Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| fecal matters. | 2011 | 21297602 | |
| clostridium difficile infection in 2010: advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of cdi. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) publications have advanced in 2010 at a pace paralleling the increased frequency and severity of clinical infection. both toxins a and b are essential virulence factors, pcr diagnostic testing is rapid, sensitive and specific, and recurrent cdi can be prevented using monoclonal antibodies to toxins a and b. | 2011 | 21293502 |
| rifaximin disc diffusion test for in vitro susceptibility testing of clostridium difficile. | rifaximin is a rifampicin derivative, poorly absorbed by the gastro-intestinal tract. we studied the in vitro susceptibility to rifamixin of 1082 clostridium difficile isolates; among these, 184 isolates from a strain collection were tested by an in-house rifaximin disc (40 µg) diffusion test, by an in-house rifaximin broth microdilution test, by rifampicin etest and by rpob gene sequencing. in the absence of respective clsi or eucast mic breakpoints for rifaximin and rifampicin against c. diffi ... | 2011 | 21292853 |
| multiple component patient safety intervention in english hospitals: controlled evaluation of second phase. | to independently evaluate the impact of the second phase of the health foundation's safer patients initiative (spi2) on a range of patient safety measures. design a controlled before and after design. five substudies: survey of staff attitudes; review of case notes from high risk (respiratory) patients in medical wards; review of case notes from surgical patients; indirect evaluation of hand hygiene by measuring hospital use of handwashing materials; measurement of outcomes (adverse events, mort ... | 2011 | 21292720 |
| [prevalence of diarrhea in critical patients units in spain: a multicenter study]. | diarrhea is a frequent complication in patients admitted to intensive care and nursing consumes a significant percentage of time for them. although this is a common condition, the exact size of the problem is unknown. the main objective of this study has been to determine the prevalence of diarrhea in hospitalized patients in critical care units (ccu)in spain. | 2011 | 21292524 |
| recent trends in the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in pediatric surgery. | the use of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (ap) in children is poorly characterized. the aims of this study were to examine (1) trends in the use of ap for commonly performed operations, (2) appropriateness in the context of available guidelines, and (3) adverse events potentially attributable to ap. | 2011 | 21292089 |
| surface layer protein a variant of clostridium difficile pcr-ribotype 027. | 2011 | 21291621 | |
| the effectiveness of sodium dichloroisocyanurate treatments against clostridium difficile spores contaminating stainless steel. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of hospital-associated infective diarrhea, and its spore form can persist for months in the hospital environment. chlorine-based cleaning agents are recommended for eliminating this reservoir of potential infection. | 2011 | 21288600 |
| the search for effective treatment of clostridium difficile infection. | 2011 | 21288079 | |
| fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection is a serious diarrheal illness associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. patients generally have a response to oral vancomycin or metronidazole; however, the rate of recurrence is high. this phase 3 clinical trial compared the efficacy and safety of fidaxomicin with those of vancomycin in treating c. difficile infection. | 2011 | 21288078 |
| the incidence of nosocomial toxigenic clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in tehran tertiary medical centers. | clostridium difficile is the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea. it is usually a consequence of antibiotic treatment, but sporadic cases can occur. this study was aimed to determine the frequency of the nosocomial clostridium difficile (c. difficile) associated diarrhea in tehran university of medical sciences hospitals and study of antibacterial susceptibility of isolates. in this study a total of 942 stool samples from patients with nosocomial diarrhea that were hospitalized in imam khom ... | 2010 | 21287466 |
| intestinal microbiota was assessed in cirrhotic patients with hepatitis b virus infection. intestinal microbiota of hbv cirrhotic patients. | to unravel the profile of intestinal microecological parameters in chinese patients with asymptomatic carriage of hepatitis b virus (hbv), chronic hepatitis b, decompensated hbv cirrhosis, and health controls and to establish their correlation with liver disease progression, we performed quantitative pcr and immunological techniques to investigate fecal parameters, including population of fecal predominant bacteria and the abundance of some virulence genes derived from escherichia coli, bacteroi ... | 2011 | 21286703 |
| complete genome sequence of a serotype 11a, st62 streptococcus pneumoniae invasive isolate. | streptococcus pneumoniae is an important human pathogen representing a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. we sequenced the genome of a serotype 11a, st62 s. pneumoniae invasive isolate (ap200), that was erythromycin-resistant due to the presence of the erm(tr) determinant, and carried out analysis of the genome organization and comparison with other pneumococcal genomes. | 2011 | 21284853 |
| surveillance for clostridium difficile infection: icd-9 coding has poor sensitivity compared to laboratory diagnosis in hospital patients, singapore. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is an increasingly recognized nosocomial infection in singapore. surveillance methods include laboratory reporting of clostridium difficile toxin assays (cdta) or use of international classification of diseases, 9(th) revision (icd-9) discharge code 008.45. previous us studies showed good correlation between cdta and icd-9 codes. however, the use of icd-9 codes for cdi surveillance has not been validated in other healthcare settings. | 2011 | 21283751 |
