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high-coverage sars-cov-2 genome sequences acquired by target capture sequencing.in this study, we designed a set of sars-cov-2 enrichment probes to increase the capacity for sequence-based virus detection and obtain the comprehensive genome sequence at the same time. this universal sars-cov-2 enrichment probe set contains 502 120 nt single-stranded dna biotin-labeled probes designed based on all available sars-cov-2 viral sequences and it can be used to enrich for sars-cov-2 sequences without prior knowledge of type or subtype. following the cdc health and safety guidelines ...202032492196
evidence for mutations in sars-cov-2 italian isolates potentially affecting virus transmission.italy is the first western country suffering heavy severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) transmission and disease impact after coronavirus disease-2019 pandemia started in china. even though the presence of mutations on spike glycoprotein and nucleocapsid in italian isolates has been reported, the potential impact of these mutations on viral transmission has not been evaluated. we have compared sars-cov-2 genome sequences from italian patients with virus sequences from chi ...202032492183
first case of focal epilepsy associated with sars-coronavirus-2.a healthy patient presented to klinikum altmühlfranken weißenburg hospital, germany, with two morning attacks of painful muscle spasm in the left upper and lower limbs, without altered consciousness. full examinations, radiological imaging, electroencephalography, lumbar puncture, and autoimmune profile were either normal or not consistent with patient's complaint. subsequent epileptic episodes were observed on admission day and the following days; thus, the patient was diagnosed with focal epil ...202032484990
prior and novel coronaviruses, coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), and human reproduction: what is known?to summarize current understanding of the effects of novel and prior coronaviruses on human reproduction, specifically male and female gametes, and in pregnancy.202032482250
no evidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 in semen of males recovering from coronavirus disease 2019.to describe detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-coronavirus 2 (cov-2) in seminal fluid of patients recovering from coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) and to describe the expression profile of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (tmprss2) within the testicle.202032482249
broad-spectrum coronavirus fusion inhibitors to combat covid-19 and other emerging coronavirus diseases.in the past 17 years, three novel coronaviruses have caused severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), middle east respiratory syndrome (mers), and the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). as emerging infectious diseases, they were characterized by their novel pathogens and transmissibility without available clinical drugs or vaccines. this is especially true for the newly identified covid-19 caused by sars coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) for which, to date, no specific antiviral drugs or vaccines hav ...202032481690
notice of retraction: effectiveness of surgical and cotton masks in blocking sars-cov-2. 202032479106
clinical outcomes and serologic response in solid organ transplant recipients with covid-19: a case series from the united states.the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic caused by sars coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has caused significant morbidity and mortality for patients and stressed healthcare systems worldwide. the clinical features, disease course, and serologic response of covid-19 among immunosuppressed patients such as solid organ transplant (sot) recipients, who are at presumed risk for more severe disease, are not well characterized. we describe our institutional experience with covid-19 among 10 sot patie ...202032476258
[erythema multiforme in the context of sars-coronavirus-2 infection]. 202032475615
antiviral effects of probiotic metabolites on covid-19.sars coronavirus (covid-19) is a real health challenge of the 21st century for scientists, health workers, politicians, and all humans that has severe cause epidemic worldwide. the virus exerts its pathogenic activity through by mechanism and gains the entry via spike proteins (s) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) receptor proteins on host cells. the present work is an effort for a computational target to block the residual binding protein (rbp) on spike proteins (s), angiotensin-conver ...202032475223
surgical mask partition reduces the risk of non-contact transmission in a golden syrian hamster model for coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19).coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is believed to be mostly transmitted by medium-to-large sized respiratory droplets although airborne transmission is theoretically possible in healthcare settings involving aerosol-generating procedures. exposure to respiratory droplets can theoretically be reduced by surgical mask usage. however, there is a lack of experimental evidence supporting surgical mask usage for prevention of covi ...202032472679
changes of the patient management in dentistry during the pandemic caused by the sars-coronavirus 2-initial perspectives of a clinic of operative dentistry in europe. 202032472253
prediction of novel inhibitors of the main protease (m-pro) of sars-cov-2 through consensus docking and drug reposition.since the outbreak of the covid-19 pandemic in december 2019 and its rapid spread worldwide, the scientific community has been under pressure to react and make progress in the development of an effective treatment against the virus responsible for the disease. here, we implement an original virtual screening (vs) protocol for repositioning approved drugs in order to predict which of them could inhibit the main protease of the virus (m-pro), a key target for antiviral drugs given its essential ro ...202032471205
coronavirus (covid-19): let's prevent not panic.it was on 31st december 2019, that a cluster of pneumonia cases was reported to the world health organization (who) by china. the initial investigations revealed the cases to be due to a previously unknown "never before seen strain of coronavirus". coronaviruses are a group of viruses, which are normally present among animals such as cows, bats, camels and cats. the disease was officially named covid-19 by who on 11th february 2020. the international committee on taxonomy of viruses named the vi ...202032468775
