Publications

ntp toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of ampicillin trihydrate (cas no. 7177-48-2) in f344/n rats and b6c3f1 mice (gavage studies).	ampicillin trihydrate is a broad-spectrum semi-synthetic penicillin that is effective in the treatment of gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial infections produced by streptococcus, bacillus anthracis, haemophilus influenzae, neisseria gonorrhoeae, and escherichia coli. this antibiotic is used in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections, genital and urinary tract infections, and otitis media in children. toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of ampicillin trihydrate (97%-99% pure) ...	1987	12748735
anthrax during pregnancy: case reports and review.	we review, in detail, 2 cases of anthrax during pregnancy, its maternal and perinatal complications, and its management. patient 1 was a 33-year-old woman at 32 weeks of gestation. she had a submandibular eschar; extensive edema on her face, neck, and upper thorax that inhibited respiratory function; and fever. the patient was treated with penicillin g and prednisolone after the diagnosis of anthrax. she recovered within 10 days but delivered a preterm baby. patient 2 was a 29-year-old woman at ...	2003	12746784
inhalational anthrax due to bioterrorism: would current centers for disease control and prevention guidelines have identified the 11 patients with inhalational anthrax from october through november 2001?	a panel of 10 physicians used the nominal group technique to assess the ability of the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) interim guidelines for clinical evaluation of persons with possible inhalational anthrax (ia) to retrospectively identify the 11 patients with ia seen during the october 2001 bioterrorism outbreak. the guidelines would not have identified 10 of 11 of these patients, primarily because the guidelines were designed to address only those patients with a known histor ...	2003	12746773
cutaneous anthrax associated with facial palsy: case report and literature review.	anthrax is primarily an animal disease. bacillus anthracis, the causal agent in anthrax, is a gram-positive rod. humans can acquire anthrax by industrial exposure to infected animals or animal products.	2003	12745857
the history of anthrax.	anthrax, a potentially fatal infection, is a virulent and highly contagious disease. descriptions of this disease begin in antiquity, with the best ancient account being by the roman poet virgil. during the 19th century, anthrax was the infection involved in several important medical developments. it served as the prototype for koch's postulates regarding the causation of infectious disease. the first vaccine containing attenuated live organisms was louis pasteur's veterinary anthrax vaccine. in ...	2003	12745053
gastric anthrax.		2003	12741910
[bioterrorism as a threat to safety. an evaluation of readiness degree of medical institutions to resist bioterrorism].		2003	12741359
a fragment of anthrax lethal factor delivers proteins to the cytosol without requiring protective antigen.	anthrax protective antigen (pa) is a 735-aa polypeptide that facilitates the exit of anthrax lethal factor (lf) from the endosome to the cytosol where the toxin acts. we recently found, however, that a fusion protein of the detoxified n-terminal domain of lethal factor (lfn) with a foreign peptide could induce cd8 t cell immune responses in the absence of pa. because cd8 t cells recognize peptides derived from proteins degraded in the cytosol, this result suggests that lethal factor may be capab ...	2003	12740437
link between anthrax immunization and hypersensitivity pneumonitis?		2003	12740301
the home office and the dangerous trades. regulating occupational disease in victorian and edwardian britain.		2002	12740161
anthrax vaccine. niaid's nasty surprise.		2003	12738817
a black necrotic ulcer.		2003	12737863
endemic, notifiable bioterrorism-related diseases, united states, 1992-1999.	little information is available in the united states regarding the incidence and distribution of diseases caused by critical microbiologic agents with the potential for use in acts of terrorism. we describe disease-specific, demographic, geographic, and seasonal distribution of selected bioterrorism-related conditions (anthrax, botulism, brucellosis, cholera, plague, tularemia, and viral encephalitides) reported to the national notifiable diseases surveillance system in 1992 to 1999. tularemia a ...	2003	12737739
endemic gastrointestinal anthrax in 1960s lebanon: clinical manifestations and surgical findings.	anthrax is an ancient disease caused by the gram-positive bacillus anthracis; recently, it has gained much attention because of its potential use in biologic warfare. anthrax infection occurs in three forms: cutaneous, inhalational, and gastrointestinal. the last type results from ingestion of poorly cooked contaminated meat. intestinal anthrax was widely known in lebanon in the 1960s, when a series of >100 cases were observed in the bekaa valley. we describe some of these cases, introduce the c ...	2003	12737733
amazing terrorism tool: new foam could revolutionize decon.		2003	12736611
