Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| novel human-like influenza a viruses circulate in swine in mexico and chile. | further understanding of the genetic diversity and evolution of influenza a viruses circulating in swine (iav-s) is important for the development of effective vaccines and our knowledge of pandemic threats. until recently, very little was known of iav-s diversity in latin america, owing to a lack of surveillance. | 2015 | 26345598 |
| influenza virus surveillance in argentina during the 2012 season: antigenic characterization, genetic analysis and antiviral susceptibility. | the activity and circulation of influenza viruses in argentina was studied during 2012 as part of the argentinean surveillance for influenza and other respiratory viruses, in the context of global influenza surveillance. the antigenicity and molecular characteristics of haemagglutinins (ha) of circulating influenza a and b viruses were analysed to assess the emergence of virus variants. susceptibility to oseltamivir and zanamivir was evaluated by enzymatic assay and results were backed-up by seq ... | 2016 | 26345289 |
| influenza a virus infection in brazilian swine herds following the introduction of pandemic 2009 h1n1. | influenza a virus (fluav) infections are endemic in pork producing countries worldwide but in brazil it was not considered an important pathogen in pigs. since the emergence of 2009 pandemic h1n1 (h1n1pdm) fluav, many outbreaks of respiratory disease were observed in pig herds. the aim of this study was to evaluate fluav infection in swine in 48 pig farms located in seven brazilian states with previous reports of influenza-like signs by clinical, serological and virological cross-sectional studi ... | 2015 | 26345257 |
| viral dominance of reassortants between canine influenza h3n2 and pandemic (2009) h1n1 viruses from a naturally co-infected dog. | since avian-origin h3n2 canine influenza virus (civ) was first identified in south korea in 2008, the novel influenza virus has been reported in several countries in asia. reverse zoonotic transmission of pandemic h1n1 (2009) influenza virus (ph1n1) has been observed in a broad range of animal species. viral dominance and characterization of the reassortants of both viruses was undertaken in the present study. | 2015 | 26336880 |
| development of high-yield influenza a virus vaccine viruses. | vaccination is one of the most cost-effective ways to prevent infection. influenza vaccines propagated in cultured cells are approved for use in humans, but their yields are often suboptimal. here, we screened a/puerto rico/8/34 (pr8) virus mutant libraries to develop vaccine backbones (defined here as the six viral rna segments not encoding haemagglutinin and neuraminidase) that support high yield in cell culture. we also tested mutations in the coding and regulatory regions of the virus, and c ... | 2015 | 26334134 |
| reconstruction of the evolutionary dynamics of a(h3n2) influenza viruses circulating in italy from 2004 to 2012. | influenza a viruses are characterised by their rapid evolution, and the appearance of point mutations in the viral hemagglutinin (ha) domain causes seasonal epidemics. the a(h3n2) virus has higher mutation rate than the a(h1n1) virus. the aim of this study was to reconstruct the evolutionary dynamics of the a(h3n2) viruses circulating in italy between 2004 and 2012 in the light of the forces driving viral evolution. | 2015 | 26331945 |
| clinical characteristics are similar across type a and b influenza virus infections. | studies that aimed at comparing the clinical presentation of influenza patients across virus types and subtypes/lineages found divergent results, but this was never investigated using data collected over several years in a countrywide, primary care practitioners-based influenza surveillance system. | 2015 | 26325069 |
| antiviral activity of an aqueous extract derived from aloe arborescens mill. against a broad panel of viruses causing infections of the upper respiratory tract. | a number of antiviral therapies have evolved that may be effectively administered to treat respiratory viral diseases. but these therapies are very often of limited efficacy or have severe side effects. therefore there is great interest in developing new efficacious and safe antiviral compounds e.g. based on the identification of compounds of herbal origin. | 2015 | 26321740 |
| sex differences in h7n9 influenza a virus pathogenesis. | sex, gender and age have an impact on incidence and severity of several infectious diseases. here, we analyzed reported human cases of avian h7n9 influenza a virus infections for potential sex-dependent incidence and mortality. we report that females in their reproductive years display an increased tendency to die of h7n9 influenza than males (female-to-male ratio=1.2). next, we challenged this potential sex-dependent difference in influenza disease outcome using a mouse infection model. in gene ... | 2015 | 26319064 |
| novel reassortant human-like h3n2 and h3n1 influenza a viruses detected in pigs are virulent and antigenically distinct from swine viruses endemic to the united states. | human-like swine h3 influenza a viruses (iav) were detected by the usda surveillance system. we characterized two novel swine human-like h3n2 and h3n1 viruses with hemagglutinin (ha) genes similar to those in human seasonal h3 strains and internal genes closely related to those of 2009 h1n1 pandemic viruses. the h3n2 neuraminidase (na) was of the contemporary human n2 lineage, while the h3n1 na was of the classical swine n1 lineage. both viruses were antigenically distant from swine h3 viruses t ... | 2015 | 26311895 |
| cross-species infectivity of h3n8 influenza virus in an experimental infection in swine. | avian influenza a viruses have gained increasing attention due to their ability to cross the species barrier and cause severe disease in humans and other mammal species as pigs. h3 and particularly h3n8 viruses, are highly adaptive since they are found in multiple avian and mammal hosts. h3n8 viruses have not been isolated yet from humans; however, a recent report showed that equine influenza a viruses (iavs) can be isolated from pigs, although an established infection has not been observed thus ... | 2015 | 26311894 |
| [susceptibility of human influenza a (h3n2) viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors isolated during 2011-2012 in china]. | to analyze the susceptibility of influenza a (h3n2) viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors during 2011-2012 in mainland china. | 2015 | 26310330 |
| incidence of medically attended influenza during pandemic and post-pandemic seasons through the influenza incidence surveillance project, 2009-13. | since the introduction of pandemic influenza a (h1n1) to the usa in 2009, the influenza incidence surveillance project has monitored the burden of influenza in the outpatient setting through population-based surveillance. | 2015 | 26300111 |
| sialic acid-dependent interactions between influenza viruses and streptococcus suis affect the infection of porcine tracheal cells. | bacterial co-infections are a major complication in influenza-virus-induced disease in both humans and animals. either of the pathogens may induce a host response that affects the infection by the other pathogen. a unique feature in the co-infection by swine influenza viruses (siv) and streptococcus suis serotype 2 is the direct interaction between the two pathogens. it is mediated by the haemagglutinin of siv that recognizes the α2,6-linked sialic acid present in the capsular polysaccharide of ... | 2015 | 26297001 |
