Publications

believe it or not--silver still poisons!	for centuries, silver has been endowed with therapeutic benefits. it is still used today as a "caustic" for superficial bleeding. within 7days, we had 3 cases of "argyria" and then 2 more over the next month. the first 2 cases involved a husband and wife with a 3-y exposure to naturopathic hydrolyzed silver treatment. the third casewas a 37-y-old male in a state psychiatric facility noted to have darkly "discolored" skin probable obtained from herbal tea. the last 2 cases were a married couple i ...	2002	12361115
[the policy of vaccinal prevention in the italian armed forces].		2002	12360822
furin at the cutting edge: from protein traffic to embryogenesis and disease.	furin catalyses a simple biochemical reaction--the proteolytic maturation of proprotein substrates in the secretory pathway. but the simplicity of this reaction belies furin's broad and important roles in homeostasis, as well as in diseases ranging from alzheimer's disease and cancer to anthrax and ebola fever. this review summarizes various features of furin--its structural and enzymatic properties, intracellular localization, trafficking, substrates, and roles in vivo.	2002	12360192
containing and combatting bioterrorism.		2002	12357849
preparing for bioterrorism.		2002	12357139
reporting for duty. one year after terrorist attacks shook the nation, hospitals confront a changed landscape--and seek to do their part to defend the homeland.	as we observe the first anniversary of the sept. 11 terrorist attacks that changed our nation, health care providers prepare to deal with potential disasters that in better times were merely the realm of science fiction. in communities across the country, readiness is the new goal, bioterrorism the new threat.	2002	12355977
public relations. straight talk.		2002	12355974
therapeutic challenges posed by bacterial bioterrorism threats.	the events of the autumn of 2001 in the united states made it clear that the spectre of the use of microorganisms to intentionally harm humans is a reality. the current strategy to control disease outbreaks caused by the intentional release of bacteria is to use antimicrobial agents, both therapeutically and prophylactically. however, multidrug-resistant strains of bacterial bioterrorism agents occur naturally or have been bio-engineered, indicating how vulnerable this strategy is.	2002	12354556
bioterrorism and physicians.		2002	12353968
comments on the institute of medicine's 2002 report on the safety of anthrax vaccine.	in april 2002, the prestigious institute of medicine of the national academy of sciences issued a final report on the safety and effectiveness of the anthrax vaccine currently in use by the united states military. it concluded that the present vaccine was completely safe and effective, but ignored evidence of several recent research studies from three different nations that have implicated vaccines, often including anthrax vaccine, in the epidemiology of gulf war illnesses. omissions and limitat ...	2002	12353779
anthrax: new threat from an ancient microbe.		2002	12352747
the identification of a tetracycline resistance gene tet(m), on a tn916-like transposon, in the bacillus cereus group.	in order to investigate whether resistance genes present in bacteria in manure could transfer to indigenous soil bacteria, resistant isolates belonging to the bacillus cereus group (bacillus cereus, bacillus anthracis and bacillus thuringiensis) were isolated from farm soil (72 isolates) and manure (12 isolates) samples. these isolates were screened for tetracycline resistance genes (tet(k), tet(l), tet(m), tet(o), tet(s) and tet(t)). of 88 isolates examined, three (3.4%) isolates carried both t ...	2002	12351239
veterinarians key to bioterrorism preparedness initiatives.		2002	12322902
bioterrorism expert says u.s. agriculture vulnerable to attack.		2002	12322901
[infection and invasion of humans in the yamal peninsula].	the helminthic fauna of vertebrates in the yamal peninsula consists of 61 species: of them 2 species are monogenic, 6 are trematodes, 29 are cestodes, and 24 are nematodes. twelve species of the 4 are antroponoses and 8 are zoonoses which may parasite on human beings. human infection with some zoonoses is due to local habits of eating raw or undercooked meat of wild animals, domestic deers, and fish. these helminthic diseases include trichinosis, taeniasis, opisthorchiasis, diphyllobothriasis. o ...	2002	12298157
disaster planning and emergency preparedness: lessons learned.	following the terrorist attacks of september 11, 2001, the federal response plan was activated immediately, with most efforts focused on helping recovery workers at ground zero in new york city. comprehensive pharmacy services were critical in protecting the health of those potentially exposed to anthrax at u.s. postal service facilities and the u.s. capitol. responding to anthrax attacks taught many valuable lessons to emergency workers on how to manage a bioterrorist attack. because of its cen ...	2002	12296554
