Publications

in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of du-6859a, a fluoroquinolone, in combination with amphotericin b and fluconazole against pathogenic fungi.	du-6859a is an investigational fluoroquinolone agent with potent bactericidal activity, but by itself it has no antifungal activity. when combined with amphotericin b (amb), however, du-6859a clearly enhanced the in vitro antifungal activity of amb against candida albicans, candida tropicalis, candida krusei, candida glabrata, and cryptococcus neoformans in microdilution checkerboard studies. positive interactions of du-6859a with amb against aspergillus fumigatus were dependent on the medium us ...	1995	7492096
monoclonal antibodies to cryptococcus neoformans glucuronoxylomannan enhance fluconazole efficacy.	monoclonal antibody (mab) 2h1, which binds to the capsular glucuronoxylomannan (gxm) of the fungus cryptococcus neoformans, prolonged survival and decreased fungal burden in an experimental murine infection. fluconazole (flu) is a triazole antibiotic which is effective against c. neoformans. the efficacy of mab 2h1 in combination with flu was studied in vitro with the murine macrophage-like cell line j7741.16 and in vivo in mice infected intravenously. in vitro, the combination of mab 2h1 and fl ...	1995	7492075
evaluation of the auxacolor system, a new method of clinical yeast identification.	to compare the auxacolor yeast identification system with the api 20c system.	1995	7490311
cryptococcal pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	infection with cryptococcus neoformans occurs with increased frequency in patients with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). despite the lungs being the portal of entry for the fungus the commonest presentation is with meningitis: cryptococcal broncho pulmonary infection occurs less commonly. the chest radiographs of fourteen hiv positive patients with cryptococcal pneumonia were reviewed. the commonest radiographic abnormalities were interstitial infiltrates, (nine patients) and focal or wid ...	1995	7489624
in vitro evaluation of combination of fluconazole and flucytosine against cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans.	amphotericin b and fluconazole are current acceptable therapies for cryptococcal meningitis; however, their effect remains suboptimal. the combination of fluconazole and flucytosine has yielded encouraging clinical results in human immunodeficiency virus patients with cryptococcal meningitis. to investigate the biological basis of this finding, we performed in vitro combination testing of fluconazole and flucytosine against 50 clinical strains of cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans. synergy ...	1995	7486902
cirrhosis: a risk factor for cryptococcal peritonitis.	cryptococcal peritonitis is usually associated with end-stage renal disease and peritoneal dialysis. significant liver disease has not been well recognized as a risk factor for its development. we report two patients with cirrhosis who developed peritoneal infections with cryptococcus neoformans. we also retrospectively review all cases of cryptococcal illness at the ohio state university medical center from october 1990 to january 1994 and present a review of the literature regarding cryptococc ...	1995	7485020
maltese crosses in cryptococcus neoformans.		1995	7484006
bronchoalveolar lavage for diagnosis of fungal disease. five years' experience in a southern united states rural area with many blastomycosis cases.	to determine the relative frequency of blastomyces dermatitidis among other microorganisms in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) specimens.	1995	7483983
[the phenoloxidase test and its application to identify cryptococcus neoformans with various biological characteristics].	cryptococcus neoformans strains with various biological characteristics were examinated the phenoloxidase activity on the caffeic acid cornmeal agar (caca). other medically important yeasts were also included in this research. firstly, thirteen reference strains of cryptococcus neoformans were confirmly found positive phenoloxidase production on the caca medium. then, in total 150 isolates of yeasts, forty three cryptococcus neoformans strains were phenoloxidase positive, other than that 107 oth ...	1995	7483579
amphotericin b.		1995	7479429
cryptococcosis in a cat seropositive for feline immunodeficiency virus.	a 5-year-old female siamese cat was presented to the veterinary teaching hospital with a history of bronchopneumonia for 20 days. the cat had not responded to antibacterial chemotherapy and had developed a pronounced submandibular lymphadenopathy. characteristically encapsulated yeast cells with narrow-necked buds were clearly seen in a fine-needle aspirate of the lymph node with an india ink preparation. cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans was identified. susceptibility tests on the isolate ...	1995	7477089
[contribution to the rapid diagnosis of yeast-forming fungi of clinical and hospital interest (author's transl)].	because the chlamydospore formation test for the identification of c. albicans is frequently utilized in most clinical mycology laboratories, a comparative study of the different methods employed for the test was carried out. a total of 108 strains of yeast forming organisms belonging to c. albicans, c. tropicalis, c. stellatoidea, c. pseudotropicalis, c. parakrusei, c. guillermondii, c. neoformans, c. laurentii, c. albidus, c. candidum, t. glabrata, r. rubra, t. cutaneum, and s. carlsbergensis ...	1980	7464333
