Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| probiotics and the immune response to vaccines. | probiotics are bacteria, but sometimes fungi, which when taken by the oral route may give some health benefits. the most compelling evidence for beneficial effects of probiotics is in the prevention and reduction in the duration of symptoms related to gut infectious disease. there is also evidence to show that some specific probiotics are beneficial in clostridium difficile diarrhoea in the elderly. as further and better controlled clinical studies have appeared, some specific probiotics also ap ... | 2010 | 20540823 |
| semi-automated risk estimation using large databases: quinolones and clostridium difficile associated diarrhea. | the availability of large databases with person time information and appropriate statistical methods allow for relatively rapid pharmacovigilance analyses. a semi-automated method was used to investigate the effect of fluoroquinolones on the incidence of c. difficile associated diarrhea (cdad). | 2010 | 20535755 |
| characterization of the membrane-targeting c1 domain in pasteurella multocida toxin. | pasteurella multocida toxin (pmt) is a virulence factor responsible for the pathogenesis of some forms of pasteurellosis. the toxin activates g(q)- and g(12/13)-dependent pathways through the deamidation of a glutamine residue in the alpha-subunit of heterotrimeric gtpases. we recently reported the crystal structure of the c terminus (residues 575-1285) of pmt (c-pmt), which is composed of three domains (c1, c2, and c3), and that the c1 domain is involved in the localization of c-pmt to the plas ... | 2010 | 20534589 |
| [right-sided lower abdominal pain and diarrhea of a young diabetic woman]. | we report the case of a 24-years old diabetic women hospitalised because of right-sided lower abdominal pain and diarrhea. she fulminantly developed shock before appendectomy could be performed and was transferred to intensive care unit. hypotension remained and laparoscopy revealed primary peritonitis and toxic shock syndrome by group a streptococcus which was cultivated in blood and ascites. therapy with penicilline and clindamycine resolved symptoms. during hospitalisation clostridium diffici ... | 2010 | 20533233 |
| guideline: appropriate use of tigecycline. | tigecycline, the first of a new class of antibiotics, the glycylcyclines, was licensed in south africa for the parenteral treatment of adult patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections (ciais) and complicated skin and soft-tissue infections (csstis). | 2010 | 20529440 |
| carriage of clostridium difficile and other enteric pathogens among a 4-h avocational cohort. | clostridium difficile (cd), salmonella, campylobacter and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) are major causes of morbidity in a variety of enteric diseases in humans and animals, but subclinical carriage in both is probably more common than are clinical cases. little is known regarding the prevalence of these pathogens in animals raised for exhibit at michigan county fairs or the frequency with which michigan citizens raising these animals may have been subclinically colonized. to address ... | 2011 | 20529211 |
| activation of pak1/2 during the shedding of platelet microvesicles. | simultaneously to phospholipid flip-flop that supports the procoagulant activity of activated platelets, blebs, supported by actin reorganization, are formed at the plasma membrane and generate microvesicles. the molecular mechanism of microvesicle shedding from activated platelets implicates ca influx and ca-dependent protease, calpain. we previously demonstrated that the formation of lamellipodias and filopodias associated with platelet shape change involved the reorganization of actin filamen ... | 2009 | 20523167 |
| differential activation of eosinophils by 'probiotic' bifidobacterium bifidum and 'pathogenic' clostridium difficile. | recent studies suggest that probiotics alleviate pathophysiological processes of allergic diseases and inflammatory bowel diseases, whereas 'non-probiotic' microflora has negative effects. however, the underlying mechanisms are not well known, especially in relation to eosinophils, the major effector cells of these inflammatory diseases. | 2010 | 20523069 |
| probiotic prophylaxis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a blinded, randomized, controlled trial. | enteral administration of probiotics may modify the gastrointestinal environment in a manner that preferentially favors the growth of minimally virulent species. it is unknown whether probiotic modification of the upper aerodigestive flora can reduce nosocomial infections. | 2010 | 20522788 |
| future novel therapeutic agents for clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile is the most important definable cause of healthcare acquired diarrhea. the increasing incidence and mortality associated with this enteric pathogen and the significant rate of treatment failures and recurrences with current antibiotics emphasize the need for the discovery of new and improved therapeutic and preventative agents. | 2010 | 20521993 |
| the need for additional investigation of room decontamination processes. | 2010 | 20521961 | |