complete genome sequence of sars-cov-2 in a tiger from a u.s. zoological collection.this report describes the identification and characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) in a malayan tiger in a u.s. zoo.202032467283
acute symptomatic seizures in critically ill patients with covid-19: is there an association?the coronavirus disease of 2019 (covid-19) emerged as a global pandemic. historically, the group of human coronaviruses can also affect the central nervous system leading to neurological symptoms; however, the causative mechanisms of the neurological manifestations of covid-19 disease are not well known. seizures have not been directly reported as a part of covid-19 outside of patients with previously known brain injury or epilepsy. we report two cases of acute symptomatic seizures, in non-epile ...202032462412
respiratory syncytial virus-induced oxidative stress leads to an increase in labile zinc pools in lung epithelial cells.zinc supplementation in cell culture has been shown to inhibit various viruses, like herpes simplex virus, rotavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). however, whether zinc plays a direct antiviral role in viral infections and whether viruses have adopted strategies to modulate zinc homeostasis have not been investigated. results from clinical trials of zinc supplementation in infections indicate that zinc supplementation ma ...202032461278
covid-19 and renin-angiotensin system inhibition: role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ace2) - is there any scientific evidence for controversy?renin-angiotensin system (ras) blockers are extensively used worldwide to treat many cardiovascular disorders, where they are effective in reducing both mortality and morbidity. these drugs are known to induce an increased expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2). ace2 acts as receptor for the novel sars coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) which raising the important issue of possible detrimental effects that ras blockers could exert on the natural history and pathogenesis of the coronavirus ...202032459372
a human neutralizing antibody targets the receptor-binding site of sars-cov-2.an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19)1-3, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2)4, has spread globally. countermeasures are needed to treat and prevent further dissemination of the virus. here we report the isolation of two specific human monoclonal antibodies (termed ca1 and cb6) from a patient convalescing from covid-19. ca1 and cb6 demonstrated potent sars-cov-2-specific neutralization activity in vitro. in addition, cb6 inhibited infection with sa ...202032454512
unravelling lead antiviral phytochemicals for the inhibition of sars-cov-2 mpro enzyme through in silico approach.a new sars coronavirus (sars-cov-2) belonging to the genus betacoronavirus has caused a pandemic known as covid-19. among coronaviruses, the main protease (mpro) is an essential drug target which, along with papain-like proteases catalyzes the processing of polyproteins translated from viral rna and recognizes specific cleavage sites. there are no human proteases with similar cleavage specificity and therefore, inhibitors are highly likely to be nontoxic. therefore, targeting the sars-cov-2 mpro ...202032450166
presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes of patients coinfected with covid-19 and mycoplasma pneumoniae in the usa.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is spreading at a rapid pace, and the world health organization declared it as pandemic on 11 march 2020. mycoplasma pneumoniae is an "atypical" bacterial pathogen commonly known to cause respiratory illness in humans. the coinfection from sars-cov-2 and mycoplasma pneumonia is rarely reported in the literature to the best of our knowledge. we present a study in which 6 of 350 patients conf ...202032449972
protease inhibitors: candidate drugs to inhibit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 replication.the number of patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has rapidly increased, although the who declared a pandemic. however, drugs that function against sars-cov-2 have not been established. sars-cov-2 has been suggested to bind angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the receptor of the sars coronavirus. sars coronavirus and coronavirus 229e, the cause of the common cold, replicate through cell-surface and endosomal pathways using a protease, the type ii tran ...202032448818
stability of rna sequences derived from the coronavirus genome in human cells.most viruses inhibit the innate immune system and/or the rna degradation processes of host cells to construct an advantageous intracellular environment for their survival. characteristic rna sequences within rna virus genomes or rnas transcribed from dna virus genomes contribute toward this inhibition. in this study, we developed a method called "fate-seq" to comprehensively identify the rna sequences derived from rna and dna viruses, contributing rna stability in the cells. we examined the stab ...202032446559
sars-coronavirus-2 and acute urticaria. 202032441802
diabetes and metabolic syndrome as risk factors for covid-19.clinical evidence exists that patients with diabetes are at higher risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). we investigated the physiological origins of this clinical observation linking diabetes with severity and adverse outcome of covid-19.202032438331
psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the covid-19 pandemic.before the covid-19 pandemic, coronaviruses caused two noteworthy outbreaks: severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), starting in 2002, and middle east respiratory syndrome (mers), starting in 2012. we aimed to assess the psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations of sars, mers, and covid-19.202032437679
sars-cov-2 infection protects against rechallenge in rhesus macaques.an understanding of protective immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is critical for vaccine and public health strategies aimed at ending the global coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic. a key unanswered question is whether infection with sars-cov-2 results in protective immunity against reexposure. we developed a rhesus macaque model of sars-cov-2 infection and observed that macaques had high viral loads in the upper and lower respiratory tract, humora ...202032434946