bioterrorism fears.		2002	12271909
the vigilance defense.		2002	12271529
delayed treatment with doxycycline has limited effect on anthrax infection in blk57/b6 mice.	blk57/b6 mice were infected with ld90 dose of sterne strain anthrax spores subcutaneously and then treated with doxycycline. doxycycline at a dose of 1.5mg/kg, by intra-peritoneal injection, protected mice from death when given at the same time as spores. when doxycycline administration was delayed 4h survival is 90%. delay of 24h increased survival time but had no impact on eventual mortality. when doxycycline was delayed 48h, mortality and time to death were comparable to sham injection. perit ...	2002	12270123
[microbial warfare and bioterrorism].	infectious diseases have been used as warfares since ancient times. since the 1920s military organizations have studied bacteria of anthrax, plague, tularemia, botulism, brucelloses, glander, q-fever, and smallpox virus, filo-, arena-, bunyaviruses causing hemorrhagic fever or alphaviruses eliciting encephalitis. these can be dispersed by aerosol. salmonellae, shigellae, vibrio cholerae, distinguished escherichia coli strains are suitable to contaminate food, water, pharmaceutical products. fana ...	2002	12244657
bioterrorism vs. health security--crafting a plan of preparedness.	bioterrorism, once a subject of fantasy and speculation, has become all too real in a world turned upside down by the september 11, 2001. series of events. an essential, but as yet unanswered, question has become a crucial topic for discussion on the nightly news and in living rooms across the united states: how much of a terrorist threat do we face, and what must be done to control its potential for mass destruction? this article seeks to both answer this question and explore proper plans of pr ...	2002	12243568
a case of anthrax meningitis.	meningeal anthrax is a very rare complication of the cutaneous, respiratory and gastrointestinal form of anthrax infection. anthrax bacilli, most commonly enter the body via the skin, and the organism then disseminates to the central nervous system via the hematogenous or lymphatic routes leading to fatal bacterial meningitis, even with intensive antibacterial therapy.	2002	12238584
antimicrobial susceptibility of bacillus anthracis in an endemic area.	we aimed to test the antimicrobial susceptibility of 28 bacillus anthracis strains isolated from cutaneous anthrax cases to various antimicrobial agents using the sceptor automatic system in an anthrax endemic area. all strains tested were susceptible to penicillin (mic < or = 0.03 microg/ml). piperacillin-tazobactam and carbapenems showed good activity towards all strains. trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and cefepime had no activity. strains were also tested with other antimicrobials.	2002	12238569
[anthrax as a biological weapon].		2002	12238162
who are the guardians guarding?		2002	12230858
beyond government intervention: drug companies and bioethics.		2002	12230855
the cipro patent and bioterrorism.		2002	12230854
compulsory licensure: the case of cipro and beyond.		2002	12230853
bioterrorism and patent rights: "compulsory licensure" and the case of cipro.		2002	12230852
management of anthrax.	from 3 october 2001 through 16 november 2001, in the united states, there were 18 confirmed cases of inhalational and cutaneous anthrax, an additional 4 suspected cases of cutaneous anthrax, and 5 deaths due to inhalational anthrax. although the number of cases was relatively small, this experience brought bioterrorism and its potential to sharp focus as thousands of people began receiving prophylactic antibiotics after possible exposure to anthrax spores. these events have resulted in a substan ...	2002	12228822
macrophage-enhanced germination of bacillus anthracis endospores requires gers.	germination of bacillus anthracis sterne and plasmidless delta-sterne endospores was dramatically enhanced in raw264.7 macrophage-like cells, while germination of nonpathogenic bacillus endospores was not. elimination of gers, a germinant receptor locus, caused a complete loss of cell-enhanced germination, implicating gers in the breaking of endospore dormancy in vivo.	2002	12228320
