Publications

[horizontal movements of ixodes persulcatus p. sch].		1958	13589478
[experimental study on the infection of ticks (ixodes persulcatus) with tick-borne encephalitis virus by feeding them on immune animals].		1958	13569992
[the phenology of ixodes persulcatus in the state reservation of stolby near krasnoiarsk].		1958	13551660
[duration of eradication of ixodes persulcatus p. sch. in areas treated with acaricides and possibilities of utilization of aircraft dusting].		1957	13530894
[problem of seasonal variations and life of ixodes ricinus l. and ixodes persulcatus p. sch].		1956	13418169
[characteristics of daily rhythm of dropping off from cows of engorged with blood female ixodes persulcatus].		1954	13220470
diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis by a mu-capture immunoglobulin m-enzyme immunoassay based on secreted recombinant antigen produced in insect cells.	acute tick-borne encephalitis is diagnosed by detection of igm antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) (genus flavivirus) in patient serum. tbev membrane (m) and envelope (e) proteins have previously been shown to form virus-like particles when expressed in mammalian cells. we expressed the prm/m and e proteins in insect cells with a recombinant baculovirus system and obtained antigenic protein secreted into the cell culture medium, as evidenced by detection by a panel of five monoclo ...	2003	12958266
real-time pcr for simultaneous detection and quantification of borrelia burgdorferi in field-collected ixodes scapularis ticks from the northeastern united states.	the density of spirochetes in field-collected or experimentally infected ticks is estimated mainly by assays based on microscopy. in this study, a real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) protocol targeting the borrelia burgdorferi-specific reca gene was adapted for use with a lightcycler for rapid detection and quantification of the lyme disease spirochete, b. burgdorferi, in field-collected ixodes scapularis ticks. the sensitivity of qpcr for detection of b. burgdorferi dna in infected ticks was comp ...	2003	12902243
a description with scanning electron microscopy on the tick ixodes persulcatus (schulze, 1930) male and female specimens.	the surface fine structures of ixodes persulcatus (schulze, 1930) male and female specimens were observed by means of a scanning electron microscope. a brief review on the biology of the ticks and their disease relationships was also presented. the sexual dimorphism of the specimen was marked; the male was quite smaller than the female. the genital groove was well developed and deep, the anal groove was distinct and characteristically extending anteriorly around the anus. the 4th article was muc ...	1985	12888675
[the possibility of the detection of one more tick-borne infection--babesiosis--on the territory of russia].	a total of 739 taiga ticks of ixodes persulcatus species, obtained in the recreational zone of st. petersburg, were studied for the presence of babesia sp. with polymerase chain reaction. all these ticks underwent the preliminary examination for the presence of borrelia (3 species), ehrlichia (2 species) and tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus. in 7 cases babesia were detected among 413 ticks containing other pathogens. among 326 ticks no babesia were detected, as well as no other pathogens. all ...	2003	12886630
[ixodes tick-borne borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis in the udmurt republic: retrospective analysis of their spread].	the primary clinical-anamnestic and laboratory data on 1,062 cases, registered in udmurtia in 1965-1968 and caused by the bites of taiga ticks (ixodes persulcatus), were retrospectively analyzed. the study revealed that not less than 27% of these cases could be regarded as cases of ixodes tick-borne borreliosis (itbb); formerly they were classified with tick-born encephalitis (tbe) or diseases of unclear etiology. the spread of itbb on the territory of the udmurt republic was shown to be similar ...	2003	12886603
"candidatus rickettsia tarasevichiae" in ixodes persulcatus ticks collected in russia.	we collected 209 ixodes persulcatus ticks in various regions of russia, including the southern urals and western and eastern siberia. using pcr amplification and sequencing of the citrate synthase-encoding gene (glta), we detected a new rickettsial genotype, which we named "candidatus rickettsia tarasevichiae." this bacterium was found in 9.27%, 10.0%, and 20.5% of the ticks collected in western siberia, eastern siberia, and the southern urals, respectively. "candidatus rickettsia tarasevichiae" ...	2003	12860621
prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophila and borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes persulcatus ticks from northeastern china.	a total of 1,345 ixodes persulcatus ticks collected from northeastern china were investigated for the presence of anaplasma phagocytophila and borrelia burgdorferi by a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr). sixty-two (4.6%) ticks were positive for a. phagocytophila and 454 (33.8%) were positive for b. burgdorferi. seven (0.5%) were coinfected with both agents. sequence analysis of 919-basepair pcr amplicons revealed three types of a. phagocytophila. type 1 was identical to the published sequen ...	2003	12812342
identification of ehrlichia chaffeensis, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and a. bovis in haemaphysalis longicornis and ixodes persulcatus ticks from korea.	a total of 1,467 tick (1,463 of haemaphysalis longicornis, three of ixodes persulcatus and one of i. turdus) collected from nine provinces of korea were examined by taqman real-time pcr for the presence of ehrlichia and anaplasma species. one set of primers and a probe were designed for detection of all of the ehrlichia and anaplasma species. template dnas (total 803) were prepared either from pools of larvae, nymphs, adult males and females, or from the salivary gland and midgut of adult ticks. ...	2003	12804377
[interrelations between ixodes persulcatus ticks and the tick-borne encephalitis virus of the red vole (clethrionomys rutilis) in western siberia].	we present the data of 12-year survey (1989-2001) of the red vole population in southeastern west siberia, including estimation of host relative numbers, abundance of immature taiga ticks, and percentage of animals with antigemagglutitnins against tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus. we discuss the role of demographic groups of voles as tick's hosts and their participation in the maintenance of tbe causative agent population. the estimation of spontaneous tbe infection rate in summer as well as ...	2003	12677668
a relapsing fever group spirochete transmitted by ixodes scapularis ticks.	a species of borrelia spirochetes previously unknown from north america has been found to be transmitted by ixodes scapularis ticks. infected ticks are positive for borrelia spp. by dfa test but negative for borrelia burgdorferi by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using species-specific primers for 16s rdna, outer surface protein a, outer surface protein c, and flagellin genes. a 1,347-bp portion of 16s rdna was amplified from a pool of infected nymphs, sequenced, and compared with the homologous ...	2001	12653133
