of terrorism.	the destruction by terrorists of the twin towers of the world trade center and major damage wrought to the pentagon on september 11, 2001, followed closely by the bioterrorist anthrax attacks via the mails raised the question of whether risk analysis might have a place in defending the united states against terrorist attacks. after first reviewing the multifaceted nature of terrorism and the reasons it is likely to become endemic in world society in the long term, just as other areas of crime ar ...	2002	12088218
case records of the massachusetts general hospital. weekly clinicopathological exercises. case 20-2002. a 37-year-old man with fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and a cutaneous foot lesion after a trip to africa.		2002	12087144
fda approves anthrax vaccine license supplements.		2002	12085816
more fda resources to counter terrorism.		2002	12085814
the usa preparing for bioterrorism: the role of fort detrick since 1970.		2002	12085492
bioterrorism threat makes preparation essential.		2002	12085491
bioterrorism syndromes.		2002	12085490
group i self-splicing intron in the reca gene of bacillus anthracis.	self-splicing introns are rarely found in bacteria and bacteriophages. they are classified into group i and ii according to their structural features and splicing mechanisms. while the group i introns are occasionally found in protein-coding regions of phage genomes and in several trna genes of cyanobacteria and proteobacteria, they had not been found in protein-coding regions of bacterial genomes. here we report a group i intron in the reca gene of bacillus anthracis which was initially found b ...	2002	12081963
terrorism response resources for clinicians.		2001	12080532
rethink anti-bioterrorism plans.		2002	12075302
bacterial pathogens as biological weapons and agents of bioterrorism.	bacterial pathogens have been identified as agents that have been, or could be, used as weapons of biological warfare and/or biological terrorism. these agents are relatively easily obtained, prepared, and dispersed, either as weapons of mass destruction or for more limited terrorist attacks. although phylogenetically diverse, these agents all have the potential for aerosol dissemination. physicians in the united states and most of the developed world have never encountered most of these agents ...	2002	12074485
terrorism from a public health perspective.	the use of biological and chemical weapons as agents of warfare and terrorism has occurred sporadically, but recent events demonstrate the increasing risk and possibility that terrorist groups with grievances against the government or groups may employ them. historically, most evaluations of the potential risk for biological weaponry have focused on the military, but the recent release of anthrax in the united states demonstrates that civilian populations are also at risk. more likely than not, ...	2002	12074484
summary report of the experiments conducted at pouilly-le-fort, near melun, on the anthrax vaccination, 1881.		2002	12074483
2001 anthrax crisis in washington, d.c.: pharmacists' role in screening patients and selecting prophylaxis.	pharmacists' development and use of a worksheet facilitating their rapid selection of patient-appropriate prophylactic antimicrobials in an anthrax clinic is described. a clinic housed at d.c. general hospital, in washington, d.c., treated most of the people--many of them postal workers--who may have been exposed to anthrax in that city during the 2001 anthrax crisis. a form was needed to assist pharmacists in the rapid selection of prophylactic antimicrobials and in patient education and counse ...	2002	12073861
2001 anthrax crisis in washington, d.c.: clinic for persons exposed to contaminated mail.	an anthrax prophylaxis clinic is described. in october 2001, four workers from the u.s. postal service's brentwood facility in washington, d.c., were hospitalized with inhalational anthrax; many others may have been exposed to anthrax spores. u.s. public health service (usphs) teams were deployed to establish an anthrax prophylaxis clinic that would provide education and medication to workers and people who visited the mail facility. the temporary clinic was set up at d.c. general hospital and w ...	2002	12073860
anthrax in adults and children: a review of 132 cases in turkey.	in this retrospective study, 132 cases of anthrax observed in a turkish hospital over a 14-year period (october 1986 to october 2000) were evaluated with respect to clinical features, therapy, and outcome. the results show that anthrax is a disease of significance in the eastern anatolian region of turkey. preventive measures such as education of the population and vaccination of animals against anthrax would reduce the incidence of the disease.	2002	12072935
fatal case of inhalational anthrax mimicking intra-abdominal sepsis.	in this report, we discuss the second fatal case of inhalational anthrax related to the use of bacillus anthracis spores as a biological weapon in the united states. this case highlights two of the major characteristics of inhalational anthrax: the fulminating nature of the infection and the difficulty of promptly establishing a diagnosis. in the patient discussed here, gastrointestinal symptoms and findings were so impressive that the patient was thought to have a primary intra-abdominal condit ...	2002	12071107
[anthrax--the past, present and future].	anthrax has been known since ancient times. besides some references in the old testament, there is evidence of plagues in ancient egypt, as well as descriptions of the disease by the roman poet virgil. etiology: anthrax is caused by bacillus anthracis, unmovable, aerobic, gram-positive rods. it forms spores, which can survive for years in the environment.	2002	12070927