| age-related prevalence of cross-reactive antibodies against influenza a(h3n2) variant virus, germany, 2003 to 2010. | to estimate susceptibility to the swine-origin influenza a(h3n2) variant virus (a(h3n2)v) in the german population, we investigated cross-reactive antibodies against this virus and factors associated with seroprotective titre using sera from representative health examination surveys of children and adolescents (n = 815, 2003–06) and adults (n = 600, 2008–10). antibodies were assessed by haemagglutination inhibition assay (hi); in our study an hi titre ≥ 40 was defined as seroprotective. we inves ... | 2015 | 26290488 |
| detection of influenza a(h3n2) virus in children with suspected mumps during winter 2014/15 in england. | influenza a(h3n2) virus was detected in oral fluid from 16/107 children (aged 2 to 12 years) with a clinical diagnosis of mumps, who were sampled between december 2014 and february 2015 in england, during the peak of the 2014/15 influenza season. sequence analysis of an a(h3n2) virus from a child with suspected mumps showed the virus was similar to other circulating a(h3n2) viruses detected in winter 2014/15, which were antigenically drifted from the a(h3n2) vaccine strain. | 2015 | 26290428 |
| a broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody is effective against h7n9. | emerging strains of influenza represent a significant public health threat with potential pandemic consequences. of particular concern are the recently emerged h7n9 strains which cause pneumonia with acute respiratory distress syndrome. estimates are that nearly 80% of hospitalized patients with h7n9 have received intensive care unit support. vis410, a human antibody, targets a unique conserved epitope on influenza a. we evaluated the efficacy of vis410 for neutralization of group 2 influenza st ... | 2015 | 26283346 |
| establishment of functional influenza virus-specific cd8(+) t cell memory pools after intramuscular immunization. | the emergence of the avian-origin influenza h7n9 virus and its pandemic potential has highlighted the ever-present need to develop vaccination approaches to induce cross-protective immunity. in this study, we examined the establishment of cross-reactive cd8(+) t cell immunity in mice following immunization with live a/puerto rico/8/1934 (pr8; h1n1) influenza virus via two non-productive inoculation routes. we found that immunization via the intramuscular (im) route established functional influen ... | 2015 | 26277069 |
| immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine in healthy adults: a phase ii, open-label, uncontrolled trial in japan. | two antigenically distinct b strain lineages of influenza virus have co-circulated since the mid-1980s; however, inactivated trivalent influenza vaccines contain only one b lineage. the mismatch between the circulating and vaccine lineages has been a worldwide issue. in this study, an inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (qiv) candidate containing two b lineages was manufactured and its immunogenicity and safety evaluated in an open-label, uncontrolled trial. in this phase ii trial, 50 sub ... | 2015 | 26272602 |
| immunogenicity and sustainability of the immune response in brazilian hiv-1-infected individuals vaccinated with inactivated triple influenza vaccine. | hiv-infected individuals have a higher risk of serious illnesses following infection by infection with influenza. although anti-influenza vaccination is recommended, immunosuppression may limit their response to active immunization. we followed-up a cohort of hiv-infected individuals vaccinated against influenza to assess the immunogenicity and sustainability of the immune response to vaccination. individuals were vaccinated 2011 with inactivated triple influenza vaccine (tiv), and they had rece ... | 2016 | 26267817 |
| co-immunization with tandem repeat heterologous m2 extracellular proteins overcomes strain-specific protection of split vaccine against influenza a virus. | current influenza vaccines are less efficacious against antigenically different influenza a viruses. this study presents an approach to overcome strain-specific protection, using a strategy of co-immunization with seasonal h3n2 split vaccine and yeast-expressed soluble proteins of a tandem repeat containing heterologous influenza m2 ectodomains (m2e5x). co-immunization with both vaccines in mice was superior to either vaccine alone in inducing cross protection against heterologous h3n2 virus by ... | 2015 | 26248203 |
| characterization of humoral responses induced by an h7n9 influenza virus-like particle vaccine in balb/c mice. | in april 2013, human infections with a novel avian influenza (h7n9) virus emerged in china. it has caused serious concerns for public health throughout the world. however, there is presently no effective treatment, and an a (h7n9) h7 subtype influenza vaccine is not available. vaccination with virus-like particles (vlps) has showed considerable promise for many other subtype influenza viruses. to produce h7n9 vlps, full length, unmodified hemagglutinin (ha), neuraminidase (na), and matrix1 (m1) ... | 2015 | 26248076 |
| disease risks associated with free-ranging wild boar in saskatchewan. | this study investigated the disease status of saskatchewan's feral wild boar population. whole carcasses, tissue samples, and/or serum from 81 hunter-killed boars from saskatchewan were submitted to the canadian wildlife health cooperative (cwhc) between 2009 and 2014. serological tests were negative for prrs, h1n1, and h3n2 swine influenza, pcv-2, and tge/prcv in 22/22 boars and for toxoplasma gondii and mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in 20/20 boars. of 20 boars whose sera were tested 20 were positiv ... | 0 | 26246630 |
| evolutionary dynamics of influenza a viruses in us exhibition swine. | the role of exhibition swine in influenza a virus transmission was recently demonstrated by >300 infections with influenza a(h3n2) variant viruses among individuals who attended agricultural fairs. through active influenza a virus surveillance in us exhibition swine and whole-genome sequencing of 380 isolates, we demonstrate that exhibition swine are actively involved in the evolution of influenza a viruses, including zoonotic strains. first, frequent introduction of influenza a viruses from com ... | 2016 | 26243317 |
| serum samples from middle-aged adults vaccinated annually with seasonal influenza vaccines cross-neutralize some potential pandemic influenza viruses. | we examined serum samples from adults ages 48-64 who received multiple seasonal influenza vaccines from 2004 to 2009 for cross-neutralizing antibodies to potential pandemic strains. using pseudoviruses bearing various hemagglutinins (ha-pseudoviruses), we found serum neutralization titers (≥160) in 100% against a/japan/305/1957 (h2n2), 53% against a/hong kong/1073/99 (h9n2), 56% against the h3n2 variant a/indiana/08/11 (h3n2v), 11% against a/hong kong/g9/97 (h9n2), and 36% a/chicken/hong kong/sf ... | 2016 | 26243315 |