[morphological barrier in mechanisms of reproductive isolation acting in areas of sympatry of closely related species ixodes persulcatus-i.pavlovskyi and i. persulcatus-i. ricinus (ixodidae)].	a morphometric analysis of different male and female organs used in the process of copulation, including an attachment of the spermatophore to the genital opening of female and placing the spermatophore into the vestibular part of vagina, was carried out for the pairs of ixodid tick species ixodes persulcatus--i. pavlovskyi and i. persulcatus--i. ricinus in areas of their sympatry. in two disjunctive areas of sympatry of i. persulcatus--i. pavlovskyi (south-east altai and southern primorye), the ...	2002	12624962
the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus (acari: ixodidae) in the sakha republic (yakutia) of russia: distributional and reproductive ranges.	the finding of an unfed adult female of the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus schulze is reported from the northern part of eastern siberia (the central part of the sakha republic [former yakutia]) of russia. this finding supplements other reported single findings of the taiga tick in different sites of the central part of the sakha republic, thus increasing its distributional range. the reproductive range of the taiga tick is limited to two separate areas in the southern parts of the republic. the ...	2003	12597666
[comparative characterization of a risk for infection with tick-borne encephalitis in the foci with different regional confinement].	a comparative study of the foci of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) has revealed that the infectivity of vectors taiga ticks (ixodes persulcatus) plays the leading role in the formation of foci with the highest epidemic activity (including forest steppe ones). the morbidity rates in each regional focus are directly related to the number of tick-bitten persons and to the quantity of the vector.	2002	12557579
survey of ixodid tick species on domestic cats in japan.	various species of ixodid ticks, attached to domestic cats in japan, were identified in spring (april to june) and autumn (september to november). in the spring, a total of 282 ticks, including 61 larvae, 70 nymphs, 127 females and 24 males were collected from 126 cats. of these, 264 were identified up to the species level. in the spring, haemaphysalis longicornis was the most frequently (39.7%, 50/126) found tick species on feline hosts, followed by ixodes ovatus (35.0%, 44/126), ixodes nippone ...	2003	12531297
[reason for fluctuation in the demographic structure of the taiga tick population (ixodidae) in dark conifer-leaf forests of kemchug upland].	it was found out, that mean ratio of unfed taiga ticks ixodes persulcatus having a life cycle of 3-5 and 6 years counts respectively (n = 6) 33.6, 52.8, 13.2 and 0.4%. data on absolute number of i. persulcatus individuals in the process of onthogenesis is given. it is shown, that mortality of different unfed stages increases from larva to imago. in the autumn-winter period, the mean ratio of eliminated individuals counted 16% of larvae, 20% of nymphs, and 38 of imago. the mortality in the spring ...	2002	12481603
seasonal correlation of sporadic schizophrenia to ixodes ticks and lyme borreliosis.	background: being born in winter and spring is considered one of the most robust epidemiological risk factors for schizophrenia. the aetiology and exact timing of this birth excess, however, has remained elusive so far. since during phylogeny, borrelia dna has led to multiple germ-line mutations within the cb1 candidate gene for schizophrenia, a meta analysis has been performed of all papers on schizophrenic birth excesses with no less than 3000 cases each. all published numerical data were then ...	2002	12453316
[exploratory study on natural focus and its causative agent of genotype of lyme disease by polymerase chain reaction in the forest areas of beijing].	to learn the existence of natural focus of lyme disease and its distribution.	2002	12411092
[detection and sequential analysis of granulocytic ehrlichia 444-epank gene].	to provide further pathogenic evidence of granulocytic ehrlichia infection in china.	2002	12411075
pcr detection of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, tick-borne encephalitis virus, and the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent in ixodes persulcatus ticks from western siberia, russia.	pcr assays were used to test adult ixodes persulcatus ticks from western siberia, russia, for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev), and the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) agent. of the 150 ticks that were studied, 38% were infected with b. burgdorferi, 46% were infected with tbev, and 8% were infected with the hge agent. these three pathogens were distributed in the ticks independently of one another.	2002	12354885
[a laboratory model of the parasitic system of lyme disease].	a laboratory model of the parasitic system of lyme borreliosis (lb) with ixodes persulcatus and borrelia burgdorferi s.s. underwent 5 epizootic cycles (cycle i transition of borreliae by the scheme a tick-->a mouse-->a tick corresponds to the seasonal cycle). a group of 5-6 mice was inoculated with the suspension of infected nymphs by the intracutaneously route and 35-45 days later intact tick larvae or nymphs were fed on them. in the first three cycles, 40-100% of mice in a group (a total of 33 ...	2002	12224267
[risk of human infection with ixodes tick-borne relapsing fever in different regional subzones of the perm region].	serological and epidemiological surveys covered 2407 persons in 20 populated localities situated in all large geographical and regional subdivisions (subzones) in the perm region. indirect immunofluorescence tests revealed serum immunoglobulins to borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. antibodies in 1:40 or higher dilution were found in nearly 5 to 11% of the dwellers of localities in the subzones of south taiga, coniferous broad-leaved forests, and forest steppe; about 3-7% and 1-6% of them were pres ...	2002	12224266
determination of novel borrelia genospecies in swedish ixodes ricinus ticks.	a total of 301 adult questing ixodes ricinus ticks were collected at 15 different locations along the south and east coasts of sweden to determine the borrelia genospecies diversity. thirty-two ticks (11%) were found to be positive by nested pcr with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato-specific primers. species determination was based on partial sequencing of the 16s rrna gene and the flagellin gene. five different borrelia species were found. the nucleotide sequence of the borrelia dna found in two ...	2002	12202571
simultaneous detection of anaplasma marginale and a new ehrlichia species closely related to ehrlichia chaffeensis by sequence analyses of 16s ribosomal dna in boophilus microplus ticks from tibet.	to identify ehrlichial agents in boophilus microplus ticks, dna samples of b. microplus collected from the tibet autonomous region and sichuan province of china were screened by a nested pcr. sixteen of 43 (37%) dna samples of b. microplus from tibet were positive in nested pcr analysis. all 27 samples from sichuan were negative. the screen identified two ehrlichial agents based on different 16s rrna genes that were found after amplifying and sequencing the 5'-end fragments of the 16s rrna genes ...	2002	12202567