| diarrhea. | the four major mechanisms of diarrhea are osmotic forces, secretory forces, exudation from a disrupted intestinal mucosa, and disturbed intestinal motility. in many illnesses, more than one mechanism produces diarrhea. the rotaviruses and the norwalk viruses have recently been recognized as common causes of viral gastroenteritis. also, the major cause of antibiotic-associated colitis is now known to be an overgrowth of clostridium difficile. campylobacter has also been identified as a common cau ... | 1983 | 21283398 |
| regulation of induced colonic inflammation by lactobacillus acidophilus deficient in lipoteichoic acid. | imbalance in the regulatory immune mechanisms that control intestinal cellular and bacterial homeostasis may lead to induction of the detrimental inflammatory signals characterized in humans as inflammatory bowel disease. induction of proinflammatory cytokines (i.e., il-12) induced by dendritic cells (dcs) expressing pattern recognition receptors may skew naive t cells to t helper 1 polarization, which is strongly implicated in mucosal autoimmunity. recent studies show the ability of probiotic m ... | 2011 | 21282652 |
| [nosocomial diarrhea]. | hospital acquired or nosocomial diarrhea affects up to one third of hospitalized patients. it increases mortality rates as well as length and costs of the hospital stay. drug side effects are the predominant cause of nosocomial diarrhea whilst clostridium difficile is the most common infectious agent, whose development is closely linked to antibiotic usage. the causal therapy of mild clostridium difficile infections is controversially discussed. nevertheless, the use of metronidazol for mild cas ... | 2011 | 21279316 |
| lacking the incentive to cure? recurring clostridium difficile diarrhea and our reluctance to use fecal transplantation. | 2011 | 21278582 | |
| sternal surgical site infection prevention - is there any room for improvement? | the objectives of this multicenter study are to evaluate current clinical practices in cardiac surgery concerning the prevention and management of sternal wound infections, to identify room for improvement, and to support implementation of systematic measures. | 2011 | 21277786 |
| sporicides for clostridium difficile: the devil is in the detail. | a taskforce has now been formed with representatives from the department of health's advisory committee on antimicrobial resistance and healthcare associated infection (arhai), the hospital infection society (his), the department of health (england) and the health protection agency. the aims of the arhai/his taskforce on sporicidal disinfectants are: to develop an accepted standard for laboratory testing of disinfectants which claim to have activity against c. difficile spores; to develop a netw ... | 2011 | 21277650 |
| synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of nitazoxanide-based analogues: identification of selective and broad spectrum activity. | a library composed of nitazoxanide-based analogues was synthesized and assayed for increased antibacterial efficacy against the pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase (pfor) using microorganisms helicobacter pylori, campylobacter jejuni and clostridium difficile. derivatives were found to recapitulate and improve activity against these organisms and select analogues were tested for their ability to disrupt the pfor enzyme directly. the library was also screened for activity against staphylococci and ... | 2010 | 21275058 |
| impact of clostridium difficile infection in patients with ulcerative colitis. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is becoming prevalent in general population as well as in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). | 2010 | 21272802 |
| use of antibacterial prophylaxis for patients with neutropenia. australian consensus guidelines 2011 steering committee. | the use of oral prophylactic antibiotics in patients with neutropenia is controversial and not recommended by this group because of a lack of evidence showing a reduction in mortality and concerns that such practice promotes antimicrobial resistance. recent evidence has demonstrated non-significant but consistent, improvement in all-cause mortality when fluoroquinolones (fqs) are used as primary prophylaxis. however, the consensus was that this evidence was not strong enough to recommend prophyl ... | 2011 | 21272174 |
| down-regulation of interleukin-16 in human mast cells hmc-1 by clostridium difficile toxins a and b. | toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb) are the major virulence factors of clostridium difficile and are the causative agents for clinical symptoms, such as secretory diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis. mast cells are essentially involved in the toxin-induced colonic inflammatory processes. to study the direct effects of these toxins on the expression of inflammatory genes, a dna microarray containing evaluated probes of 90 selected inflammatory genes was applied to the immature mast cell line hmc ... | 2011 | 21267712 |
| the morbidity of clostridium difficile infection after elective colonic resection-results from a national population database. | clostridium difficile (cd), a gram-positive rod bacterium, resides normally within the human colon. antibiotic treatment alters normal colonic flora, potentiating abnormal overgrowth of cd. | 2011 | 21266214 |
| adaptation of clostridium difficile toxin a for use as a protein translocation system. | a cellular delivery system is a useful biotechnology tool, with many possible applications. two derivatives of clostridium difficile toxin a (tcda) have been constructed (gfp-tcda and luc-tcda), by fusing reporter genes to functional domains of tcda, and evaluated for their ability to translocate their cargo into mammalian cells. the cysteine protease and receptor binding domains of tcda have been examined and found to be functional when expressed in the chimeric construct. whereas gfp failed to ... | 2011 | 21266163 |