| transcriptional profiling of clostridium difficile and caco-2 cells during infection. | clostridium difficile is well recognized as the most common infectious cause of nosocomial diarrhea. the incidence and severity of c. difficile infection (cdi) is increasing worldwide. here, we evaluated simultaneously the transcriptional changes in the human colorectal epithelial caco-2 cells and in c. difficile after infection. a total of 271 transcripts in caco-2 cells and 207 transcripts in c. difficile were significantly differentially expressed at 1 time point during cdi. we used the gene ... | 2010 | 20521945 |
| changing antibiotic prophylaxis for transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsies: are we putting our patients at risk? | to evaluate whether changing antibiotic prophylaxis from quinolone to penicillin antibiotics has affected infectious complication rates in those men undergoing transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (trusgpb). | 2010 | 20518764 |
| lack of increased colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci during preferential use of vancomycin for treatment during an outbreak of healthcare-associated clostridium difficile infection. | to assess whether use of oral vancomycin for treatment during an outbreak of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) was associated with increased rates of colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre). | 2010 | 20518636 |
| clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile has re-emerged as a major hospital-acquired infection since 2001. despite development of polymerase chain reaction-based testing, no single clinical diagnostic test has emerged with sufficient sensitivity, specificity, and turnaround time to be entirely reliable for disease diagnosis. the importance of c difficile acquired outside the hospital environment remains an unknown factor and awaits further epidemiologic investigation. this article discusses the changing epidemiolo ... | 2010 | 20513554 |
| correlations between bed occupancy rates and clostridium difficile infections: a time-series analysis. | a time-series analysis was performed to identify the impact of bed occupancy rates and length of hospital stay on the incidence of clostridium difficile infections (cdi). between january 2003 and july 2008, a mean incidence of 0·5 cdi cases/1000 patient days was recorded. application of a multivariate model (r2=0·50) showed that bed occupancy rates on general wards (p<0·01) and length of stay in intensive care units (icus) (p<0·01) influenced the incidence of cdi. overcrowding on general wards a ... | 2011 | 20513253 |
| asymptomatic colonization by clostridium difficile in infants: implications for disease in later life. | approximately 60% to 70% of healthy newborns and infants are colonized by the enteric pathogen clostridium difficile. for reasons that remain obscure, these colonized infants show no ill effects from the potent exotoxins released by this anaerobe, in contrast to older children and adults who are susceptible to severe diarrhea and colitis. the organism is acquired in infancy, as in adults, from environmental contamination in the nursery or home environment. between 12 and 24 months c difficile is ... | 2010 | 20512057 |
| clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027: assessing the risks of further worldwide spread. | highly virulent strains of clostridium difficile have emerged since 2003, causing large outbreaks of severe, often fatal, colitis in north america and europe. in 2008-10, virulent strains spread between continents, with the first reported cases of fluoroquinolone-resistant c difficile pcr ribotype 027 in three asia-pacific countries and central america. we present a risk assessment framework for assessing risks of further worldwide spread of this pathogen. this framework first requires identific ... | 2010 | 20510280 |
| fidaxomicin: difimicin; lipiarmycin; opt 80; opt-80; par 101; par-101. | fidaxomicin, an rna polymerase inhibitor, is being developed by optimer and par pharmaceuticals as a narrow-spectrum antibacterial for the treatment of clostridium difficile infections. it is currently in phase iii development with promising results so far. this review looks at the development history and scientific profile of this drug to date. | 2010 | 20509714 |
| antibiotic therapy and treatment failure in patients hospitalized for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | guidelines recommend antibiotic therapy for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), but the evidence is based on small, heterogeneous trials, few of which include hospitalized patients. | 2010 | 20501925 |
| increased clostridium difficile virulence demands new treatment approach. | 2010 | 20501917 | |
| low occurrence of clostridium difficile in fecal samples of healthy calves and pigs at slaughter and in minced meat in switzerland. | clostridium difficile is a cause of diarrhea and colitis in humans. the increase of incidence and severity of c. difficile infections in humans in past years is due, at least in part, to the emergence of more virulent strains (pcr ribotypes 027 and 078). recent studies describe the occurrence of hypervirulent strains in ground meat products. therefore, food animals and food need to be assessed for their possible role as vectors of c. difficile to humans. in this pilot study, fecal samples of 204 ... | 2010 | 20501051 |
| comment on: caution should be taken before operating on patients with clostridium difficile colitis. | 2010 | 20501024 | |