borrelia burgdorferi population kinetics and selected gene expression at the host-vector interface.	by using real-time quantitative pcr, the population dynamics and gene transcription of borrelia burgdorferi were examined in ticks and skin of mice during acquisition of the infection from mice by ticks and during transmission of the infection from ticks to mice. population dynamics were determined by using a flab dna target. a quantitative analysis of flab, ospa, ospc, dbpa, and arp transcription was also performed. the results revealed that both uninfected larval and nymphal ixodes scapularis ...	2002	12065476
genetic identification of rickettsiae isolated from ticks in japan.	following the description in japan of japanese spotted fever, caused by rickettsia japonica, a search for the vector of this disease led to the isolation of several rickettsiae from various tick species. sixty-three rickettsial isolates were obtained from six different tick species, and six type strains were described by pcr and monoclonal antibody testing. we identified these six strains by amplification and sequencing of the genes encoding 16s rrna and citrate synthase. we confirmed that the i ...	2002	12037083
[estimation of the absolute density of adult ixodes persulcatus ticks according to the results of collecting per flag-hour (ixodidae)].	the results of two methods of estimation of abundance of adult ixodes persulcatus ticks, the absolute (at the sample plots) and the relative (per flag-hour) estimations, were compared. collecting of ticks and estimation of their abundance was conducted during 9 years at the forests of the far east and pre-ural region. the total of 1995 plots (100 sq. m each) were studied and 865 flag-hours were carried out. a good correlation of the data, obtained by these methods, was revealed. the average numb ...	2002	11962198
[histopathologic changes of bird skin in feeding places of ticks of the genus ixodes (acari: ixodidae)].	histopathological changes of skin of passeriformes birds in the places of attachment and feeding of the ixodes persulcatus and i. lividus were investigated. the inflammation of bird skin is analogous to one of mammalian skin. the mouthparts of tick are surrounded by the fibrin cone and collagen capsula. they are formed by host. ticks of these species do not form the cement. a proliferation stage of skin inflammation in birds is expressed. the thick collagen capsula develops in a result of prolif ...	2001	11881134
[involvement of the common shrew, sorex araneus (insectivora, soricidae), in circulation of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in south-western siberia].	we presented the data on the abundance of immature instars of the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus schuize on the common shrews sorex araneus l. in natural foci of tick-borne encephalitis in the south of western siberia. basing on the results of virological and serological studies we demonstrated a low effectiveness of this host species as a donor of disease agent strains, which are predominant in the territory under study, for ticks feeding on shrews. the analysis of samples taken from the young s ...	2001	11871252
[multistage mechanism of reproductive sympatric isolation of the closely-related species, ixodes persulcatus and i. pavloskyi (ixodidae)].	the closely related species ixodes persulcatus and i. pavlovskyi are vectors of agents tick-born encephalitis and lyme disease. these species have two great disjunctive sympatric distribution areas (fig. 1), where both species inhabit the same biotopes, and during the same season. in these conditions there are prerequisites of contacts of opposite sexes of the different species during ambushing the hosts on vegetation. sequence of "switching on" of the morphological, physiological, and hostparas ...	2001	11871251
tick-borne encephalitis virus in lithuania.	tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is a severe problem in lithuania, indicated by the 171 to 645 serologically confirmed cases that occurred each year between 1993 and 1999. in the present report, the first isolation and partial genetic analysis of a lithuanian tbe virus (tbev) strain isolated from a patient's serum sample is described. the patient was bitten by a tick while visiting the lazdijai district (veisiejai forest) in the southernmost part of lithuania, a geographical area where ixodes ricin ...	2001	11837641
in-vitro and in-vivo antibiotic susceptibilities of lyme disease borrelia isolated in china.	the antibiotic susceptibilities of seven borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from ixodes persulcatus in china were examined by in-vitro microdilution minimum inhibition concentration (mic) and macrodilution minimum bactericidal concentration (mbc) methods. all isolates tested were susceptible to amoxicillin, erythromycin, and minocycline. the mics of these drugs for the chinese isolates were 0.025-0.1 microg/ml, <0.012-0.05 microg/ml, and <0.012-0.05 microg/ml, respectively. the mbcs were 0 ...	2000	11810535
characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus from latvia: evidence for co-circulation of three distinct subtypes.	viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) antigenic complex within the family flaviviridae cause a variety of diseases, including uncomplicated febrile illness, meningoencephalitis, and hemorrhagic fever. different domesticated animals or wildlife species often act as reservoir hosts and ixodid ticks serve as vectors. although tbe is a serious problem in latvia, the knowledge concerning tbe virus (tbev) strains circulating in the country is most limited. only two strains (latvia-1-96 isolated ...	2001	11745938
[detection of the genotypic heterogeneity of ixodes persulcatus schulze (acari: ixodidae) of the north-west region of russia and characteristics of distribution of tick-borne pathogens causing lyme disease and ehrlichia infections in various genotypes].	the heterogeneity of the ixodes persulcatus population in the vicinity of saint petersburg was estimated by using malate dehydrogenase (mdh) isoenzyme. there are six mdh genotypes carrying 3 alleles in the ixodes persulcatus population. the prevalence of borrelia and ehrlichia species in the study genotypes was analyzed. there was a difference in the prevalence and intensity of infection. the greatest abundance of borrelia was described in the genotypes to genogroup 1 (with allele 1). among them ...	2001	11680364
lyme disease borrelia spp. in ticks and rodents from northwestern china.	in may 1999, field surveys of lyme disease spirochetes were conducted around the tianshan mountains in xinjiang uygur autonomous region in northwestern people's republic of china. ixodes persulcatus ticks were obtained in a tianchi lake valley with primary forest, while the tick fauna was poor in the semidesert or at higher altitudes in this region. species identities were confirmed by molecular analysis in which an internal transcribed spacer sequence was used. of 55 adult ticks, 22 (40%) were ...	2001	11679340