dna vaccine protection against sars-cov-2 in rhesus macaques.the global coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has made the development of a vaccine a top biomedical priority. in this study, we developed a series of dna vaccine candidates expressing different forms of the sars-cov-2 spike (s) protein and evaluated them in 35 rhesus macaques. vaccinated animals developed humoral and cellular immune responses, including neutralizing antibody titers at levels comparable to those fou ...202032434945
self-protection of medical workers in ophthalmology clinic during covid-19 epidemic.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is an infectious disease caused by a coronavirus called sars coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). it has been observed that covid-19 mainly spreads via respiratory tract, contact and digestive tract. due to the particularity of profession, ophthalmic medical workers need to be in close contact with patients, so they have a higher risk of sars-cov-2 infection. in this paper, therefore, the self-protection of medical workers in ophthalmology clinic during covid-19 epidem ...202032432780
multivariate analyses of codon usage of sars-cov-2 and other betacoronaviruses.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is a global health concern as it continues to spread within china and beyond. the causative agent of this disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), belongs to the genus betacoronavirus, which also includes severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (sarsr-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (mersr-cov). codon usage of viral genes are believed to be subjected to different selection pressures in d ...202032431949
deubiquitinating enzymes in coronaviruses and possible therapeutic opportunities for covid-19.following the outbreak of novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-coronavirus (cov)2, the majority of nations are struggling with countermeasures to fight infection, prevent spread and improve patient survival. considering that the pandemic is a recent event, no large clinical trials have been possible and since coronavirus specific drug are not yet available, there is no strong consensus on how to treat the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) associated viral pneumonia. coronaviruses cod ...202032429099
understanding sars-cov-2 endocytosis for covid-19 drug repurposing.the quest for the effective treatment against coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-coronavirus 2(cov-2) coronavirus is hampered by the lack of knowledge concerning the basic cell biology of the infection. given that most viruses use endocytosis to enter the host cell, mechanistic investigation of sars-cov-2 infection needs to consider the diversity of endocytic pathways available for sars-cov-2 entry in the human lung epithelium. taking advant ...202032428379
altered mental status as a novel initial clinical presentation for covid-19 infection in the elderly.the coronavirus disease of 2019 or covid-19 was first identified in hubei province in china in november of 2019 and quickly spread to become a global pandemic. the virus, sars-coronavirus-2, is particularly virulent in the elderly who can develop symptoms and become mortally ill within days of contracting the virus. the virus is easily transmitted by droplets (e.g., sneezing and coughing) and communal living settings such as personal care homes can be vulnerable to the spread of the virus. ident ...202032425470
can sars-cov-2-infected women breastfeed after viral clearance?the recently emerged novel coronavirus pneumonia, named the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), shares several clinical characteristics with severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) and middle east respiratory syndrome (mers), and spread rapidly throughout china in december of 2019 (huang et al., 2020). the pathogen 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) is now named sars coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) and is highly infectious. as of apr. 9, 2020, over 80 000 confirmed cases had been reported, with an ...202032425007
clinical value of the emergency department in screening and diagnosis of covid-19 in china.since the global outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) in 2003, china has gradually built a robust prevention and control system for sudden infectious diseases. all large hospitals have a fever clinic that isolates patients with all kinds of acute communicable diseases as the first line of medical defense. the emergency department, as the second line of medical defense in hospitals, is constantly shouldering the heavy responsibility of screening communicable diseases while also tr ...202032425004
perforin and resistance to sars coronavirus 2. 202032422144
current and future point-of-care tests for emerging and new respiratory viruses and future perspectives.the availability of pathogen-specific treatment options for respiratory tract infections (rtis) increased the need for rapid diagnostic tests. besides, retrospective studies, improved lab-based detection methods and the intensified search for new viruses since the beginning of the twenty-first century led to the discovery of several novel respiratory viruses. among them are human bocavirus (hbov), human coronaviruses (hcov-hku1, -nl63), human metapneumovirus (hmpv), rhinovirus type c (rv-c), and ...202032411619
early trends for sars-cov-2 infection in central and north texas and impact on other circulating respiratory viruses.rapid diagnosis and isolation are key to containing the quick spread of a pandemic agent like severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), which has spread globally since its initial outbreak in wuhan province in china. sars-cov-2 is novel and the effect on typically prevalent seasonal viruses is just becoming apparent. we present our initial data on the prevalence of respiratory viruses in the month of march 2020. this is a retrospective cohort study post launching of s ...202032410236
pathogenesis and transmission of sars-cov-2 in golden hamsters.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), a novel coronavirus with high nucleotide identity to sars-cov and to sars-related coronaviruses that have been detected in horseshoe bats, has spread across the world and had a global effect on healthcare systems and economies1,2. a suitable small animal model is needed to support the development of vaccines and therapies. here we report the pathogenesis and transmissibility of sars-cov-2 in golden (syrian) hamsters (mesocricetus aura ...202032408338