| probiotic cheese containing lactobacillus rhamnosus hn001 and lactobacillus acidophilus ncfm(®) modifies subpopulations of fecal lactobacilli and clostridium difficile in the elderly. | aging is associated with alterations in the intestinal microbiota and with immunosenescence. probiotics have the potential to modify a selected part of the intestinal microbiota as well as improve immune functions and may, therefore, be particularly beneficial to elderly consumers. in this randomized, controlled cross-over clinical trial, we assessed the effects of a probiotic cheese containing lactobacillus rhamnosus hn001 and lactobacillus acidophilus ncfm on the intestinal microbiota and feca ... | 2011 | 21264685 |
| antimicrobial susceptibilities and molecular epidemiology of clinical isolates of clostridium difficile in taiwan. | the antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence factors of clostridium difficile clinical isolates in taiwan have not previously been reported. one hundred and thirteen isolates were collected from two major teaching hospitals in taiwan from 2001 to 2009. molecular typing was performed by an automated repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence-based pcr (rep-pcr) method (diversilab; bacterial barcodes, inc., athens, ga) and pcr ribotyping. detection of tcda, tcdb, cdta, and cdtb genes was perform ... | 2011 | 21263053 |
| histidine acts as a co-germinant with glycine and taurocholate for clostridium difficile spores. | aims: it is well established that the bile salt sodium taurocholate acts as a germinant for clostridium difficile spores and the amino acid glycine acts as a co-germinant. the aim of this study was to determine whether any other amino acids act as co-germinants. methods and results: clostridium difficile spore suspensions were exposed to different germinant solutions comprising taurocholate, glycine and an additional amino acid for 1 h before heating shocking (to kill germinating cells) or chi ... | 2011 | 21261795 |
| clostridium difficile infection causing multiple organ failure and small-bowel enteritis. | 2011 | 21256103 | |
| comparative genome-wide analysis of small rnas of major gram-positive pathogens: from identification to application. | in the recent years, the number of drug- and multi-drug-resistant microbial strains has increased rapidly. therefore, the need to identify innovative approaches for development of novel anti-infectives and new therapeutic targets is of high priority in global health care. the detection of small rnas (srnas) in bacteria has attracted considerable attention as an emerging class of new gene expression regulators. several experimental technologies to predict srna have been established for the gram-n ... | 2010 | 21255362 |
| studies with bioengineered nisin peptides highlight the broad-spectrum potency of nisin v. | nisin a is the most thoroughly investigated member of the lantibiotic family of antimicrobial peptides. in addition to a long history of safe use as a food antimicrobial, its activity against multi-drug resistant pathogens has resulted in a renewed interest in applying nisin as a chemotherapeutic to treat bacterial infections. the wealth of nisin-related information that has been generated has also led to the development of the biotechnological capacity to engineer novel nisin variants with a vi ... | 2010 | 21255345 |
| a proposed nomenclature for cell wall proteins of clostridium difficile. | strains of clostridium difficile produce a number of surface-localized proteins, including the s-layer proteins (slps) and other proteins that have suspected roles in pathogenesis. during the third international c. difficile symposium (bled, slovenia, september 2010) discussions were held on standardization of nomenclature. gene designations were proposed for the large family of cell wall proteins that are paralogues of the slp and contain putative cell wall binding motifs. this paper summarizes ... | 2011 | 21252271 |
| [public health surveillance and assessment of emerging infectious threats: method and criteria for risk analysis]. | one of the objectives of the surveillance systems implemented by the french national institute for public health surveillance is to detect communicable diseases and to reduce their impact. for emerging infections, the detection and risk analysis pose specific challenges due to lack of documented criteria for the event. the surveillance systems detect a variety of events, or "signals" which represent a potential risk, such as a novel germ, a pathogen which may disseminate in a non-endemic area, o ... | 2011 | 21251782 |
| magnitude and economic effect of overuse of antisecretory therapy in the ambulatory care setting. | to determine the prevalence and economic effect of inappropriate proton pump inhibitor (ppi) use in an ambulatory care setting. | 2010 | 21250399 |
| toll-like receptor 5 stimulation protects mice from acute clostridium difficile colitis. | clostridium difficile is a spore-forming bacterium that infects the lower intestinal tract of humans and is the most common known cause of diarrhea among hospitalized patients. clostridium difficile colitis is mediated by toxins and develops during or following antibiotic administration. we have used a murine model of c. difficile infection, which reproduces the major features of the human disease, to study the effect of innate immune activation on resistance to c. difficile infection. we found ... | 2011 | 21245274 |
| primary human colonic myofibroblasts are resistant to clostridium difficile toxin a-induced, but not toxin b-induced, cell death. | colonic inflammation in clostridium difficile infection is mediated by released toxins a and b. we investigated responses to c. difficile toxins a and b by isolated primary human colonic myofibroblasts, which represent a distinct subpopulation of mucosal cells that are normally located below the intestinal epithelium. following incubation with either purified toxin a or b, there was a change in myofibroblast morphology to stellate cells with processes that were immunoreactive for alpha-smooth mu ... | 2011 | 21245273 |