[demographic structure of the population of taiga tick (ixodidae) in coniferous forests of the kemchug upland in 1986-1991].	it is recovered, that full engorged females of ixodes persulcatus lay average of 25,250 eggs per 1 ha during the season in the test area. it produces 13,750 larvae. the abundance of hungry larvae is reduced up to 12,500 during the winter period. 11,643 larvae become engorged. the total abundance of hungry nymphs counts: 10,933 in autumn, and 9895 in spring. the total abundance of hungry adults, half of which is represented by females, makes 1774 in autumn, and 1084 in spring. about 10 females fo ...	2001	11605451
distinct combinations of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies found in individual questing ticks from europe.	the genetic diversity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was assessed in individual adult ixodes ricinus ticks from europe by direct pcr amplification of spirochetal dna followed by genospecies-specific hybridization. analysis of mixed infections in the ticks showed that b. garinii and b. valaisiana segregate from b. afzelii. this and previous findings suggest that host complement interacts with spirochetes in the tick, thereby playing an important role in the ecology of lyme borreliosis.	2001	11571205
risk for human tick-borne encephalitis, borrelioses, and double infection in the pre-ural region of russia.	we assessed the risk for human tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), ixodid tick-borne borrelioses, and double infection from 1994 to 1998 in perm, which has among the highest rates of reported cases in russia. we studied 3,473 unfed adult ixodes persulcatus ticks collected from vegetation in natural foci and 62,816 ticks removed from humans. tbe virus and borrelia may coexist in ticks.	2001	11384529
isolation and characterization of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato strains in an area of italy where lyme borreliosis is endemic.	between 1993 and 1998, we isolated borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from 55 of the 119 patients with clinically diagnosed lyme borreliosis who were admitted to "san martino" hospital in belluno, veneto, an adriatic region in northeastern italy where lyme borreliosis is endemic. upon hospitalization, all patients presented erythema migrans. isolates were typed using ribosomal dna pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of the rrfa-rrlb intergenic spacer. of the 41 isolates typ ...	2001	11376066
identification of ehrlichia spp. and borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes ticks in the baltic regions of russia.	the presence and distribution of ehrlichia spp. and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was demonstrated among ixodid ticks collected in the baltic regions of russia, where lyme borreliosis is endemic. a total of 3,426 ixodes ricinus and 1,267 ixodes persulcatus specimens were collected, and dark-field microscopy showed that 265 (11.5%) i. ricinus and 333 (26.3%) i. persulcatus ticks were positive. from these samples, 472 dark-field-positive and 159 dark-field-negative ticks were subjected to pcr an ...	2001	11376063
human babesiosis in japan: isolation of babesia microti-like parasites from an asymptomatic transfusion donor and from a rodent from an area where babesiosis is endemic.	to determine the source of infection for the japanese index case of human babesiosis, we analyzed blood samples from an asymptomatic individual whose blood had been transfused into the patient. in addition, we surveyed rodents collected from near the donor's residence. examination by microscopy and pcr failed to detect the parasite in the donor's blood obtained 8 months after the donation of the blood that was transfused. however, we were able to isolate babesia parasites by inoculating the bloo ...	2001	11376054
distribution and characterization of tick-borne encephalitis viruses from siberia and far-eastern asia.	in this study, tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) viruses from siberia and far-eastern asia were characterized in order to determine virus subtype distribution. tbe viruses were isolated from ticks (ixodes persulcatus) collected in the far-eastern (khabarovsk and vladivostok) and siberian (irkutsk) regions of russia in 1999. phylogenetic analysis showed that isolates formed distinct clusters of far-eastern and siberian subtypes. there was also a minor difference in antigenicity between the irkutsk is ...	2001	11369875
p13, an integral membrane protein of borrelia burgdorferi, is c-terminally processed and contains surface-exposed domains.	to elucidate antigens present on the bacterial surface of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato that may be involved in pathogenesis, we characterized a protein, p13, with an apparent molecular mass of 13 kda. the protein was immunogenic and was expressed in large amounts during in vitro cultivation compared to other known antigens. an immunofluorescence assay, immunoelectron microscopy, and protease sensitivity assays indicated that p13 is surface exposed. the deduced sequence of the p13 peptide reve ...	2001	11292755
characterization of lyme borreliosis isolates from patients with erythema migrans and neuroborreliosis in southern sweden.	southern sweden is an area of lyme borreliosis (lb) endemicity, with an incidence of 69 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. the most frequent clinical manifestations are erythema migrans (77%) and neuroborreliosis (16%). there was no record of human borrelia strains being isolated from patients in this region before the prospective study reported here. borrelia spirochetes were isolated from skin and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) from lb patients living in the region. a total of 39 strains were character ...	2001	11283044
the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes persulcatus and i. ricinus ticks in the zone of their sympatry.	a total of 7210 unfed adult ixodes persulcatus schulze, 1930 and i. ricinus (l., 1758) ticks were collected from the vegetation by flagging in 35 study sites located in the zone of their sympatry (mainly in leningrad region, russia). borrelia infection in ticks was estimated by the dark-field microscopic analysis of gut contents in standard vital preparations at a magnification of x600. no correlation was revealed between the series of parameters characterising the abundance of each tick species ...	2001	11266136
specificities and sensitivities of four monoclonal antibodies for typing of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates.	borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of lyme borreliosis, is genetically more heterogeneous than previously thought. in europe five genospecies have been described from the original b. burgdorferi sensu lato (sl): b. burgdorferi sensu stricto (ss), b. garinii, b. afzelii, b. lusitaniae, and b. valaisiana. in the united states, b. burgdorferi ss as well as b. bissettii in california and b. andersonii on the east coast were differentiated. in asia, b. japonica has been identified along, with b. garinii ...	2001	11238225
seasonal population dynamics of ixodes ticks and tick-borne encephalitis virus.	seasonality of the epidemic and epizootic processes of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) depend on the period of activity of ixodid ticks ixodes persulcatus schulze and i. ricinus linnaeus, which are the main reservoirs and vectors of tbe virus, and also on the process of their activation. the period of activity is the period during which the ticks occur in the active state. activation is the transition into this state of ticks that moulted from the preceding stage and completed post-moulting develo ...	2000	11227825