anthrax and the mail: the making of an educational video for mail workers.	the anthrax bioterrorist attacks in 2001 affected millions of people who process, sort, and deliver mail. to more effectively communicate information intended to protect the health of these workers, the centers for disease control and prevention produced a short-format educational video in december 2001 that targets this diverse group. this report illustrates how an educational video can be rapidly produced to translate and disseminate public health recommendations as part of a public health eme ...	2003	12734525
the anthrax team: a novel teaching approach to increase anthrax and bioterrorism awareness.	a team approach to educating staff regarding anthrax and bioterrorism awareness was implemented after the acts of terrorism that began september 11, 2001. "the anthrax team" developed algorithms on the basis of 5 different scenarios, an educational brochure, and a powerpoint presentation. with use of the algorithms and powerpoint material, the team conducted informal educational sessions to increase awareness and allay fears. on the basis of the success of this educational method, the teaching p ...	2003	12734524
infection control practitioners' perceptions and educational needs regarding bioterrorism: results from a national needs assessment survey.	the perceived threat that biological weapons will be used in an act of terror against the united states has escalated sharply since the discovery of anthrax-tainted letters after the terrorist attacks of september 11, 2001. these events underscore the critical nature of health care and public health preparedness and the need to augment infection control practitioner education and training.	2003	12734517
increased us prescription trends associated with the cdc bacillus anthracis antimicrobial postexposure prophylaxis campaign.	we evaluated national outpatient antimicrobial prescription trends in relation to the first united states case of inhalational anthrax due to the intentional delivery of bacillus anthracis (b. anthracis) spores.	2003	12733470
drugs and vaccines for the common defense: refining fda regulation to promote the availability of products to counter biological attacks.		2002	12733223
biosensor for the specific detection of a single viable b. anthracis spore.	a simple membrane strip-based biosensor for the detection of viable b. anthracis spores was developed and combined with a spore germination procedure as well as a nucleic acid amplification reaction to identify as little as one viable b. anthracis spore in less than 12 h. the biosensor is based on identification of a unique mrna sequence from the anthrax toxin activator (atxa) gene encoded on the toxin plasmid, pxo1. preliminary work relied on plasmid vectors in both e. coli and b. thuringiensis ...	2003	12732924
genome differences that distinguish bacillus anthracis from bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis.	the three species of the group 1 bacilli, bacillus anthracis, b. cereus, and b. thuringiensis, are genetically very closely related. all inhabit soil habitats but exhibit different phenotypes. b. anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax and is phylogenetically monomorphic, while b. cereus and b. thuringiensis are genetically more diverse. an amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis described here demonstrates genetic diversity among a collection of non-anthrax-causing bacillus species, ...	2003	12732546
smallpox.	with recent events, the threat of bioterrorism has become a reality. in late 2001, multiple cases of cutaneous and inhalation anthrax were spread through the us mail. on the front line were dermatologists who diagnosed the first cases of cutaneous anthrax in new york city. since then, physicians who are unsure if they are facing a new form of bioterrorism frequently have consulted dermatologists to evaluate rashes. because most biological weapons (anthrax, tularemia, plague, smallpox) can have c ...	2003	12729099
[anthrax as a pathogen for a biological weapon].	the authors presented an outline of modern knowledge about anthrax. some aspects of the use of bacillus anthracis as a biological terrorist agent are also described.	2003	12728680
[modern possibilities of bioterrorism diagnosis].	one of the most important components of early detecting and response to biological attack are microbiological diagnostic methods. in order to provide the effectiveness of diagnosis continuous training in detection of potentially dangerous bioterrorist agents is needed. basic information about selected microbiological agents most dangerous for public health, belonging to a and b cdc categories are presented in the article. the most potent biological weapon mentioned in the last decade is anthrax. ...	2003	12728676
[increase in efficacy of antibiotic therapy of anthrax under experimental conditions].	the results of experimental therapy of antraxis infected mice with cefazoline (kefzol) and ampicillin incapsulated into liposomes are presented. protective activity of the same free antibiotics combinated with amixine and leukinferone was evaluated also. treatment with liposomal cefazoline enhanced mice survival upto 60 per cent, and life period upto 1.3 +/- 0.3 days. after liposomal ampicillin administration for 3 times the same indices were 60 per cent and 6.5 +/- 0.9 days, after 2 times admin ...	2002	12728631