protecting building environments from airborne chemical, biologic, or radiologic attacks.	in november 2001, following the discovery that letters containing bacillus anthracis had been mailed to targeted locations in the united states, the secretary of the u.s. department of health and human services requested site assessments of an array of public- and private-sector buildings by a team of engineers and scientists from cdc's national institute for occupational safety and health (niosh). in november 2001, this team assessed six buildings, including a large hospital and medical researc ...	2002	12227441
occupational health guidelines for remediation workers at bacillus anthracis-contaminated sites--united states, 2001-2002.	despite the apparently low disease rate from exposure, protection for remediation workers at b. anthracis-contaminated sites is warranted because inhalational anthrax is rapidly progressive and highly fatal, ppe does not guarantee 100% protection, and the risk for developing disease cannot be characterized adequately. the guidelines described here go beyond hazwoper requirements and include recommendations for treating inhalation exposure to b. anthracis spores as a medical emergency, medical fo ...	2002	12227440
bioterrorism--are you ready for the silent killer?	current biological threats to the united states have generated fear and panic among many, but nursing professionals who are educated about bioterrorism and its effects can answer questions confidently and calm fears when peers, family members, and friends ask about this issue. perioperative nurses can become ambassadors of confidence via their ability to project calm and thus stem the tide of panic and fear. this article explains the definition of bioterrorism, its history, biological agents and ...	2002	12227287
management of patients exposed to biologic weapons.		2002	12226595
the role of risk analysis in understanding bioterrorism.	recent events have made the domestic risk from bioterrorism more tangible. the risk management process so far, however, has not benefited from many of the contributions that analysts, communicators, and managers can make to the public discourse. risk professionals can contribute much to the understanding of and solutions to bioterrorist events and threats. this article will provide an overview of the bioterrorism problem and outline a number of areas to which members of the society for risk anal ...	2002	12224741
risk analysis and risk management in an uncertain world.	the tragic attacks of september 11 and the bioterrorist threats with respect to anthrax that followed have raised a set of issues regarding how we deal with events where there is considerable ambiguity and uncertainty about the likelihood of their occurrence and their potential consequences. this paper discusses how one can link the tools of risk assessment and our knowledge of risk perception to develop risk management options for dealing with extreme events. in particular, it suggests ways tha ...	2002	12224739
bacillus anthracis cell envelope components.	bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive bacterium harboring a complex parietal architecture. the cytoplasmic membrane is surrounded by a thick peptidoglycan of the a1 gamma type. only one associated polymer, a polysaccharide composed of galactose, n-acetylglucosamine, and n-acetylmannosamine, is covalently linked to the peptidoglycan. outside the cell wall is an s-layer. two proteins can each compose the s-layer. they are noncovalently anchored to the cell wall polysaccharide by their slh n-termin ...	2002	12224525
structure and function of anthrax toxin.	anthrax toxin is a binary a-b toxin comprised of protective antigen (pa) and two enzymatic moieties, edema factor (ef) and lethal factor (lf). in the presence of a host cell-surface receptor, pa can mediate the delivery of ef and lf from the extracellular milieu into the host cell cytosol to effect toxicity. in this delivery, pa undergoes multiple structural changes--from a monomer to a heptameric prepore to a membrane-spanning heptameric pore. the catalytic factors also undergo dramatic structu ...	2002	12224524
anthrax vaccines.	the only impetus for the development of new anthrax vaccines is to protect humans against the intentional use of bacillus anthracis as a bioterrorist or warfare agent. live attenuated vaccines against anthrax in domesticated animals were among the very first vaccines developed. this was followed by the development of nonliving component vaccines leading to the eventual licensure of protein-based vaccines for human use in the 1970s. this chapter will review the recent advances in developing prote ...	2002	12224523
bacillus anthracis evolution and epidemiology.	bacillus anthracis is a pathogen that is widely distributed around the globe. however, this great distribution is not accompanied by great genetic diversity. although subtle morphological and biochemical differences exist, the underlying genetic basis for this plasticity is not known. indeed, very few single nucleotide differences have been detected among isolates and the only documented high variable sequences are associated with variable number tandem repeated (vntr) sequences. the differences ...	2002	12224522