detection of cryptococcal antigen. comparison of two latex agglutination tests.	the detection of cryptococcal antigen by means of the agglutination of antibody-coated latex particles is an important aid in the diagnosis of cryptococcosis. a commercially available latex agglutination test (ibl kit) was compared with the latex agglutination test from the center for disease control in regard to sensitivity, specificity, and height of antigen titer. over a 13-month period, 335 specimens were tested with both kits. there was one false-positive reaction with both kits (0.4%) and ...	1981	7457417
[cryptococcus neoformans: a rare cause of basal meningitis].		1980	7428618
cryptococcus neoformans meningitis: a case report.	a 4-year-old motswana boy suffered from cryptococcal meningitis; in addition to the signs of meningeal irritation, he had cortical blindness and seventh cranial nerve palsy. the child improved after treatment with amphotericin b and 5-fluorocytosine. it is suggested that this combination may be better than either drug used alone.	1980	7404070
susceptibility of zoopathogenic fungi to phytoalexins.	phytoalexins are a group of low-molecular-weight antibiotics produced by higher plants in response to infection by relatively avirulent microorganisms. they are of relatively low toxicity for mammalian cells and have been reported to possess a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against bacteria and phytopathogenic fungi. employing a broth dilution technique, we have found the zoopathogens petriellidium boydii, aspergillus flavus, a. fumigatus, candida albicans, coccidioides immitis, crypto ...	1980	7387136
the prevalence of yeasts in clinical specimens from cancer patients.	yeasts recovered from cancer patients during a 15-month period were speciated, and the prevalence of these isolates in various types of clinical specimens was determined. five species, including candida albicans, candida tropicalis, candida parapsilosis, candida krusei, and torulopsis glabrata, accounted for 97.1% of the isolates. eighteen different species were recovered. respiratory and urine specimens yielded 75% of the organisms. c. albicans, c. tropicalis, and c. parapsilosis were recovered ...	1980	7369176
fatal cryptococcosis in a patient with chronic renal failure: a case report.	wide dissemination of cryptococcus neoformans is unusual in man. the authors present a patient who had fatal cryptococcosis following corticosteroid therapy for chronic renal failure. current views of diagnosis and therapy are discussed.	1980	7365826
experimental ocular cryptococcosis. preliminary studies in cats and mice.	ocular cryptococcosis was produced in cats by the intracarotid injection of cryptococcus neoformans. infected eyes developed a progressive, multifocal chorioretinitis which was comparable to that found in the naturally occurring feline disease. the severity of the ocular disease, the development of infection in the fellow eye, and the degree of systemic involvement were shown to be related to the number of organisms inoculated. mice infected intracerebrally with the same organism developed optic ...	1980	7350131
[cryptococcus neoformans meningoencephalitis as a complication of arteriosclerotic vascular insufficiency in virchowian leprosy].	a 39 year old white man, with advanced virchowian hanseniasis died with signs of extensive meningeal involvement. his medical background showed repeated episodes of erythema nodosum hansenicum (enh) in the last three years of his life, besides ischemic gangrena with amputation of the left leg and cerebral vascular ischemic attacks. the autopsy revealed an advanced stage of arteriosclerosis affecting mainly the brain and the distal segment of the aorta and its ramifications. a propagating thrombu ...	1981	7349302
the effect of bacterial and fungal phospholipids on the activity of macrophages.	the effect of some bacterial and fungal phospholipids on the functions of macrophage in mice was studied. it has been found that in animals injected with phospholipids from staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus faecalis, bacillus subtilis and aspergillus fumigatus the population of macrophages with increased phagocytic and microbicidal activity appeared. the phospholipids from cryptococcus neoformans and penicillium notatum did not affect the activity of macrophages. administration of the candida ...	1981	7347586
[probable pulmonary cryptococcosis caused by non-capsulated cryptococcus neoformans].		1981	7345538
cryptococcosis in dogs: a report on 6 cases.	the main features of cryptococcus neoformans infection in 6 dogs, all of which were of large breed, were central nervous system involvement in all cases and diversity of the initial presenting signs. the respiratory tract was affected in one case, but the bronchopneumonia did not appear to be of cryptococcal origin. immunosuppressive factors and other diseases which are believed to increase the susceptibility of man and animals to cryptococcal infection did not appear to be of importance in thes ...	1981	7340779
a case of cryptococcus neoformans in bone marrow.		1981	7332014
[synthesis and antimycotic activity of derivatives of 1, 3, 4-thiadiazole (3,2a) pyrimidone].	as a continuation of previous research designed to obtain derivatives of 1,3,4-thiadiazole of pharmacological interest, some derivatives of 1,3,4-thiadiazole[3,2-alpha]pyrimidin-5-one and isomeric 7-one were prepared. the fungistatic activity of the products was tested in vitro against the following: candida albicans, candida parapsilosis, candida tropicalis, cryptococcus neoformans e trichophyton rubrum. no relevant antifungal activity was observed for any of the compounds examined.	1981	7319024
the effect of 5-fluorocytosine on the synthesis of 80s ribosomes by pathogenic fungi.	we studied the influence of 5-fluorocytosine(5fc) on the monomeric 80s ribosomes isolated by gradient ultracentrifugation from candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans, aspergillus fumigatus and wangiella dermatitidis. labelling of the cultures with 32po4 and [3h]-leucine showed marked inhibition of both ribosomal rna and ribosomal protein synthesized during the contact of the fungi with the drug. the degree of inhibition was very similar for the synthesis of both ribosomal constituents, (mostl ...	1981	7292207