characterisation of the immune response to the uk human anthrax vaccine.	the uk human anthrax vaccine consists of the alum-precipitated culture supernatant of bacillus anthracis sterne. in addition to protective antigen (pa), the key immunogen, the vaccine also contains a number of other bacteria- and media-derived proteins. these proteins may contribute to the transient side effects experienced by some individuals and could influence the development of the pa-specific immune response. bacterial cell-wall components have been shown to be potent immunomodulators. b. a ...	2003	12727370
chemical and bio-warfare detection system piloted at us airport.		2003	12726956
mobile genetic elements and bacterial toxinoses: the superantigen-encoding pathogenicity islands of staphylococcus aureus.	it is a remarkable observation that virtually all bacterial toxins associated with specific clinical conditions (toxinoses) are encoded by mobile (and therefore variable) genetic elements. remarkably, these rarely, if ever, carry determinants of antibiotic resistance. examples are the toxins responsible for diphtheria, anthrax, tetanus, botulism, cholera, toxic shock, scarlet fever, exfoliative dermatitis, food poisoning, travelers' diarrhea, shigella dysentery, necrotizing pneumonia, and others ...	2003	12726763
australia's notifiable diseases status, 2001: annual report of the national notifiable diseases surveillance system.	in 2001 there were 104,187 notifications of communicable diseases in australia reported to the national notifiable diseases surveillance system (nndss). the number of notifications in 2001 was an increase of 16 per cent of those reported in 2000 (89,740) and the largest annual total since the nndss commenced in 1991. in 2001, nine new diseases were added to the list of diseases reported to nndss and four diseases were removed. the new diseases were cryptosporidiosis, laboratory-confirmed influen ...	2003	12725505
anthrax lethal factor represses glucocorticoid and progesterone receptor activity.	we report here that a bacterial toxin, anthrax lethal toxin (letx), at very low concentrations represses glucocorticoid receptor (gr) transactivation in a transient transfection system and the activity of an endogenous gr-regulated gene in both a cellular system and an animal model. this repression is noncompetitive and does not affect ligand binding or dna binding, suggesting that anthrax lethal toxin (letx) probably exerts its effects through a cofactor(s) involved in the interaction between g ...	2003	12724519
calcium dependence of the interaction between calmodulin and anthrax edema factor.	edema factor (ef), a toxin from bacillus anthracis (anthrax), possesses adenylyl cyclase activity and requires the ubiquitous ca2+-sensor calmodulin (cam) for activity. cam can exist in three major structural states: an apo state with no ca2+ bound, a two ca2+ state with its c-terminal domain ca2+-loaded, and a four ca2+ state in which the lower ca2+ affinity n-terminal domain is also ligated. here, the interaction of ef with the three ca2+ states of cam has been examined by nmr spectroscopy and ...	2003	12724328
[the plague].	the word plague evokes associations with old times, but plague actually does still occur all over the world. the survival chances are at the moment much better (antibiotics) than formerly, when half of the patients died; now this figure is 15%. the causal organism is yersinia pestis, a bacterium in fleas on rodents. this bug is a plausible candidate for attacks by bioterrosists. so, in this time, there is good reason to pay attention to it, as well as to to smallpox and anthrax and their causal ...	2003	12723295
[anthrax].		2003	12722243
[germs and toxins in bioterrorism].		2003	12722194
genome sequence of bacillus cereus and comparative analysis with bacillus anthracis.	bacillus cereus is an opportunistic pathogen causing food poisoning manifested by diarrhoeal or emetic syndromes. it is closely related to the animal and human pathogen bacillus anthracis and the insect pathogen bacillus thuringiensis, the former being used as a biological weapon and the latter as a pesticide. b. anthracis and b. thuringiensis are readily distinguished from b. cereus by the presence of plasmid-borne specific toxins (b. anthracis and b. thuringiensis) and capsule (b. anthracis). ...	2003	12721630
the genome sequence of bacillus anthracis ames and comparison to closely related bacteria.	bacillus anthracis is an endospore-forming bacterium that causes inhalational anthrax. key virulence genes are found on plasmids (extra-chromosomal, circular, double-stranded dna molecules) pxo1 (ref. 2) and pxo2 (ref. 3). to identify additional genes that might contribute to virulence, we analysed the complete sequence of the chromosome of b. anthracis ames (about 5.23 megabases). we found several chromosomally encoded proteins that may contribute to pathogenicity--including haemolysins, phosph ...	2003	12721629
genomics: relative pathogenic values.		2003	12721608