bacillus anthracis genetics and virulence gene regulation.	the bacillus anthracis genome consists of an approximately 5.3-mb chromosome and two plasmids, pxo1 (182 kb) and pxo2 (96 kb). genetic analysis has focused primarily on the structural genes for the anthrax toxin proteins, paga, lef, and cya, the biosynthetic genes for capsule synthesis, capb, capc, and capa, and a gene associated with depolymerization of capsule, dep. the three toxin genes are located at distinct loci on pxo1, while the cap and dep genes are arranged in an apparent operon on pxo ...	2002	12224521
macrophage interactions.	b. anthracis virulence is the sum of the contributions of factors involved in toxicity, growth and persistence in the host. recent data has revealed that the interactions between b. anthracis and macrophage is central to the b. anthracis pathogenesis. this review presents and describes tactics by which b. anthracis not only overcomes and avoids macrophages but also perverts the host defense immune system and defense-related products to its advantage. the understanding of the complex network of s ...	2002	12224520
introduction: anthrax history, disease and ecology.	the familiarity with the ancient disease anthrax from the second millennium b.c. through the second millennium a.d. is reviewed, providing the backdrop to the modern understanding of this disease as covered in the remainder of the volume. by means of an overview of the aetiology, ecology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathology and bacteriology of the naturally acquired disease, this opening chapter also lays down the groundwork for the subsequent state-of-the-art chapters.	2002	12224519
effect of bacillus anthracis lethal toxin on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.	lethal toxin (letx) plays a central role in anthrax pathogenesis, however a cytotoxicity of letx has been difficult to demonstrate in vitro. no cytolytic effect has been reported for human cells, in contrast to murine cell lines, indicating that cell lysis can not be considered as a marker of letx activity. we have recently shown that murine macrophage-like raw 264.7 cells treated with letx or infected with anthrax spores underwent changes typical of apoptotic death. here we demonstrate that cel ...	2002	12220662
circle of suspicion.		2002	12219557
gi anthrax: report of one case confirmed with autopsy.	bacillus anthraces is a non-motile, rod like, gram-positive and aerobic bacillus that produces central oval-shaped spores and characterized by rough, irregular and often comma-shaped colonies in blood agar. about 95% of human anthrax is cutaneous and 5% respiratory. gi anthrax, a very rare type, has been reported in less than 1% of all cases. we thus report a case of gi anthrax with autopsy findings.	2002	12218950
the alveolar macrophage: the trojan horse of bacillus anthracis.	bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, has a particular strategy for invading the host and crossing the alveolar barrier. b. anthracis survives within alveolar macrophages, after germination within the phagolysosome, then enters the external medium where it proliferates. recent data have shown that edema toxin and lethal toxin are the major genetic determinants mediating the survival of germinated spores within macrophages. here, recent advances in the analysis of b. anthracis patho ...	2002	12217505
[germs employed as biological weapons].		2002	12215940
new aspects in mass casualties.		2002	12215939
mission impossible?		2002	12214206
munumbicins, wide-spectrum antibiotics produced by streptomyces nrrl 30562, endophytic on kennedia nigriscans.	munumbicins a, b, c and d are newly described antibiotics with a wide spectrum of activity against many human as well as plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria, and a plasmodium sp. these compounds were obtained from streptomyces nrrl 3052, which is endophytic in the medicinal plant snakevine (kennedia nigriscans), native to the northern territory of australia. this endophyte was cultured, the broth was extracted with an organic solvent and the contents of the residue were purified by bioassay-guid ...	2002	12213914
mapping of antibody responses to the protective antigen of bacillus anthracis by flow cytometric analysis.	knowledge of the target and functional capability of the antibody response against an antigen provides more specific and relevant information about protective immunity than measuring the total amount of antibody produced against an antigen.	2002	12210604
a spotlight on anthrax.		2002	12208624