| [incidence and characteristics of clostridium difficile infection in patients with diarrhea in a prague teaching hospital]. | description of basic epidemiological and clinical data of patients suffering from clostridium difficile infection (cdi). recognizing important predisposing factors and detecting complications of the disease. | 2010 | 21243600 |
| the impact of enhanced cleaning within the intensive care unit on contamination of the near-patient environment with hospital pathogens: a randomized crossover study in critical care units in two hospitals. | to determine the effect of enhanced cleaning of the near-patient environment on the isolation of hospital pathogens from the bed area and staff hands. | 2011 | 21242793 |
| does viral gastroenteritis really increase the reports of clostridium difficile infection? | 2011 | 21239080 | |
| epidemiology and risk factors for clostridium difficile infection in children. | pediatric clostridium difficile infection (cdi)-related hospitalizations are increasing. we sought to describe the epidemiology of pediatric cdi at a quaternary care hospital. | 2011 | 21233782 |
| structural determinants for membrane insertion, pore formation and translocation of clostridium difficile toxin b. | clostridium difficile toxins a and b bind to eukaryotic target cells, are endocytosed and then deliver their n-terminal glucosyltransferase domain after processing into the cytosol. whereas glucosyltransferase, autoprocessing and cell-binding domains are well defined, structural features involved in toxin delivery are unknown. here, we studied structural determinants that define membrane insertion, pore formation and translocation of toxin b. deletion analyses revealed that a large region, cover ... | 2011 | 21231971 |
| bacteraemia from an unrecognized source (occult bacteraemia) occurring during clostridium difficile infection. | the purpose of this investigation was to determine if disruption of the colonic epithelium during clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is associated with bacteraemia due to secondary bacterial invasion by enteric organisms. | 2011 | 21231808 |
| antimicrobial stewardship for inpatient facilities. | antibiotic stewardship aims to improve patient care and reduce unwanted consequences of antimicrobial overuse or misuse, including lowered efficacy, emergence of antimicrobial resistance, development of secondary infections, adverse drug reactions, increased length of hospital stay, and additional healthcare costs. recent guidelines make specific recommendations for the development of institutional programs to enhance antimicrobial stewardship. optimally, such programs should be comprehensive, m ... | 2011 | 21225949 |
| [rifaximin--a non-resorbable antibiotic with many indications in gastroenterology]. | rifaximin, a non-resorbable broadband antibiotic, was approved in germany 2 years ago for the treatment of traveller's diarrhoea caused by non-invasive enteropathogens. on account of the very good tolerance and the high efficacy against almost all enteropathogens this pharmaceutical, which has been available for 25 years, bears a high potential in many other indications which are currently under clinical investigations, including: symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease, clostridium diffi ... | 2011 | 21225568 |
| [epidemiological aspects of gastrointestinal infections]. | the aim of this study was to investigate seasonal patterns and age-associated trends of the main bacterial, viral, and parasitic enteric pathogens in southwest germany. | 2011 | 21225552 |
| the ecology and pathobiology of clostridium difficile infections: an interdisciplinary challenge. | clostridium difficile is a well recognized pathogen of humans and animals. although c. difficile was first identified over 70 years ago, much remains unknown in regards to the primary source of human acquisition and its pathobiology. these deficits in our knowledge have been intensified by dramatic increases in both the frequency and severity of disease in humans over the last decade. the changes in c. difficile epidemiology might be due to the emergence of a hypervirulent stain of c. difficile, ... | 2010 | 21223531 |
| infection acquisition following intensive care unit room privatization. | patients in intensive care units (icus) often acquire infections, which impose a heavy human and financial burden. the use of private rooms may reduce the acquisition of certain pathogens, but the limited evidence on this topic is inconsistent. | 2011 | 21220658 |
| clostridium difficile from healthy food animals: optimized isolation and prevalence. | two isolation methods were compared for isolation of clostridium difficile from food animal feces. the single alcohol shock method (ss) used selective enrichment in cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose broth supplemented with 0.1% sodium taurocholate, followed by alcohol shock and isolation on tryptic soy agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood, and cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose agar. the double alcohol shock method (ds) used alcohol shock prior to and after selective enrichment in cycloserine-cefoxiti ... | 2011 | 21219775 |
| 'game changer' antibiotic and others in works for superbug. | 2011 | 21217660 | |
| us fda grants fast-trackdesignation to sanofi pasteur's investigational clostridium difficile vaccine. | 2011 | 21217176 | |
| neutralization of clostridium difficile toxin a with single-domain antibodies targeting the cell receptor binding domain. | clostridium difficile is a leading cause of nosocomial infection in north america and a considerable challenge to healthcare professionals in hospitals and nursing homes. the gram-positive bacterium produces two high molecular weight exotoxins, toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb), which are the major virulence factors responsible for c. difficile-associated disease and are targets for c. difficile-associated disease therapy. here, recombinant single-domain antibody fragments (v(h)hs), which specif ... | 2011 | 21216961 |