cutaneous cryptococcosis simulating pyoderma gangrenosum.	a 33-year-old white man with a history of chronic ulcerative colitis presented with multiple cutaneous ulcers and an indurated cellulitic area on his right thigh. clinically, the ulcers were considered to represent pyoderma gangrenosum. however, tissue biopsy revealed copious yeast forms that were identified as cryptococcus neoformans. the indurated area on the right thigh later ulcerated, and tissue culture of this area also revealed cryptococcus. this case illustrates that when pyoderma gangre ...	1981	7276272
[cryptococcus neoformans. an unusual cause of basal meningitis. case report (author's transl)].		1981	7266701
[chronic pulmonary cryptococcosis. a case contribution for diagnosis of cryptococcosis in man from a pathologic-anatomic viewpoint].	routine use of differential nutrients for isolating cryptococcus neoformans (staib-agar) during post-mortem examination revealed previously unsuspected chronic pulmonary cryptococcosis in a 64-year-old woman. cause of recurrent pleural effusions over three years were probably sub-pleural cryptococcomas. in on-target and specific search for the cryptococcosis pathogen, the lung deserves special attention as a probable gateway.	1981	7261926
effect of uremia on lymphocyte transformation and chemiluminescence by spleen cells of normal and cryptococcus neoformans-infected mice.	the effect of uremia on immune incompetence was studied. balb/c mice were infected with a minimally virulent strain of cryptococcus neoformans 6 weeks before immune assay. uremia was induced by intramuscular injection of 0.15 ml of glycerol. pooled spleen cells from four experimental groups (normal, uremic, infected, and infected and uremic) were assayed by lymphocyte transformation (lt) and luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (cl) 24 h after induction of uremia. a greater response to phytohemag ...	1981	7251157
human sex hormones stimulate the growth and maturation of coccidioides immitis.	because men and pregnant women show increased susceptibility to extrapulmonary dissemination of coccidioidomycosis, studies were conducted to determine the direct effect of human sex hormones and related compounds on the growth and maturation of coccidioides immitis in vitro. 17 beta-estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone were highly stimulatory for the parasitic phase of c. immitis growth whereas cholesterol, ergosterol, and 17 alpha-estradiol (a physiologically inactive stereoisomer of 17 b ...	1981	7251153
invasive fungal infections in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.	patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis have persistent candida infection of nails, skin, and mucous membranes, but rarely, if ever, does an invasive fungal infection develop. we describe two patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis who died of fungal infection; one had c albicans meningitis and the second had cryptococcus neoformans meningitis. the cases of four other patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and invasive fungal infection, three with crytococcosis and one w ...	1981	7247593
cryptococcosis in a phthisical eye.	a case of an enucleated phthisical eye was examined pathologically and was diagnosed as uveitis, subretinal granuloma, detached retina, phthisis bulbi. twenty years later a more detailed study of multiple sections with differential stains revealed the existence of yeast-like bodies morphologically compatible with cryptococcus neoformans. systemic involvement was not found in this case, and the patient died 17 years later from an unrelated disease of the cardiovascular system. however an autopsy ...	1981	7247190
the evolution of pulmonary cryptococcosis: clinical implications from a study of 41 patients with and without compromising host factors.	over 14 years 41 patients were diagnosed as having pulmonary cryptococcosis. cryptococcus neoformans remained localized to the lung in 12 cases and disseminated in the remaining 29. thirty-four patients were compromised hosts. disseminated disease developed in 28 of these 34, and four of these 28 patients with disseminated disease presented with concomitant pulmonary and meningeal infections. in all the remaining 24 central nervous system involvement developed 2 to 20 weeks after the finding of ...	1981	7235394
automated detection of microbial growth in blood cultures by using stainless-steel electrodes.	sterile stainless-steel electrodes implanted in blood culture bottles and monitored electronically were used to detect growth of microorganisms. each blood culture bottle contained 100 ml of medium and was inoculated with 10 ml of blood seeded with either 300 or 50 colony-forming units of one of several bacterial or yeast species that are commonly isolated from clinical blood cultures. growth was indicated by a voltage change of at least 0.1 mv/min with an increasing slope over at least three co ...	1980	7229006
extracellular glycoprotein from virulent and avirulent cryptococcus species.	two virulent strains of cryptococcus neoformans and two nonvirulent forms (c. albidus and c. laurentii) were grown in liquid culture to produce maximal capsule formation. a glycoprotein was isolated from the culture medium and was homogeneous as determined by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and anion-exchange chromatography. the amino acid, neutral sugar, amino sugar, uronic acid, and o-acetyl compositions and the infrared spectra of the glycoprotein were determined. the product of the c. neof ...	1981	7228406