| clostridial glucosylating toxins enter cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. | clostridium difficile toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb), c. sordellii lethal toxin (tcsl) and c. novyi alpha-toxin (tcna) are important pathogenicity factors, which represent the family of the clostridial glucosylating toxins (cgts). toxin a and b are associated with antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembraneous colitis. lethal toxin is involved in toxic shock syndrome after abortion and alpha-toxin in gas gangrene development. cgts enter cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis and requir ... | 2010 | 20498856 |
| what is the evidence for the use of probiotics in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease? | the purpose of this article is to investigate the use of probiotics in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. | 2010 | 20492035 |
| how is diarrhoea managed in uk care homes? a survey with implications for recognition and control of clostridium difficile infection. | policy and regulatory efforts to reduce clostridium difficile infection (cdi) rates now focus increasingly on the community setting, especially residential and nursing homes for the elderly. we aimed to describe how potentially infectious diarrhoea is managed in care homes, and to explore related infection control and human waste management practices. | 2010 | 20488944 |
| biological activity of modified and exchanged 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole amide analogues of nitazoxanide. | head group analogues of the antibacterial and antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide (ntz) are presented. a library of 39 analogues was synthesized and assayed for their ability to suppress growth of helicobacter pylori, campylobacter jejuni, clostridium difficile and inhibit ntz target pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (pfor). two head groups assayed recapitulated ntz activity and possessed improved activity over their 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole counterparts, demonstrating that head group modification i ... | 2010 | 20488706 |
| clostridium difficile survives minimal temperature recommended for cooking ground meats. | we quantified the thermal inhibitory effect of 71°c (recommended for cooking ground meats), and re-heating at 85°c, on food- and food-animal-derived clostridium difficile spores. all c. difficile strains tested (n=20) survived 71°c for 2 h, but 90% died within 10 min when re-heated at 85°c. current cooking recommendations would need revision to include c. difficile. | 2010 | 20488251 |
| fecal flora reconstitution for recurrent clostridium difficile infection: results and methodology. | recurrent clostridium difficile infection (rcdi) is an increasingly common clinical problem without ideal treatment options. our aim was to evaluate our results using fecal flora reconstitution (ffr), and promulgate our methodology to the gi community to foster its more widespread use in appropriate candidates. | 2010 | 20485184 |
| charting the course for the future of science in healthcare epidemiology: results of a survey of the membership of the society of healthcare epidemiology of america. | to describe the results of a survey of members of the society for healthcare epidemiology of america (shea) that (1) measured members' perceptions of gaps in the healthcare epidemiology knowledge base and members' priorities for shea research goals, (2) assessed whether members would be willing to participate in consortia to address identified gaps in knowledge, and (3) evaluated the need for training for the next generation of investigators in the field of healthcare epidemiology. | 2010 | 20482374 |
| surveillance data on outbreaks of clostridium difficile infection in ontario, canada, in 2008-2009. | 2010 | 20482266 | |
| safety of the long-term use of proton pump inhibitors. | the proton pump inhibitors (ppis) as a class are remarkably safe and effective for persons with peptic ulcer disorders. serious adverse events are extremely rare for ppis, with case reports of interstitial nephritis with omeprazole, hepatitis with omeprazole and lansoprazole, and disputed visual disturbances with pantoprazole and omeprazole. ppi use is associated with the development of fundic gland polyps (fgp); stopping ppis is associated with regression of fgp. in the absence of helicobacter ... | 2010 | 20480516 |
| clostridium difficile does not only affect the colon: a case series. | 2011 | 20478005 | |
| concordance between two enzyme immunoassays for the detection of clostridium difficile toxins. | the diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is based on the detection of toxins from stool samples. there are several immunoassays for this purpose. the aim of this study was to determine the concordance between the two immunoassays and their performance in comparison to the toxigenic culture as part of the initial evaluation of a suspected case of cdad. | 2010 | 20470937 |
| treatment of refractory/recurrent c. difficile-associated disease by donated stool transplanted via colonoscopy: a case series of 12 patients. | purpose and objective: over the past 20 years, clostridium difficile has emerged as an important microbial cause of nosocomial diarrhea. recurrence is common and management of recurrent disease is not standardized. in this case series, we describe 12 patients with refractory/recurrent c. difficile-associated disease (cdad) treated at our institution by transplantation of donated stool via colonoscopy. | 2010 | 20463588 |