| broadly protective immunity against divergent influenza viruses by oral co-administration of lactococcus lactis expressing nucleoprotein adjuvanted with cholera toxin b subunit in mice. | current influenza vaccines need to be annually reformulated to well match the predicated circulating strains. thus, it is critical for developing a novel universal influenza vaccine that would be able to confer cross-protection against constantly emerging divergent influenza virus strains. influenza virus a is a genus of the orthomyxoviridae family of viruses. influenza virus nucleoprotein (np) is a structural protein which encapsidates the negative strand viral rna, and anti-np antibodies play ... | 2015 | 26242406 |
| influenza sentinel surveillance among patients with influenza-like-illness and severe acute respiratory illness within the framework of the national reference laboratory, niger, 2009-2013. | little is known about the epidemiology of influenza in africa, including niger. we documented the epidemiology of seasonal and pandemic influenza among outpatients with influenza-like-illness (ili) and inpatients with severe acute respiratory illness (sari) presenting at selected sentinel sites in niger from april 2009 through april 2013. | 2015 | 26230666 |
| prevalence of influenza a/h3n2 virus in northern iran from 2011 to 2013. | influenza a virus is the most virulent human pathogen and causes the most serious problem. having epidemiological knowledge about this disease is important. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of influenza a/h3n2 virus infection in northern iran from 2011 to 2013 using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). | 2015 | 26221512 |
| antigenic variation of the human influenza a (h3n2) virus during the 2014-2015 winter season. | the human influenza a (h3n2) virus dominated the 2014-2015 winter season in many countries and caused massive morbidity and mortality because of its antigenic variation. so far, very little is known about the antigenic patterns of the recent h3n2 virus. by systematically mapping the antigenic relationships of h3n2 strains isolated since 2010, we discovered that two groups with obvious antigenic divergence, named sw13 (a/switzerland/9715293/2013-like strains) and hk14 (a/hong kong/5738/2014-like ... | 2015 | 26219513 |
| mucosally administered lactobacillus surface-displayed influenza antigens (sm2 and ha2) with cholera toxin subunit a1 (cta1) induce broadly protective immune responses against divergent influenza subtypes. | the development of a universal influenza vaccine that provides broad cross protection against existing and unforeseen influenza viruses is a critical challenge. in this study, we constructed and expressed conserved sm2 and ha2 influenza antigens with cholera toxin subunit a1 (cta1) on the surface of lactobacillus casei (pgsa-cta1sm2ha2/l. casei). oral and nasal administrations of recombinant l. casei into mice resulted in high levels of serum immunoglobulin g (igg) and their isotypes (igg1 & igg ... | 2015 | 26210951 |
| the virologist and the flu. | we report a case of a virologist - who is in age-appropriate medical condition with no relevant chronic diseases - who shed influenza a h3n2 virus rna for 70 days while infectious virus could be detected by cell culture only up to 5 days after onset of symptoms despite a 5-day course of oseltamivir. the case might have implications for infection control in hospital settings and the weighting of the predictive value of pcr results. | 2015 | 26209407 |
| glycosylation analysis of engineered h3n2 influenza a virus hemagglutinins with sequentially added historically relevant glycosylation sites. | the influenza virus surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (ha) is the major target of host neutralizing antibodies. the oligosaccharides of ha can contribute to ha's antigenic characteristics. after a leap to humans from a zoonotic host, influenza can gain n-glycosylation sequons over time as part of its fitness strategy. this glycosylation expansion has not been studied at the structural level. here we examine ha n-glycosylation of h3n2 virus strains that we have engineered to closely mimic glycos ... | 2015 | 26202417 |
| molecular epidemiology and evolution of influenza viruses circulating within european swine between 2009 and 2013. | the emergence in humans of the a(h1n1)pdm09 influenza virus, a complex reassortant virus of swine origin, highlighted the importance of worldwide influenza virus surveillance in swine. to date, large-scale surveillance studies have been reported for southern china and north america, but such data have not yet been described for europe. we report the first large-scale genomic characterization of 290 swine influenza viruses collected from 14 european countries between 2009 and 2013. a total of 23 ... | 2015 | 26202246 |
| analysis of influenza transmission in the households of primary and junior high school students during the 2012-13 influenza season in odate, japan. | households are one of the major settings of influenza transmission in the community and transmission is frequently initiated by school-aged children. we surveyed households with primary school (ps) and/ or junior high school (jh) children for the 2012-13 influenza season in odate, japan then characterized the epidemiology of influenza household transmission as well as estimated the serial intervals. | 2015 | 26201316 |
| kolaviron improves morbidity and suppresses mortality by mitigating oxido-inflammation in balb/c mice infected with influenza virus. | influenza a viruses (iav) induce cytokine storm and host's intracellular redox imbalance to ensure continuous replication and survival, leading to severe immunopathology and death. the unpredictability of broad-spectrum vaccines, the emergence of drug-resistant and/or more virulent strains, the prevalence of the amantadane-resistant iav, and the prohibitive cost of available drugs especially in resource-poor countries necessitate exploring drugs with novel action mechanisms as anti-influenza age ... | 2015 | 26200137 |
| the global influenza hospital surveillance network (gihsn): a new platform to describe the epidemiology of severe influenza. | influenza is a global public health problem. however, severe influenza only recently has been addressed in routine surveillance. | 2015 | 26198771 |
| influenza a viruses of human origin in swine, brazil. | the evolutionary origins of the influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus that caused the first outbreak of the 2009 pandemic in mexico remain unclear, highlighting the lack of swine surveillance in latin american countries. although brazil has one of the largest swine populations in the world, influenza was not thought to be endemic in brazil's swine until the major outbreaks of influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 in 2009. through phylogenetic analysis of whole-genome sequences of influenza viruses of the h1n1, h1n2, an ... | 2015 | 26196759 |
| phylogeography of influenza a(h3n2) virus in peru, 2010-2012. | it remains unclear whether lineages of influenza a(h3n2) virus can persist in the tropics and seed temperate areas. we used viral gene sequence data sampled from peru to test this source-sink model for a latin american country. viruses were obtained during 2010-2012 from influenza surveillance cohorts in cusco, tumbes, puerto maldonado, and lima. specimens positive for influenza a(h3n2) virus were randomly selected and underwent hemagglutinin sequencing and phylogeographic analyses. analysis of ... | 2015 | 26196599 |