lone star tick-infecting borreliae are most closely related to the agent of bovine borreliosis.	although borrelia theileri, the agent of bovine borreliosis, was described at the turn of the century (in 1903), its relationship with borreliae causing lyme disease or relapsing fever remains undescribed. we tested the previously published hypothesis that spirochetes infecting lone star ticks (amblyomma americanum) may comprise b. theileri by analyzing the 16s ribosomal dnas (rdnas) and flagellin genes of these spirochetes. b. theileri, the amblyomma agent, and b. miyamotoi formed a natural gro ...	2001	11158095
chemical composition of lipophylic compounds from the body surface of unfed adult ixodes persulcatus ticks (acari: ixodidae).	chemical compositions of ethereal extracts of the body surface of unfed male and female ixodes persulcatus ticks (acari: ixodidae) were studied by gas chromatography using mass-spectrometric detection. more than 100 different organic compounds were detected. the predominant components were saturated fatty hydrocarbons, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, aldehydes, squalene, cholesterol and cholesterol derivatives. a number of compounds found in i. persulcatus are known as components of phero ...	2000	11108395
transfusion-acquired, autochthonous human babesiosis in japan: isolation of babesia microti-like parasites with hu-rbc-scid mice.	we have isolated piroplasms from a patient who developed the first case of human babesiosis in japan by using nod/shi-scid mice whose circulating erythrocytes (rbcs) had been replaced with human rbcs (hu-rbc-scid mice). following inoculation of the patient's blood specimen into hu-rbc-scid mice, parasites proliferated within the human rbcs in the mice, resulting in a high level of parasitemia. parasite dna was prepared from blood samples of the patient and the mice, and the nuclear small-subunit ...	2000	11101588
granulocytic ehrlichiae in ixodes persulcatus ticks from an area in china where lyme disease is endemic.	a total of 372 adult ixodes persulcatus ticks were collected from vegetation in a forest area of heilongjiang province in northeastern china, where lyme disease is known to be endemic. the ticks were examined for the presence of granulocytic ehrlichiae by heminested pcr with primers derived from the 16s rrna gene. of 310 ticks obtained from the dahe forestry farm, two pools (each containing 5 ticks) were found positive, with a minimum infection rate of 0.6%. ehrlichial dna was also detected in o ...	2000	11060091
molecular and pathogenic characterization of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from spain.	fifteen borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from questing ticks and skin biopsy specimens from erythema migrans patients in three different areas of spain were characterized. four different genospecies were found (nine borrelia garinii, including the two human isolates, three b. burgdorferi sensu stricto, two b. valaisiana, and one b. lusitaniae), showing a diverse spectrum of b. burgdorferi sensu lato species. b. garinii isolates were highly variable in terms of pulsed-field gel electropho ...	2000	11060064
[the development and introduction of a rational system for the protection of the personnel in a large enterprise against attack by blood-sucking arthropods in western siberia].	in the middle ob river valley (north and moderate taiga), a large number of bloodsucking dipterans (mosquitoes, blackflies, biting midges, horseflies) are recorded during 90-100 days; the activity of ixodes persulcatus and their attack on humans are notified during 90-115 days. a package of measures that protect petroleum industrial workers from the attacks of bloodsucking insects and ticks includes the use of protective suits, the treatment of premises with insecticides, the use of repellents, ...	2000	10981414
peculiarities of behaviour of taiga (ixodes persulcatus) and sheep (ixodes ricinus) ticks (acarina: ixodidae) determined by different methods.	a comparison of the behavioural peculiarities of ixodes persulcatus schulze, 1930 (north-western population, russia) and ixodes ricinus (l., 1758) from western russia and denmark was determined by using two methods. method 1 involved a sojourn of ticks on vertical plastic sticks and showed that the questing behaviour of i. ricinus nymphs was dependent on temperature and relative humidity (rh). a significantly greater number of nymphs quested at 22 degrees c and 100% rh than at 18 degrees c. when ...	2000	10945740
[an electron microscopic study of borrelia in the body of the female ixodid tick ixodes persulcatus].	borrelia burgdorferi s. lato in naturally infected females of tick ixodes persulcatus were examined by transmission electron microscopy. the borreliae were found in midgut and ovary. location and ultrastructure of bacteria indicate extracellular migration through the midgut epithelium as a preferential way. in gonad, the borreliae intracellular situate in ovarian epithelium and oocytes before and at the beginning of vitellogenesis. the demonstration of numerous spirochetes in the oocytes provide ...	2000	10920844
identification of ehrlichia chaffeensis by nested pcr in ticks from southern china.	a total of 717 ticks collected from southern china were examined by nested pcr for the presence of ehrlichia chaffeensis. sixteen (55. 2%) of 29 adult amblyomma testudinarium ticks and 28 (11.7%) of 240 adult and at least 4.2% of 215 nymphal (pooled specimens) haemaphysalis yeni ticks tested positive. four other species of ticks were negative. selected positive amplicons were confirmed by dna sequencing.	2000	10878087
genetic characteristics of borrelia coriaceae isolates from the soft tick ornithodoros coriaceus (acari: argasidae).	two borrelia isolates (ca434 and ca435) cultured from the soft tick ornithodoros coriaceus were analyzed by contour-clamped homogeneous electric field gel electrophoresis of unrestricted and apai-restricted dna, standard electrophoresis of bamhi- and hindiii-restricted dna, southern hybridization, restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing of the 16s rrna gene, and amplification of the 5s-23s intergenic spacer region. these isolates were compared with borrelia coriaceae type strain ...	2000	10878063
genetic diversity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks from mainland portugal.	to date borrelia lusitaniae is the only genospecies of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolated from ixodes ricinus ticks collected in portugal and tunisia. this suggests that the genospecies diversity of b. burgdorferi sensu lato decreases toward the southwestern margin of its old world subtropical range. in order to further explore the genetic diversity of b. burgdorferi sensu lato from this region, 55 i. ricinus and 27 hyalomma marginatum questing adults, collected during the spring of 1998 f ...	2000	10834965
tick-borne encephalitis.	tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is a zoonotic arbovirus infection endemic to russia and eastern and central europe. despite being a common and serious life-threatening disease for which a mass vaccination program was implemented in austria, there is only limited reference to this disease in the english-language literature. tbe is transmitted to humans usually by the bite of a tick (either ixodes persulcatus or ixodes ricinus); occasionally, cases occur following consumption of infected unpasteuriz ...	1999	10825054