[retrospective analysis of anthrax morbidity in grozny and in the urus-martan region of the chechen republic].	the epizootological and epidemiological situation in grozny and in the urus-martan region of the chechen republic has been analyzed. the settlements most threatened with this disease have been determined. unfavorable epizootic and epidemiological situation in the republic in the near future is predicted.	2001	12718185
[genus bacillus (bacillus anthracis)].		2003	12718047
investigation of an anthrax outbreak in alberta in 1999 using a geographic information system.	a geographic information system was used to document an anthrax outbreak in alberta in 1999 and to describe the physical and environmental conditions of the area. the majority of infected farms were located on poorly drained organic soils. regulatory agencies should consider adopting this tool for animal disease outbreak investigations.	2003	12715984
pre-hospital response to major incidents.	since the attacks of september 11, 2001 in the united states, and the subsequent anthrax scares, the approach to preparing for and dealing with major incidents has had to be re-thought. major incident planning, training and preparedness, once the domain of nhs senior managers and frontline a&e staff, is now the business of all nhs nurses. this article provides the theoretical knowledge needed by nurses to operate at the scene of a pre-hospital major incident.	2003	12715619
microchip-based purification of dna from biological samples.	a microchip solid-phase extraction method for purification of dna from biological samples, such as blood, is demonstrated. silica beads were packed into glass microchips and the beads immobilized with sol-gel to provide a stable and reproducible solid phase onto which dna could be adsorbed. optimization of the dna loading conditions established a higher dna recovery at ph 6.1 than 7.6. this lower ph also allowed for the flow rate to be increased, resulting in a decrease in extraction time from 2 ...	2003	12713046
biotech firms pin hopes on defence.		2003	12712154
detection and prevention of protein aggregation before, during, and after purification.	the use of proteins for in vitro studies or as therapeutic agents is frequently hampered by protein aggregation during expression, purification, storage, or transfer into requisite assay buffers. a large number of potential protein stabilizers are available, but determining which are appropriate can take days or weeks. we developed a solubility assay to determine the best cosolvent for a given protein that requires very little protein and only a few hours to complete. this technique separates na ...	2003	12711344
neurologic complications of anthrax: a review of the literature.	a review of the literature suggests that the major neurologic symptom complex of infection by bacillus anthracis is a fulminant and rapidly fatal hemorrhagic meningoencephalitis and that the reported initial mode of entry can be via the cutaneous or inhalation route. for febrile patients with acute neurologic deterioration with associated findings of dark necrotic pustules on the extremities, gram-positive rods in the cerebrospinal fluid, and multifocal areas of unexplained intracerebral hemorrh ...	2003	12707059
global effects of virulence gene regulators in a bacillus anthracis strain with both virulence plasmids.	control of anthrax toxin and capsule synthesis, the two major virulence factors of bacillus anthracis, has been associated with two regulatory genes, atxa and acpa, located on virulence plasmids pxo1 and pxo2, respectively. we used transcriptional profiling to determine whether atxa and/or acpa control genes other than those already described and to investigate functional similarities of the regulators. transcription was assessed in a pxo1(+) pxo2(+) parent strain and in isogenic mutants in whic ...	2003	12704148
bioterrorism: defining a research agenda.		2002	12703508
we haven't heard much about anthrax since the mail attacks in 2001. are there any new treatments for it?		2003	12703468
an epidemiologist's view of bioterrorism. eddy a. bresnitz, md, ms, discusses state initiatives and preparedness. interview by leah z. ziskin.		2003	12703333
anthrax. from bioweapons backwater to main attraction.		2003	12702854
fear of bioterrorism and implications for public health preparedness.	after the human anthrax cases and exposures in 2001, the illinois department of public health received an increasing number of environmental and human samples (1,496 environmental submissions, all negative for bacillus anthracis). these data demonstrate increased volume of submissions to a public health laboratory resulting from fear of bioterrorism.	2003	12702237
human capillary morphogenesis protein 2 functions as an anthrax toxin receptor.	bacillus anthracis secretes two bipartite toxins thought to be involved in anthrax pathogenesis and resulting death of the host. the current model for intoxication is that protective antigen (pa) toxin subunits bind a single group of cell-surface anthrax toxin receptors (atrs), encoded by the tumor endothelial marker 8 (tem8) gene. the atr/tem8-pa interaction is mediated by the receptor's extracellular domain related to von willebrand factor type a or integrin inserted domains (vwa/i domains). a ...	2003	12700348