| efficacy of cleaning products for c. difficile: environmental strategies to reduce the spread of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in geriatric rehabilitation. | to review the evidence for the efficacy of products used for environmental or hand cleaning on the rates of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). | 2010 | 20463269 |
| iatrogenic gastric acid suppression and the risk of nosocomial clostridium difficile infection. | the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile infections are increasing. acid-suppressive therapy has been suggested as a risk factor for c difficile, but this remains controversial. | 2010 | 20458086 |
| proton pump inhibitors and risk for recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | proton pump inhibitors (ppis) are widely used gastric acid suppressants, but they are often prescribed without clear indications and may increase risk of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). we sought to determine the association between ppi use and the risk of recurrent cdi. | 2010 | 20458084 |
| clostridium difficile infection at a medical center in southern taiwan: incidence, clinical features and prognosis. | an increase in incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) among western countries has been noted in recent years. epidemiological data of cdi are scarce in taiwan. this study is intended to depict the clinical features of cdi at a medical center in southern taiwan. | 2010 | 20457428 |
| clostridium difficile infection: update on emerging antibiotic treatment options and antibiotic resistance. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most common cause of identifiable diarrhea in hospitalized patients. the incidence and severity of cdis are increasing. the increased incidence and severity of the disease has sparked interest in the optimal treatment of cdi as well as the use of new therapies and drug discovery. current treatment strategies are inadequate with decreased response rates to metronidazole, and high recurrence rates with the use of metronidazole and oral vancomycin. altho ... | 2010 | 20455684 |
| community-associated clostridium difficile infection: experience of a veteran affairs medical center in southeastern usa. | there is increasing recognition of the importance of community-associated clostridium difficile infection (ca-cdi) despite little being known about its epidemiology. | 2010 | 20454827 |
| review of medical and surgical management of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has become an important area in our daily clinical practice. c. difficile is known to cause a broad spectrum of conditions ranging from asymptomatic carriage, through mild or moderately severe disease with watery diarrhoea, to the life-threatening pseudomembranous colitis (pmc), with toxic megacolon and ileus. peoples who have been treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, patients with serious underlying co-morbidities and the elderly are at greatest risk. o ... | 2010 | 20454824 |
| skin care as a tool in the prevention of health care-associated infection. | keeping skin healthy is particularly important for patients and all health-care personnel as any break in the skin can potentially harbour bacteria that may become a cross-infection risk to patients. when skin is damaged it is more difficult to remove microrganisms even when staff follow the recommended technique for hand washing (royal college of nursing, 2000). broken skin on patients increases the risk of developing a healthcare-associated infection (hai) as microorganisms can penetrate the s ... | 2010 | 20453823 |
| predictors of death after clostridium difficile infection: a report on 128 strain-typed cases from a teaching hospital in the united kingdom. | we assessed the relationship between strain type, clinical factors, and outcome in 128 patients with clostridium difficile infection. strain type was not associated with any outcome measure. on multivariate analysis, ischemic heart disease and hypoalbuminemia predicted death. metronidazole treatment in severe disease was associated with a higher rate of treatment failure and death. | 2010 | 20450417 |
| nonagenarians in internal medicine: characteristics, outcomes and predictors for in-hospital and post-discharge mortality. | parallel to increased life expectancy, the number of very elderly patients hospitalized in internal medicine departments is growing rapidly, although clinical data on hospital care are lacking. | 2010 | 20450122 |
| a retrospective study of the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection at a university hospital in japan: genotypic features of the isolates and clinical characteristics of the patients. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and frequently results in healthcare-associated infections. the epidemiology of c. difficile infection (cdi), including the prevalent polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ribotypes and the clinical characteristics of the patients, is not well known in japan, compared to the situation in the united states and europe. we performed pcr ribotyping of c. difficile isolates from 71 consecutive patients with cdi at a university hospita ... | 2010 | 20449624 |