| gene expression profiles link respiratory viral infection, platelet response to aspirin, and acute myocardial infarction. | influenza infection is associated with myocardial infarction (mi), suggesting that respiratory viral infection may induce biologic pathways that contribute to mi. we tested the hypotheses that 1) a validated blood gene expression signature of respiratory viral infection (viral ges) was associated with mi and 2) respiratory viral exposure changes levels of a validated platelet gene expression signature (platelet ges) of platelet function in response to aspirin that is associated with mi. | 2015 | 26193668 |
| 6sln-lipo pga specifically catches (coats) human influenza virus and synergizes neuraminidase-targeting drugs for human influenza therapeutic potential. | the purpose of this study was to develop a new compound to overcome influenza epidemics and pandemics as well as drug resistance. | 2015 | 26169554 |
| hemagglutinin sequence conservation guided stem immunogen design from influenza a h3 subtype. | seasonal epidemics caused by influenza a (h1 and h3 subtypes) and b viruses are a major global health threat. the traditional, trivalent influenza vaccines have limited efficacy because of rapid antigenic evolution of the circulating viruses. this antigenic variability mediates viral escape from the host immune responses, necessitating annual vaccine updates. influenza vaccines elicit a protective antibody response, primarily targeting the viral surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (ha). however, ... | 2015 | 26167164 |
| the serine protease inhibitor camostat inhibits influenza virus replication and cytokine production in primary cultures of human tracheal epithelial cells. | serine proteases act through the proteolytic cleavage of the hemagglutinin (ha) of influenza viruses for the entry of influenza virus into cells, resulting in infection. however, the inhibitory effects of serine protease inhibitors on influenza virus infection of human airway epithelial cells, and on their production of inflammatory cytokines are unclear. | 2015 | 26166259 |
| [composites of peptide nucleic acids with titanium dioxide nanoparticles. iv+. antiviral activity of nanocomposites containing dna/pna duplexes]. | antiviral activity of tio2 · pl · dna/pna nanobiocomposites was studied on the mdck cell culture infected with influenza a virus (subtype h3n2). pna fragment in nanocomposites as a dna/pna heteroduplex is electrostatically bound to titanium dioxide nanoparticles precovered with polylysine (tio2 · pl). it was shown that tio2 · pl · dna1/pna1 nanobiocomposit bearing pna1 fragment targeted to the 3'-end of the noncoding region of segment 5 of viral rna specifically inhibited the virus reproduction ... | 2015 | 26165123 |
| [genetic diversity and evolution of the m gene of human influenza a viruses from 2009 to 2013 in hangzhou, china]. | we investigated the genetic diversity and evolution of the m gene of human influenza a viruses in hangzhou (zhejiang province, china) from 2009 to 2013, including subtypes of a(h1n1) pdm09 strains and seasonal a(h3n2) strains. subtypes of analyzed viruses were identified by cell culture and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, followed by cloning, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of the m gene. assessment of 5675 throat swabs revealed a positive rate for the influenza v ... | 2015 | 26164939 |
| pregnancy outcome and clinical status of gilts following experimental infection by h1n2, h3n2 and h1n1pdm09 influenza a viruses during the last month of gestation. | the present study was planned to study the effect of various subtypes of swine influenza virus (siv) circulating among pigs (h1n2, h3n2 and emerging pandemic strain of h1n1 influenza a virus (h1n1pdm09) on the course of pregnancy in naïve gilts experimentally infected during the last month of pregnancy. in addition, the clinical course of infection, distribution of viruses in various tissues (blood, placenta, fetal lung), and selected immunological, reproductive and productive parameters were al ... | 2015 | 26162303 |
| profile of the porcine acute-phase proteins response following experimental co-infection with h3n2 swine influenza virus and pasteurella multocida. | acute phase proteins (apps) are proposed as potential markers of the health status in pigs. | 2015 | 26161700 |
| single-dose cpg immunization protects against a heterosubtypic challenge and generates antigen-specific memory t cells. | despite extensive research, influenza a virus (iav) remains a major cause of morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditure. emerging pandemics from highly pathogenic iav strains, such as h5n1 and pandemic h1n1, highlight the need for universal, cross-protective vaccines. current vaccine formulations generate strain-specific neutralizing antibodies primarily against the outer coat proteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. in contrast to these highly mutable proteins, internal proteins of iav ... | 2015 | 26161083 |
| antigenic maps of influenza a(h3n2) produced with human antisera obtained after primary infection. | antigenic characterization of influenza viruses is typically based on hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay data for viral isolates tested against strain-specific postinfection ferret antisera. here, similar virus characterizations were performed using serological data from humans with primary influenza a(h3n2) infection. | 2016 | 26142433 |
| antiviral matrine-type alkaloids from the rhizomes of sophora tonkinensis. | three new matrine-type alkaloids, (+)-5α-hydroxyoxysophocarpine (1), (-)-12β-hydroxyoxysophocarpine (2), and (+)-5α-hydroxylemannine (3), along with 14 known analogues, (-)-sophocarpine (4), (-)-5α-hydroxysophocarpine (5), (-)-9α-hydroxysophocarpine (6), (+)-12α-hydroxysophocarpine (7), (-)-12β-hydroxysophocarpine (8), (+)-oxysophocarpine (9), (+)-matrine (10), (+)-sophoranol (11), (+)-9α-hydroxymatrine (12), (-)-14β-hydroxymatrine (13), (+)-oxymatrine (14), (+)-5α-hydroxyoxymatrine (15), (-)-14 ... | 2015 | 26132528 |
| potential of acylated peptides to target the influenza a virus. | for antiviral drug design, especially in the field of influenza virus research, potent multivalent inhibitors raise high expectations for combating epidemics and pandemics. among a large variety of covalent and non-covalent scaffold systems for a multivalent display of inhibitors, we created a simple supramolecular platform to enhance the antiviral effect of our recently developed antiviral peptide b (peb(gf)), preventing binding of influenza virus to the host cell. by conjugating the peptide wi ... | 2015 | 26124860 |
| antiviral glycosidic bisindole alkaloids from the roots of isatis indigotica. | seven new glycosidic bisindole alkaloids, isatindigobisindolosides a-g (1-7), were isolated from an aqueous extract of the isatis indigotica roots. their structures including absolute configurations were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods, together with calculations of electronic circular dichroism (ecd) spectra based on the quantum-mechanical time-dependent density functional theory. in the nmr spectra of 1-3, it is found that integration of h-2 and intensity of c-2 are affected n ... | 2015 | 26123248 |