the ysirk-g/s motif of staphylococcal protein a and its role in efficiency of signal peptide processing.	many surface proteins of pathogenic gram-positive bacteria are linked to the cell wall envelope by a mechanism requiring a c-terminal sorting signal with an lpxtg motif. surface proteins of streptococcus pneumoniae harbor another motif, ysirk-g/s, which is positioned within signal peptides. the signal peptides of some, but not all, of the 20 surface proteins of staphylococcus aureus carry a ysirk-g/s motif, whereas those of surface proteins of listeria monocytogenes and bacillus anthracis do not ...	2003	12700270
acute psychological effects of suspected bioterrorism.		2003	12700219
bioterrorism and critical care.	a bioterrorist attack of any kind has the potential to overwhelm a community and, indeed, in the case of smallpox, an entire nation. during such an attack the number of patients requiring hospitalization and specifically critical care is likely to be enormous. intensivists will be at the forefront of this war and will play an important role in dealing with mass casualties in an attempt to heal the community. a high degree of suspicion and prompt recognition of an event will be required to contai ...	2003	12699324
factors contributing to the occurrence of emerging infectious diseases.	emerging infectious diseases (eids) have been receiving increasing attention for more than two decades. such attention has resulted from observations of increasing resistance of microorganisms to the usual antibiotics, the identification of formerly unknown disease agents and the diseases they cause, and the realization that the concept of globalization includes global exposure to disease agents formerly confined to small, endemic, or remote areas. sadly, in the fall of 2001, the potential for u ...	2003	12698918
new challenges for public health care: biological and chemical weapons awareness, surveillance, and response.	recent events in the united states have demonstrated a critical need for recognizing nurses and emergency health care providers as important elements of the nation's first line of defense and response against terrorist attacks involving biological, chemical, or radiological weapons. the anthrax letter attacks of september/october 2001 demonstrate the importance of vigilance and attention to detail while interviewing and attending patients and when entering, reviewing, and cataloging patient reco ...	2003	12698916
the germs of war.		2003	12698861
bacillus anthracis: current knowledge in relation to contamination of food.	in this article, information related to anthrax and its etiologic agent, bacillus anthracis, in food is reviewed. the major topics discussed include the taxonomic relationship of b. anthracis to other bacillus species, methods used for the recovery of the organism from surfaces and foods, routes of infection, the pathogenesis of the organism, the microbial ecology of the vegetative cell and spore in foods and the environment, chemical and physical treatments for spore inactivation, and the contr ...	2003	12696699
the threat of bioterrorism.		2003	12693375
epidemiologic clues to bioterrorism.	public health investigators have successfully carried out epidemiologic investigations of outbreaks of disease for many years. by far the majority of these outbreaks have occurred naturally. with the recent illnesses resulting from deliberate dissemination of b. anthracis on an unsuspecting population, public health investigation of diseases must now include consideration of bioterrorism as a potential cause of outbreaks of disease. the features of naturally occurring outbreaks have a certain am ...	2003	12690063
demonstration of a hermetic airborne ozone disinfection system: studies on e. coli.	an enclosed flow-through system using airborne ozone for disinfection and which removes the ozone with a catalytic converter was tested with a strain of escherichia coli. petri dishes containing the microorganisms were inserted in a chamber and exposed for 10-480 min to ozone concentrations between 4 and 20 ppm. death rates in excess of 99.99% were achieved. survival data is fitted to a two-stage curve with a shoulder based on the multihit target model. ozone was removed from the exhaust air to ...	2003	12688846
volatile organic compounds produced during irradiation of mail.	in 2001, bacillus anthracis spores were delivered through the united states postal system in a series of bioterrorist acts. controls proposed for this threat included sanitization with high-energy electrons. solid phase microextraction was used with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for field sampling and analysis of volatile compounds apparently produced from polymeric materials such as cellulose and plastics, immediately following processing of mail at a commercial irradiation facility. sol ...	2003	12688843