infection of dogs with sars-cov-2.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) was first detected in wuhan in december 2019 and caused coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19)1,2. in 2003, the closely related sars-cov had been detected in domestic cats and a dog3. however, little is known about the susceptibility of domestic pet mammals to sars-cov-2. here, using pcr with reverse transcription, serology, sequencing the viral genome and virus isolation, we show that 2 out of 15 dogs from households with confirmed human ...202032408337
covid-19: progression of disease and intravascular coagulation - present status and future perspectives.the timely and accurate diagnosis of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), remains the cornerstone of efforts to provide appropriated treatment for patients, to limit further spread of the virus and ultimately to eliminate the virus from the human society. we focus this article on (a) developments for improvement of diagnosis of specific sars-cov-2 virus, (b) laboratory changes in the immunologic and ...202032406381
cardiac injury, arrhythmia, and sudden death in a covid-19 patient. 202032405457
synergistic antiviral effect of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in combination against sars-cov-2: what molecular dynamics studies of virus-host interactions reveal.the emergence of sars-coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) has led to a global pandemic disease referred to as coronavirus disease 19 (covid-19). hydroxychloroquine (clq-oh)/azithromycin (atm) combination therapy is currently being tested for the treatment of covid-19, with promising results. however, the molecular mechanism of action of this combination is not yet established. using molecular dynamics (md) simulations, this study shows that the drugs act in synergy to prevent any close contact between th ...202032405156
infection of bat and human intestinal organoids by sars-cov-2.a novel coronavirus-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2)-emerged in humans in wuhan, china, in december 2019 and has since disseminated globally1,2. as of april 16, 2020, the confirmed case count of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) had surpassed 2 million. based on full-genome sequence analysis, sars-cov-2 shows high homology to sars-related coronaviruses identified in horseshoe bats1,2. here we show the establishment and characterization of expandable intestinal organ ...202032405028
comparison of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein binding to ace2 receptors from human, pets, farm animals, and putative intermediate hosts.the emergence of a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), resulted in a pandemic. here, we used x-ray structures of human ace2 bound to the receptor-binding domain (rbd) of the spike protein (s) from sars-cov-2 to predict its binding to ace2 proteins from different animals, including pets, farm animals, and putative intermediate hosts of sars-cov-2. comparing the interaction sites of ace2 proteins known to serve or not serve as receptors allows the defin ...202032404529
can unconventional immunomodulatory agents help alleviate covid-19 symptoms and severity?severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars coronavirus 2, or sars-cov-2) is the cause of the respiratory infection known as covid-19. from an immunopathological standpoint, coronaviruses such as sars-cov-2 induce increased levels of a variety of t-helper 1 (th1) and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including interleukin-1 (il-1), il-6, ccl2 protein, and cxcl10 protein. in the absence of proven antiviral agents or an effective vaccine, substances with immunomodulatory activity ma ...202032404512
targeting the dimerization of the main protease of coronaviruses: a potential broad-spectrum therapeutic strategy.a new coronavirus (cov) caused a pandemic named covid-19, which has become a global health care emergency in the present time. the virus is referred to as sars-cov-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2) and has a genome similar (∼82%) to that of the previously known sars-cov (sars coronavirus). an attractive therapeutic target for covs is the main protease (mpro) or 3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease (3clpro), as this enzyme plays a key role in polyprotein processing and is activ ...202032402186
sars coronavirus 2; how many more examples do we need before the world commits to decisive action? 202032402140
potential drugs targeting early innate immune evasion of sars-coronavirus 2 via 2'-o-methylation of viral rna.the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) causing the covid-19 respiratory disease pandemic utilizes unique 2'-o-methyltransferase (2'-o-mtase) capping machinery to camouflage its rna from innate immune recognition. the nsp16 catalytic subunit of the 2'-o-mtase is unusual in its requirement for a stimulatory subunit (nsp10) to catalyze the ribose 2'-o-methylation of the viral rna cap. here we provide a computational basis for drug repositioning or de novo drug development ...202032397643
a global treatments for coronaviruses including covid-19.in late december 2019 in wuhan, china, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov). so far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (covid-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and influenza virus. in this article, we have tried to ...202032394467
recent advances of therapeutic targets and potential drugs of covid-19.since december 2019, numerous cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by the infection of the novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) have been confirmed in wuhan, china. the outbreak of 2019-ncov in china embodied a significant and urgent threat to global health. 2019-ncov was a new, highly contagious coronavirus discovered following the outbreak of sars coronavirus (sars-cov) and mers coronavirus (mers-cov). the novel coronavirus can cause severe respiratory disease and even death. however, ...202032393419
evaluation of sars-cov-2 neutralizing antibodies using a cpe-based colorimetric live virus micro-neutralization assay in human serum samples.the micro-neutralization assay is a fundamental test in virology, immunology, vaccine assessment, and epidemiology studies. since the sars-cov-2 outbreak at the end of december 2019 in china, it has become extremely important to have well-established and validated diagnostic and serological assays for this new emerging virus. here, we present a micro-neutralization assay with the use of sars-cov-2 wild type virus with two different methods of read-out. we evaluated the performance of this assay ...202032383254
high prevalence of olfactory and taste disorder during sars-cov-2 infection in outpatients. 202032383174