| predicting clinical severity based on substitutions near epitope a of influenza a/h3n2. | epitopes are the main targets for specific antibodies in the host defense systems. recent studies have shown that amino acid (aa) substitutions located within the influenza a/h3n2 hemagglutinin 1 (ha1) epitopes a-e, particularly in a and b, result in antigenic drift. viruses with such drift mutations may have resulted in more severe influenza-related illness during influenza epidemics between late 2012 and early 2015. we sought to quantify vaccine mismatches in epitopes a-e of the ha1 protein, a ... | 2015 | 26118307 |
| co-infection of influenza a viruses of swine contributes to effective shuffling of gene segments in a naturally reared pig. | following the 2009 h1n1 pandemic, surveillance activities have been accelerated globally to monitor the emergence of novel reassortant viruses. however, the mechanism by which influenza a viruses of swine (iav-s) acquire novel gene constellations through reassortment events in natural settings remains poorly understood. to explore the mechanism, we collected 785 nasal swabs from pigs in a farm in thailand from 2011 to 2014. h3n2, h3n1, h1n1 and h1n2 iavs-s were isolated from a single co-infected ... | 2015 | 26115167 |
| a 2013/2014 northern hemisphere season surface antigen inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine--assessing the immunogenicity and safety in an open label, uncontrolled study. | the present study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of the 2013/2014 trivalent surface antigen inactivated subunit seasonal influenza virus vaccine fluvirin® in healthy adults (18 - ≤ 60 years) and elderly (>60 years). the vaccine contained 15 µg haemagglutinin protein from each of influenza a/california/7/2009 (h1n1)pdm09-like strain, a/victoria/361/2011 (h3n2)-like strain and b/massachusetts/2/2012-like strain (b/yamagata) as recommended by the who in the 2013/2014 northern hemisphere se ... | 2015 | 26114800 |
| international laboratory comparison of influenza microneutralization assays for a(h1n1)pdm09, a(h3n2), and a(h5n1) influenza viruses by consise. | the microneutralization assay is commonly used to detect antibodies to influenza virus, and multiple protocols are used worldwide. these protocols differ in the incubation time of the assay as well as in the order of specific steps, and even within protocols there are often further adjustments in individual laboratories. the impact these protocol variations have on influenza serology data is unclear. thus, a laboratory comparison of the 2-day enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and 3-day h ... | 2015 | 26108286 |
| inter-seasonal influenza is characterized by extended virus transmission and persistence. | the factors that determine the characteristic seasonality of influenza remain enigmatic. current models predict that occurrences of influenza outside the normal surveillance season within a temperate region largely reflect the importation of viruses from the alternate hemisphere or from equatorial regions in asia. to help reveal the drivers of seasonality we investigated the origins and evolution of influenza viruses sampled during inter-seasonal periods in australia. to this end we conducted an ... | 2015 | 26107631 |
| virus-neutralizing antibody response of mice to consecutive infection with human and avian influenza a viruses. | in this work we simulated in a mouse model a naturally occurring situation of humans, who overcame an infection with epidemic strains of influenza a, and were subsequently exposed to avian influenza a viruses (iav). the antibody response to avian iav in mice previously infected with human iav was analyzed. we used two avian iav (a/duck/czechoslovakia/1956 (h4n6) and the attenuated virus ra/viet nam/1203-2004 (h5n1)) as well as two human iav isolates (virus a/mississippi/1/1985 (h3n2) of medium v ... | 2015 | 26104333 |
| computational analysis of antigenic epitopes of avian influenza a (h7n9) viruses. | influenza virus can rapidly change its antigenicity, via mutation in the hemagglutinin (ha) protein, to evade host immunity. the emergence of the novel human-infecting avian h7n9 virus in china has caused widespread concern. however, evolution of the antigenicity of this virus is not well understood. here, we inferred the antigenic epitopes of the ha protein from all h7 viruses, based on the five well-characterized ha epitopes of the human h3n2 virus. by comparing the two major h7 phylogenetic l ... | 2015 | 26100010 |
| in vitro neuraminidase inhibitory activity of four neuraminidase inhibitors against clinical isolates of the influenza virus circulating in the japanese 2013-2014 season. | to assess the extent of viral resistance, we measured the 50% inhibitory concentration (ic50) of neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) for the influenza virus isolates in the 2013-2014 influenza season and compared the results to those of the 2010-2011 to 2012-2013 influenza seasons. viral isolation was done with specimens obtained prior to treatment, and the type and subtype of influenza was determined by rt-pcr using type- and subtype-specific primers. the ic50 was determined by a neuraminidase inhi ... | 2015 | 26096495 |
| influenza virus activating host proteases: identification, localization and inhibitors as potential therapeutics. | cellular proteases are reponsible for activation of influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha) in epithelial tissues of the respiratory tract. the trans-golgi network (tgn) is the main subcellular compartment where ha cleavage occurs during its biosynthesis. the proteolytic ha cleavage is an indispensable prerequisite for the fusion of viral with endosomal membrane and the delivery of the virus genome into the cell. both, the structure and accessibility of the ha cleavage site determine the responsible ... | 2015 | 26095298 |
| antigenic detection of human strain of influenza virus a (h3n2) in swine populations at three locations in nigeria and ghana during the dry early months of 2014. | since the first detection of human h3n2 influenza virus in taiwanese pigs in 1970, infection of pigs with wholly human viruses has been known to occur in other parts of the world. these viruses, referred to as human-like h3n2 viruses, have been known to cause clinical and subclinical infections of swine populations. due to the paucity and complete unavailability of information on transmission of influenza viruses from other species, especially humans, to swine in nigeria and ghana, respectively, ... | 2016 | 26094828 |
| paper-based enzyme-free immunoassay for rapid detection and subtyping of influenza a h1n1 and h3n2 viruses. | development of rapid screening in the ambulatory environment is the most pressing needs for the control of spread of infectious disease. despite there are many methods to detect the immunoassay results, quantitative measurement in rapid disease screening is still a great challenge for point-of-care applications. in this work, based on the internal structural protein, i.e., nucleoprotein (np), and outer surface glycoproteins, i.e., h1 and h3, of the influenza viruses, specific and sensitive immun ... | 2015 | 26088774 |