| optical density cut-off values for clostridium difficile enzyme immunoassays. | 2011 | 21216035 | |
| difference in the biological effects of clostridium difficile toxin b in proliferating and non-proliferating cells. | toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb) from clostridium difficile are the causative agents of the c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) and its severe form, the pseudomembranous colitis. tcda and tcdb both glucosylate and thereby inactivate low molecular weight gtp-binding proteins of the rho, rac, and cdc42 subfamilies. in cultured cell lines, tcdb induces actin re-organization and bi-nucleation ("cytopathic effects") and cell death ("cytotoxic effects"). in this study, the role of cell cycle prog ... | 2011 | 21212934 |
| insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor transactivation modulates the inflammatory and proliferative responses of neurotensin in human colonic epithelial cells. | neurotensin (nt) is a gastrointestinal neuropeptide that modulates intestinal inflammation and healing by binding to its high-affinity receptor ntr1. the dual role of nt in inflammation and healing is demonstrated in models of colitis induced by clostridium difficile toxin a and dextran sulfate sodium, respectively, and involves nf-κb-dependent il-8 expression and egf receptor-mediated mapk activation in human colonocytes. however, the detailed signaling pathways involved in these responses rema ... | 2011 | 21212273 |
| rapid stool-based diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection by real-time pcr in a children's hospital. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated infectious diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. detection of c. difficile by anaerobic bacterial culture and/or cytotoxicity assays has been largely replaced by rapid enzyme immunoassays (eia). however, due to the lack of sensitivity of stool eia, we developed a multiplex real-time pcr assay targeting the c. difficile toxin genes tcda and tcdb. stool samples from hospitalized pediatric patients suspected of having c. di ... | 2011 | 21209161 |
| [c. difficile: new bacterial species significantly more pathogenic]. | 2010 | 21207759 | |
| clostridium difficile infection among children with cancer. | we used data from the kids' inpatient database to examine clostridium difficile infection (cdi) among children with cancer. the cdi rate was 15 times greater among children with cancer compared with those without cancer. children with cancer accounted for 21% of all pediatric cdi cases. increased adherence to infection control recommendations is needed to address cdi in children with cancer. | 2011 | 21206395 |
| beyond the target pathogen: ecological effects of the hospital formulary. | antibiotic therapy has the potential for intended as well as unintended consequences due to ecological effects that extend beyond the target pathogen. this review examines some of the collateral damage and collateral benefit that may occur when using antibiotic therapy. | 2011 | 21200181 |
| clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized children in the united states. | to evaluate the trend in clostridium difficile infection (cdi) among hospitalized children in the united states and to evaluate the severity of and risk factors associated with these cases of cdi. | 2011 | 21199971 |
| systematic review: clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease. | there is increasing concern about the apparently rising incidence and worsening outcome of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) associated with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). we have systematically reviewed the literature to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, endoscopic features, treatment and outcome of cdi complicating ibd. | 2010 | 21198703 |
| systemic absorption of oral vancomycin in patients with clostridium difficile infection. | oral vancomycin is utilized in the treatment of severe clostridium difficile infection (cdi). we prospectively measured serum vancomycin concentrations (svc) in patients treated with oral vancomycin. the svc was measured by immunoassay prior to, and at least 3 days after, the administration of oral vancomycin 125 mg every 6 h. patients treated with intravenous vancomycin were excluded. fifty-seven patients with a mean age of 74 y (± 18) were enrolled. there was no detectable svc in 56 patients ( ... | 2011 | 21198337 |
| use of a continuous culture fermentation system to investigate the effect of ganedenbc30 (bacillus coagulans gbi-30, 6086) supplementation on pathogen survival in the human gut microbiota. | single-stage continuous fermentation systems were employed to examine the effects of ganedenbc(30) supplementation on the human gastrointestinal microbiota in relation to pathogen challenge in vitro. denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis demonstrated that ganedenbc(30) supplementation modified the microbial profiles in the fermentation systems compared with controls, with profiles clustering according to treatment. overall, ganedenbc(30) supplementation did not elicit major changes in ... | 2010 | 21195203 |
| clostridium difficile infection in an endemic setting in the netherlands. | the purpose of this investigation was to study risk factors for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in an endemic setting. in a 34-month prospective case-control study, we compared the risk factors and clinical characteristics of all consecutively diagnosed hospitalised cdi patients (n = 93) with those of patients without diarrhoea (n = 76) and patients with non-cdi diarrhoea (n = 64). the incidence of cdi was 17.5 per 10,000 hospital admissions. c. difficile polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ri ... | 2010 | 21194003 |