endogenous cryptococcal endophthalmitis.	we have described a case of cryptococcus neoformans endophthalmitis, especially rare in the absence of simultaneous cns involvement. the key to management appears to lie in early diagnosis, which is difficult because there are multiple causes of uveitis; clinical examination will not establish the specific cause. if clinical improvement is not apparent after several days of nonspecific therapy and other studies have failed to yield a diagnosis, appropriate stains and cultures of vitreal aspirate ...	1981	7221668
cerebral mass lesions in torulosis demonstrated by computed tomography.	cryptococcus neoformans is an ubiquitous yeast. as a budding type of fungus, it is also known as torula histolytica and is a common cause of infection of the central nervous system (cns), particularly in debilitated and immunodeficient patients. we have examined 12 patients with computed tomography who had well documented cryptococcal cns infection and will review our findings in this paper. three of these patients had mass lesions, while nine others had a variety of changes such as ventricular ...	1980	7217419
genetic control of susceptibility to cryptococcus neoformans in mice.	inbred mice injected intravenously with 5 x 10(6) cells of cryptococcus neoformans showed two patterns of survival: sensitive (a/wysn, a.by, a/j, dba/2j, nzb/b1nj, and swr/j) and resistant [c57bl/10sn, b10.a, b10.a (2r), b10.s (7r),c57br/cdj, c58/j, c3h/hej, balb/c, dba/1j, and sjl/j]. relative susceptibility based on survival time was shown to correspond to differences obtained for 50% lethal dose values. either decreasing the dose of organisms or changing to the intraperitoneal route of inocul ...	1980	7216421
[antifungal agents in otorhinolaryngology].	numerous progresses are realized in the chemotherapy of mycoses, particularly in the field of deep mycoses due to 3 categories of systemic antifungal agents: polyenes (oral nystatin, oral and intravenous amphotericin b), 5-fluorocytosine (oral and intravenous) and imidazole derivatives (oral and intravenous miconazole, oral ketoconazole). the old drugs as nystatin and amphotericin b per os continue to have a remarkable effect in oro-pharyngeal candidosis, chiefly after sufficient local contact w ...	1982	7158918
[demonstration of cryptococcus neoformans in a fatal meningeal disease in the congo].	cryptococcus neoformans, mainly widespread in occidental europe, america and south east of asia, was rarely described in african pathology. in central africa, it was isolated several times in zaïre. all reported cases concern young people and present no associated pathology. a first fatal case, looking like an acute meningitis, was described in 1959, in a 18 years old congolese girl. this second case discovered in brazzaville in a 37 years old young man was a fatal encephalitis after a primary p ...	1982	7154905
detection of yeasts and filamentous fungi in blood cultures during a 10-year period (1972 to 1981).	during a 10-year period (january 1972 to december 1981), 69,066 fungal blood cultures were performed by using a biphasic brain heart infusion medium. a total of 838 fungi were recovered from 302 patients. candida species represented 71% (595) of all positive cultures, cryptococcus neoformans 12.6% (106), and histoplasma capsulatum 13.1% (110).	1982	7153348
isolation of cryptococcus neoformans from a ferret.		1982	7115232
lipoid pneumonia with cryptococcus neoformans colonisation.		1982	7112467
the role of hyaluronidase in experimental cryptococcal infections.	cryptococcal infection established in adult male albino rats under experimental conditions produced minimal tissue response to the infection, probably owing to the presence of cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide. following hyaluronidase administration in the active phases of experimental cryptococcal infection, we have observed characteristic histiocytic granulomatous transformation in cerebral as well as extracerebral lesions. it is postulated that hyaluronidase depolymerizes the capsular muco ...	1982	7079945
treatment of murine cryptococcosis with liposome-associated amphotericin b.	liposomes were prepared to incorporate large amounts of amphotericin b. balb/c mice were challenged with cryptococcus neoformans and given liposome-associated amphotericin b (ambl) or amphotericin b-deoxycholate (ambd) intravenously. mice that were treated with ambl survived longer and had lower tissue counts of cryptococci than mice treated with ambd or untreated control mice. the reduced acute toxicity of ambl permitted much larger doses of amphotericin b to be given than were possible with am ...	1982	7077097
a one year study on the viability of cryptococcus neoformans in nature.	using four different assat procedures we found a 50 to 86% decrease in viability of cryptococcus neoformans over a one year period after two towers in the oklahoma city area were modified to exclude pigeons and weather elements, especially rain. in homogeneous pigeon dropping samples a sharp decrease in viability occurred after 7 to 9 months of storage. the decrease occurred in pigeon dropping samples maintained at the natural sites and at ambient temperature in the laboratory in the laboratory ...	1982	7070480
an unusual pontine mass lesion.	a 27-year-old puerto rican man presented to yale-new haven hospital with a six-week history of left-sided headache, diplopia, and drooping of the left side of his face. cerebrospinal fluid examination showed a lymphocytic pleocytosis and a ct scan of the brain revealed an unusual intrapontine mass lesion requiring systemic antifungal therapy. this case emphasizes many of the diagnostic and therapeutic considerations required for effective therapy of fungal disease in the central nervous system.	1982	7051583