asymptomatic cases with sars-cov-2 infection.on 31 march 2020, chinese health authorization announced that numbers of asymptomatic cases with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection will be made to the public daily. this was a very important step since different counties have different capacities for the detection of sars-cov-2 infection and control strategy for the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. we summarized the characteristics of asymptomatic sars-cov-2 infections and the transmission potential of asym ...202032383171
isolation of sars-cov-2-related coronavirus from malayan pangolins.the current outbreak of coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19) poses unprecedented challenges to global health1. the new coronavirus responsible for this outbreak-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2)-shares high sequence identity to sars-cov and a bat coronavirus, ratg132. although bats may be the reservoir host for a variety of coronaviruses3,4, it remains unknown whether sars-cov-2 has additional host species. here we show that a coronavirus, which we name pangolin-cov, is ...202032380510
gene of the month: the 2019-ncov/sars-cov-2 novel coronavirus spike protein.the year 2020 has seen a major and sustained outbreak of a novel betacoronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-coronavirus (cov)-2) infection that causes fever, severe respiratory illness and pneumonia, a disease called covid-19. at the time of writing, the death toll was greater than 120 000 worldwide with more than 2 million documented infections. the genome of the cov encodes a number of structural proteins that facilitate cellular entry and assembly of virions, of which the spike ...202032376714
the anti-hiv drug nelfinavir mesylate (viracept) is a potent inhibitor of cell fusion caused by the sarscov-2 spike (s) glycoprotein warranting further evaluation as an antiviral against covid-19 infections.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars cov-2) is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19) pandemic. coronaviruses enter cells via fusion of the viral envelope with the plasma membrane and/or via fusion of the viral envelope with endosomal membranes after virion endocytosis. the spike (s) glycoprotein is a major determinant of virus infectivity. herein, we show that the transient expression of the sars cov-2 s glycoprotein in vero cells caused extensive cell f ...202032374457
sars-cov-2: structural diversity, phylogeny, and potential animal host identification of spike glycoprotein.to investigate the evolutionary history of the current pandemic outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), a total of 137 genomes of coronavirus strains with release dates between january 2019 and 25 march 2020, were analyzed. to investigate the potential intermediate host of the sars-cov-2, we analyzed spike glycoprotein sequences from different animals, with particular emphasis on bats. we performed phylogenetic analysis and structural reconstruction of the spike ...202032374452
the indian perspective of covid-19 outbreak.the emerging infection of covid-19 was initiated from wuhan, china, have been spread to more than 210 countries around the globe including india. the clinical symptoms of covid-19 are very similar to other respiratory viruses. the number of laboratory-confirmed cases and associated deaths are increasing regularly in various parts of the world. seven coronaviruses (229e, nl63, oc43, hku1, sars, mers and, covid-19) can naturally infect human beings. out of these four (229e-cov, nl63-cov, oc43-cov, ...202032368570
sars unique domain (sud) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus induces nlrp3 inflammasome-dependent cxcl10-mediated pulmonary inflammation.severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) initiates the cytokine/chemokine storm-mediated lung injury. the sars-cov unique domain (sud) with three macrodomains (n, m, and c), showing the g-quadruplex binding activity, was examined the possible role in sars pathogenesis in this study. the chemokine profile analysis indicated that sars-cov sud significantly up-regulated the expression of cxcl10, ccl5 and interleukin (il)-1β in human lung epithelial cells and in the lung t ...202032365944
does infection of 2019 novel coronavirus cause acute and/or chronic sialadenitis?2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) is widespread in china and other countries. the target of 2019-ncov and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) positive cells. ace2 is present in the salivary gland duct epithelium, and thus it could be the target of 2019-ncov and sars-cov. sars-cov-related animal model experiments show that it can infect the epithelial cells on the salivary gland duct in chinese rhesus macaques by targeting ace2. clin ...202032361098
amantadine disrupts lysosomal gene expression: a hypothesis for covid19 treatment.sars-coronavirus 2 is the causal agent of the covid-19 outbreak. sars-cov-2 entry into a cell is dependent upon binding of the viral spike (s) protein to cellular receptor and on cleavage of the spike protein by the host cell proteases such as cathepsin l and cathepsin b. ctsl/b are crucial elements of lysosomal pathway and both enzymes are almost exclusively located in the lysosomes. ctsl disruption offers potential for covid-19 therapies. the mechanisms of disruption include: decreasing expres ...202032361028
a dynamic immune response shapes covid-19 progression.the inflammatory response to sars-coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) infection is thought to underpin covid-19 pathogenesis. we conducted daily transcriptomic profiling of three covid-19 cases and found that the early immune response in covid-19 patients is highly dynamic. patient throat swabs were tested daily for sars-cov-2, with the virus persisting for 3 to 4 weeks in all three patients. cytokine analyses of whole blood revealed increased cytokine expression in the single most severe case. however, ...202032359396
emergence of drift variants that may affect covid-19 vaccine development and antibody treatment.new coronavirus (sars-cov-2) treatments and vaccines are under development to combat covid-19. several approaches are being used by scientists for investigation, including (1) various small molecule approaches targeting rna polymerase, 3c-like protease, and rna endonuclease; and (2) exploration of antibodies obtained from convalescent plasma from patients who have recovered from covid-19. the coronavirus genome is highly prone to mutations that lead to genetic drift and escape from immune recogn ...202032357545
early detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibodies as a serologic marker of infection in patients with coronavirus disease 2019.thousands of medical staff have been infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), with hundreds of deaths reported. such loss could be prevented if there were a serologic assay for sars-cov-2-specific antibodies for serological surveillance of its infection at the early stage of disease.202032357209
clinical characteristics of 28 patients with diabetes and covid-19 in wuhan, china.objective: previous studies on coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) were based on information from the general population. we aimed to further clarify the clinical characteristics of diabetes with covid-19. methods: twenty-eight patients with diabetes and covid-19 were enrolled from january 29, 2020, to february 10, 2020, with a final follow-up on february 22, 2020. epidemiologic, demographic, clinical, laboratory, treatment, and outcome data were analyzed. results: the average age of the 28 pati ...202032357072
telmisartan as tentative angiotensin receptor blocker therapeutic for covid-19.in late 2019, a new coronavirus emerged in wuhan province, china, causing lung complications similar to those produced by the sars coronavirus in the 2002-2003 epidemic. this new disease was named covid-19 and the causative virus sars-cov-2. the sars-cov-2 virus enters the airway and binds, by means of the s protein on its surface to the membrane protein ace2 in type 2 alveolar cells. the s protein-ace2 complex is internalized by endocytosis leading to a partial decrease or total loss of the enz ...202032356926
web exclusive. annals on call - surge modeling for covid-19.[figure: see text].202032353107
[covid-19 : intensive care management].the sars-coronavirus 2 disease initially reported in december 2019 in china (covid-19) represents a major challenge for intensive care medicine, due to the high number of icu admission and the prolonged stay for many patients. up to 5 % of covid-19 infected patients develop severe acute hypoxemic respiratory failure requiring invasive mechanical ventilation as supportive treatment. apart from early antiviral and anti-inflammatory treatment, the management of covid-19 patients is mainly applying ...202032348055
[epidemiology and control of covid-19].the coronavirus disease pandemic 2019 (covid-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), started in december 2019 in china. sars-cov-2 is easily transmitted by droplet infection. after an incubation period of 1-14 days, covid-19 shows a mild course in 80 % of observed cases and a severe course in 20 %, with a lethality rate of 0.3-5.8 %. elderly people and people with underlying diseases have a higher risk of severe courses with mandatory ventilation. ...202032344440
impact of immune enhancement on covid-19 polyclonal hyperimmune globulin therapy and vaccine development.the pandemic spread of a novel coronavirus - sars coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) as a cause of acute respiratory illness, named covid-19, is placing the healthcare systems of many countries under unprecedented stress. global economies are also spiraling towards a recession in fear of this new life-threatening disease. vaccines that prevent sars-cov-2 infection and therapeutics that reduces the risk of severe covid-19 are thus urgently needed. a rapid method to derive antiviral treatment for covid-19 ...202032344202
sars-cov-2: camazotz's curse.the world is currently face to face with a pandemic which is spreading rapidly across the globe caused by sars-cov-2, a strain of coronaviruses (covs) belonging to subgenus sarbecovirus of genus betacoronavirus. world health organisation (who) on 11 feb 20 named this disease caused by sars-cov-2 as covid-19. this pandemic is spreading rapidly and more than 20,00,000 cases have occurred globally. the human coronaviruses discovered in 1960s were considered potentially harmless endemic viruses with ...202032341622
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2): an update.coronaviruses (covs) belong to the family of coronaviridae, the order nidovirales, and the genus coronavirus. they are the largest group of viruses causing respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. morphologically, covs are enveloped viruses containing a non-segmented positive-sense, single-stranded ribonucleic acid (rna) viruses. covs are categorized into four important genera that include alphacoronavirus, betacoronavirus, gammacoronavirus, and deltacoronavirus. a novel member of human cov ...202032337143
low genetic diversity in the masked palm civet paguma larvata (viverridae).the masked palm civet is distributed through south-east asia, china and the himalayas. because of its potential role in the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) epidemic, it has become important to gather information on this species, and notably to provide a tool to determine the origin of farm and market animals. for this purpose, we studied the genetic variability and the phylogeographic pattern of the masked palm civet paguma larvata. first, two portions of mitochondrial genes, cytochrome ...200932336891
low genetic diversity in the masked palm civet paguma larvata (viverridae).the masked palm civet is distributed through south-east asia, china and the himalayas. because of its potential role in the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) epidemic, it has become important to gather information on this species, and notably to provide a tool to determine the origin of farm and market animals. for this purpose, we studied the genetic variability and the phylogeographic pattern of the masked palm civet paguma larvata. first, two portions of mitochondrial genes, cytochrome ...200932336891
quantitative and sensitive detection of sars coronavirus nucleocapsid protein using quantum dots-conjugated rna aptamer on chip.background: globally, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is a newly emerging virus that causes sars with high mortality rate in infected people. the nucleocapsid (n) protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) is an important antigen for the early diagnosis of sars and the detection of diseases. here, a new quantum dots (qds)-conjugated rna aptamer with high sensitivity and rapidity is proposed for the detection of sars-cov n pr ...201132336860
pharmacological perspective: glycyrrhizin may be an efficacious therapeutic agent for covid-19.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by the previously unknown pathogen, severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) is now a global pandemic. there are no vaccines or specific treatments against this new virus; therefore, there is an urgent need to advance novel therapeutic interventions for covid-19. glycyrrhizin is a triterpene saponin with various biological functions and pharmacological effects. this brief article discusses the therapeutic potential of glycyrr ...202032335281