the fossil tabanids (diptera tabanidae): when they began to appreciate warm blood and when they began transmit diseases?	a discussion of the known fossil tabanids (diptera tabanidae) is presented based on fossil evidence. this includes the origin of the hemathophagy in the brachycera, more specifically for tabanids. several tabanid species in the extant fauna are vectors for disease-producing organisms that affect humans and animals. bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, protozoa, and filarial worms can be transmitted by them, causing such diseases as anthrax, tularemia, anaplasmosis, various forms of trypanosomiasis, q ...	2003	12687759
detection of anthrax simulants with microcalorimetric spectroscopy: bacillus subtilis and bacillus cereus spores.	recent advances in the development of ultrasensitive micromechnical thermal detectors have led to the advent of novel subfemtojoule microcalorimetric spectoscopy (calspec). on the basis of principles of photothermal ir spectroscopy combined with efficient thermomechanical transduction, calspec provides acquisition of vibrational spectra of microscopic samples and absorbates. we use calspec as a method of identifying nanogram quantities of biological micro-organisms. our studies focus on bacillus ...	2003	12683752
inhalational anthrax and bioterrorism.	until recently, inhalational anthrax was considered an infectious disease curiosity for medical specialists and veterinarians. this attitude abruptly changed following the intentional release of bacillus anthracis spores via the us postal service in october 2001. because of its rarity, few physicians were familiar with its clinical manifestations, treatment and prophylaxis. in this report, we try to fill this informational gap by reviewing these issues based on additional data culled from this r ...	2003	12682568
a silent bomb: the risk of anthrax as a weapon of mass destruction.		2003	12682291
new antibiotics for anthrax?		2003	12681931
microbial forensics aims to link pathogen, crime, and perpetrator.		2003	12679247
novel in vitro functional assays for the determination of anthrax toxin components.	the characterisation and evaluation of the uk licensed human anthrax vaccine depends on several in vivo tests that determine its safety and potency. assays for the determination of functionally active and/or immunoreactive toxin components and s-layer proteins have been developed and applied to the characterisation of anthrax vaccine. these technologies may support production of consistent and effective vaccines, and may ultimately reduce the requirements for in vivo testing.	2002	12678256
bruce budowle profile. fbi's top scientist takes the lead in forensic biology.		2003	12677037
structure-based inhibitor discovery against adenylyl cyclase toxins from pathogenic bacteria that cause anthrax and whooping cough.	edema factor (ef) and cyaa are adenylyl cyclase toxins secreted by pathogenic bacteria that cause anthrax and whooping cough, respectively. using the structure of the catalytic site of ef, we screened a data base of commercially available, small molecular weight chemicals for those that could specifically inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity of ef. from 24 compounds tested, we have identified one quinazoline compound, ethyl 5-aminopyrazolo[1,5-a]quinazoline-3-carboxylate, that specifically inhibits ...	2003	12676933
production of diarrheal enterotoxins and other potential virulence factors by veterinary isolates of bacillus species associated with nongastrointestinal infections.	with the exceptions of bacillus cereus and bacillus anthracis, bacillus species are generally perceived to be inconsequential. however, the relevance of other bacillus species as food poisoning organisms and etiological agents in nongastrointestinal infections is being increasingly recognized. eleven bacillus species isolated from veterinary samples associated with severe nongastrointestinal infections were assessed for the presence and expression of diarrheagenic enterotoxins and other potentia ...	2003	12676723
detection of frequency resonance energy transfer pair on double-labeled microsphere and bacillus anthracis spores by flow cytometry.	development of an ultrasensitive biosensor for biological hazards in the environment is a major need for pollutant control and for the detection of biological warfare. fluorescence methods combined with immunodiagnostic methods are the most common. to minimize background noise, arising from the unspecific adsorption effect, we have adapted the fret (frequency resonance energy transfer) effect to the immunofluorescence method. fret will increase the selectivity of the diagnosis process by introdu ...	2003	12676717
methionine regeneration and aminotransferases in bacillus subtilis, bacillus cereus, and bacillus anthracis.	the conversion of ketomethiobutyrate to methionine has been previously examined in a number of organisms, wherein the aminotransferases responsible for the reaction have been found to be members of the ia subfamily (l. c. berger, j. wilson, p. wood, and b. j. berger, j. bacteriol. 183:4421-4434, 2001). the genome of bacillus subtilis has been found to contain no subfamily ia aminotransferase sequences. instead, the analogous enzymes in b. subtilis were found to be members of the if subfamily. th ...	2003	12670965