| the role of human transportation networks in mediating the genetic structure of seasonal influenza in the united states. | recent studies have demonstrated the importance of accounting for human mobility networks when modeling epidemics in order to accurately predict spatial dynamics. however, little is known about the impact these movement networks have on the genetic structure of pathogen populations and whether these effects are scale-dependent. we investigated how human movement along the aviation and commuter networks contributed to intra-seasonal genetic structure of influenza a epidemics in the continental un ... | 2015 | 26086273 |
| immunological persistence of a seasonal influenza vaccine in people more than 3 years old. | to evaluate antibody persistence of aleph inactivated split influenza vaccine, 3308 healthy chinese people more than 3 years old were enrolled in a hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay before vaccination, 641 were screened by hi assay negative, 437 of which received one dose of aleph inactivated split influenza vaccine and 204 of which received one dose of control vaccine (recombinant hepatitis b). after vaccination, the receivers were collected blood at 1st month, 3rd month, 6th month and 12t ... | 2015 | 26083828 |
| boosted influenza-specific t cell responses after h5n1 pandemic live attenuated influenza virus vaccination. | in a phase i clinical trial, a h5n1 pandemic live attenuated influenza virus (plaiv) vn2004 vaccine bearing avian influenza h5n1 hemagglutinin (ha) and na genes on the a/ann arbor cold-adapted vaccine backbone displayed very restricted replication. we evaluated t cell responses to h5n1 plaiv vaccination and assessed pre-existing t cell responses to determine whether they were associated with restricted replication of the h5n1 plaiv. | 2015 | 26082783 |
| human mir-3145 inhibits influenza a viruses replication by targeting and silencing viral pb1 gene. | micrornas (mirnas) play an important role in the regulation of gene expression and are involved in many cellular processes including inhibition of viral replication in infected cells. in this study, three subtypes of influenza a viruses (ph1n1, h5n1 and h3n2) were analyzed to identify candidate human mirnas targeting and silencing viral genes expression. candidate human mirnas were predicted by mirbase and rnahybrid based on minimum free energy (mfe) and hybridization patterns between human mirn ... | 2015 | 26080461 |
| swine influenza a(h3n2) virus infection in immunocompromised man, italy, 2014. | because swine influenza virus infection is seldom diagnosed in humans, its frequency might be underestimated. we report a immunocompromised hematologic patient with swine influenza a(h3n2) virus in 2014 in italy. local pigs were the source of this human infection. | 2015 | 26079745 |
| determination of predominance of influenza virus strains in the americas. | during 2001-2014, predominant influenza a(h1n1) and a(h3n2) strains in south america predominated in all or most subsequent influenza seasons in central and north america. predominant a(h1n1) and a(h3n2) strains in north america predominated in most subsequent seasons in central and south america. sharing data between these subregions may improve influenza season preparedness. | 2015 | 26079140 |
| anti-viral and cytotoxic norbisabolane sesquiterpenoid glycosides from phyllanthus emblica and their absolute configurations. | in an effort to identify anti-viral and cytotoxic compounds from phyllanthus spp., 14 highly oxygenated norbisabolane sesquiterpenoids, phyllaemblicins h1-h14, were isolated from the roots of phyllanthus emblica linn, along with phyllaemblicins b and c and glochicoccinoside d. their structures were determined on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods. determination of absolute configurations of these compounds was facilitated by theoretical calculations of electronic c ... | 2015 | 26074492 |
| optimization of a micro-neutralisation assay and its application in antigenic characterisation of influenza viruses. | the identification of antigenic variants and the selection of influenza viruses for vaccine production are based largely on antigenic characterisation of the haemagglutinin (ha) of circulating viruses using the haemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay. however, additional to evolution related to escape from host immunity, variants emerging as a result of propagation in different cell substrates can complicate interpretation of hi results. | 2015 | 26073976 |
| quantitative analysis of influenza a (h3n2) e119v and r292k variants in clinical specimens by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. | because influenza virus isolates after cell culture are required to determine their susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors, the differences in normal or low-susceptibility variant population frequencies between clinical samples and isolates have not been considered. | 2015 | 26071346 |
| viral subpopulation diversity in influenza virus isolates compared to clinical specimens. | influenza virus (ifv) isolates obtained from mammalian cell cultures are valuable reagents used for vaccine production, antigenic characterization, laboratory assays, and epidemiological and evolutionary studies. complete genomic comparison of ifv isolates with their original clinical specimens provides insight into cell culture-driven genomic changes which may sequentially alter the virus phenotype. | 2015 | 26071329 |
| global circulation patterns of seasonal influenza viruses vary with antigenic drift. | understanding the spatiotemporal patterns of emergence and circulation of new human seasonal influenza virus variants is a key scientific and public health challenge. the global circulation patterns of influenza a/h3n2 viruses are well characterized, but the patterns of a/h1n1 and b viruses have remained largely unexplored. here we show that the global circulation patterns of a/h1n1 (up to 2009), b/victoria, and b/yamagata viruses differ substantially from those of a/h3n2 viruses, on the basis o ... | 2015 | 26053121 |
| the intranasal application of zanamivir and carrageenan is synergistically active against influenza a virus in the murine model. | carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. as infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active antiviral polymer has huge potential for the treatment of respiratory infections. thus, the combination of the specific anti-influenza drug zanamivir together with carrageenan in a formulation su ... | 2015 | 26053018 |
| evaluation of the zoonotic potential of a novel reassortant h1n2 swine influenza virus with gene constellation derived from multiple viral sources. | in 2011-2012, contemporary north american-like h3n2 swine influenza viruses (sivs) possessing the 2009 pandemic h1n1 matrix gene (h3n2pm-like virus) were detected in domestic pigs of south korea where h1n2 siv strains are endemic. more recently, we isolated novel reassortant h1n2 sivs bearing the eurasian avian-like swine h1-like hemagglutinin and korean swine h1n2-like neuraminidase in the internal gene backbone of the h3n2pm-like virus. in the present study, we clearly provide evidence on the ... | 2015 | 26051886 |