managing close contacts of covid-19 confirmed cases in metropolitan areas in china.the novel coronavirus (covid-19) outbreak has rapidly spread across the world. as medical systems continue to develop vaccines and treatments, it is crucial for the public health community to establish nonpharmaceutical interventions (npis) that can effectively mitigate the rate of sars-coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) spread across highly populated residential areas, especially among individuals who have close contact with confirmed cases. a community-driven preparedness strategy has been implemented ...202032332481
echoes of 2009 h1n1 influenza pandemic in the covid pandemic.the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov2) pandemic that has engulfed the globe has had incredible effects on health care systems and economic activity. social distancing and school closures have played a central role in public health efforts to counter the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid)-19 pandemic. the most recent global pandemic prior to covid-19 was the 2009 pandemic, hemagglutinin type 1 and neuraminidase type 1 (h1n1) influenza. the course of events in 2009 o ...202032331805
sars-cov-2 infection in children - understanding the immune responses and controlling the pandemic.in december 2019, a cluster of patients with severe pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus (sars-cov-2) emerged in the city of wuhan, china. the disease is now termed coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). in the early reports, the patients were mainly middle-aged and elderly men, and children appeared to be less susceptible to this infection. with modern and efficient transportation, the disease quickly spread to almost all corners of the world and the mortality far exceeds that caused by severe ...202032330332
diagnostic accuracy of an automated chemiluminescent immunoassay for anti-sars-cov-2 igm and igg antibodies: an italian experience.a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has been spreading throughout the world. though molecular diagnostic tests are the gold standard for covid-19, serological testing is emerging as a potential surveillance tool, in addition to its complementary role in covid-19 diagnostics. indubitably quantitative serological testing provides greater advantages than qualitative tests but today there is still little known about ...202032330291
coronavirus (covid-19): a review of clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment.coronavirus (covid-19) is an enveloped rna virus that is diversely found in humans and wildlife. a total of six species have been identified to cause disease in humans. they are known to infect the neurological, respiratory, enteric, and hepatic systems. the past few decades have seen endemic outbreaks in the form of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus (sars-cov). yet again, we see the emergence of another outbreak due ...202032328367
drug development and medicinal chemistry efforts toward sars-coronavirus and covid-19 therapeutics.the covid-19 pandemic caused by sars-cov-2 infection is spreading at an alarming rate and has created an unprecedented health emergency around the globe. there is no effective vaccine or approved drug treatment against covid-19 and other pathogenic coronaviruses. the development of antiviral agents is an urgent priority. biochemical events critical to the coronavirus replication cycle provided a number of attractive targets for drug development. these include, spike protein for binding to host c ...202032324951
sars-cov-2 infection in pregnancy - a review of the current literature and possible impact on maternal and neonatal outcome.in december 2019, cases of pneumonia of unknown cause first started to appear in wuhan in china; subsequently, a new coronavirus was soon identified as the cause of the illness, now known as coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). since then, infections have been confirmed worldwide in numerous countries, with the number of cases steadily rising. the aim of the present review is to provide an overview of the new severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) and, in particular, ...202032322107
age-related rhesus macaque models of covid-19.since december 2019, an outbreak of the corona virus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov-2) in wuhan, china, has become a public health emergency of international concern. the high fatality of aged cases caused by sars-cov-2 was a need to explore the possible age-related phenomena with non-human primate models.202032318665
d3targets-2019-ncov: a webserver for predicting drug targets and for multi-target and multi-site based virtual screening against covid-19.a highly effective medicine is urgently required to cure coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). for the purpose, we developed a molecular docking based webserver, namely d3targets-2019-ncov, with two functions, one is for predicting drug targets for drugs or active compounds observed from clinic or in vitro/in vivo studies, the other is for identifying lead compounds against potential drug targets via docking. this server has its unique features, (1) the potential target proteins and their differe ...202032318328
detection of coronaviruses in pteropus & rousettus species of bats from different states of india.bats are considered to be the natural reservoir for many viruses, of which some are potential human pathogens. in india, an association of pteropus medius bats with the nipah virus was reported in the past. it is suspected that the recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) also has its association with bats. to assess the presence of covs in bats, we performed identification and characterization of bat cov (btcov) in p. medius and rousettus species from repres ...202032317409
a "one-health" approach for diagnosis and molecular characterization of sars-cov-2 in italy.the current pandemic is caused by a novel coronavirus (cov) called sars-cov-2 (species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, subgenus sarbecovirus, genus betacoronavirus, family coronaviridae). in italy, up to the 2nd of april 2020, overall 139,422 confirmed cases and 17,669 deaths have been notified, while 26,491 people have recovered. besides the overloading of hospitals, another issue to face was the capacity to perform thousands of tests per day. in this perspective, to supp ...202032313828
