Publications

[isolation of the tahyña bunyavirus in the arctic].	tahyna virus (bunyaviridae, bunyavirus, the california encephalitis complex) was isolated from aedes communis complex mosquitoes collected at the border of the north-taiga landscape zone (in latitude 68 degrees north and longitude 33 degrees east) at the kolsky peninsula (the murmansk region). the leiv-9843 mur strain was isolated from 2.4 thousand mosquitoes collected there (altogether 3.8 thousand mosquitoes had been collected in the murmansk region). this is the first isolation in the ussr of ...	1985	2937203
molecular and biochemical studies of the evolution, infection and transmission of insect bunyaviruses.	members of the bunyaviridae family of rna viruses (bunyaviruses, hantaviruses, nairoviruses, phleboviruses and uukuviruses) have been studied at the molecular and genetic level to understand the basis of their evolution and infection in vertebrate and invertebrate (arthropod) hosts. with the exception of the hantaviruses, these viruses infect and are transmitted by a variety of blood-sucking arthropods (mosquitoes, phlebotomines, gnats, ticks, etc.). the viruses are responsible for infection of ...	1988	2907153
brus laguna virus, a gamboa bunyavirus from aedeomyia squamipennis collected in honduras.	a virus isolate from aedeomyia squamipennis collected in honduras in 1967 was identified as a member of the gamboa serogroup (family bunyaviridae, genus bunyavirus). this is the ninth gamboa serogroup virus and the eighth shown to be a distinct serotype.	1988	2903690
human infections with tensaw virus in south florida: evidence that tensaw virus subtypes stimulate the production of antibodies reactive with closely related bunyamwera serogroup viruses.	maguari virus, a member of the bunyamwera serogroup (family bunyaviridae, genus bunyavirus) has not been isolated north of trinidad. anecdotal information from other investigators has indicated the presence of antibody to maguari virus in human residents of south florida. we attributed such antibody to either cross-reactivity with tensaw virus, the only bunyamwera serogroup virus known in south florida, or to cross-reactivity to an antigenic subtype or variant of tensaw virus. five strains, iden ...	1988	2899978
[isolation of a tahyna-like virus (bunyaviridae, bunyavirus, california encephalitis complex) on northern sakhalin island].	the strain leiv-11483 sak of tahyna virus or a virus closely related to it antigenically was isolated from aedes spp. mosquitoes (predominantly a. communis) collected august 25, 1985, in the light coniferous subzone of the mid-taiga landscape zone in the north of sakhalin island (54 degrees n, 142 degrees e). altogether, 17.8 thousand mosquitoes were examined which were collected in june-august, 1985, in the light and dark coniferous subzones of mid-taiga. in the human population, virus-neutrali ...	1987	2893491
overwintering mechanisms of mosquito-borne arboviruses in temperate climates.	it can be concluded from the data cited that transovarial transmission is a plausible explanation for the overwintering of mosquito-borne bunyaviruses of the california serogroup. vertical transmission of mosquito-borne flaviviruses could explain the overwintering of this group of viruses, but this is far from having been established. at present, the mechanism by which mosquito-borne alphaviruses pass the winter is obscure.	1987	2891312
phenotypic mixing between vesicular stomatitis and uukuniemi viruses.	the population of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) which reproduced in cells preinfected with uukuniemi virus (uuk) contained a proportion of vsv (uuk) pseudotypes. the virions containing the vsv genome were resistant to anti-vsv serum and neutralized with anti-uuk serum. in addition to previous reports on phenotypic mixing of different families of enveloped viruses, the combination of rhabdovirus surface antigen with bunyavirus genome is described.	1986	2881472
application of enzyme immunoassay on infected cells (eia-ic) for arboviruses.	comparative titrations of alpha-, flavi- and bunyamwera viruses were made by eia-ic and according to cytopathic effect (cpe). specific enzymatic reactions appeared earlier and in higher titres than cpe. the titres of dengue type 1, mayaro, powassan and langat viruses measured by eia-ic were comparable to those measured by intracerebral inoculation of mice. the cross-reactivity testing of eia-ic among alphaviruses (chikungunya, sindbis and mayaro), flaviviruses (japanese encephalitis, murray vall ...	1986	2881468
a newly recognized vesiculovirus, calchaqui virus, and subtypes of melao and maguari viruses from argentina, with serologic evidence for infections of humans and horses.	in 1983, 17 virus strains were isolated from mosquitoes collected during an outbreak of western equine encephalitis in santa fe province, argentina. strains of western equine encephalitis, venezuelan equine encephalitis, st. louis encephalitis, and antequera viruses were isolated, as were several bunyaviruses of the california and bunyamwera serogroups and a new vesiculovirus. complement fixation and neutralization tests were used to identify the california serogroup virus as a subtype of melao ...	1987	2880522
entomological studies at an enzootic venezuelan equine encephalitis virus focus in guatemala, 1977-1980.	the ecology of several potential mosquito vectors of venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) alphavirus was studied in an enzootic focus of that virus on the pacific coast of guatemala over a four-year period. four species-culex taeniopus, mansonia titillans, culex nigripalpus and aedes taeniorhynchus-were most prevalent during the wet season when transmission normally occurs. however, only cx. taeniopus yielded vee virus. the bloodfeeding patterns of these species revealed that ae. taeniorhynchus ...	1986	2873752
distribution of bunyamwera serogroup viruses in north america, 1956-1984.	we attempted to tabulate all bunyamwera serogroup (family bunyaviridae, genus bunyavirus) isolates from north america. by summarizing information from the laboratories of the centers for disease control, data generously shared by other laboratories, and the published literature, we were able to accumulate data regarding 1,372 bunyamwera serogroup viruses. these were: tensaw (664, including 8 from vertebrates), cache valley (396, including 6 from vertebrates), main drain (160, including 14 from v ...	1986	2869708