the capsule of cryptococcus neoformans passively inhibits phagocytosis of the yeast by macrophages.	we examined the mechanism by which cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide inhibits phagocytosis of cryptococcus neoformans by macrophages. o-acetyl and carboxyl groups are major structural features of serotype d polysaccharide. serotype d capsular polysaccharide or encapsulated whole cryptococci were de-o-acetylated by alkaline hydrolysis with 0.1 m naoh. carboxyl groups were reduced by treatment with 1-ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide followed by reduction with sodium borohydride. de-o- ...	1982	7050244
pseudooutbreak of cryptococcal meningitis.	a pseudooutbreak of cryptococcal meningitis was caused by the use of contaminated albumin solution used in the preparation of papanicolaou-stained slides of cerebrospinal fluid. organisms were seen in cytocentrifuge preparations, but not in india ink preparations of cerebrospinal fluid specimens. cryptococcal antigen tests were positive and cryptococcus neoformans was cultured from the albumin-treated cerebrospinal fluid specimens and from the albumin solution.	1982	7050150
[a simple medium for 5-fluorocytosine sensitiving testing (author's transl)].		1982	7049776
bird manure filtrate agar for the formation of the perfect state of cryptococcus neoformans, filobasidiella neoformans. a comparative study of the agars prepared from pigeon and canary manure.	an account is given to two pairs of c. neoformans strains on two different bird manure filtrate agars, i.e. pigeon manure filtrate and canary manure filtrate agar. basidiospore formation was observed in both pairs after 3 d incubation at 26 degrees c on both media. 0.1% biphenyl in pigeon manure filtrate agar showed an inhibitory activity on the formation of the perfect state of the c. neoformans pairs tested. concentrated pigeon manure filtrate allowed growth of the imperfect, however not of th ...	1982	7048812
cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide clearance in nonimmune mice.	clearance of cryptococcal polysaccharide (cp) from tissues and body fluids of nonimmune mice was studied. mice were injected intravenously only with one mg of purified cp, and serum, urine and tissues were obtained from each animal at various intervals for a period of 84 days. tissue extracts, serum and urine were tested for cp content by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and latex agglutination. high concentrations of cp were detected by both assays one-half hour after injection in bloo ...	1982	7048100
immunogenic fractions of cryptococcus neoformans.	cryptococcus neoformans cell and culture supernatant extracts were fractionated by ion exchange and gel filtration column chromatography. various fractions were used to immunize mice, and to assess the release of migration inhibition factor, delayed type hypersensitivity, and protective immunity after challenge with c. neoformans. results suggest that the c. neoformans fractions, which protect mice, contain a high molecular weight, predominantly carbohydrate antigen that can be distinguished fro ...	1982	7048099
in vitro interactions of immune lymphocytes and cryptococcus neoformans.	cba/j mice immunized subcutaneously with emulsions of heat-killed cryptococcus neoformans in complete freund adjuvant displayed delayed-type hypersensitivity to cryptococcal culture filtrate antigen and developed sensitized splenic lymphoid cells which inhibited the growth of c. neoformans in vitro. the in vitro assay of growth inhibition served to investigate further the kinetics of the effect of sensitized lymphoid cells on the pathogen. there was a close correlation between the delayed-type h ...	1982	7047393
combined in vitro activity of amphotericin b and 5-fluorocytosine against cryptococcus neoformans and candida albicans.	the in vitro combined antifungal activity of amphotericin b (amb) and 5-fluorocytosine (5-fc) against 10 strains of candida albicans and 8 strains of cryptococcus neoformans was studied. serial twofold dilutions of amb (0.1 to 12.8 micrograms/ml) were tested with serial twofold dilutions of 5-fc (0.39 to 400 micrograms/ml) by using the broth dilution method. a synergistic effect was seen for 17 strains with 50 micrograms of 5-fc per ml added to amb. only one strain was killed by 0.8 micrograms p ...	1982	7047097
taxonomic studies on filobasidiella species and their anamorphs.	the taxonomy of filobasidiella neoformans kwon-chung and f. bacillispora kwon-chung and their anamorphs were reinvestigated. although the cross between the type culture of the two species failed to produce viable basidiospores, another pair of isolates did yield viable basidiospores. the segregation of phenotypic markers among the tetrads isolated from this inter specific cross proved that meiosis had occurred. on the basis of other previously known differences and the present genetic study, the ...	1982	7046630
opsonic requirements for the uptake of cryptococcus neoformans by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes.	chemiluminescence was used to determine opsonic requirements for interaction of cryptococcus neoformans with human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmnls) and monocytes (mns). peak chemiluminescence (mean +/- sd) was 172 +/- 25 x 10(3) for pmnls and 50 +/- 13 x 10(3) for mns with 20% pooled normal human serum vs. 10 +/- 3 x 10(3) for pmnls and 6 +/- 1 x 10(3) for mns without serum (p less than 0.005 for each comparison). the nature of the serum requirement was investigated; alterna ...	1982	7045251
improved diagnostic medium for separation of cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans (serotypes a and d) and cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii (serotypes b and c).	a simple new agar medium containing l-canavanine, glycine, and bromthymol blue was found to give a clearer and more accurate distinction between serotype a or d (cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans) and serotype b or c (c. neoformans var. gattii) than creatinine-dextrose-bromthymol blue or glycine-cycloheximide-phenol red media. among 143 isolates of serotype a or d and 70 isolates of serotype b or c, the new medium correlated completely with the serotype, whereas nearly 11% of these isolate ...	1982	7042750