| preoperative mechanical bowel preparation does not offer a benefit for patients who undergo pancreaticoduodenectomy. | mechanical bowel preparations (mbps) are commonly administered preoperatively to patients who undergo pancreaticoduodenectomy (pd); however, their effectiveness over a clear liquid diet (cld) preparation remains unclear. the aim of this study was to determine whether mbp offers an advantage to patients who undergo pd. | 2010 | 20447669 |
| fidaxomicin (opt-80) for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has become an increasingly important healthcare-associated complication in many countries. cdi outbreaks, a new 'hypervirulent' form and increased worldwide rates have underscored four urgent unmet needs for this disease: i) effective prevention of cdi; ii) therapies to produce faster resolution of cdi symptoms; iii) therapies to treat severe cdi more effectively and reduce its mortality; and iv) therapies to reduce the cdi recurrence rate following treatmen ... | 2010 | 20446864 |
| two-step testing for c. difficile: no answers yet. | 2010 | 20444522 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease acquired in the neurocritical care unit. | clostridium difficile is an important cause of nosocomial infection on the intensive care unit. little is known about infection rates on the neurocritical care unit (nicu). the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence, severity, and outcome associated with clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) acquired on the nicu. | 2010 | 20443154 |
| diarrhea, clostridium difficile, and intestinal inflammation in residents of a long-term care facility. | long-term care facilities (ltcf) residents have been estimated to have the highest incidence of diarrheal illness among adults living in the developed world. this study describes undiagnosed diarrhea, intestinal inflammation, and clostridium difficile colonization in a ltc population and explores whether these are associated with functional decline, as defined by weight loss or a change in cognitive or adl status. | 2010 | 20439046 |
| genome analysis of the clostridium difficile phage phicd6356, a temperate phage of the siphoviridae family. | the temperate phages phicd6356 and phicd6365 were isolated and characterised following mitomycin c induction of 43 clostridium difficile strains. both phages belong to the siphoviridae family and have genome sizes of 37,664 bp for phicd6356 based on sequence data and approximately 50 kb for phicd6365 based on restriction analysis. protein analysis revealed similar protein profiles and indicated posttranslational processing of the phicd6356 major capsid protein. the genome sequence of phicd6356 i ... | 2010 | 20438817 |
| thuricin cd, a posttranslationally modified bacteriocin with a narrow spectrum of activity against clostridium difficile. | the last decade has seen numerous outbreaks of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad), which presented significant challenges for healthcare facilities worldwide. we have identified and purified thuricin cd, a two-component antimicrobial that shows activity against c. difficile in the nanomolar range. thuricin cd is produced by bacillus thuringiensis dpc 6431, a bacterial strain isolated from a human fecal sample, and it consists of two distinct peptides, trn-alpha and trn-beta, that ac ... | 2010 | 20435915 |
| expression, purification and cell cytotoxicity of actin-modifying binary toxin from clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a serious problem within the healthcare environment where the bacterium causes symptoms ranging from mild diarrhoea to life-threatening colitis. in addition to its principal virulence factors, toxin a and toxin b, some c. difficile strains produce a binary toxin (cdt) composed of two sub-units namely cdta and cdtb that are produced and secreted from the cell as two separate polypeptides. once in the gut these fragments have the potential to combine to for ... | 2010 | 20433927 |
| prevention and control of clostridium difficile infection. | this article examines risk factors, pathogenesis, symptoms and management of clostridium difficile infection, which is the major cause of enteric infections among people aged over 65 years in healthcare settings. symptoms range from mild to profuse watery diarrhoea, which may be accompanied by severe life-threatening inflammation of the intestine. transmission is by the faecal-oral route, via the hands of health workers and from environmental reservoirs. eradication is difficult because c. diffi ... | 2010 | 20432784 |
| reexamining methods and messaging for hand hygiene in the era of increasing clostridium difficile colonization and infection. | 2010 | 20429660 | |
| effectiveness of alcohol-based hand rubs for removal of clostridium difficile spores from hands. | alcohol-based hand rubs (abhrs) are an effective means of decreasing the transmission of bacterial pathogens. alcohol is not effective against clostridium difficile spores. we examined the retention of c. difficile spores on the hands of volunteers after abhr use and the subsequent transfer of these spores through physical contact. | 2010 | 20429659 |
| antibiotic prophylaxis during chemotherapy-induced neutropenia for patients with acute leukemia. | chemotherapy-induced neutropenia places patients with acute leukemia at high risk for bacterial infections. a number of studies performed over the past 20 years have investigated the utility of prophylactic antimicrobials, including trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones, to prevent infection in the setting of mucositis and neutropenia. many of these studies have found a benefit of prophylaxis in terms of the incidence of fever and bacterial infection. clinical guidelines do not reco ... | 2007 | 20425357 |