[the chronological structure of the population count of the taiga tick in the maritime territory].	a time series analysis of 23-years observations of the ixodes persulcatus imago dynamics was carried out. the tick were counted in forests of the western sikhote-alin' foothills near ussuriysk. the fluctuations of the ticks number are quasiperiodical. they are formed by near 3-years oscillations, long-term non linear trend and accidental component. the observed process was described by means of a statistic model. this model combines the harmonic regression analysis with linear regression analysi ...	1999	10771774
[the exploratory activity of the borrelia-infected taiga tick ixodes persulcatus].	the infection with borrelia burgdorferi s. l. increases the questing activity of adults and nymphs of the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus. high temperature inhibits the moving and questing activities of the infected ticks in a greater extent than that in the non-infected ones. than more borreliae per a specimen of tick are present, the more tick's activity is affected.	1999	10771773
[the distribution characteristics of the taiga tick (ixodidae) in the city of tomsk].	the study conducted in 1996-1997 has shown that in large town lads there is a steady population of the taiga tick with the maximum number 3 specimens per 1 km of account route. in these lads there are well developed wood and shrub layer, grass cover and thick ground litter layer. tick larvae often occur on rodents from these territories. in lads and gardens, where the ground litter is ruined and herbal cover is oppressed, the taiga ticks do not occur. in outskirts the number of ticks is higher. ...	1999	10771765
new ehrlichia species closely related to ehrlichia chaffeensis isolated from ixodes ovatus ticks in japan.	seven ehrlichia strains (six hf strains and one anan strain) that were obtained from laboratory mice by intraperitoneally inoculating homogenates of adult ixodes ovatus collected in japan were characterized. 16s rrna sequences of all six hf strains were identical, and the sequences were 99.7, 98.2, and 97.7% identical to those of anan strain, ehrlichia chaffeensis (human monocytic ehrlichiosis agent), and e. muris, respectively. partial groel amino acid sequencing also revealed that the six hf s ...	2000	10747103
acquisition of coinfection and simultaneous transmission of borrelia burgdorferi and ehrlichia phagocytophila by ixodes scapularis ticks.	the agents of lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi) and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (ehrlichia phagocytophila) are both transmitted by the tick ixodes scapularis. in nature, ticks are often infected with both agents simultaneously. we studied whether previous infection with either borrelia or ehrlichia in ticks would affect acquisition and transmission of a second pathogen. ehrlichia-infected i. scapularis nymphs were fed upon borrelia-infected mice, and borrelia-infected i. scapularis nymphs ...	2000	10722618
analysis of the bmp gene family in borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.	bmpa, bmpb, bmpc, and bmpd are homologous borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins of unknown functions, encoded by the bmp genes of paralogous chromosomal gene family 36. at least some of the bmp proteins are immunogens in infected vertebrate hosts. the genetic organization of the bmp region has been characterized for a variety of b. burgdorferi sensu lato strains by southern hybridization, pcr amplification, and dna sequencing. all four bmp genes were present in the same relative order in all b. burg ...	2000	10715014
[the biodiversity dynamics of the causative agents of diseases transmitted by ticks in the genus ixodes: an analysis of multiyear data].	fauna of pathogen's met in the organism of the primary tick-borne disease vectors--ixodes persulcatus schulze and ixodes ricinus (l.) was observed. prevalence of borrelia mono- and poly-infection in the i. persulcatus ticks within a season of the vector activity was analyzed and increase of the number of the dual infected specimens during the season was demonstrated. the first determination of ehrlichia infected i. ricinus and i. persulcatus collected in the baltic region of russia was stated. t ...	1999	10703200
prevalence of lyme disease borrelia spp. in ticks from migratory birds on the japanese mainland.	borrelia sp. prevalence in ticks on migratory birds was surveyed in central japan. in autumn, a total of 1,733 birds representing 40 species were examined for ticks. a total of 361 ticks were obtained from 173 birds of 15 species, and these ticks were immature haemaphysalis flava (94.4%), haemaphysalis longicornis, ixodes columnae, ixodes persulcatus, ixodes turdus, and an unidentified ixodes species. of these, 27 juveniles of h. flava on turdus pallidus, turdus cardis, or emberiza spodocephala, ...	2000	10698761
genetic diversity and the absence of regional differences of borrelia garinii as demonstrated by ospa and ospb gene sequence analysis.	unfed adult ixodes persulcatus ticks were collected from four locations of nagano and hokkaido in japan. infected borrelia garinii were investigated by pcr-rflp of the ospa and ospb gene sequences. the primer set amplified an approximately 1.6-kb dna fragment (0.7-kb in some strains), and bsri, bstyi, or nlaiii digestion of the product resulted in six distinctively different pcr-rflp groups and two independent borrelial strains. the representatives in each pcr-rflp group and individuals from the ...	1999	10656177
main features of tick-borne encephalitis eco-epidemiology in russia.	tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is a classic obligatorily transmissible viral infection with natural focality, which is widespread mainly in eurasian forests of the temperate zone. virus was discovered in the russian far east in 1937. its main long-term reservoirs and vectors in natural foci are ixodes persulcatus and i. ricinus ticks. boundaries of the virus range and the location of natural foci within it are closely associated with the distribution pattern of these ticks. the largest categories ...	1999	10652719
scored antibody reactivity determined by immunoblotting shows an association between clinical manifestations and presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, b. garinii, b. afzelii, and b. valaisiana in humans.	an immunoglobulin g immunoblot was developed with antigenic extracts of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, b. garinii, b. afzelii, and b. valaisiana genospecies and was reacted with sera from patients with neuroborreliosis, acrodermatitis, and lyme arthritis. a detailed analysis of the reactivities of the protein bands was performed, and a two-step scoring procedure was selected to determine the preferential reactivity of sera to one particular genospecies. the discriminative potential of 5 pro ...	1999	10565936