biological warfare and the skin i: bacteria and toxins.		2002	12208622
the story of anthrax from antiquity to the present: a biological weapon of nature and humans.		2002	12208620
gln277 and phe554 residues are involved in thermal inactivation of protective antigen of bacillus anthracis.	protective antigen (pa) is the main component of all the vaccines against anthrax. the currently available vaccines have traces of other proteins that contribute to its reactogenicity. thus, purified pa is recommended for human vaccination. pa loses its biological activity within 48h at 37 degrees c and its thermolability has been a cause of concern as accidental exposure to higher temperatures during transportation or storage could decrease its efficacy. in the present study, we have used prote ...	2002	12207879
bioterrorism--a review.	with the turn of the new millennium, a new kind of warfare has evolved--bioterrorism. after the september 11, 2001 attacks on the world trade center, every country in the world is now living under the shadow of an unknown yet deadly enemy--biological weapons. every individual has suddenly become very vulnerable to this new weapon, which can strike anybody at any time without any warning. it is, therefore, important that we take a close look at this new weapon, so that we can take appropriate mea ...	2002	12206342
decisions to be made on biologically 'sensitive' research.		2002	12205434
rapid and sensitive identification of pathogenic and apathogenic bacillus anthracis by real-time pcr.	bacillus anthracis spores have been shown to be an efficient biological weapon and their recent use in bioterrorist attacks has demonstrated the need for rapid and specific diagnostics. a taqman real-time pcr for identification of b. anthracis was developed, based on the two plasmids, px01 and px02, both of which are necessary for pathogenicity, as well as on the chromosomally encoded rpob gene. bacteria picked from colonies or pelleted from liquid cultures were directly inoculated into the pcr ...	2002	12204372
macrophage apoptosis by anthrax lethal factor through p38 map kinase inhibition.	the bacterium bacillus anthracis causes the death of macrophages, which may allow it to avoid detection by the innate immune system. we found that b. anthracis lethal factor (lf) selectively induces apoptosis of activated macrophages by cleaving the amino-terminal extension of mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) kinases (mkks) that activate p38 mapks. because macrophages that are deficient in transcription factor nuclear factor kappab (nf-kappab) are also sensitive to activation-induced deat ...	2002	12202685
a short history of biological warfare.	biological weapons have been used in war from the start of recorded history. this article reviews the history of the subject, including the outbreak of the black death and the use of smallpox against american indians. the new science of microbiology was misused from soon after its start and, despite the 1925 geneva protocol, the japanese experimented extensively on prisoners in china. the allies carried out extensive research during the second world war, notably the united kingdom into anthrax o ...	2002	12201085
cutaneous anthrax: an endemic outbreak in south india.	although human anthrax has become rare, endemic outbreaks still occur in tropical countries, parts of south america and europe. we report 23 cases of cutaneous anthrax due to an endemic outbreak of animal and human anthrax in south india. these patients were admitted to our hospital between july 1998 and july 2001. children outnumbered adults and most of them had lesions on the exposed sites. the majority of patients reported the death of infected animals in the neighbourhood without any direct ...	2002	12200984
bacteria as agents of biowarfare. how to proceed when the worst is suspected.	recognition of an increasing incidence of uncommon pneumonias with a high mortality rate, clusters of cases, or a high incidence of pet illnesses or death should alert medical personnel to the possibility of terrorism with bacteriologic agents. prompt reporting of such unusual occurrences to the local health department is of paramount importance for early identification of cases, treatment initiation, and institution of preventive measures.	2002	12198754
[in vitro selection and affinity function of the aptamers to bacillus anthracis spores by selex].	to obtain oligonucleotide aptamers, specifically binding to bacillus anthracis spores, and to find the relationship between the structures and the affinities, and to determine whether the aptamers can be used as a novel molecule for spore detection, a synthetic 35 mer random dna library was subjected to 18 rounds of selection by using selex (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) protocol against spores of bacillus anthracis vaccine strain a. 16r. the selected aptamers were c ...	2002	12198569