genetic and phenotypic characterization of capsule mutants of cryptococcus neoformans.	stable mutants with reduced capacity to produce capsules were isolated from suspensions of cryptococcus neoformans after treatment of the wild type with a mutagen. the mutants could be assigned one of two phenotypes, hypocapsular or acapsular. hypocapsular mutants were immunochemically and physicochemically indistinguishable from the wild type, whereas acapsular mutants lacked a major capsular antigen and a negatively charged exterior. in genetic analysis, the mutant trait segregated as a mendel ...	1982	7042689
in vitro studies of aculeacin a, a new antifungal antibiotic.	aculeacin a is a cyclopeptide-containing long-chain fatty acid, representing a new class of antibiotics. it has a relatively narrow antifungal spectrum in vitro and is highly active against some groups of yeasts. of 31 strains of candida ad torulopsis tested, the majority were susceptible to aculeacin a at 0.31 micrograms per ml or less. on the other hand, the antibiotic was scarcely active or inactive against other yeasts, such as cryptococcus neoformans, and all filamentous and dimorphic fungi ...	1982	7042670
[cutaneous cryptococcosis (author's transl)].		1982	7042408
altered responsiveness of murine lymphoid cells treated with cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide.		1982	7041127
immunity in cryptococcosis: an overview.	cryptococcosis is an often fatal opportunistic fungal infection. despite efforts to elucidate the role of immunity in host defense against the disease, much remains to be learned. the purpose of this brief review is to provide the reader with an overview of the history of research concerned with host immunity in cryptococcosis. both humoral and cell-mediated studies are included. an effort has been made to present the reader with a comprehensive list of references in the hope of encouraging addi ...	1982	7040977
false positive latex tests for cryptococcal antigen in cerebrospinal fluid.		1982	7040487
two rapid pigmentation tests for identification of cryptococcus neoformans.	two tests were developed for the rapid identification of cryptococcus neoformans based on pigment produced by the organism's phenoloxidase activity. caffeic acid was incorporated into cornmeal agar, a medium used routinely for yeast identification. when tested on this medium, only c. neoformans isolates produced brown pigment. all other yeasts maintained their normal morphology and did not produce the reaction product. a non-medium-based test was developed for same-day identification of c. neofo ...	1982	7040452
a microsomal fraction of cryptococcus neoformans induces lymphocyte blastogenesis in infected guinea pigs.	differential centrifugation of a homogenate from a mechanically disrupted, acapsular isolate of cryptococcus neoformans resulted in a 105,000 x g supernatant (105 k) and a microsomal fraction (ms), both of which were capable of eliciting specific delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity and in vitro blastogenesis in infected guinea pigs. polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed two major proteins in the ms and seven proteins in the 105 k fractions. electron microscopy of the ms showed both membrane ...	1981	7038506
comparative ocular pathogenicity of cryptococcus neoformans, candida glabrata, and aspergillus fumigatus in the rabbit.	in a previous study, 88% of rabbits with disseminated infection caused by candida albicans developed ophthalmoscopically visible, hematogenous endophthalmitis (chorioretinitis) over a 2 week period. to determine the incidence of this ocular complication in disseminated infection caused by cryptococcus neoformans, candida glabrata, and aspergillus fumigatus compared with that caused by c. albicans, the first three species of fungi were injected intravenously (between 10(5) and 10(9) organisms per ...	1982	7037676
oxiconazole, a new imidazole derivative. evaluation of antifungal activity in vitro and in vivo.	the new imidazole derivative z-[2,4-dichloro-2-imidazol-1-yl)acetophenone]-o-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-oxime nitrate (oxiconazole, ro 13-8996) is characterized by a broad fungistatic spectrum against the agents of human mycoses in vitro. in addition, fungicidal activity of various degree was found in selected species (aspergillus fumigatus, cryptococcus neoformans, candida albicans and trichophyton mentagrophytes). synthesis of dna was inhibited by subinhibitory concentrations of oxiconazole in paral ...	1982	7037014
cryptococcal meningitis: a case report and review of diagnostic procedures and therapy.		1981	7036618
cryptococcal meningitis. a review of 32 years experience.	this study is a review of cryptococcal meningitis in queensland, australia, with particular reference to changes in incidence, methods of diagnosis and treatment and their effects on mortality and morbidity over the past three decades. cryptococcal meningitis remains more prevalent among males, and aborigines. mortality has declined dramatically since 1948, due to the use of the specific antifungal agents amphotericin b, flucytosine, and more recently miconazole. the availability of cranial comp ...	1982	7035624
immunization of mice by intracutaneous inoculation with viable virulent cryptococcus neoformans: immunological and histopathological parameters.	immune responses, including protection and delayed hypersensitivity, were evaluated in experimental murine cryptococcosis. mice were immunized by the intracutaneous inoculation of viable virulent cryptococcus neoformans yeasts. response to the cutaneous infection was evaluated histologically and by cultural assays of the internal organs, as well as by intravenous challenge with the same strain. protection was assessed by survival, histopathology, and quantitative organ culture. the intracutaneou ...	1982	7035372