| abnormal expressions of inflammatory-related mediators and inhibition of fat metabolism in mice infected with influenza a virus. | the pathophysiological role of influenza infection is poorly understood. in this study, one non-neurovirulent virus (iav/aichi/2/68/h3n2) strain was used to infect intra-nasally mice at different age to investigate the mechanism of cerebral edema formation and lower activities of mitochondria enzymes after influenza a virus (iav) infection. mice suffered 46.4% mortality in newborn compared with 96.0% in weanling, 100% in adult on day 7, respectively. iav-rna was easily detected in the brain of n ... | 2015 | 26051732 |
| [on-microchip pcr for detection of influenza a viruses subtypes, circulating in the human population]. | a oligonucleotide microchip was developed for revealing influenza a viruses subtypes, circulating in human population: pandemic h1n1 swine influenza viruses, seasonal h1n1, h2n2, h3n2, h5n1, h9n2, h7n9. typing of influenza virus was performed by on-microchip pcr. we used immobilized primers-probes selected for the neuraminidase gene that allows determining both subtype of neuraminidase and subtype of hemagglutinin. | 2015 | 26050481 |
| influenza a virus coinfection through transmission can support high levels of reassortment. | the reassortment of gene segments between influenza viruses increases genomic diversity and plays an important role in viral evolution. we have shown previously that this process is highly efficient within a coinfected cell and, given synchronous coinfection at moderate or high doses, can give rise to ~60 to 70% of progeny shed from an animal host. conversely, reassortment in vivo can be rendered undetectable by lowering viral doses or extending the time between infections. one might also predic ... | 2015 | 26041285 |
| exploration of risk factors contributing to the presence of influenza a virus in swine at agricultural fairs. | influenza a virus infections occurring in exhibition swine populations at agricultural fairs during 2012 served as a source of h3n2 variant influenza a viruses transmitted to humans resulting in more than 300 documented cases. prior to the outbreak, this investigation was initiated to identify fair-level risk factors contributing to influenza a virus infections in pigs at agricultural fairs. as part of an ongoing active surveillance program, nasal swabs and associated fair-level metadata were co ... | 2014 | 26038494 |
| molecular evidence for interspecies transmission of h3n2pm/h3n2v influenza a viruses at an ohio agricultural fair, july 2012. | evidence accumulating in 2011-2012 indicates that there is significant intra- and inter-species transmission of influenza a viruses at agricultural fairs, which has renewed interest in this unique human/swine interface. six human cases of influenza a (h3n2) variant (h3n2v) virus infections were epidemiologically linked to swine exposure at fairs in the united states in 2011. in 2012, the number of h3n2v cases in the midwest had exceeded 300 from early july to september, 2012. prospective influen ... | 2012 | 26038404 |
| influenza outbreaks among passengers and crew on two cruise ships: a recent account of preparedness and response to an ever-present challenge. | during spring 2014, two large influenza outbreaks occurred among cruise ship passengers and crew on trans-hemispheric itineraries. | 2016 | 26031322 |
| genetic characterization of h1n1 and h1n2 influenza a viruses circulating in ontario pigs in 2012. | the objective of this study was to characterize h1n1 and h1n2 influenza a virus isolates detected during outbreaks of respiratory disease in pig herds in ontario (canada) in 2012. six influenza viruses were included in analysis using full genome sequencing based on the 454 platform. in five h1n1 isolates, all eight segments were genetically related to 2009 pandemic virus (a(h1n1)pdm09). one h1n2 isolate had hemagglutinin (ha), polymerase a (pa) and non-structural (ns) genes closely related to a( ... | 2015 | 26030614 |
| low-ph stability of influenza a virus sialidase contributing to virus replication and pandemic. | the spike glycoprotein neuraminidase (na) of influenza a virus (iav) has sialidase activity that cleaves the terminal sialic acids (viral receptors) from oligosaccharide chains of glycoconjugates. a new antigenicity of viral surface glycoproteins for humans has pandemic potential. we found "low-ph stability of sialidase activity" in na. the low-ph stability can maintain sialidase activity under acidic conditions of ph 4-5. for human iavs, nas of all pandemic viruses were low-ph-stable, whereas t ... | 2015 | 26027822 |
| influenza infection in the intensive care unit: four years after the 2009 pandemic. | the role of influenza viruses in severe acute respiratory infection (sari) in intensive care units (icu) remains unknown. the post-pandemic influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 period, in particular, has been poorly studied. | 2016 | 26025480 |
| mouse lung slices: an ex vivo model for the evaluation of antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents against influenza viruses. | the influenza a virus is notoriously known for its ability to cause recurrent epidemics and global pandemics. antiviral therapy is effective when treatment is initiated within 48h of symptom onset, and delaying treatment beyond this time frame is associated with decreased efficacy. research on anti-inflammatory therapy to ameliorate influenza-induced inflammation is currently underway and seems important to the impact on the clinical outcome. both antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs with novel ... | 2015 | 26022197 |
| the effects of h3n2 swine influenza virus infection on tlrs and rlrs signaling pathways in porcine alveolar macrophages. | swine influenza is an economically important respiratory disease of swine resulting from infection with influenza a virus. swine influenza virus (siv) becomes the focus as pigs have been hypothesized to serve as an intermediate host for the adaptation of avian influenza viruses to humans or as mixing vessels for the generation of genetically reassortant viruses. the ability of the innate immune system to detect and respond to pathogens is important for survival. therefore, there is a critical ne ... | 2015 | 26021751 |
| serological evidence and risk factors for swine influenza infections among chinese swine workers in guangdong province. | during july to september 2014, we performed a controlled, cross-sectional, seroepidemiologic study among 203 swine workers and 115 control subjects in guangdong province. sera were tested using a hemagglutination inhibition assay against locally-isolated swine h3n2 and h1n1 viruses and commercially-obtained human influenza viral antigens. we found swine workers had a greater prevalence and odds of seropositivity against the swine h3n2 virus (17.3% vs. 7.0%; adjusted or, 3.4; 95% ci, 1.1 -10.7). ... | 2015 | 26016740 |
| [monitoring of influenza and other respiratory diseases causative agents in children, hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia in 2012-2013 epidemic season]. | study the circulation of respiratory viruses in children with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) during the period from october 2012 to may 2013. | 2015 | 26016346 |