| faecal pharmacokinetics of orally administered vancomycin in patients with suspected clostridium difficile infection. | oral vancomycin (125 mg qid) is recommended as treatment of severe clostridium difficile infection (cdi). higher doses (250 or 500 mg qid) are sometimes recommended for patients with very severe cdi, without supporting clinical evidence. we wished to determine to what extent faecal levels of vancomycin vary according to diarrhoea severity and dosage, and whether it is rational to administer high-dose vancomycin to selected patients. | 2010 | 21192802 |
| synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of nitazoxanide-based analogues: identification of selective and broad spectrum activity. | a library composed of nitazoxanide-based analogues was synthesized and assayed for increased antibacterial efficacy against the pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase (pfor) using microorganisms helicobacter pylori, campylobacter jejuni and clostridium difficile. derivatives were found to recapitulate and improve activity against these organisms and select analogues were tested for their ability to disrupt the pfor enzyme directly. the library was also screened for activity against staphylococci and ... | 2010 | 21191957 |
| increased rate of irritable bowel syndrome and functional gastrointestinal disorders after clostridium difficile infection. | 2010 | 21190754 | |
| first synthesis of c. difficile ps-ii cell wall polysaccharide repeating unit. | clostridium difficile is the most commonly diagnosed cause of nosocomial diarrhea with increasing incidence and mortality among elderly and hospitalized patients. we report the first synthesis of the surface polysaccharide ps-ii repeating unit and its nonphosphorylated analogue, with a linker for conjugation, via a (4 + 2) convergent approach from a common ab(d)c tetrasaccharide intermediate. | 2010 | 21190352 |
| changing prophylactic antibiotic protocol for reducing clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoeal infections. | to determine whether a change in prophylactic antibiotic protocol for orthopaedic surgeries may reduce the frequency of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoeal infections. | 2010 | 21187543 |
| characterization of tiacumicin b biosynthetic gene cluster affording diversified tiacumicin analogues and revealing a tailoring dihalogenase. | the rna polymerase inhibitor tiacumicin b is currently undergoing phase iii clinical trial for treatment of clostridium difficile associated diarrhea with great promise. to understand the biosynthetic logic and to lay a foundation for generating structural analogues via pathway engineering, the tiacumicin b biosynthetic gene cluster was identified and characterized from the producer dactylosporangium aurantiacum subsp. hamdenensis nrrl 18085. sequence analysis of a 110,633 bp dna region revealed ... | 2010 | 21186805 |
| [comparison of diagnostic methods for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea]. | in order to compare different methods for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, fecal filtrates from patients presenting symptoms compatible with this condition, were analyzed. biological activity on vero cells (biological assay), dot blot with antibodies anti-tcda and anti-tcdb, and a pcr assay for the tcdb gene, were evaluated. titles of biological assays were > or =64 for 44 out of 177 samples. nineteen samples were positive in both biological and pcr assays. the analysi ... | 2010 | 21186669 |
| efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin for prophylaxis of polyomavirus bk virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients. | polyoma virus bk-induced hemorrhagic cystitis is an important cause of morbidity after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct). fluoroquinolones have been shown in vitro to inhibit bk viral replication by direct inhibition of the bk-encoded dna gyrase. we hypothesized that extended prophylaxis with ciprofloxacin may decrease the incidence of severe (grades 3 and 4) bk virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis (sbkhc) after hsct. we retrospectively collected patient and transplant data, as wel ... | 2010 | 21185389 |
| simultaneous clostridium difficile-associated colitis and late-onset intestinal cytomegalovirus disease in a renal transplant recipient. | infection remains the most common complication following renal transplantation (rt). cytomegalovirus (cmv) is one of the most important pathogens in this patient population and clostridium difficile-associated colitis (cdac) has emerged as one of the most frequent gastrointestinal complications. only few cases of simultaneous cmv enterocolitis and cdac have been reported. | 2010 | 21183880 |
| contribution of a government target to controlling clostridium difficile in the nhs in england. | the introduction of mandatory surveillance of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in 2004 showed the scale of the challenge: cases in patients >64 years old reached 55,681 in 2006. the first type 027 outbreaks had been in 2005 and cdi was a headline issue. the prevention and control of cdi requires a tripartite partnership between clinicians, health service managers, and the government/department of health which needs to set standards, ensure that cdi is a priority, set targets and monitor out ... | 2010 | 21182972 |
| use of probiotics in gastrointestinal disorders: what to recommend? | perturbation of bacterial microflora of the gastrointestinal (gi) tract may play an important role in the pathophysiology of some gi disorders. probiotics have been used as a treatment modality for over a century. they may restore normal bacterial microflora and effect the functioning of the gi tract by a variety of mechanisms. probiotics are not currently regulated and only few randomized controlled trials exist investigating their efficacy in different gi disorders. they are available in a var ... | 2010 | 21180611 |