an activated gops-poly-l-lysine- coated glass surface for the immobilization of 60mer oligonucleotides.to explore a method for enhancing the immobilization and hybridization efficiency of oligonucleotides on dna microarrays, conventional protocols of poly-l-lysine coating were modified by means of surface chemistry, namely, the slides were prepared by the covalently coupling of poly-l-lysine to a glycidoxy-modified glass surface. the modified slides were then used to print microarrays for the detection of the sars coronavirus by means of 60mer oligonucleotide probes. the characteristics of the mo ...200532313546
discovery of anti-sars coronavirus drug based on molecular docking and database screening.the active site of 3cl proteinase (3clpro) for coronavirus was identified by comparing the crystal structures of human and porcine coronavirus. the inhibitor of the main protein of rhinovirus (ag7088) could bind with 3clpro of human coronavirus, then it was selected as the reference for molecular docking and database screening. the ligands from two databases were used to search potential lead structures with molecular docking. several structures from natural products and acd-sc databases were fo ...200432313408
bismuth complexes inhibit the sars coronavirus.festgehalten: bismutkomplexe, darunter ranitidinbismutcitrat, inhibieren die nucleosidtriphosphat‐hydrolase‐ und dna‐entfaltungsaktivitäten der sars‐coronavirus(scv)‐helicase effektiv und reduzieren das ausmaß der scv‐replikation in infizierten zellen erheblich. es lohnt sich also, wirkstoffe auf bismutbasis für die behandlung von scv‐infektionen in vivo weiter zu untersuchen. ss=einzelstrang‐dna, ds=doppelstrang‐dna.200732313314
the diversity of viruses infecting humans.most human viruses have been discovered through the diseases they cause in animals, plants, bacteria or fungi. recent finds include human bocaviruses, which now seem to have a global distribution, and cause respiratory tract disease in infants, and several new pathogenic human coronaviruses. the sars coronavirus, genetically distinct from all previously known coronaviruses, caused a disease which was highly transmissible and very severe, eventually leading to 8000 cases worldwide with over 800 d ...200632309018
influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and sars.acute lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) are a major worldwide health problem, particularly in childhood, and are ranked first among the conditions contributing to the global burden of disease. about 30-50% of acute lrtis are viral in origin; of these, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are associated with the greatest disease burden in humans. vaccination against circulating human influenza strains and the use of neuraminidase inhibitor drugs have improved the options for c ...200532308534
first covid-19 infections in the philippines: a case report.the novel coronavirus (covid-19) is responsible for more fatalities than the sars coronavirus, despite being in the initial stage of a global pandemic. the first suspected case in the philippines was investigated on january 22, 2020, and 633 suspected cases were reported as of march 1. we describe the clinical and epidemiological aspects of the first two confirmed covid-19 cases in the philippines, both admitted to the national infectious disease referral hospital in manila.202032308532
active constituents and mechanisms of respiratory detox shot, a traditional chinese medicine prescription, for covid-19 control and prevention: network-molecular docking-lc-mse analysis.lung-toxin dispelling formula no. 1, referred to as respiratory detox shot (rds), was developed based on a classical prescription of traditional chinese medicine (tcm) and the theoretical understanding of herbal properties within tcm. therapeutic benefits of using rds for both disease control and prevention, in the effort to contain the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), have been shown. however, the biochemically active constituents of rds and their mechanisms of action are still unclear. the ...202032307268
chloroquine paradox may cause more damage than help fight covid-19.novel coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic is the most recent health care crisis without specific prophylactic or therapeutic drugs. antimalarial drug chloroquine (chl) and its safer derivative hydroxychloroquine (hchl) have been proposed to be repurposed to treat sars coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), the causative agent of covid-19. chl/hchl have anti-inflammatory activity and are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and lupus. although, chl/hchl have an anti-viral activity aga ...202032305500
pharmacologic treatment of transplant recipients infected with sars-cov-2: considerations regarding therapeutic drug monitoring and drug-drug interactions.covid-19 is a novel infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory distress (sars)-coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2). several therapeutic options are currently emerging but none with universal consensus or proven efficacy. solid organ transplant recipients are perceived to be at increased risk of severe covid-19 because of their immunosuppressed conditions due to chronic use of immunosuppressive drugs (isds). it is therefore likely that solid organ transplant recipients will be treated with ...202032304488
comparative pathogenesis of covid-19, mers, and sars in a nonhuman primate model.the current pandemic coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), was recently identified in patients with an acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). to compare its pathogenesis with that of previously emerging coronaviruses, we inoculated cynomolgus macaques with sars-cov-2 or middle east respiratory syndrome (mers)-cov and compared the pathology and virology with historical reports of sars-cov infections. in sars-cov-2-infected macaques, v ...202032303590
ca2+ ions promote fusion of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus with host cells and increase infectivity.fusion with, and subsequent entry into, the host cell is one of the critical steps in the life cycle of enveloped viruses. for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), the spike (s) protein is the main determinant of viral entry. proteolytic cleavage of the s protein exposes its fusion peptide (fp), which initiates the process of membrane fusion. previous studies on the related severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) fp have shown that calcium ions (ca2+) play an ...202032295925
correction: immunodominant sars coronavirus epitopes in humans elicited both enhancing and neutralizing effects on infection in non-human primates. 202032293870
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