genetic analysis of borrelia garinii ospa serotype 4 strains associated with neuroborreliosis: evidence for extensive genetic homogeneity.	infection with borrelia garinii outer surface protein (osp) a serotype 4 strains has been correlated with the development of neuroborreliosis in lyme borreliosis patients in europe. ospa serotype 4 isolates have been recovered primarily from human cerebrospinal fluid, suggesting a tropism for this environment. previous studies with monoclonal antibodies directed against ospa and ospc demonstrated that ospa serotype 4 strains are antigenically closely related. in view of the pronounced antigenic ...	1999	10565915
molecular typing of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: taxonomic, epidemiological, and clinical implications.	borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the spirochete that causes human lyme borreliosis (lb), is a genetically and phenotypically divergent species. in the past several years, various molecular approaches have been developed and used to determine the phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity within the lb-related spirochetes and their potential association with distinct clinical syndromes. these methods include serotyping, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, dna-dna reassociation analysis, rrna gene restri ...	1999	10515907
mixed infection by tick-borne encephalitis virus and borrelia in ticks.	to investigate the relationships between tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus and the bacterial spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in vectors with mixed infections, unfed adult ixodes persulcatus ticks were collected by flagging from vegetation in southern-taiga forests of the pre-urals region of russia where both infections circulate sympatrically. prevalences of tbe and borrelia infections in a total of 4234 ticks were compared over 5 years. no significant differences were revealed bet ...	1999	10484167
ticks as the main target of human tick-borne disease control: russian practical experience and its lessons.	for several decades, the emphasis in human tick-borne disease control has been on the epidemiologically-based preventive (non-specific) approach where tick vectors were the main target of control impact. a long-term, large-scale campaign for controlling the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus, the main vector of tick-borne encephalitis, was carried out in russia in the 1950s to 1970s. the practical experience accumulated during that campaign could be of great value for the current development of strat ...	1999	10436877
[the results of a study of the acaricidal activity of the preparation fewry-med].	the acaricidal activity of fewry-med (10% zeta-zipermethrin) against ixodes persulcatus was studied in laboratory and field conditions. the drug's doses of 0.01-0.005 g/m2 (as calculated for active ingredient) provided 100% death of ticks when forest areas (tyumen' province) were treated. the efficiency of treatment preserved within 31 days (the follow-up period). when fewry-med was used in a dose of 0.005 and 0.01 g/m2, the soil levels of zeta-zipermethrin was lower than the maximum allowable c ...	1999	10414046
in vitro activities of the everninomicin sch 27899 and other newer antimicrobial agents against borrelia burgdorferi.	the in vitro activity of the everninomicin antibiotic sch 27899 against 17 isolates of borrelia spp. was investigated. mics ranged from 0.06 to 0.5 microg/ml. time-kill studies with the b31 strain of b. burgdorferi demonstrated >/=3-log10-unit killing after 72 h with concentrations representing four times the mic. the in vitro activity of four other newer antimicrobial agents, meropenem, cefepime, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and linezolid, was also tested against the b31 strain. meropenem was the ...	1999	10390242
sexual transmission of borrelia garinii by male ixodes persulcatus ticks (acari, ixodidae).	we investigated the transmission of borrelia garinii and borrelia afzelii between male and female ixodes persulcatus ticks. for this purpose the infection rate of partners from tick couples was determined by polymerase chain reaction and reverse line blot. in couples, where the male tick was infected with b. garinii, four out of nine female partners carried b. garinii. in eight couples, male ticks had a dual infection of b. afzelii and b. garinii and three female partners were infected by borrel ...	1999	10356767
[investigation on primary vectors of borrelia burgdorferi in china].	from 1987 to 1997, primary vectors of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (b.b.s.l.) were investigated in china. a total number of 17,000 ticks collected from 20 provinces, city and autonomous region were classified, including 2 families 8 genus 23 species. there were 108 isolates of b.b.s.l. discovered from 8 species of ticks, including ixodes persulcatus, i. granulatus, i. acutitarsus, haemaphysalis concinna, h. longicornis, h. bispinosis, h. cornigera taiwana and dermacentor silvarum. ixodes pers ...	1998	10322682
prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes ricinus ticks in urban recreational areas of helsinki.	lyme borreliosis, an infection caused by the tick-borne spirochete borrelia burgdorferi, is a major health problem for populations in areas of endemicity in the northern hemisphere. in the present study we assessed the density of ticks and the prevalence of b. burgdorferi sensu lato among ticks in popular urban recreational areas of helsinki, finland. altogether 1,688 ixodes ricinus ticks were collected from five areas located within 5 km of the downtown section of helsinki, and 726 of them (303 ...	1999	10203487
[transovarial and transphasic transmissions of borrelia by the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus (ixodidae)].	three generations of the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus, the descendants from naturally infected females, have been examined by means of dark field and phase contrast microscopies and indirect immunofluorescent reactions with monoclonal antibodies. location of borreliae in oocytes was examined by means of electron microscopy. the examined ticks derived from 9 females collected in the novgorod province, from 6 females of 1st laboratory generation and 5 females of the 2nd generation. in total, 250 ...	1998	10188171
isolation of lyme disease borrelia from puffins (fratercula arctica) and seabird ticks (ixodes uriae) on the faeroe islands.	this is the first report on the isolation of lyme disease borrelia from seabirds on the faeroe islands and the characteristics of its enzootic cycle. the major components of the borrelia cycle include the puffin (fratercula arctica) as the reservoir and ixodes uriae as the vector. the importance of this cycle and its impact on the spread of human lyme borreliosis have not yet been established. borrelia spirochetes isolated from 2 of 102 sampled puffins were compared to the borreliae previously o ...	1999	10074497
monocytic ehrlichia in ixodes persulcatus ticks from perm, russia.		1999	10073519
[borrelia burgdorferi, taxonomy, pathogenicity and spread].	borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato is a bacterial complex of at least 10 species, most of which are non pathogenic for humans. non pathogenic species seem to be more vector-specific, their distribution being restricted to that of this vector. in opposition, the three species pathogenic for humans, borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (b.b.s.s.), borrelia garinii (b.g.), and borrelia afzelii (b.a.), are transmitted by several species of ticks more diversified in their host choice. each of these three ...	1998	9921400