| microneedle patch delivery to the skin of virus-like particles containing heterologous m2e extracellular domains of influenza virus induces broad heterosubtypic cross-protection. | a broadly cross-protective influenza vaccine that can be administrated by a painless self-immunization method would be a value as a potential universal mass vaccination strategy. this study developed a minimally-invasive microneedle (mn) patch for skin vaccination with virus-like particles containing influenza virus heterologous m2 extracellular (m2e) domains (m2e5x vlps) as a universal vaccine candidate without adjuvants. the stability of m2e5x vlp-coated microneedles was maintained for 8weeks ... | 2015 | 26003039 |
| egg-adaptive mutations in h3n2v vaccine virus enhance egg-based production without loss of antigenicity or immunogenicity. | the recently detected zoonotic h3n2 variant influenza a (h3n2v) viruses have caused 343 documented cases of human infection linked to contact with swine. an effective vaccine is needed for these viruses, which may acquire transmissibility among humans. however, viruses isolated from human cases do not replicate well in embryonated chicken eggs, posing an obstacle to egg-based vaccine production. to address this issue, we sought to identify egg-adaptive mutations in surface proteins that increase ... | 2015 | 25999284 |
| [virological characteristics of influenza a (h3n2) virus in mainland china during 2013-2014]. | to analyze the antigenic and genetic characteristics of the influenza a (h3n2) virus in mainland china during the surveillance year of 2013-2014, the antigenic characteristics of h3n2 virus were analyzed using reference ferret anti-sera. the nucleotide sequences of the viruses were determined by sanger dideoxy sequencing, phylogenetic trees were constructed with the neighbor-joining method, and the genetic characteristics of the viruses were determined in comparison to current vaccine strains. t ... | 2015 | 25997327 |
| humoral and cellular immune responses after influenza vaccination in patients with postcancer fatigue. | the aim of this study was to compare humoral and cellular immune responses to influenza vaccination in cancer survivors with and without severe symptoms of fatigue. severely fatigued (n = 15) and non-fatigued (n = 12) disease-free cancer survivors were vaccinated against seasonal influenza. humoral immunity was evaluated at baseline and post-vaccination by a hemagglutination inhibition assay. cellular immunity was evaluated at baseline and post-vaccination by lymphocyte proliferation and activat ... | 2015 | 25996472 |
| influenza vaccine effectiveness in preventing inpatient and outpatient cases in a season dominated by vaccine-matched influenza b virus. | studies that have evaluated the influenza vaccine effectiveness (ve) to prevent laboratory-confirmed influenza b cases are uncommon, and few have analyzed the effect in preventing hospitalized cases. we have evaluated the influenza ve in preventing outpatient and hospitalized cases with laboratory-confirmed influenza in the 2012-2013 season, which was dominated by a vaccine-matched influenza b virus. in the population covered by the navarra health service, all hospitalized patients with influenz ... | 2015 | 25996366 |
| a synthetic influenza virus vaccine induces a cellular immune response that correlates with reduction in symptomatology and virus shedding in a randomized phase ib live-virus challenge in humans. | current influenza vaccines elicit primarily antibody-based immunity. they require yearly revaccination and cannot be manufactured until the identification of the circulating viral strain(s). these issues remain to be addressed. here we report a phase ib trial of a vaccine candidate (flu-v) eliciting cellular immunity. thirty-two males seronegative for the challenge virus by hemagglutination inhibition assay participated in this single-center, randomized, double-blind study. volunteers received o ... | 2015 | 25994549 |
| haemagglutinin mutations and glycosylation changes shaped the 2012/13 influenza a(h3n2) epidemic, houston, texas. | while the early start and higher intensity of the 2012/13 influenza a virus (iav) epidemic was not unprecedented, it was the first iav epidemic season since the 2009 h1n1 influenza pandemic where the h3n2 subtype predominated. we directly sequenced the genomes of 154 h3n2 clinical specimens collected throughout the epidemic to better understand the evolution of h3n2 strains and to inform the h3n2 vaccine selection process. phylogenetic analyses indicated that multiple co-circulating clades and c ... | 2015 | 25990233 |
| age-specific epidemic waves of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in a subtropical city. | both influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are active throughout the year in subtropical or tropical regions, but few studies have reported on age-specific seasonal patterns of these viruses. we examined the age-specific epidemic curves of laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza a (subtyped into seasonal a(h1n1), a(h3n2), and pandemic virus a(h1n1)pdm09), influenza b and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), in subtropical city hong kong from 2004 to 2013. we found that different types an ... | 2015 | 25981824 |
| computational identification of antigenicity-associated sites in the hemagglutinin protein of a/h1n1 seasonal influenza virus. | the antigenic variability of influenza viruses has always made influenza vaccine development challenging. the punctuated nature of antigenic drift of influenza virus suggests that a relatively small number of genetic changes or combinations of genetic changes may drive changes in antigenic phenotype. the present study aimed to identify antigenicity-associated sites in the hemagglutinin protein of a/h1n1 seasonal influenza virus using computational approaches. random forest regression (rfr) and s ... | 2015 | 25978416 |
| development of a candidate influenza vaccine based on virus-like particles displaying influenza m2e peptide into the immunodominant region of hepatitis b core antigen: broad protective efficacy of particles carrying four copies of m2e. | a long-term objective when designing influenza vaccines is to create one with broad cross-reactivity that will provide effective control over influenza, no matter which strain has caused the disease. here we summarize the results from an investigation into the immunogenic and protective capacities inherent in variations of a recombinant protein, hbc/4m2e. this protein contains four copies of the ectodomain from the influenza virus protein m2 (m2e) fused within the immunodominant loop of the hepa ... | 2015 | 25976545 |
| [estimation of hospitalization rate of laboratory confirmed influenza cases in jingzhou city, hubei province, 2010-2012]. | to estimate the hospitalization rate of severe acute respiratory infection (sari) cases attributable to influenza in jingzhou city, hubei province from 2010 to 2012. | 2015 | 25975397 |
| genetic variation in the hemagglutinin of a(h1n1) 09pdm and a(h3n2) influenza viruses in the beijing area from 2009 to 2014. | a(h1n1) 09pdm and a(h3n2) influenza viruses are the main cause of occasional influenza pandemics and seasonal influenza epidemics around the world. unfortunately, the understanding of long-term genetic variation in these viruses remains limited. | 2015 | 25974995 |