anaerobic induction of bacillus anthracis hemolytic activity.	a number of genes in bacillus anthracis encode for proteins homologous to the membrane-damaging factors known as pathogenic determinants in different bacteria. b. anthracis, however, has been traditionally considered non-hemolytic, and the recently identified hemolytic genes have been suggested to be transcriptionally silent. we found that the hemolytic genes of b. anthracis, collectively designated as anthralysins (anls), could be induced in strict anaerobic conditions. we also demonstrate that ...	2003	12670489
bioterrorism and biological warfare: not only a respiratory affair.		2003	12669708
lessons learned following the anthrax experience.		2003	12661494
analysis of adverse events after anthrax immunization in us army medical personnel.	a broad range of health effects in a cohort of 601 health care personnel, immunized with anthrax vaccine adsorbed (ava) as a military occupational health requirement, were assessed to evaluate adverse events both qualitatively and quantitatively. active surveillance showed that localized reactions were common and occurred more often in women than men. five patients were reported to the vaccine adverse event reporting system, but only one event could be definitively attributed to immunization, a ...	2003	12661179
[lessons from macrophagic myofasciitis: towards definition of a vaccine adjuvant-related syndrome].	macrophagic myofasciitis is a condition first reported in 1998, which cause remained obscure until 2001. over 200 definite cases have been identified in france, and isolated cases have been recorded in other countries. the condition manifests by diffuse myalgias and chronic fatigue, forming a syndrome that meets both center for disease control and oxford criteria for the so-called chronic fatigue syndrome in about half of patients. one third of patients develop an autoimmune disease, such as mul ...	2003	12660567
syndromic analysis of computerized emergency department patients' chief complaints: an opportunity for bioterrorism and influenza surveillance.	emergency department computerized triage logs might be useful for automated ed surveillance and potentially for early identification of bioterrorism events. we describe a web-based surveillance program and its feasibility for surveillance.	2003	12658241
medical counterbioterrorism: the response to provide anthrax prophylaxis to new york city us postal service employees.	we describe and analyze a recent rapid deployment of disaster medical assistance teams and other government agencies to provide medical screening and anthrax prophylaxis to new york city us postal service employees potentially exposed to letters contaminated with anthrax spores.	2003	12658240
[genodiagnosis and molecular typing of the pathogens for plague, cholera, and anthrax].	the paper contains a survey of published data about the use of dna-diagnostics in indicating and identifying the causative agents of highly dangerous infections like plague, cholera and anthrax. a discussion of data about the genetic relationship between strains of the mentioned causative agents isolated from different sources by using the molecular-typing methods as well as about the evolution ties between strains of different origins is in the focus of attention. results of comparative studies ...	2003	12656042
discovery of phage display peptide ligands for species-specific detection of bacillus spores.	short peptides are capable of tight and specific binding to physiological or fortuitous receptors on the surface of cells. these peptides can be used to tag or capture target cells in an assortment of detector platforms. as part of an effort to identify small-molecule ligands for advanced detectors for spores of bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, we are screening (or biopanning) commercial phage display peptide libraries for peptides that bind tightly and selectively to spores o ...	2003	12654497
application of the real-time pcr for the detection of airborne microbial pathogens in reference to the anthrax spores.	to establish the rapid detection method of airborne bacterial spores, we examined bacillus anthracis spores by real-time pcr. one hundred liters of air were trapped on a filter of an air monitor device. after it was suspended in pbs, spores of b. anthracis were artificially added. the suspension was also heated at 95 degrees c for 15 min and used for real-time pcr using anthrax-specific primers. a single cell of b. anthracis was detected by real-time pcr within 1 h. our results provide evidence ...	2003	12654485
[bacillus anthracis, prions, coxiella burnetii].	the detection kits for bacillus anthracis, an isoform of host prion and coxiella burnetii, using genetic technology are still not generalized. for b. anthracis target genes for detection would be genes of toxins. although it is difficult to detect prions related to prion diseases before death, some mutants of prion gene in leukocytes and 14-3-3 proteins in cerebrospinal fluid are detectable in living patients suffering from creutzfeldt-jakob disease. the gene of superoxide dismutase in coxiella ...	2002	12652794