| clinical spectrum & pathogenesis of clostridium difficile associated diseases. | clostridium difficile is the major aetiological agent of antibiotic associated diarrhoea and colitis. the majority of hospitalized patients infected by c. difficile are asymptomatic carriers who serve as silent reservoirs for continued c. difficile contamination of the hospital environment. c. difficile associated disease (cdad) is a serious condition with mortality up to 25 per cent in frail elderly people. c. difficile infection may present itself in several forms with both colonic and extraco ... | 2010 | 20424299 |
| toxic megacolon secondary to clostridium difficile colitis. case report. | the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile colitis has markedly increased in recent years. the spectrum of clostridium difficile infection ranges from asymptomatic colonization to fulminant colitis requiring immediate surgery. medical therapy failure and the presence of toxic megacolon dictate urgent surgical treatment with unfortunate high mortality rates (35% to 57%). we broach herein a case of toxic megacolon secondary to colitis due to clostridium difficile infection in which early ... | 2010 | 20423791 |
| increased urinary excretion of a 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropionic acid (hphpa), an abnormal phenylalanine metabolite of clostridia spp. in the gastrointestinal tract, in urine samples from patients with autism and schizophrenia. | a compound identified as 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropionic acid (hphpa) was found in higher concentrations in urine samples of children with autism compared to age and sex appropriate controls and in an adult with recurrent diarrhea due to clostridium difficile infections. the highest value measured in urine samples was 7500 mmol/mol creatinine, a value 300 times the median normal adult value, in a patient with acute schizophrenia during an acute psychotic episode. the psychosis remitted af ... | 2010 | 20423563 |
| colectomy for fulminant clostridium difficile colitis: predictors of mortality. | the purpose of this study was to define clinical and radiographic variables associated with postoperative mortality after urgent colectomy for fulminant clostridium difficile colitis. data were obtained regarding patients undergoing colectomy for fulminant c. difficile colitis at two institutions (1997-2005). univariate analysis of factors predicting 30-day mortality was performed using chi2 and student's t tests. multivariable logistic regression was done to include all variables whose p value ... | 2010 | 20420254 |
| [rapid-tests detection evaluation of clostridium difficile toxins and microbiological investigation]. | we evaluated two rapid toxin tests for c. difficile combined with stool specimen cultures used from january 2006 to march 2009. stool specimens numbered 877, 102 among which were from the cases of diagnosed clinical c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). rapid toxin a 'uniquick' detection kits were used until october 2007 and toxin a&b 'tox a/b' detection kits thereafter. clinical cdad was considered the detection gold standard. uniquick sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative pred ... | 2010 | 20420157 |
| the potential for airborne dispersal of clostridium difficile from symptomatic patients. | background. the high transmissibility and widespread environmental contamination by clostridium difficile suggests the possibility of airborne dissemination of spores. we measured airborne and environmental c. difficile adjacent to patients with symptomatic c. difficile infection (cdi). methods. we conducted air sampling adjacent to 63 patients with cdi for 180 h in total and for 101 h in control settings. environmental samples were obtained from surfaces adjacent to the patient and from communa ... | 2010 | 20415567 |
| preventing transmission of clostridium difficile: is the answer blowing in the wind? | 2010 | 20415566 | |
| a real-time quantitative pcr assay for evaluating clostridium difficile adherence to differentiated intestinal caco-2 cells. | herein we describe a real-time quantitative pcr assay for evaluating the adherence of clostridium difficile to differentiated human intestinal caco-2 cells. our investigations demonstrated that the method, employing the c. difficile-specific triose-phosphate isomerase gene, is as reliable but less time-consuming than counting c.f.u. we conclude that the method will be useful for evaluating the role of host cell adherence in the pathogenesis of c. difficile infection. | 2010 | 20413620 |
| clostridium difficile toxinotype xi (a-b-) exhibits unique arrangement of paloc and its upstream region. | clostridium difficile toxinotype xi strains do not produce toxins a (tcda) or b (tcdb) but do possess a nonfunctional remnant of the pathogenicity locus (paloc), bearing part of the sequence for tcda. this is the first report of a type with absent upstream terminal paloc sequences and major genetic rearrangements of the paloc region. | 2010 | 20412866 |