influence of agglutinating antibody in experimental cryptococcal meningitis.	a model for chronic cryptococcus neoformans meningitis in corticosteroid-treated rabbits was used to determine the influence of pre-formed agglutinating antibody to cryptococcal polysaccharide on the progress of this infection. immunized rabbits developed serum agglutinating antibody with a geometric mean titre of 1:32, but none was detected in cerebrospinal fluid. prior immunization did not enhance immunity to infection, had no effect on the number of viable cryptococci in cerebrospinal fluid, ...	1981	7034765
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in murine cryptococcosis.	in this investigation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) procedures were used to study the time of appearance and the duration of demonstrable antigen and antibody in body fluids of mice with disseminated cryptococcosis. the elisa antigen procedure detected cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide (ccp) in the serum and urine of infected mice 3 days after infection--4 days before it could be demonstrated by the latex agglutination procedure. elisa-reactive antibody was present throughout the ...	1981	7034237
passive immunization in murine cryptococcosis.		1981	7034236
culture of cryptococcus neoformans in the nonencapsulated state.	forty-one strains of cryptococcus neoformans were examined after 3 days growth on a fresh and aged medium at ph 5 & ph 7 for comparison of capsule formation. over one-half of the strains did not form visible capsules on aged medium at ph 5. serotypes and source of isolation did not correlate with ability or inability to form capsules. growth of c. neoformans in the nonencapsulated state makes it possible to culture many strains of c. neoformans in the form that more closely simulates the true in ...	1981	7033796
auxotrophic markers and the cytogenetics of filobasidiella neoformans.	in the sexual phase of cryptococcus neoformans four post-meiotic nuclei give rise to the nuclei of four long chains of basidiospores. if there is fixed relationship between one post-meiotic nucleus and one chain the result should be genetic homogeneity within single chains; random composition of chains would represent the opposite case. we tested for homogeneity in single chains from crosses of niacin-auxotrophs to the wild type by dissecting single chains of basidiospores from mature fruiting b ...	1981	7033793
a case of feline mycotic rhinitis caused by cryptococcus neoformans.		1981	7032051
capsular polysaccharides from a parent strain and from a possible, mutant strain of cryptococcus neoformans serotype a.		1981	7028261
disseminated cutaneous cryptococcosis.		1981	7027039
serotyping cryptococcus neoformans by immunofluorescence.	four serotypes of cryptococcus neoformans designated a, b, c, and d are currently recognized. although an agglutination test is most often used to serotype c. neoformans in cultures, this test is not appropriate for typing the fungus in fixed tissues. a study to prepare fluorescent-antibody reagents for typing c. neoformans in cultures and to determine whether they can be used to type this fungus in fixed tissues was carried out. antisera to one strain belonging to each of the four serotypes wer ...	1981	7026600
pediatric cryptococcus neoformans meningitis: report of case.		1980	7026519
rate of arabinitol production by pathogenic yeast species.	d-arabinitol is a five-carbon polyol that is produced by many fungi. detection of the metabolite has been reported in serum from patients with invasive candidiasis. we studied the production and assimilation of arabinitol by 46 clinical isolates of yeast species. cultures of isolates of candida albicans (9 strains), candida tropicalis (12 strains), candida parapsilosis (13 strains), candida krusei (4 strains), candida pseudotropicalis (3 strains), torulopsis glabrata (3 strains), and cryptococcu ...	1981	7024306
cryptococcal peritonitis complicating a ventriculoperitoneal shunt in unsuspected cryptococcal meningitis.	a 34 year old male was hospitalized because of the probability of a posterior fossa lesion that had increased intracranial pressure. a ventriculoperitoneal shunt was implanted, resulting in partial resolution of symptoms. subsequently cryptococcus neoformans was cultured from the cerebrospinal fluid and a diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis was made. despite amphotericin b therapy, the patient continued to deteriorate and died on the eighty-fifth day of hospitalization. autopsy demonstrated cry ...	1981	7024102
roles of macrophage fc and c3b receptors in phagocytosis of immunologically coated cryptococcus neoformans.	i have studied the roles of macrophage fc and c3b receptors in the cell's interaction with encapsulated cryptococcus neoformans and have defined the effects of a lymphokine that enhances macrophage complement receptor function, the effects of ingestion of soluble immune complexes, and the effects of corticosteroid treatment upon the ability of macrophages to phagocytize cryptococci via these receptors. neither uncoated nor c3-coated cryptococci were phagocytized, whereas igg-coated cryptococci w ...	1981	7022456
cryptococcal meningitis; significance of positive antigen test on undiluted spinal fluid.		1981	7022273
serotypes of cryptococcus neoformans strains isolated in germany.	an examination of 21 strains of cryptococcus neoformans isolated from environmental and clinical sources in germany revealed only serotypes a, d, and ad. of these, 13 isolates were serotype a, 5 isolates were serotype d, and 3 isolates were identified as serotype ad. the absence of serotypes b or c confirms earlier reports from other european countries.	1981	7021585