arbovirus investigations in argentina, 1977-1980. iii. identification and characterization of viruses isolated, including new subtypes of western and venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses and four new bunyaviruses (las maloyas, resistencia, barranqueras, and antequera).	forty viruses isolated from mosquitoes between 1977 and 1980 in argentina have been identified and characterized. nineteen strains of vee virus, identical by neutralization (n) tests, were shown by hemagglutination-inhibition tests with anti-e2 glycoprotein sera to represent a new subtype vi of the vee complex. rna oligonucleotide fingerprints of this virus were distinct from subtype i viruses. the virus was not lethal for english short-haired guinea pigs, indicating that it is probably not equi ...	1985	2863990
characterization of the mesenteronal infection with western equine encephalomyelitis virus in an incompetent strain of culex tarsalis.	interactions of western equine encephalomyelitis (wee) virus are compared with mesenterons of 2 genetically selected susceptible (ws) and refractory (wr) lines of culex tarsalis. both ws and wr females had similar susceptibility when parenterally inoculated with virus, thus it was initially thought that resistance in wr cx. tarsalis was associated with a mesenteronal infection barrier. present data on viral growth in mesenterons dissected from females fed on virus-soaked pledgets suggest that vi ...	1989	2774065
the design and use of specific genetic probes to identify closely related bunyaviruses and to determine the genotype of their recombinants.	viruses that are very closely related to each other at the genetic and gene product level can prove difficult to distinguish, although they may differ in phenotype (for example in their virulence or vector preferences). a chimeric genetic probe has been developed and tested to distinguish the s rnas of two closely related bunyaviruses, snowshoe hare and la crosse viruses. the technique is applicable to other rna species of these two bunyaviruses.	1989	2769236
detection of the bunyavirus germiston in vero and aedes albopictus c6/36 cells by in situ hybridization using cdna and asymmetric rna probes.	using germiston virus infected vertebrate (vero) and invertebrate (aedes albopictus c6/36) cells, paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative allowed the best preservation of cellular morphology and the highest hybridization signals with cdna and asymmetric rna probes against the viral s segment. asymmetric rna probes always gave higher sensitivity and better specificity of in situ hybridization than the nick-translated symmetric dna probe in both vertebrate and invertebrate cells. the study of aed ...	1989	2760165
nucleotide sequence analysis of the small (s) rna segment of bunyamwera virus, the prototype of the family bunyaviridae.	the nucleotide sequence of the small (s) rna segment of the bunyamwera virus genome has been determined. the s rna is 961 bases in length and, in common with other bunyaviruses, encodes two proteins, n and nss, in overlapping reading frames. a six-way alignment of the amino acid sequences of the n and nss proteins of viruses representing three serogroups within the bunyavirus genus indicates regions which are strongly conserved, and provides targets for future analysis of protein function.	1989	2732714
the large viral rna segment of california serogroup bunyaviruses encodes the large viral protein.	reassortant bunyaviruses derived from two members of the california serogroup (la crosse/original and tahyna/181-57) viruses were used to demonstrate that the large mr viral protein (l) is encoded by the l rna segment. radiolabelled viral proteins were analysed by discontinuous sds-page. the l protein of la crosse virus was observed to migrate ahead of its tahyna virus counterpart when electrophoresed through a 5% acrylamide resolving gel. among the reassortant viruses, the l protein phenotype s ...	1989	2732686
the s rna segment of sandfly fever sicilian virus: evidence for an ambisense genome.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the s rna segment of sandfly fever sicilian (sfs) virus (phlebovirus, bunyaviridae) was determined from overlapping cdna clones and by primer extension. the rna is 1746 nucleotides in length and has two large open reading frames (orf), one of which (24.8 kda) is viral-complementary in sense, and the other (30.4 kda) is in the viral sense. this ambisense genome arrangement has been seen in another member of the phlebovirus genus, punta toro (pt) virus (t. ihara ...	1989	2705301
[antiviral activity of ribamidyl in experimental infections with california encephalitis group viruses].	a preparation of ribamydil, an analogue of natural nucleosides, synthesized at the latvian ssr institute of organic chemistry showed a sufficiently high activity against bunyaviruses of california encephalitis complex both in vitro and in vivo. various modifications of the enzyme immunoassay may be used for control of the effectiveness of treatment with this drug. some advantages of the subcutaneous route over the intramuscular one were found. ribamydil may be useful for treatment of infections ...	1989	2686163
bunyaviridae. serological relationships.	the family bunyaviridae comprises 5 genera of lipid-enveloped viruses with trisegmented rna genomes. one of the genera, bunyavirus, comprises over a quarter of the known arboviruses. the members of the hantavirus genus are apparently the exception in that they are not arthropod-borne. the genera are sorted largely on serological grounds. the nairoviruses, in addition to the presence of the physical marker of a higher molecular weight nucleoprotein, include congo-crimean haemorrhagic fever, an ap ...	1989	2685515
computer analysis suggests a role for signal sequences in processing polyproteins of enveloped rna viruses and as a mechanism of viral fusion.	we have used a computer program to scan the entire sequence of viral polyproteins for eucaryotic signal sequences. the method is based on that of von heijne (1). the program calculates a score for each residue in a polyprotein. the score indicates the resemblance of each residue to that at the cleavage site of a typical n-terminal eucaryotic signal sequence. the program correctly predicts the known n-terminal signal sequence cleavage sites of several cellular and viral proteins. the analysis dem ...	1989	2669325
enzyme processing of la crosse virus glycoprotein g1: a bunyavirus-vector infection model.	efficient transmission, amplification, and dissemination of arboviruses require viral replication in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. as a result, virions are exposed to two significantly different environments. exposure of lacrosse virus (lacv) to proteolytic enzymes, such as those that may be found in the mosquito midgut, increases virus affinity for mosquito cells. these enzymes remove the major envelope glycoprotein (g1) while leaving the second glycoprotein (g2) intact. processing of lacv ...	1989	2662577