emergency response to an anthrax attack.	we developed a mathematical model to compare various emergency responses in the event of an airborne anthrax attack. the system consists of an atmospheric dispersion model, an age-dependent dose-response model, a disease progression model, and a set of spatially distributed two-stage queueing systems consisting of antibiotic distribution and hospital care. our results underscore the need for the extremely aggressive and timely use of oral antibiotics by all asymptomatics in the exposure region, ...	2003	12651951
[anthrax--an old disease becomes topical: cutaneous anthrax and the eye].	anthrax disease and its eye manifestations were rare in the last 100 years, but the threat of terrorist actions has revived its topicality.	2003	12640551
medicinal use and social status of the soap berry endod (phytolacca dodecandra) in ethiopia.	berries from phytolacca dodecandra l'herit. (endod in amharic) offer a readily available molluscicide to control schistosomiasis. parts of the endod plant have been used as a detergent and as traditional medicine for centuries in ethiopia. an interview survey was performed in the highlands of ethiopia to provide information on the distribution of the plant, people's traditional use of it, their perception of the plant, and the potential for increased production and use of endod as a soap for ind ...	2003	12639751
comprehensive systematic surveillance for adverse effects of anthrax vaccine adsorbed, us armed forces, 1998-2000.	routine vaccinations of us military personnel with anthrax vaccine adsorbed began in 1998. to systematically identify clinical diagnoses reported more frequently after vaccination than before, all military personnel were retrospectively assigned to pre- or post-vaccination cohorts. cohort assignments were based on vaccination statuses each day of the 3-year surveillance period. for each cohort, rates of hospitalizations and ambulatory visits for 843 specific diagnoses were calculated using data ...	2003	12639483
anthrax revisited.	anthrax is an ancient disease affecting animals and humans. sporadic cases of anthrax and small epidemics have been seen from time to time in different parts of the world and in africa. however many clinicians are not very familiar with the various presentations and management of anthrax. it is relevant for the health care workers to re-familiarise themselves with all aspects of anthrax, with the impending threat of bioterrorism.	2002	12638831
a review of anthrax in the workplace.		2003	12638469
biotechnology to fight bioterrorism. while the fight against terrorism is helping to revitalize the biotech market, academic scientists are starting to worry about limitations on research.		2003	12634833
efficacy of selected hand hygiene agents used to remove bacillus atrophaeus (a surrogate of bacillus anthracis) from contaminated hands.	the intentional use of bacillus anthracis transmitted via the us mail in october-november 2001 resulted in 22 people developing inhalation or cutaneous anthrax. glove use with handwashing prior to and after contact with potential contaminated environmental surfaces and cutaneous lesions has been recommended. however, only limited data are available on the susceptibility of b anthracis to antiseptics.	2003	12633189
roles and functions of a european union public health centre for communicable diseases and other threats to health.	an international consensus has been reached that a european union (eu) technical coordination structure (tcs) for communicable diseases is needed to improve europe s future response to international communicable disease threats within and beyond its boundaries. after the american events of september 11 2001 and the deliberate releases of anthrax, the eu created a health security committee, adopted a civil protection decision, and established for 18 months a team to develop responses for delibera ...	2002	12631937
how do we keep going? personal and professional meaning after 9-11.		2003	12630185
bioterrorism: pivotal clinical issues. consensus review of the society of infectious diseases pharmacists.	to discuss specific facts regarding use as a bioweapon, epidemiology, microbiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, immunization, and isolation precautions for five most likely agents of bioterrorism; to review and provide recommendations for health care clinicians on the management of these bioterrorism agents; and to share information on the pharmacist's role in preparedness and response.	2003	12627924
instrument development and evaluation of domestic preparedness training for first responders.	in the wake of domestic terrorists attacks on 11 september 2001 and subsequent bioterrorist events employing anthrax, there no longer can be any debate about the potential for attacks employing nuclear, biological, or chemical (nbc)/weapons of mass destruction (wmd). as one way of acknowledging this long-standing threat and, in a concerted effort to mitigate the effects of possible future domestic nbc/wmd terrorist attacks, the us department of defense (dod) and other us governmental agencies al ...	2002	12627914
informed consent and investigational new drug abuses in the u.s. military.	the focal point of this investigation was to research the ethical issues surrounding the military's requests for informed consent waivers when using investigational drugs, and the recent debate surrounding the anthrax vaccine as an investigational new drug (ind).	2002	12625353