| rifaximin therapy for metronidazole-unresponsive clostridium difficile infection: a prospective pilot trial. | background:clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a recent epidemic in the united states, particularly in the hospital setting. oral metronidazole is standard therapy for c. difficile infection, but resistance to metronidazole is becoming a clinical challenge.methods: we evaluated the efficacy of the nonsystemic oral antibiotic rifaximin for the treatment of metronidazole-resistant c. difficile infection. twenty-five patients with c. difficile infection were enrolled in the study. all had mild ... | 2010 | 21180604 |
| clostridium difficile colonization in early infancy is accompanied by changes in intestinal microbiota composition. | clostridium difficile is a major enteric pathogen responsible for antibiotic-associated diarrhea. host susceptibility to c. difficile infections results partly from inability of the intestinal microbiota to resist c. difficile colonization. during early infancy, asymptomatic colonization by c. difficile is common and the intestinal microbiota shows low complexity. thus, we investigated the potential relationship between the microbiota composition and the implantation of c. difficile in infant gu ... | 2010 | 21177896 |
| clostridium difficile: progress and challenges. | there is a surge of new interest in c. difficile infection (cdi) reflecting substantial increases in cases and fatalities. the new challenges by this now old pathogen have brought renewed interest in all facets of the disease. particularly important are the role of fluoroquinolones as inducing agents, the new polymerase chain reaction test to detect toxigenic strains in stools, the important role of the nap-1 strain, recent evidence favoring oral vancomycin over metronidazole in seriously ill pa ... | 2010 | 21175676 |
| pseudomembranous colitis complicating ulcerative colitis. | clostridium difficile toxin (cd toxin) causes antibiotic-associated colitis, or pseudomembranous colitis (pmc). although cd toxin is sometimes found in the stools of patients with ulcerative colitis (uc), uc is rarely complicated by pmc. we report herein a case of pmc complicating uc, and present a review of the literature. a 71-year-old woman was diagnosed as having uc of the left colon, and treated with prednisolone and mesalazine. later, however, lumbar spinal stenosis was also detected. afte ... | 2010 | 21175502 |
| [a case of pseudomembranous colitis in a juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patient taking methotrexate]. | pseudomembranous colitis is mainly caused by antibiotics and clostridium difficile infection. but conditions such as gastrointestinal surgery, antacid medication, anti-neoplastic agent or immunosuppressive agent which influences the normal flora of colon can induce colitis without the administration of any antibiotics. we experienced a 13 year-old male who was taking low-dose methotrexate for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis complained diarrhea and abdominal pain for 3 weeks. sigmoidoscopic finding ... | 2010 | 21173564 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease: impact of the updated shea/idsa guidelines. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is an increasingly difficult condition to treat because of the emergence of antibiotic resistance and highly pathogenic strains of bacteria. these newly identified strains affect patients in every facet of health care, from individuals in the community to those in intensive care units and all points in between. appropriate management regarding diagnosis, infection control, pharmacotherapy, and prevention is the key to good outcomes in all patient p ... | 2010 | 21172764 |
| diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 2009 | 21172260 | |
| increasing incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in inflammatory bowel disease. | over the last decade a rise in clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) has been observed. a higher incidence of cdad has also been suggested in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), and may be a challenging factor in the differential diagnosis of flares. it is unclear if the increase is caused by the enhanced use of immunosuppressive therapy in ibd. we investigated if cdad infection is increasing in ibd patients and evaluated outcome and possible predisposing factors. | 2009 | 21172241 |
| a comparative study of three methods to evaluate an intervention to improve empirical antibiotic therapy for acute bacterial infections in hospitalized patients. | in order to limit the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, standardized empirical therapy against acute bacterial infections has been advocated. | 2010 | 21171827 |
| clostridium difficile: the importance of toxin a is re-established in clostridium difficile infection. | 2010 | 21171215 | |
| analysis of ultra low genome conservation in clostridium difficile. | microarray-based comparative genome hybridisations (cgh) and genome sequencing of clostridium difficile isolates have shown that the genomes of this species are highly variable. to further characterize their genome variation, we employed integration of data from cgh, genome sequencing and putative cellular pathways. transcontinental strain comparison using cgh data confirmed the emergence of a human-specific hypervirulent cluster. however, there was no correlation between total toxin production ... | 2010 | 21170335 |
| fecal lactoferrin and clostridium spp. in stools of autistic children. | stools from autistic and healthy children were studied for fecal lactoferrin, clostridium difficile toxins, clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and cultured for clostridium spp. elevated level of fla was demonstrated in 24.4% stools, all from boys (31.25%). no toxins were detected. clostridium spp. was isolated with similar frequency from all samples. c. perfringens were isolated significantly often from the autistic stools, intermediate sensitive strains to penicillin 19%, to clindamycin 11.3%, ... | 2010 | 21167951 |