problems associated with potential massive use of antimicrobial agents as prophylaxis or therapy of a bioterrorist attack.	in addition to the direct sanitary damage of a terrorist attack caused by biological weapons, the consequences of the massive stockpiling and consumption of antimicrobial agents in order to treat or prevent the disease under a potential epidemic due to pathogenic bacteria must also be considered. bacillus anthracis, francisella tularensis and yersinia pestis are the bacteria most likely to be used as terrorist weapons. tetracyclines, quinolones and aminoglycoside are the antibiotics of choice ag ...	2002	12197876
biological weapons and bioterrorism preparedness: importance of public-health awareness and international cooperation.	biological weapons and biological terrorism have recently come into focus due to the deliberate release of bacillus anthracis via mail delivered in the usa. since the 1930s, biological weapons have been developed in a number of countries. in 1975, the biological and toxin weapons convention entered into force; this prohibits the use of these weapons and has been signed by a large majority of countries (144). unfortunately, several countries failed to respect this treaty. the soviet union continu ...	2002	12197874
a procedure for differentiating between the intentional release of biological warfare agents and natural outbreaks of disease: its use in analyzing the tularemia outbreak in kosovo in 1999 and 2000.	the events of 11 september and the subsequent anthrax outbreaks in the usa have opened the world's eyes to the threat posed by terrorist groups, criminal organizations and lone operators who will stop at nothing to achieve their goals. the open or covert use of pathogens and toxins as biological warfare agents can no longer be ruled out. against this background, the appearance of an unusual disease must be studied in order to clarify whether it is a natural or artificially caused occurrence. thi ...	2002	12197873
anthrax, tularemia, plague, ebola or smallpox as agents of bioterrorism: recognition in the emergency room.	bioterrorism has become a potential diagnostic consideration in infectious diseases. this article reviews the clinical presentation and differential diagnosis of potential bioterrorist agents when first presenting to the hospital in the emergency room setting. the characteristic clinical features of inhalation anthrax, tularemic pneumonia, plague pneumonia, including laboratory and radiographic finding, are discussed. ebola vieus and smallpox are also discussed as potential bioterrorist-transmit ...	2002	12197871
anthrax in europe: its epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and role in bioterrorism.	in the 2001 bioterrorist attack in the united states, in which at least 22 cases of anthrax occurred, there was initial uncertainty as to whether the index case was acquired from natural sources, and many of the additional cases posed diagnostic challenges to clinicians unfamiliar with the disease. the existence in europe of terrorist groups with demonstrated violent tendencies suggests europe is not immune to bioterrorist attack, and the same epidemiological and clinical confusion could happen ...	2002	12197870
bacillus anthracis and antibacterial agents.	anthrax is one of the oldest threats to humankind, and remains endemic in animals in many parts of the world. human cases are infrequent, and some result from biological warfare. this review summarizes the current knowledge on the antibacterial activity of available antibiotics. for potential use in the most severe cases of anthrax, antibacterials need to exhibit potent in vitro activity, intracellular bioactivity, and suitable locations in lymph nodes. in animal models, it has been shown that d ...	2002	12197869
bioterrorism: how serious is the threat?		2002	12197866
inhalation of anthrax: gross autopsy findings.		2002	12197510
informed consent in the military: fighting a losing battle against the anthrax vaccine.		2002	12197468
[biological security confronting bioterrorism].	a review is made on biosecurity at both local and global level in relationship with bioterrorism as a real threat and its control and prevention. the function of the network of high security laboratories around the world able to make immediate diagnosis, research on vaccines, fundamental and urgent epidemiological studies, conform a steady basis to control natural infections and also the possible bioterrorism attacks.	2002	12197209