detection of la crosse and snowshoe hare viral nucleic acids by in situ hybridization.	a molecular hybridization technique was developed to detect bunyavirus rna in cells. complementary dnas (cdnas) to the small (s) rna segment of la crosse (lac) virus and to a portion of the middle (m) rna segment of snowshoe hare (ssh) virus were used as probes to detect lac or ssh viral rna by in situ hybridization. protocols were developed and standardized using radiolabeled dna probes, and adapted for use with biotin labeled probes. the in situ hybridization procedure detected an estimated 3, ...	1989	2658638
antiviral and cytotoxicity evaluation of 3-nitro-3-deazauridine.	3-nitro-3-deazauridine (3n-3du) is a new synthetic nucleoside having activity against members of 5 rna virus families including: paramyxoviruses (parainfluenza, piv), picornaviruses (rhino-, rv), rhabdoviruses (vesicular stomatitis, vsv), togaviruses (semliki forest, sfv) and bunyaviruses (punta toro, ptv). in this report, we evaluate and compare its activity with the parent nucleoside, 3-deazauridine (3du) and ribavirin as drug standards. comparison of drug activities utilizes observations of a ...	1989	2634363
nucleotide sequence analysis of the large (l) genomic rna segment of bunyamwera virus, the prototype of the family bunyaviridae.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the large (l) genome segment of bunyamwera virus has been determined from overlapping cdna clones. the segment is 6875 nucleotides long and has a base composition of 29.8% a, 17.9% c, 15.4% g, and 36.9% u. eighteen of the terminal 19 nucleotides at the 3' and 5' ends are complementary. in the viral-complementary (+ sense) rna there is a single long open reading frame (orf) from aug at bases 51-53 to a uag stop codon at bases 6765-6767; this orf encodes a polyp ...	1989	2596023
jatobal virus antigenic characterization by elisa and neutralization test using eia as indicator, on tissue culture.	a virus antigenic characterization methodology using an indirect method of antibody detection elisa with virus-infected cultured cells as antigen and a micro virus neutralisation test using eia (nt-eia) as an aid to reading were used for antigenic characterization of jatobal (bean 423380). jatobal virus was characterized as a bunyaviridae, bunyavirus genus, simbu serogroup virus. elisa using infected cultured cells as antigen is a sensitive and reliable method for identification of viruses and h ...	1988	2593820
[the use of immunoenzyme assay for detecting antigens of california group virus and bunyamwera group virus (bunyavirus, bunyaviridae) in mosquito pools].		1989	2576693
erve virus, a probable member of bunyaviridae family isolated from shrews (crocidura russula) in france.	an apparently new agent, provisionally named erve virus, was isolated in 1982 from tissues of three white toothed shrews, crocidura russula, trapped near saulges village in western france. results of virological and ultrastructural studies suggest that this virus belongs to the bunyaviridae family and is a bunyavirus-like agent. serosurveys indicate that erve virus had apparently a large geographical distribution in france and infects rodents, insectivores, wild boars (sus scrofa), red deer (cer ...	1989	2570514
transovarial transmission of gamboa virus in a tropical mosquito, aedeomyia squamipennis.	we report transovarial transmission of gamboa virus (bunyavirus) in aedeomyia squamipennis, a tropical mosquito which is active and bloodfeeding throughout the year. gamboa virus was isolated during each of the 28 months of the study from every mosquito stage, including eggs, demonstrating that vertical transmission is a maintenance mechanism of this virus. the overall minimum infection rate was 5.1/1,000 mosquitoes. identification of the 567 isolates by neutralization indicated that greater tha ...	1989	2563641
[a seroepidemiologic and virological study of the presence of arboviruses in moldavia in 1961-1982].	in romania, st. drăgănescu et al., miszkolczy et al., based on clinical and epidemiological observations, affirmed the possible presence of "tick-borne encephalitis (tbe)". however, critical retrospective evaluation of certain others' papers published through 1958-1971 reveal some uncommon features. by way of example: a very high incidence of cf- and hi-antibodies in acute and chronic cns illnesses as well as in general population; replication in nucleus and maturation in mitochondria of a strai ...	1989	2561524
arbovirus infections and viral haemorrhagic fevers in uganda: a serological survey in karamoja district, 1984.	sera collected in may 1984 from 132 adult residents of karamoja district, uganda, were examined by haemagglutination inhibition tests for antibodies against selected arboviruses, namely chikungunya and semliki forest alphaviruses (togaviridae); dengue type 2, wesselsbron, west nile, yellow fever and zika flaviviruses (flaviviridae); bunyamwera, ilesha and tahyna bunyaviruses (bunyaviridae); and sicilian sandfly fever phlebovirus (bunyaviridae); and by immunofluorescence tests against certain hae ...	1989	2559514
nucleotide sequence and expression of the small (s) rna segment of maguari bunyavirus.	the small (s) rna segment of the maguari bunyavirus genome has been cloned as cdna and its nucleotide sequence determined. the nucleocapsid protein, n, (mr 26k) and a nonstructural protein, nss, (mr 11k), are encoded in overlapping reading frames, similar to other bunyavirus s rna segments. in addition, a third aug-initiated open reading frame encoding a 9.3k protein was observed. all three polypeptides were translated in cell free systems programmed with rna transcribed in vitro from the cdna s ...	1989	2527439
prevalence of neutralizing antibodies against california and bunyamwera serogroup viruses in deer from mountainous areas of california.	plaque reduction-serum dilution neutralization was used to evaluate the status of bunyavirus activity in deer in mountainous areas of california. antibodies against 9 bunyaviruses were measured in 337 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus, o. hemionus californicus, and o. hemionus inyoensis) and black-tailed deer (o. hemionus columbianus). more deer from high mountainous areas had neutralizing antibodies against jamestown canyon virus than did deer from low mountainous areas (23% vs. 9%; p les ...	1989	2496610
host-adaptive antigenic variation in bunyaviruses.	bunyamwera virus and snowshoe have virus (family bunyaviridae) were passaged up to six times through mosquito cells in culture and the resultant viruses were compared to the input, mammalian cell-passed virus using monoclonal antibodies raised against the input virus. the mosquito cell-adapted virus population consisted of mutants which were better adapted to replication in the new host than was the input mammalian cell-passed virus and were differentially susceptible to neutralization by antibo ...	1986	2432166