antibiotic susceptibilities of 96 isolates of bacillus anthracis isolated in france between 1994 and 2000.	ninety-six isolates of bacillus anthracis recovered in france between 1994 and 2000 were tested for their susceptibilities to 25 different antibiotics. resistance to penicillin g and amoxicillin was 11.5%. all of the isolates were resistant to cotrimoxazole and susceptible to doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, levofloxacin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, clindamycin, imipenem, and rifampin.	2002	12069996
the 1979 anthrax epidemic in the ussr: applied science and political controversy.		2002	12068904
bioterrorism watch. they don't call it bioterror for nothing: fear is the foe when anthrax spores are found within hospital walls.		2002	12068508
bioterrorism: better safe than sorry.		2002	12068488
sequence analysis of the genes encoding for the major virulence factors of bacillus anthracis vaccine strain 'carbosap'.	this study was performed to analyse the molecular characteristics of genes encoding for the major virulence factors in bacillus anthracis vaccine strain 'carbosap' compared with the wild b. anthracis strain, to evaluate the basis of attenuation.	2002	12067380
after september 11: rethinking public health federalism.		2002	12066598
biological agents as weapons 2: anthrax and plague.	although most naturally occurring infections with anthrax and plague are cutaneous, both organisms are most likely to be deliberately disseminated in aerosolised form, resulting in severe pulmonary illness. mortality from both would be high and rapid in the absence of early and effective treatment, making swift and effective liaison between alert clinicians and public health authorities crucial to an effective response. differentiating features include mediastinal widening (anthrax) and haemopty ...	2002	12064962
update: cutaneous anthrax in a laboratory worker--texas, 2002.	on april 5, 2002, cdc reported a case of suspected cutaneous anthrax in a worker at laboratory a who had been processing environmental samples for bacillus anthracis in support of cdc investigations of the 2001 bioterrorist attacks in the united states. since the initial report, the worker had serial serology performed at the cdc laboratory. a greater than fourfold rise from baseline in the concentration of immunoglobulin g to protective antigen was demonstrated. the peak antibody level was obse ...	2002	12064454
bioterrorism: what is and what may never be. part 1.		2002	12063832
development and application of an analytical method for the determination of squalene in formulations of anthrax vaccine adsorbed.	specific lots of anthrax vaccine adsorbed, administered to members of the us armed forces, have been described on various internet sites and in news articles as a source of squalene, a chemical purported by these media to be associated with the gulf war syndrome. we have developed and validated a method using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection for the determination of squalene in anthrax vaccine preparations. the method has a limit of detection of 140 parts per bil ...	2002	12062677
self-reported changes in subjective health and anthrax vaccination as reported by over 900 persian gulf war era veterans.	a 1999 study of united kingdom servicemembers by unwin, et al. recently found significant relationships between anthrax and other vaccinations, reactions to those vaccines, and later health problems for male current or former active military gulf war veterans. likewise, in 2000 steele and in 1998 gilroy found possible adverse effects of vaccinations on gulf war veterans. however, the role of such vaccinations remains controversial; more recent government reports continue to dispute the existence ...	2002	12061608
occurrence of anthrax in kars district, turkey.	the aims of the study were to determine the prevalence of anthrax by bacteriologic methods in cattle and sheep between january 2000 and september 2001 and to determine the distribution of this zoonotic disease in humans in kars district, turkey. bacillus anthracis was isolated and identified in 34 out of 38 (91%) cattle and 11 out of 17 (64%) sheep samples obtained from organs suspected of anthrax. the records of the governmental health branch showed that 89 cases of cutaneous anthrax were diagn ...	2002	12061231
biological agents as weapons 1: smallpox and botulism.	1. early recognition by clinicians of illnesses suggesting a biological attack is integral to the public health response. 2. the four biological agents of most concern are smallpox virus, botulinum toxin, and anthrax and plague bacteria. 3. smallpox is distinguishable from chickenpox by the prominent prodromal period and lesions that develop at the same pace and, on any part of the body, appear identical to each other, evolve slowly and are peripherally distributed. 4. the degree of protection c ...	2002	12056996
[carbuncle (anthrax) as biological weapon].	the authors explain the anthrax pathogeny as necessary base to treat the systemic anthrax, that it can be secondary to a terrorist aggression, that until now it causes death to damaged people. for fear that a contamination with anthracis spores by a terrorist aggression, it is imposed to administrate chymeprotection to damaged people, because once it is appeared the symptoms of the systemic illness, the antibiotics don't stop the process evolution. for that reason, we think it is important to kn ...	2001	12056261
plague, pressure and politics part of life for cdc leader. how koplan coped with the anthrax outbreak, and a look at his rise to the top. interview by maryn mckenna..		2002	12055950
lethal toxin of bacillus anthracis causes apoptosis of macrophages.	lethal toxin is a major anthrax virulence factor, causing the rapid death of experimental animals. lethal toxin can enter most cell types, but only certain macrophages and cell lines are susceptible to toxin-mediated cytolysis. we have shown that in murine raw 264.7 cells, sublytic amounts of lethal toxin trigger intracellular signaling events typical for apoptosis, including changes in membrane permeability, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and dna fragmentation. the cells were protect ...	2002	12054607