leutech.	leutech is a sterile, lyophilised kit-packaged diagnostic system containing murine anti-cd15 igm monoclonal antibody proprietary radiolabelled with technetium 99m ((99m) tc) for infection imaging. after intravenous injection of leutech, diagnostic imaging can be obtained within 1h with conventional planar gamma camera techniques. leutech binds to neutrophils in vivo at the infection site. leutech is a fast (1h to obtain image), convenient (one-step injection), safe, effective (bright, clear imag ...	2002	12196046
amplification of irrelevant sequence from bacillus subtilis using a primer set designed for detection of the pag gene of bacillus anthracis.		2002	12195055
anthrax.		2002	12194458
profile: barbara hatch rosenberg. unconventional detective bears down on a killer.		2002	12193766
a bacteriolytic agent that detects and kills bacillus anthracis.	the dormant and durable spore form of bacillus anthracis is an ideal biological weapon of mass destruction. once inhaled, spores are transported by alveolar macrophages to lymph nodes surrounding the lungs, where they germinate; subsequent vegetative expansion causes an overwhelming flood of bacteria and toxins into the blood, killing up to 99% of untreated victims. natural and genetically engineered antibiotic-resistant bacilli amplify the threat of spores being used as weapons, and heighten th ...	2002	12192412
virus deals anthrax a killer blow.		2002	12192391
anthrax case provokes doubt among experts.		2002	12192379
contaminants in feed for food-producing animals.	outbreaks of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) and food borne microbial infections, dioxin contaminated animal products, the presence of veterinary drug residues, microbial resistance to antibiotics, mycotoxins, agricultural and industrial chemicals, etc. are serious concerns for the food industry in many countries. since the direct links between feed safety and safety of foods of animal origin are obvious, feed production and manufacture should be considered as an integral part of the food ...	2002	12189948
denaturing hplc for identifying bacteria.	denaturing hplc (dhplc) is used in a wide variety of genetic applications. here we introduce a new application for this technique, the identification of bacteria. we combined the capability of dhplc to detect sequence variation with the principles of rrna genotyping analysis to develop a high-throughput method of identifying microorganisms. thirty-nine bacterial species from a broad spectrum of genera were tested to determine if dhplc could be usedfor identification. most (36 of 39) species of b ...	2002	12188191
aluminum-containing vaccine associated adverse events: role of route of administration and gender.	anthrax vaccine, adsorbed (ava) is a vaccine containing aluminum hydroxide that is administered as six subcutaneous (s.q.) doses over 18 months. it is the only aluminum hydroxide licensed for s.q. administration. to optimize the vaccination schedule and route of administration, a prospective pilot study comparing the use of fewer doses administered intramuscularly (i.m.) as well as s.q. with the licensed schedule and route was performed. data from that study on injection site reactions were extr ...	2002	12184365
biodefense. peering into the shadows: iraq's bioweapons program.		2002	12183606
anthrax edema toxin requires influx of calcium for inducing cyclic amp toxicity in target cells.	the anthrax edema toxin comprises two proteins: protective antigen and edema factor. anthrax protective antigen binds to the receptors on the surface of target cells and facilitates the entry of edema factor into these target cells. edema factor (ef) is an adenylate cyclase that catalyzes the synthesis of cyclic amp (camp) in the cytosol of the host cells. in this study, we examined the requirement of extracellular calcium for anthrax edema toxin-induced toxicity in host cells. the camp response ...	2002	12183546
ciprofloxacin: a warning for clinicians.		2002	12181866
anthrax meningoencephalitis.	to review reported cases of anthrax meningoencephalitis and describe the clinical findings, diagnostic test results, treatment, and outcome over the past 50 years.	2002	12177364
medusa's head in bloody csf.		2002	12177359
dna complexed structure of the key transcription factor initiating development in sporulating bacteria.	sporulation in bacillus species, the ultimate bacterial adaptive response, requires the precisely coordinated expression of a complex genetic pathway, and is initiated through the accumulation of the phosphorylated form of spo0a, a pleiotropic response regulator transcription factor. spo0a controls the transcription of several hundred genes in all spore-forming bacilli including genes for sporulation and toxin regulation in pathogens such as bacillus anthracis. the crystal structure of the effec ...	2002	12176382