analyses of the mrna transcription processes of punta toro phlebovirus (bunyaviridae).	the time course of the syntheses of punta toro (pt) phlebovirus (bunyaviridae) small (s)-size viral rna (s vrna), viral complementary rna (s vcrna), and messenger rna (s mrna) species has been analyzed using single-stranded dna probes representing the two s-coded gene products. the data obtained support the conclusion that pt s rna has an ambisense coding strategy (t. ihara, h. akashi, and d. h. l. bishop, virology 136, 293-306, 1984) with the viral nucleocapsid protein, n, encoded in a viral-co ...	1985	2416115
epitopes of the g1 glycoprotein of la crosse virus form overlapping clusters within a single antigenic site.	antigenic sites on the g1 glycoprotein of la crosse bunyavirus were defined by constructing a panel of neutralizing and nonneutralizing monoclonal antibodies (f. gonzalez-scarano, r. e. shope, c. h. calisher, and n. nathanson (1982), virology 120, 42-53). to analyze the relationship between the individual epitopes delineated by monoclonal antibodies, 11 neutralizing antibodies were used to select variant viruses. these variant viruses were tested against the panel of anti-g1 protein monoclonal a ...	1985	2414920
synthesis of tacaribe virus polypeptides in an in vitro coupled transcription and translation system.	we have analyzed polypeptides synthesized in a coupled in vitro transcription and translation system in response to detergent-disrupted tacaribe virus. analysis of the major tacaribe virus-specified product by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that it had an isoelectric point similar to that of the tacaribe nucleocapsid polypeptide n; however, the in vitro product had an approximate mol. wt. of 73 000, compared to a mol. wt. of 68 000 for the n protein. the 73 000 dalt ...	1985	2408399
quantitative in situ hybridization using strand specific rna probes: expression of the bunyavirus germiston s segment in mosquito cells.	infection of vero (monkey) cells by germiston bunyavirus is highly cytopathic with cell lysis and virus production at a high titre, whereas infection of aedes albopictus c6/36 (mosquito) cells leads, after an acute primary phase, to a persistent non-cytopathic infection with a loss in virus production. in this report we demonstrate that single-stranded rna probes can be successfully used in an in situ hybridization assay to quantify viral expression during this persistent infection. the steady-s ...	1990	2402248
heterologous reassortment of bunyaviruses in aedes triseriatus mosquitoes and transovarial and oral transmission of newly evolved genotypes.	aedes triseriatus mosquitoes were orally infected with two different california serogroup bunyaviruses (la crosse and snowshoe hare viruses) and high frequency reassortment occurred in these mosquitoes. increased viral replication and subsequent gene segment reassortment was noted in the ovaries of mosquitoes that had ingested multiple blood-meals. to determine whether newly generated reassortant viruses could be transmitted transovarially to progeny mosquitoes, adult female mosquitoes were inoc ...	1990	2345365
coding strategy of the s rna segment of dugbe virus (nairovirus; bunyaviridae).	the s rna segment of dugbe (dug) virus (nairovirus; bunyaviridae) was sequenced from three overlapping cdna clones and by primer extension. the s rna is 1712 nucleotides in length and contains one large open reading frame (orf) of 1326 nucleotides coding for a 49.4-kda protein on viral complementary (vc) rna. this protein in size corresponds to the dug nucleocapsid (n) protein (p. cash, 1985, j. gen. virol. 66, 141-148). the 49.4-kda product was expressed as a fusion protein with beta-galactosid ...	1990	2327076
characterization of the 5' and 3' ends of viral messenger rnas isolated from bhk21 cells infected with germiston virus (bunyavirus).	the 3' ends of the s and m messenger rnas isolated from bhk21 cells infected with germiston virus were analyzed by mapping with rnase t2 or nuclease s1. the transcription termination signal was found to be located approximately 115 and 80 nucleotides upstream from the 3' end of the s and m genomic rna templates, respectively. both mrnas were found to possess several adenosine residues at their 3' ends, but were not polyadenylated. they have acquired at their 5' end a heterologous 12- to 18-nucle ...	1990	2309451
nontemplated bases at the 5' ends of tacaribe virus mrnas.	centrifugation of tacaribe arenavirus-infected cell extracts on cscl density gradients was used to separate genomes and antigenomes, which band at 1.31 g/ml as nucleocapsids, from mrnas which pellet. primer extensions on the banded rnas showed that the 5' ends of the genomes and antigenomes were unique, whereas primer extensions on the mrnas showed that their 5' ends were heterogenous in length, extending 0-4 bases beyond the 3' ends of the templates for their synthesis. this suggests that arena ...	1990	2294647
isolation of tete serogroup bunyaviruses from ceratopogonidae collected in colorado.	two viruses were isolated from ceratopogonid midges collected in northern colorado. electron microscopy indicated that both isolates were bunyavirus-like. indirect fluorescent antibody and serum dilution-plaque reduction neutralization tests showed that these isolates were members of the tete serogroup, most closely related antigenically to tete and batama viruses but distinguishable from both and from each other. we suggest the name weldona virus for these isolates. antibody in both waterfowl a ...	1990	2221226
neuroattenuated bunyavirus variant: derivation, characterization, and revertant clones.	a neuroattenuated variant bunyavirus, designated rfc/25b.5 (b.5), was selected by serial passage of a reassortant clone (rfc virus) of a california serogroup virus in bhk-21 cells, followed by plaque purification of that passaged stock. based on its virulence index (ratio of pfu/50% lethal dose), clone b5 was over 40,000-fold less virulent than its unpassaged rfc parent after intracerebral (i.c.) inoculation into adult mice. clone b.5 also exhibited markedly reduced neuroinvasiveness after subcu ...	1990	2182907
monoclonal antibodies specific for the g1 glycoprotein of la crosse virus that react with other california serogroup viruses.	various degrees of cross-reactivity have been observed among members of the california serogroup of bunyaviruses. since the g1 glycoprotein of la crosse (lac) virus, a member of this serogroup, has been shown to contain the antigenic determinants involved in neutralization, monoclonal antibodies to this glycoprotein were used in enzyme immunosorbent and kinetics of neutralization assays with the other california viruses to detect cross-reactive sites that may be involved in neutralization. the r ...	1990	2179465