[transovarial transmission of borrelia burgdorferi s.l, to taiga tick ixodes persulcatus (ixodidae)].		1998	9891215
[features of the parasitic system of ixodid ticks--borrelia--small mammals in the russian northwest].	mammals and ticks was collected in 1995-1997 years in novgorod region from may to september. traps were exposed during 5 consecutive days every month in 4 different biotopes. 928 hosts were captured during three years. 357 larvae and 59 nymphs of ixodes persulcatus, 356 larvae and 71 nymphs of i. trianguliceps were collected. the clethrionomys glareolus and sorex araneus are main hosts of larvae of i. persulcatus and i. trianguliceps. c. glareolus feed 76.2% of i. persulcatus larvae and 25% of i ...	1998	9859127
[propagation of the pathogen of lyme disease borrelia burgdorferi in the ticks ixodes persulcatus].	an increase of the number of borrelia burgdorferi s. l. in nymphs was observed 3-4 months later the moulting and during the following 4-5 months. the percent of infected ticks remained unchanged. the reproduction of spirochete was going not only at a room temperature, but also at a lower temperature, 3-5 degrees (imitation of hibernation conditions). an increase of the spirochete density was especially well marked, when the ticks were maintained under fluctuated daily conditions. we have found o ...	1998	9859126
[endo- and ectoparasites as factors influencing variability of the humoral immunity response in a natural population of red vole (clethrionomys rutilus)].	based on the five-year population study of red voles clethrionomys rutilus pallas in southern west siberia, we analysed the distribution of two predominating species of parasites (tapeworms hymenolepis horrida and immature instars of ticks ixodes persulcatus) in different demographic groups of the host, and seasonal changes of their incidence in the population. we assessed primary humoral immune response of the voles (splenic antibody-forming cells) to antigenic challenge (injection of sheep ery ...	1998	9813882
[studies on epidemiology and etiology of lyme disease in china].	from 1987 to 1996, an investigation and study on lyme disease was conducted in sixty counties and districts of twenty-two provinces (autonomous region, municipality). seroepidemiological findings indicated that some residents from forest areas of twenty-two provinces had a high antibody titer for borrelia burgdorferi with positive rate 5.06% (1724/34104). endemic foci of lyme disease were discovered in seventeen provinces by etiological evidence. typical cases of lyme disease were diagnosed in e ...	1997	9812472
molecular analysis of sequence heterogeneity among genes encoding decorin binding proteins a and b of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.	immunization of mice with borrelia burgdorferi decorin binding protein a (dbpa), one of two gene products of the dbpba locus, has been shown recently to confer protection against challenge. hyperimmune dbpa antiserum killed a large number of b. burgdorferi sensu lato isolates of diverse phylogeny and origin, suggesting conservation of the protective epitope(s). in order to evaluate the heterogeneity of dbpa and dbpb and to facilitate defining the conserved epitope(s) of these antigens, the seque ...	1998	9784533
genospecies identification and characterization of lyme disease spirochetes of genospecies borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolated from rodents in taiwan.	lyme disease spirochetes of the genospecies borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato were identified and characterized for the first time in taiwan. seven isolates, designated twkm1 to twkm7, were purified from the ear tissues of three species of rodents captured from seven localities of taiwan. the immunological characteristics of these taiwan isolates were compared with those of other genospecies of lyme disease spirochetes by analyzing the protein profiles and reactivities with b. burgdorferi-specific ...	1998	9774551
borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in russia and neighbouring countries: high incidence of mixed isolates.	a total of 365 isolates of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from 12 major administrative territories of russia (from st. petersburg in the west to south sakhalin in the east) and from the czech republic, estonia, lithuania, byelorussia, moldavia, ukraine and kirghizia were identified by analysis of restriction polymorphism of ribosomal rrf-rrl spacer amplicons. the isolates were obtained mainly from ixodes persulcatus and i. ricinus ticks. other sources included small mammals, human patients and ...	1997	9765854
genetic divergence and evolutionary instability in ospe-related members of the upstream homology box gene family in borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex isolates.	a series of related genes that are flanked at their 5' ends by a conserved upstream sequence element called the upstream homology box (uhb) have been identified in borrelia burgdorferi. these genes have been referred to as the uhb or erp gene family. we previously demonstrated that among a limited number of b. burgdorferi isolates, the uhb gene family is variable in composition and organization. prior to this report the uhb gene family in other species of the b. burgdorferi sensu lato complex ha ...	1998	9746562
clinical features of lyme borreliosis in the middle urals and distribution of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species in local ixodes persulcatus ticks.	from 1991 to 1993, we investigated the clinical features of lyme borreliosis (lb) in 864 patients from the sverdlovsk region (population 4.5 million) in the middle urals. ixodes persulcatus ticks were collected in the vicinity of yekaterinburg to determine the presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species. from 1991 to 1993, the number of patients with lb increased from 91 to 320 and 453, respectively. nearly all lb patients (97%) recalled a tick bite and the first signs of lb developed be ...	1998	9728411
failure of ixodes ticks to inherit borrelia afzelii infection.	to define conditions promoting inherited infection by lyme disease spirochetes in ixodes ticks, we variously infected ticks with borrelia afzelii and examined their progenies by dark-field microscopy, immunofluorescence, pcr, and serial passage. no episode of inherited infection was evident, regardless of instar or gender infected or frequency of exposure. we suggest that these spirochetes rarely, if ever, are inherited by vector ticks.	1998	9687480
lyme disease borrelia species in northeastern china resemble those isolated from far eastern russia and japan.	fifty-nine borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato culture isolates collected from northeastern china were characterized by 5s-23s rrna intergenic spacer restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis and reactivity with monoclonal antibodies (mabs). among 59 culture isolates, 30 (50.8%) were borrelia garinii and 17 (28.8%) were borrelia afzelii, 2 were mixtures composed of b. garinii with rflp pattern b and b. garinii with pattern c, and 9 were mixtures composed of b. garinii and b. afzelii. ...	1998	9647853