| effect of probiotic lactobacillus (lacidofil® cap) for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicenter study. | antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) is a common complication of antibiotic use. there is growing interest in probiotics for the treatment of aad and clostridium difficile infection because of the wide availability of probiotics. the aim of this multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial was to assess the efficacy of probiotic lactobacillus (lacidofil® cap) for the prevention of aad in adults. from september 2008 to november 2009, a total of 214 patients with respiratory tra ... | 2010 | 21165295 |
| severe colitis associated with docetaxel use: a report of four cases. | diarrhea is a common side effect of chemotherapy. pseudomembranous colitis is a well known complication of antibiotic treatment that can also be observed, albeit rarely, with certain chemotherapeutic agents. we present four cases of severe colitis in patients undergoing treatment with taxane-based chemotherapy for pancreatic, lung and breast cancer. none of them had recently received antibiotics. one patient presented with a bowel perforation and three had endoscopic findings of pseudomembranous ... | 2010 | 21160890 |
| toxic megacolon associated clostridium difficile colitis. | toxic megacolon is a severe complication of clostridium difficile (c. difficile) colitis. as the prevalence of c. difficile colitis increases and treatments become more refractory, clinicians will encounter more patients with c. difficile associated toxic megacolon in the future. here, we review a case of toxic megacolon secondary to c. difficile colitis and review the current literature on diagnosis and management. we identify both clinical and radiologic criteria for diagnosis and discuss both ... | 2010 | 21160629 |
| the role of environmental cleaning in health care-associated infections. | multidrug-resistant organisms such as methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and toxin-producing organisms such as clostridium difficile have been a concern for over 30 years. an increasing focus is being placed on the role that an unclean environment can play in transmission. this article describes the pathogens of concern and the use of a robust environmental cleaning program to help reduce the chances for hospital-acquired infections. | 2011 | 21160295 |
| scientists probe herpes in neonates, c. difficile acquisition in children. | 2010 | 21156940 | |
| risk factors for the development of clostridium difficile-associated colitis after colorectal cancer surgery. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile)-associated colitis, a known complication of colon and rectal surgery, can increase perioperative morbidity and mortality, leading to increased hospital stay and costs. several contributing factors, including advanced age, mechanical bowel preparation, and antibiotics, have been implicated in this condition. the purpose of this study was to determine the clinical features of and factors responsible for c. difficile-associated colitis after colorectal cancer su ... | 2010 | 21152135 |
| the risk factors of clostridium difficile colitis in colorectal surgery. | 2010 | 21152130 | |
| therapeutic transplantation of the distal gut microbiota. | although it is generally accepted that the distal gut microbiota are relatively stable in healthy adult individuals, a collapse of the microbial community structure resulting from antibiotic therapy or pathogen presence can lead to gut dysfunction. however, recent findings demonstrate that it is possible to engraft new microbiota from a donor source, resulting in the restoration of gut functionality and improvement in health. this builds upon decades of case reports and series in which fecal tra ... | 2010 | 21150894 |
| in vitro activity and single-step mutational analysis of rifamycin sv tested against enteropathogens associated with traveler's diarrhea and clostridium difficile. | rifamycin sv is a broad-spectrum, poorly absorbed antimicrobial agent that, when coupled with mmx technology, is being targeted for the oral treatment of traveler's diarrhea (td) and clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). rifamycin sv was tested for activity against 911 td-associated enteropathogens and 30 c. difficile isolates collected from several global surveillance studies. rifamycin sv demonstrated similar antimicrobial activity levels against the enterobacteriaceae, with mic₅₀ v ... | 2010 | 21149623 |
| critical gastrointestinal bleeding at an inpatient rehabilitation center: incidence, risk factors, and the role of gastrointestinal prophylaxis. | to determine the incidence of critical gastrointestinal bleeding at an inpatient rehabilitation center, the risk factors associated with said bleeding, and the role of gastrointestinal prophylaxis. | 2010 | 21145522 |
| the role of glutamate dehydrogenase for the detection of clostridium difficile in faecal samples: a meta-analysis. | clostridium difficile causes a serious, occasionally fatal, hospital-acquired infection. the laboratory diagnosis of c. difficile infection (cdi) needs to be accurate to ensure optimal patient management, infection control and reliable surveillance. commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for c. difficile toxins have poor sensitivity when compared with cell culture cytotoxin assay (cta) and toxigenic culture (tc). we performed a meta-analysis of the role of glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) in ... | 2010 | 21145132 |
| [entero-colitis implicated by antimicrobial agents]. | 2010 | 21139357 | |
| tigecycline exhibits inhibitory activity against clostridium difficile in the colon of mice and does not promote growth or toxin production. | tigecycline is a broad-spectrum glycylcycline antibiotic with potent in vitro activity against clostridium difficile. we used a mouse model to test the hypothesis that tigecycline has a low propensity to promote colonization and toxin production by c. difficile due to inhibitory activity in the colon. mice (5 to 8 per group) received subcutaneous injections of tigecycline (low and high doses) alone or in combination with clindamycin for 6 days. growth of and toxin production by 3 strains of c. d ... | 2010 | 21135181 |