isolation of arboviruses from culicoides midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae) in colorado during an epizootic of vesicular stomatitis new jersey.	an arbovirus survey was conducted in colorado and utah during an epizootic of vesicular stomatitis new jersey (vsnj) that occurred in the western united states in 1982-1983. from 120,422 insect specimens assayed, 106 viruses were isolated. four were rhabdoviruses (vsnj), three were orbiviruses (bluetongue serotype-11), 92 were bunyamwera group (65 main drain and 27 lokern), and seven were simbu group (buttonwillow) bunyaviruses. culicoides spp. accounted for 105 viral isolates (c. (selfia) spp., ...	1990	2167371
[concomitant activity of 2 bunyaviruses in horses in argentina].	a serologic survey of horses for kairi (kri) and cache valley (cv), two related bunyaviruses, was conducted simultaneously in cordoba and santa fe provinces, argentina, during late 1983 and 1984. the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies only for kri was 13.3% and only for cv was 40.0%; but if the total positive sera for kri and cv were taken into account, the prevalence reached 48.3 and 75.0%, respectively. the prevalence for cv was higher than for kri in cordoba (p less than 0.01), but both we ...	1990	2126879
congenital malformations in sheep resulting from in utero inoculation of cache valley virus.	serologic evidence indicated that an episode of congenital abnormalities in sheep was caused by cache valley virus (cvv), a bunyavirus indigenous to the united states. to determine the teratogenic potential of cvv in sheep, fetuses were infected in utero between 27 and 54 days of gestation with an isolate (ck-102) obtained in 1987 from a sentinel sheep in san angelo, texas. the dams of these fetuses were euthanatized between 28 and 75 days after inoculation, and the fetuses were examined for mal ...	1990	2122779
vector competence of aedes albopictus for a newly recognized bunyavirus from mosquitoes collected in potosi, missouri.	the vector competence of a kentucky strain of aedes albopictus was assessed for a newly recognized bunyavirus isolated from ae. albopictus collected in potosi, missouri. females are susceptible to peroral infection and 44.7% became infected after ingesting about 15 vero cell plaque-forming units (pfu) of virus. virus replicated and reached average titers of 10(5.4)-10(6.0) pfu/mosquito by day 7 postfeeding. fourteen (40%) of 35 females tested in an in vitro virus transmission experiment were inf ...	1990	2121902
arbovirus infection in humans in nsw: seroprevalence and pathogenicity of certain australian bunyaviruses.	a sero epidemiological study was carried out on human sera from all regions of new south wales for the presence of antibodies to nine bunyaviruses viz aino, akabane, belmont, gan gan, kowanyama, mapputta, peaton, tinaroo, trubanaman and the orbivirus corriparta. neutralising antibodies were found in titres up to 1280 to gan gan and to 640 to trubanaman viruses, prevalences 4.7% and 1.4% respectively. neutralisation titres up to 40 were found to belmont, aino, peaton and corriparta viruses but th ...	1990	2108660
formation and intracellular transport of a heterodimeric viral spike protein complex.	we have analyzed the heterodimerization and intracellular transport from the er to the golgi complex (gc) of two membrane glycoproteins of a bunyavirus (uukuniemi virus) that matures by a budding process in the gc. the glycoproteins g1 and g2, which form the viral spikes, are cotranslationally cleaved in the er from a 110,000-d precursor. newly synthesized g1 was transported to the gc and incorporated into virus particles about 30-45 min faster than newly synthesized g2. analysis of the kinetics ...	1991	1988460
isolation and characterization of sedlec virus, a new bunyavirus from birds.	a pathogenic agent designated av 172 was isolated from the blood of a reed warbler (acrocephalus scirpaceus) out of 767 samples from birds belonging to 35 species and 14 families. the birds (largely wetland passerines) were captured in the reed-belt littoral of nesyt fishpond in southern moravia, czechoslovakia, during the years 1984 to 1987. virus av 172 has been found to represent probably a new species (designated virus "sedlec") of family bunyaviridae. sedlec virus is pathogenic to suckling ...	1990	1981444
reassortment of la crosse and tahyna bunyaviruses in aedes triseriatus mosquitoes.	experiments were conducted to determine if la crosse (lac) and tahyna (tah) viruses reassort in aedes triseriatus mosquitoes and to determine the genotypic frequencies of viruses selected by in vivo vector interactions. a molecular hybridization technique was used to analyze progeny viruses. probes specific for the la crosse l, m and s segments (plac4.16: lac l rna; plac4.27: lac m rna; plac4c-26: lac s rna) were used to determine the parental origin of the progeny rna segments. following infect ...	1991	1950171
transmission of a newly recognized virus (bunyaviridae, bunyavirus) isolated from aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) in potosi, missouri.	aedes albopictus (skuse) mosquitoes collected in potosi, mo., were tested for their ability to transmit a newly recognized bunyamwera sero group virus isolated from the same mosquito population. mosquitoes were fed artificial blood meals containing 4.5-6.2 log10 tcid50 of virus per ml. after 7-29 d at 25 degrees c, 79-99% of the mosquitoes had disseminated infections and 0-26% transmitted virus to fluid-filled capillary tubes. transmission was first observed after 7 d of extrinsic incubation. te ...	1991	1941926
bunyaviridae--natural history.	obviously, the family bunyaviridae is comprised of a large number of epidemiologically diverse viruses. they vary dramatically in their vector and vertebrate host relationships, geographic distributions, and epidemic potential in humans and animals. public health practitioners, veterinarians, virologists, entomologists, biologists, ecologists, molecular biologists, and other scientists will all benefit from increased study and knowledge of this fascinating group of viruses.	1991	1935229
bunyavirus protein transport and assembly.		1991	1935227
a serologic study of california serogroup bunyaviruses in sri lanka.	a seroepidemiologic study of california (cal) serogroup viruses (genus bunyavirus, family bunyaviridae) was carried out on 952 human and 1,834 animal sera collected from different ecological zones of sri lanka (latitudes 5-10 degrees n, longitudes 79-82 degrees e). the sera were screened for neutralizing antibody to lumbo (lum), snowshoe hare (ssh), and trivittatus (tvt) viruses by plaque neutralization tests on vero cells. of 2,786 sera screened, 262 (9.5%) had antibody to one or more viruses t ...	1991	1928574