| surgical aspects of fulminant clostridium difficile colitis. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is responsible for the majority of nosocomial diarrhea, and fulminant c difficile colitis can have mortality upwards of 80%. early identification and treatment of fulminant c difficile colitis is critical to patient care, but timing of surgical intervention remains difficult. this review summarizes the epidemiology, predictors of development, and management of fulminant c difficile colitis. | 2010 | 20409527 |
| multihospital outbreak of clostridium difficile infection, cleveland, ohio, usa. | to determine whether a multihospital clostridium difficile outbreak was associated with epidemic strains and whether use of particular fluoroquinolones was associated with increased infection rates, we cultured feces from c. difficile-infected patients. use of fluoroquionolones with enhanced antianaerobic activity was not associated with increased infection rates. | 2010 | 20409374 |
| pseudomembranes in a patient with flare-up of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd): is it only clostridium difficile or is it still an ibd exacerbation? | 2010 | 20405379 | |
| clostridium difficile toxin-induced inflammation and intestinal injury are mediated by the inflammasome. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea in the united states. c difficile toxins tcda and tcdb breach the intestinal barrier and trigger mucosal inflammation and intestinal damage. the inflammasome is an intracellular danger sensor of the innate immune system. in the present study, we hypothesize that tcda and tcdb trigger inflammasome-dependent interleukin (il)-1beta production, which contributes to the pathogenesis of cdad. | 2010 | 20398664 |
| treatment with monoclonal antibodies against clostridium difficile toxins. | 2010 | 20397290 | |
| treatment with monoclonal antibodies against clostridium difficile toxins. | 2010 | 20397289 | |
| treatment with monoclonal antibodies against clostridium difficile toxins. | 2010 | 20393181 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis: a retrospective study of incidence and severity before and after institution of an alcohol-based hand rub policy. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea is a leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea. we sought to determine whether the institution of a hospital-wide alcohol-based hand rub (abhr) policy was associated with an increase in the incidence and/or severity of health care facility-onset, health care facility-associated c difficile diarrhea (cdad). | 2010 | 20392538 |
| glucocorticoids are associated with increased risk of short-term mortality in hospitalized patients with clostridium difficile-associated disease. | glucocorticoids are commonly used to treat various illnesses in patients at risk for clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad), but the effect of such immunosuppression on outcome has not been studied. we hypothesized that glucocorticoid use increases the risk of 30-day mortality in patients with cdad. | 2010 | 20389295 |
| gtpases rhoa and rac1 are important for amelogenin and dspp expression during differentiation of ameloblasts and odontoblasts. | morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation are distinct processes in tooth development. cell proliferation predominates in morphogenesis; differentiation involves changes in form and gene expression. the cytoskeleton is essential for both processes, being regulated by rho gtpases. the aim of this study was to verify the expression, distribution, and role of rho gtpases in ameloblasts and odontoblasts during tooth development in correlation with actin and tubulin arrangements and amelogenin and dentin ... | 2010 | 20387077 |
| validation of a commercial enzyme immunoassay for detection of clostridium difficile toxins in feces of horses with acute diarrhea. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a recognized cause of colitis in the horse. identification of its toxins is important for management of individual cases and for prevention of transmission and zoonosis. in humans, cdi diagnosis is performed with enzyme immunoassays, none of which have been validated for horses. | 2010 | 20384955 |
| infection probability score, apache ii and karnofsky scoring systems as predictors of infection onset in haematology-oncology patients. | to assess the predictive power of three systems: infection probability score, apache ii and karnofsky score to the onset of healthcare-associated infections in haematology-oncology patients. | 2010 | 20384664 |
| what has made the difference? | 2010 | 20381899 | |
| evaluation of the c.diff quik chek complete assay, a new glutamate dehydrogenase and a/b toxin combination lateral flow assay for use in rapid, simple diagnosis of clostridium difficile disease. | the diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection continues to be a challenge for many clinical microbiology laboratories. a new lateral flow assay, the c.diff quik chek complete assay, which tests for the presence of both glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and c. difficile toxins a and b, was evaluated for its ability to diagnose c. difficile disease. the results of this assay were compared to those of both pcr and toxigenic culture. the results showed that this assay allows 88% of specimens to be ac ... | 2010 | 20375230 |
| clostridium difficile enteritis 9 years after total proctocolectomy: a rare case report. | 2010 | 20372147 | |
| a 10% false-negative rate for clostridium difficile infections is too high. | 2010 | 20372142 | |