lymphocyte transformation in presumed ocular histoplasmosis.	lymphocytes from individuals with inactive macular disciform lesions of presumed ocular histoplasmosis challenged with three histoplasmin antigens incorporated tritiated thymidine at a significantly higher rate than histoplasmin-stimulated lymphocytes of matched control and peripheral scar groups. this finding is consistent with the etiologic association of the disciform ocular syndrome and previous systemic infection with histoplasma capsulatum. the disciform group had a higher mean response t ...	1981	7020663
particle size of airborn cryptococcus neoformans in a tower.	nearly 10(6) cells of cryptococcus neoformans were cultured per g of pigeon droppings in a vacant tower. the air in the tower contained an average of 45 viable cells of c. neoformans per 100 liters: 60% of the cells were less than 4.7 micron in diameter. it is estimated that a human exposed to this atmosphere for 1 h would have 41 cells of c. neoformans deposited in the lungs. sweeping resulted in the aerosolization of large numbers of cells of c. neoformans from 4.7 to 11 micron in diameter, th ...	1981	7020595
asymptomatic cryptococcal meningitis.	two cases of asymptomatic cryptococcal meningitis are described. the disease was diagnosed only after cryptococcus neoformans was cultured from lung tissue and urine. these cases represent 2 of 11 meningitis cases seen in a 10-yr period at this hospital. of 11 cases of extraneural cryptococcosis, 6 had lumbar punctures and these 2 had positive culture results. asymptomatic cryptococcal meningitis is not rare. our experience suggested that lumbar punctures should be performed routinely in patient ...	1981	7020506
cryptococcal meningitis in corticosteroid-treated asthmatic patient.		1981	7020491
cryptococcus and the eye.		1981	7020223
production of specific antibody to cryptococcus neoformans by hybridomas in vitro.		1981	7020113
combined in vitro effect of amphotericin b and rifampin on cryptococcus neoformans.	the combination of amphotericin b and rifampin was synergistic in vitro in both inhibiting and killing seven strains of cryptococcus neoformans by the checkerboard microtitration technique.	1981	7018384
rapid presumptive identification of cryptococcus neoformans by staphylococcal coagglutination.	a coagglutination reagent was prepared by sensitizing the cowan i strain of staphylococcus aureus with rabbit immune globulin directed against cryptococcus neofromans a15 and absorbed with c. laurentii. this reagent was evaluated for its usefulness in differentiating c. neoformans from other yeast colonies rapidly. antigen-containing extracts were prepared form sabouraud dextrose agar cultures of 48 c. neoformans, 33 other cryptococcus species, 21 candida, 4 torulopsis, 3 saccharomyces, and 2 rh ...	1981	7016909
experimental cryptococcal-induced myocarditis.	rabbits and wistar rats developed myocarditis after intracardiac inoculation with cryptococcus neoformans. myocardial lesions were observed on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th weeks after this inoculation in all animals. the cardiac lesions consisted of focal necrosis with mononuclear inflammatory cells infiltration in the myocardium. cryptococcus neoformans itself was found by pas stain and indirect immunofluorescence stain by the 2nd week after the inoculation. maximal cardiac lesions were observed i ...	1981	7014958
detection of yeast septicemia by biphasic and radiometric methods.	from january 1977 to april 1980 our microbiology laboratory used a commercial biphasic brain heart infusion vented culture method for fungal blood cultures and a commercial radiometric (bactec 460, johnson laboratories, cockeysville, md.) method for bacterial blood cultures. a total of 668 biphasic fungal blood cultures were processed, of which 30 grew yeasts from 19 patients. there were 38,324 bactec blood cultures processed for bacteria, of which 184 grew yeasts from 85 patients. the overall d ...	1981	7014614
opsonization of encapsulated cryptococcus neoformans by specific anticapsular antibody.	antisera prepared in rabbits against either whole encapsulated cells of cryptococcus neoformans or purified cryptococcal polysaccharide were opsonic for the encapsulated yeast. the opsonic activity was removed by absorption with whole cryptococci and was inhibited by free polysaccharide. as little as 0.13 microgram of cryptococcal polysaccharide produced a 50% inhibition of opsonization. various degrees of neutralization by polysaccharides from the four cryptococcal serotypes suggested that the ...	1981	7014468
the perfect state of cryptococcus neoformans, filobasidiella neoformans, on pigeon manure filtrate agar.	to enable studies of the dependence of cryptococcus neoformans and its perfect and imperfect states upon bird manure as a habitat of this pathogen, a nutrient medium closely resembling natural conditions was prepared. as sole nutrient, the water soluble ingredients of manure from pigeons (columbia livia) were used. there was no heat sterilization of the manure filtrate. using a standard pair of c. neoformans strains for mating, it could be demonstrated that the perfect state of the fungus develo ...	1981	7013366
pathogenic yeast-like fungi in meat products.	100 samples of sausage and ham (cut in fine slices) were examined to find out whether meat products can harbour yeast-like fungi pathogenic for man. pieces of the test material were placed in a sterile petri dish containing 1 ml distilled water and incubated at 26 degrees c for 2 days. the colonies grown on the material were identified by international standard methods, tested for extracellular proteolytic activity and serotypes. experimentally infected meat products were studied culturally and ...	1980	7013360