california serogroup virus infections in the ryazan region of the ussr.	serum samples from 60 people diagnosed in the summer of 1989 as having acute respiratory infections, meningitis or meningoencephalitis, acute pneumonia, lyme disease, or other illnesses were tested by neutralization and hemagglutination-inhibition with tahyna, inkoo, and snowshoe hare viruses of the california serogroup (family bunyaviridae, genus bunyavirus). demonstration of a diagnostic increase in antibody titers between paired serum samples from seven people showed that their illnesses were ...	1991	1928573
golgi complex localization of the punta toro virus g2 protein requires its association with the g1 protein.	the glycoproteins of bunyaviruses accumulate in membranes of the golgi complex, where virus maturation occurs by budding. in this study we have constructed a series of full length or truncated mutants of the g2 glycoprotein of punta toro virus (ptv), a member of the phlebovirus genus of the bunyaviridae, and investigated their transport properties. the results indicate that the hydrophobic domain preceding the g2 glycoprotein can function as a translocational signal peptide, and that the hydroph ...	1991	1905078
neuroattenuation of an avirulent bunyavirus variant maps to the l rna segment.	the derivation and characterization of a neuroattenuated reassortant clone (rfc 25/b.5) of california serogroup bunyavirus was described previously (m. j. endres, a. valsamakis, f. gonzalez-scarano, and n. nathanson, j. virol. 64:1927-1933, 1990). to map the rna segment responsible for this attenuation, a panel of reassortants was constructed between the attenuated clone b.5 (genotype tll) and a virulent clone (b1-1a) of reciprocal genotype (ltt). parent viruses and clones representing all of th ...	1991	1895395
assembly and polarized release of punta toro virus and effects of brefeldin a.	punta toro virus (ptv), a member of the sandfly fever group of bunyaviruses, is assembled by budding at intracellular membranes of the golgi complex. we have examined ptv glycoprotein transport, assembly, and release and the effects of brefeldin a (bfa) on these processes. both the g1 and g2 proteins were transported out of the endoplasmic reticulum (er) and retained in the golgi complex in a stable structure, either during ptv infection or when expressed from a vaccinia virus recombinant. bfa t ...	1991	1847462
tacaribe arenavirus rna synthesis in vitro is primer dependent and suggests an unusual model for the initiation of genome replication.	a tacaribe virus in vitro system for rna synthesis was established and found in large part to faithfully reproduce rna synthesis in vivo. similar to influenza virus and bunyavirus in vitro systems, this system was also highly dependent on added oligonucleotides. of the eight tested, only three were active, in the order gpc greater than cpg greater than apapc. determination of the 5' ends of the transcripts suggested that the oligonucleotides were acting as primers. in particular, whereas stimula ...	1992	1738196
germiston virus transcriptase requires active 40s ribosomal subunits and utilizes capped cellular rnas.	the transcriptase associated with germiston virus was assayed in an in vitro reaction in which transcription was coupled to translation by adding reticulocyte lysate under the appropriate salt conditions. when analyzed in polyacrylamide gels, the major transcripts migrated like authentic s mrnas and possessed 12- to 18-base-long nontemplated 5' extensions similar to the 5' end of viral mrnas. these transcripts were functional for the synthesis of at least proteins n and nss. when translation was ...	1992	1731108
antigenic variance.		1991	1718665
anti-mrnas in la crosse bunyavirus-infected cells.	unlike some members of the family bunyaviridae which contain ambisense genomes, all la crosse virus reading frames are translated from antigenome sense mrnas. nevertheless, la crosse virus genome sense mrnas or anti-mrnas are initiated from antigenome templates. these are characterized by the same range of capped, nontemplated sequences at their 5' ends as mrnas, but their 3' ends are presumed to be heterogenous, as they were not seen on rna blots. the anti-mrnas are estimated to be 15 to 30 tim ...	1990	1697911
comparative therapeutic efficacy of recombinant interferons-alpha, -beta, and -gamma against alphatogavirus, bunyavirus, flavivirus, and herpesvirus infections.	recombinant (r) preparations of interferons (ifn)-alpha, -beta, and -gamma were shown to protect mice against experimental virus infections with herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), and with three rna-containing viruses from different families: banzi, a flavivirus; semliki forest virus (sfv), an alphatogavirus; and caraparu, a bunyavirus. the antiviral effects of the three different types of ifn were different with each virus. hsv-2 was the most sensitive virus, followed by sfv. against banzi vi ...	1990	1696607
the s rna segment of tomato spotted wilt virus has an ambisense character.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the s rna of tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) was determined. the rna is 2916 nucleotides long and has an ambisense coding strategy. the sequence contains two open reading frames (orfs), one in the viral sense which encodes a protein with a predicted mr of 52.4k and one in the viral complementary sense which encodes the viral nucleocapsid protein of mr 28.8k. both proteins are expressed by translation of two subgenomic rna species that possibly terminate at a ...	1990	1693160
vertical and venereal transmission of california group viruses by aedes triseriatus and culiseta inornata mosquitoes.	aedes triseriatus and culiseta inornata mosquitoes were compared in their ability to transmit vertically la crosse (lac) and snowshoe hare (ssh) viruses. lac virus was transovarially transmitted by 53% of ae. triseriatus, the natural vector, and by 22% of cs. inornata mosquitoes. ssh virus was transovarially transmitted by 89% of cs. inornata, a proposed natural vector, and by 29% of ae. triseriatus. a genetic approach, using lac, ssh, and lac/ssh reassortant viruses was then used to elucidate v ...	1991	1686962
arthropod vectors in the evolution of bunyaviruses.	viruses from each genus of bunyaviridae have preferential relationships to the arthropods of only one or two families, i.e. bunyavirus to mosquitoes (culicidae), phlebovirus to sand flies (psychodidae) and mosquitoes, uukuvirus and nairovirus to ticks (ixodidae and argasidae). an exception is genus hantavirus not proven to be transmitted by vectors. within the bunyavirus genus 16 serogroups have been recognized on the basis of their antigenic relationship. based on isolations from the nature eac ...	1991	1683124
bunyavirus rna synthesis: genome transcription and replication.		1991	1682111