| does stress ulcer prophylaxis explain the association between clostridium difficile-associated disease and mechanical ventilation? | 2010 | 20371539 | |
| evolutionary dynamics of clostridium difficile over short and long time scales. | clostridium difficile has rapidly emerged as the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrheal disease, with the transcontinental spread of various pcr ribotypes, including 001, 017, 027 and 078. however, the genetic basis for the emergence of c. difficile as a human pathogen is unclear. whole genome sequencing was used to analyze genetic variation and virulence of a diverse collection of thirty c. difficile isolates, to determine both macro and microevolution of the species. horizontal gene ... | 2010 | 20368420 |
| human coronaviruses are uncommon in patients with gastrointestinal illness. | coronaviruses infect numerous animal species causing a variety of illnesses including respiratory, neurologic and enteric disease. human coronaviruses (hcov) are mainly associated with respiratory tract disease but have been implicated in enteric disease. | 2010 | 20362494 |
| a review of mortality due to clostridium difficile infection. | summary: in this review we examine published literature to ascertain mortality in relation to clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and the factors associated with mortality. in the 27 studies that had sufficient data, there were 10975 cases of cdi with great heterogeneity in the methods for reporting mortality. we calculated the overall associated mortality to be at least 5.99% within 3 months of diagnosis. the most important finding is that higher mortality is associated with advanced age, bei ... | 2010 | 20361997 |
| actin re-organization induced by chlamydia trachomatis serovar d--evidence for a critical role of the effector protein ct166 targeting rac. | the intracellular bacterium chlamydia trachomatis causes infections of urogenital tract, eyes or lungs. alignment reveals homology of ct166, a putative effector protein of urogenital c. trachomatis serovars, with the n-terminal glucosyltransferase domain of clostridial glucosylating toxins (cgts). cgts contain an essential dxd-motif and mono-glucosylate gtp-binding proteins of the rho/ras families, the master regulators of the actin cytoskeleton. ct166 is preformed in elementary bodies of c. tra ... | 2010 | 20360858 |
| do not sit on the bed. for these good reasons. | 2010 | 20360232 | |
| clostridium difficile. monoclonal antibody treatment. | 2010 | 20360229 | |
| [clostridium difficile infection]. | 2010 | 20358497 | |
| trial watch: phase iii success for novel clostridium difficile antibiotic. | 2010 | 20357795 | |
| [is clostridium difficile infection increasing in korea?]. | 2010 | 20357534 | |
| [the incidence and clinical features of clostridium difficile infection; single center study]. | clostridium difficile is the predominant cause of nosocomial diarrhea. recently, the incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) increases in europe and north america. a retrospective study was performed to evaluate the change of incidence and clinical features of cdi in korea. | 2010 | 20357528 |
| [change of clostridium difficile colitis during recent 10 years in korea]. | our clinical experience and recent published literatures suggest that clostridium difficile colitis (cdc) has become more common and potentially more pathogenic in recent years. the aim of study was to evaluate changes in the epidemiological features of cdc in hospitalized patients in korea. | 2010 | 20357527 |
| in vitro susceptibility of clostridium difficile to rifaximin and rifampin in 359 consecutive isolates at a university hospital in houston, texas. | this was an in vitro study to analyse the susceptibility of clostridium difficile isolates to rifampin and rifaximin. | 2010 | 20354207 |
| the relationship between inpatient fluoroquinolone use and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | limited evidence suggests there may be a link between fluoroquinolone use and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad), but such an association remains unclear due to conflicting data. | 2010 | 20354161 |
| fidaxomicin: a new macrocyclic, rna polymerase-inhibiting antibiotic for the treatment of clostridium difficile infections. | clostridium difficile infection is now a major concern throughout the developed world and its occurrence is a consequence of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy primarily in the elderly in-patient population and high spore loads in hospitals in these regions. with the emergence of a hypervirulent, endemic strain, more severe disease is being recognized and is occurring in previously considered unusual patient groups. vancomycin and metronidazole are the current mainstays for therapy of severe and ... | 2010 | 20353295 |
| clostridium difficile in ground meat, france. | 2010 | 20350408 | |
| hypervirulent clostridium difficile strains in hospitalized patients, canada. | to determine the incidence rate of infections with north american pulsed-field types 7 and 8 (nap7/nap8) strains of clostrodium difficile, ribotype 078, and toxinotype v strains, we examined data collected for the canadian nosocomial infections surveillance program (cnisp) cdi surveillance project during 2004-2008. incidence of human infections increased from 0.5% in 2004/2005 to 1.6% in 2008. | 2010 | 20350386 |