clostridium perfringens iota toxin: characterization of the cell-associated iota b complex.	clostridium perfringens type e iota toxin consists of two unlinked proteins designated as iota a (ia; molecular mass approximately 47 kda), an adp-ribosyltransferase and iota b (ib; molecular mass approximately 81 kda) which binds to the cell surface and facilitates ia entry into the cytosol. by western-blot analysis, ib incubated with vero cells at 37 degrees c generated a cell-associated, sds-insoluble oligomer of ib (molecular mass>220 kda) within 15 s, which was still evident 110 min after w ...	2002	12175336
characterization of a repetitive element polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction chromosomal marker that discriminates bacillus anthracis from related species.	to identify a chromosomal marker with signature nucleotides specific for bacillus anthracis.	2002	12174044
hypersensitivity pneumonitis following anthrax vaccination.	a case of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (hp) following anthrax vaccination is described. the patient is a 39-year-old, previously healthy man on active duty in the us marine corps, in whom a urticaral skin rash and progressive dyspnea on exertion developed following subcutaneous anthrax vaccination. a diagnosis of bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia was made from transbronchial lung biopsy samples after evaluation excluded multiple infectious and collagen vascular etiologies. this ...	2002	12171861
[anthrax--an overview at 2002].	background: bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is well known in human history as a major cause of disease in domestic and wild animals and as a rare condition in humans. for the last seventy years, anthrax was developed and occasionally stored as an agent of biological weapon arsenal in numerous countries. the incubation period in humans is 1-6 days and the disease may be present as three distinct clinical syndromes: cutaneous, inhalational, and gastrointestinal disease. the maj ...	2002	12170557
[characteristics of anthrax: its description and biblical name--shehin].	the illness known as anthrax is very rare in the west. in developing countries relatively significant numbers of cases are found, particularly in animals. however, biological terrorist acts could cause it to spread. in hebrew, the illness is now called gahelet or gameret. the purpose of this paper is to examine whether the illness is described in the bible, and if so, to present that description and provide a broader survey of the features of this illness. the word gahelet appears in the bible, ...	2002	12170553
[national preparedness for biological mass casualty event: between the devil and the deep blue sea].	species of plants and animals, as well as nations of human beings were extinguished throughout the prehistory and history of this planet. one of the possible explanations for this phenomenon is a large scale epidemic of viral, bacterial or fungal infections. one well-documented example was the smallpox epidemic among native indians of south america following the european invasion. deliberate dissemination of disease was used as a weapon during the middle ages when corpses of plague casualties we ...	2002	12170548
[bioterrorism].	the terror attacks of the september 11, 2001 in the u.s.a followed by the proliferation of anthrax using mail in some us cities and abroad, demonstrated the complex, devastating and harmful nature of terror activity. the use of weapons of mass destruction (wmd) in terrorist activities is a reality as is the use of biological weapons (bw) in bioterrorism. cyberterrorism is another form of non-conventional terrorism. the health care system throughout all its different components and layers--public ...	2002	12170546
[tetracyclines and ciprofloxacin as treatment for children and pregnant or lactating women in the era of biological terror].	many forms of bacteria, such as anthrax, can be used as biological weapons. according to the cdc guidelines, ciprofloxacin or doxycycline is recommended for antimicrobial prophylaxis against anthrax for 60 days. since october 8, approximately 32,000 persons with potential exposure to anthrax have initiated antimicrobial prophylaxis, mainly with ciprofloxacin. children and pregnant and lactating women are likely to be among the increasing number of persons receiving ciprofloxacin or doxycycline a ...	2002	12170543
deleterious effects of electron beam radiation on allergen extracts.	the recent threat to the public posed by the dissemination of bacillus anthracis through the us postal system has resulted in increased security measures, including electron beam irradiation for the sterilization of some mail. the deleterious effects of electron beam radiation on biological products are not fully understood.	2002	12170260