isolation of northway serotype and other bunyamwera serogroup bunyaviruses from california and oregon mosquitoes, 1969-1985.	eight previously untyped bunyamwera serogroup bunyaviruses that had been isolated from mosquitoes collected in california and oregon between 1969 and 1985, were identified by cross-neutralization tests. four viruses from anopheles freeborni and a virus from aedes sierrensis collected in butte county in the central valley of california in 1970-71 were shown to belong to the northway serotype. the existence of a northway serotype virus in california had been inferred from previous serologic survey ...	1991	1677543
[the circulation of viruses of the california encephalitis and bunyamwera groups (bunyaviridae, bunyavirus) on the northeastern russian plain].	in the komi assr, 102.2 thousand mosquitoes, 207 small mammals, 1487 blood serum specimens from people, 793 cow blood sera, 140 blood serum specimens from reindeer were collected in june-august, 1988. twenty seven virus strains isolated from mosquitoes were classified into bunyaviridae family according to the data of electron microscopic studies. identification of the isolates by cft and ifa showed 18 of the strains to belong to california encephalitis complex and 9 to bunyamwera complex. serolo ...	1991	1677507
[interactions between mycoplasma and human and animal viruses. ultrastructural analysis].	presented are the data on the ultrastructural analysis of interaction between mycoplasma and certain cancerogenic and infectious viruses in humans and animals. revealed are spontaneous associations of mycoplasma with viruses of cattle leukemia, t-cell human leukemia and with a representative of bunyaviruses. immediate interaction of these agents is found possible. simulated complexes of mycoplasma with infectious viruses are developed. electron microscopy on supramolecular levels revealed immedi ...	1991	1656621
nucleotide sequence and coding strategy of the uukuniemi virus l rna segment.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the l rna segment of uukuniemi virus has been determined from cloned cdna. the l rna is 6423 nucleotides in length, and is of negative polarity. the viral-complementary rna contains a single large open reading frame of 2104 codons which corresponds to the l protein (m(r) 241039). comparison with the l protein sequences of other members of the bunyaviridae showed homology with the rift valley fever phlebovirus l protein (38% amino acid identity), but no detecta ...	1992	1629699
localization to the golgi complex of uukuniemi virus glycoproteins g1 and g2 expressed from cloned cdnas.	the membrane glycoproteins g1 and g2 of uukuniemi virus, a bunyavirus, accumulate in the golgi complex (gc) during virus infection. these proteins have therefore been considered to be good models for studying the intracellular transport to and retention in the gc. in this study, i have used indirect immunofluorescence to localize in cos cells the uukuniemi virus glycoproteins g1 and g2 expressed together or separately from cloned cdnas with use of simian virus 40-based vectors. when expressed to ...	1992	1602557
association of the nonstructural protein nss of uukuniemi virus with the 40s ribosomal subunit.	the small rna segment (s segment) of uukuniemi (uuk) virus encodes two proteins, the nucleocapsid protein (n) and a nonstructural protein (nss), by an ambisense strategy. the function of nss has not been elucidated for any of the bunyaviruses expressing this protein. we have now expressed the n and nss proteins in sf9 insect cells by using the baculovirus expression system. high yields of both proteins were obtained. a monospecific antibody was raised against gel-purified nss and used to study t ...	1992	1534850
synthesis and antiviral evaluation of n-carboxamidine-substituted analogues of 1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamidine hydrochloride.	ten, hitherto unreported, analogues of 1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamidine hydrochloride (2a, ribamidine) and methyl carboximidate 5 have been synthesized. these include the n-cyano (2b), n-alkyl (2c-e), n-amino acid (2f-h), n,n'-disubstituted (6, 7a,b), and the n-methylated carboxamide (1f) analogues of ribavirin. in addition, a new facile synthesis of carboxamidine 2a was also developed. all compounds were evaluated for biological activity against the following rna viruses: p ...	1992	1507208
simulation of arbovirus overwintering: survival of toscana virus (bunyaviridae:phlebovirus) in its natural sand fly vector phlebotomus perniciosus.	a series of experiments were done to study the effect of simulated summer and winter temperatures on the development of phlebotomus perniciosus (diptera:psychodidae) and on the survival of toscana virus in transovarially infected insects. sand flies maintained at 28 degrees c developed relatively fast, with adults emerging from 40 to 55 days after initial oviposition. similar results were obtained with insects reared at 25 degrees c. in contrast, sand flies maintained at 15 degrees c developed s ...	1992	1449197
[gene structures of arenaviruses and bunyaviruses--ambisense rna viruses].		1992	1438820
the nucleotide sequence of the m rna segment of tomato spotted wilt virus, a bunyavirus with two ambisense rna segments.	the complete sequence of the tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) m rna segment has been determined. the rna is 4821 nucleotides long and has an ambisense coding strategy similar to that of the s rna segment. the m rna segment contains two open reading frames (orfs), one in the viral sense which encodes a protein with a predicted size of 33.6k, and one in the viral complementary sense which encodes the precursor to the g1 and g2 glycoproteins, with a predicted size of 127.4k. both orfs are expressed ...	1992	1431808
non-random reassortment between the tripartite rna genomes of la crosse and snowshoe hare viruses.	the process of reassortment between the tripartite rna genomes (segments designated l, m and s) of snowshoe hare and la crosse bunyaviruses (bunyaviridae) has been investigated by polymerase chain reaction analysis of greater than 250 progeny recovered at 72 h post-infection from dual wild-type virus infections involving high multiplicities (approximately 5) of each virus in a bhk-21 cell line. statistical analysis of the data indicated that rna segment reassortment was not random, and for these ...	1992	1402816
organization of germiston bunyavirus m open reading frame and physicochemical properties of the envelope glycoproteins.	we describe the construction of plasmids which express fusion proteins representing various regions of germiston virus m polyprotein. the fusion proteins were purified and inoculated into rabbits to produce antisera. the n- and c-terminal regions of the polyprotein induced specific antibodies which reacted with glycoproteins g2 and g1, respectively, and the intermediate region induced antibodies against the nsm polypeptide. this enabled us to determine the gene order: g2-nsm-g1. glycoproteins g1 ...	1992	1402815
effect of macrophage source and activation on susceptibility in an age-dependent model of murine hepatitis caused by a phlebovirus, punta toro.	the adames strain of a bunyavirus, punta toro virus (ptv), is an hepatotrophic virus that has been described to produce an age-dependent lethal hepatic necrosis in 3-4 week old c57bl/6 mice, but 8 week old mice survive with minimal necrosis. the course of ptv infection in vitro in macrophages derived from these mice served as a model to study the pathogenesis of phlebovirus infection. peripheral blood monocytes, resident or elicited peritoneal macrophages, and kupffer cell liver macrophages, as ...	1992	1370368
selective inhibition of arthropod-borne and arenaviruses in vitro by 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxyadenosine.	a novel nucleoside analog, 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxyadenosine (3'f3'dado), was evaluated for antiviral activity against several arthropod-borne and arenaviruses in vero cell culture. the following 50% inhibitory concentrations (ec50) of virus plaque formation were obtained against the test viruses: semliki forest (10.3 microm) and venezuelan equine encephalitis (5.3 microm) alphaviruses, lymphocytic choriomeningitis (7.7 microm) and pichinde (greater than 32 microm) arenaviruses, punta toro (greater th ...	1992	1365816
arbovirus isolations from mosquitoes collected during 1988 in the senegal river basin.	during august and september 1988, we collected adult mosquitoes from 14 locations in the senegal river basin to search for evidence of rift valley fever (rvf) viral activity one year after the 1987 outbreak, which occurred along the senegal-mauritania border. more than 62,000 specimens representing 18 species in seven genera were collected with carbon dioxide-baited, solid-state army miniature light traps and sheep-baited traps. twenty virus isolations from culex, aedes, and anopheles mosquitoes ...	1992	1361722
vector competence of california mosquitoes for california encephalitis and california encephalitis-like viruses.	mosquitoes collected from coastal, inland valley, and alpine locations in california were evaluated for their experimental vector competence for two viruses in the california serogroup (bunyaviridae:bunyavirus). aedes squamiger, a coastal salt marsh mosquito, was an efficient vector of a california encephalitis (ce)-like virus isolated from its habitat (89% of the pledget-fed females became infected and 61% transmitted virus). aedes dorsalis, a coastal mosquito, and ae. melanimon, an inland vall ...	1992	1360192
seroepidemiology of california and bunyamwera serogroup bunyavirus infections in humans in california.	several human populations in california were surveyed cross-sectionally and longitudinally for neutralizing antibodies to selected arthropod-borne bunyaviruses in the california and bunyamwera serogroups. overall, the prevalence of antibodies to california serogroup viruses was 6.4% in 702 individuals sampled during 1963-1988. comparative antibody titers in individual sera indicated that 4.1% and 1.6% of these infections were caused by viruses similar or identical to jamestown canyon and califor ...	1992	1357960
[characterization and antigenic relationship of 3 new bunyaviruses in the group anopheles a (bunyaviridae) of arboviruses].	the isolation and characterization of three new viruses obtained from the tucuruí hydroelectric dam region is reported. these three agents belong to the anopheles a serogroup, genus bunyavirus, bunyaviridae. the tucuruí (tuc), caraipé (cpe) and arumateua (art) viruses have close relationships with each other and with trombetas (tbt) virus, an anopheles a virus previously isolated in the amazon region of brazil. these viruses form the "trombetas complex". tuc, cpe and art viruses were obtained fr ...	1992	1342498
antiviral (rna) activity of selected amaryllidaceae isoquinoline constituents and synthesis of related substances.	a series of 23 amaryllidaceae isoquinoline alkaloids and related synthetic analogues were isolated or synthesized and subsequently evaluated in cell culture against the rna-containing flaviviruses (japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, and dengue viruses), bunyaviruses (punta toro, sandfly fever, and rift valley fever viruses), alphavirus (venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus), lentivirus (human immunodeficiency virus-type 1) and the dna-containing vaccinia virus. narciclasine [1], lycoricid ...	1992	1336040
further characterization of a broad-spectrum antiviral substance in human serum.	a broadly active antiviral glycoprotein (uti beta) occurs naturally in human sera at an average antiviral titer of 50 u/ml. this inhibitor is active against all virus families tested to date, including representative poxviruses, herpesviruses, enteroviruses, paramyxoviruses, alpha-viruses, flaviviruses, bunyaviruses, and rhabdoviruses. it is a glycoprotein of approximately 60,000 +/- 10,000 da, which is stable at ph 2 to 10 and at 80 degrees c for up to 10 min. mild oxidation with naio4 and trea ...	1992	1335259
cell biology of viruses that assemble along the biosynthetic pathway.	in this review we discuss five groups of viruses that bud into, or assemble from, different compartments along the biosynthetic pathway. these are herpes-, rota-, corona-, bunya- and pox-viruses. our main emphasis will be on the virally-encoded membrane glycoproteins that are responsible for determining the site of virus assembly. in a number of cases these proteins have been well characterized and appear to serve as resident markers of the budding compartments. the assembly and dissemination of ...	1992	1333835
the effect of cicloxolone sodium on the replication in cultured cells of adenovirus type 5, reovirus type 3, poliovirus type 1, two bunyaviruses and semliki forest virus.	the effect of cicloxolone sodium (ccx) on the replication of typical representatives of different virus families [adenovirus type 5 (ad-5), reovirus type 3 (reo-3), bunyamwera and germiston viruses, poliovirus type 1 (polio-1) and semliki forest virus (sfv)] in tissue culture was investigated. the golgi apparatus inhibitor monensin (mon) and ccx were shown to have analogous effects on some aspects of virus replication. although the mon-like effect of ccx played no role in the antiviral activity ...	1992	1311362
bunyaviruses and bunyaviridae.	a new family is described, the bunyaviridae, which contains a single genus, bunyavirus. the main characteristics of the family are as follows: single-stranded rna, total molecular weight about 7 x 10(6) daltons, probably in three segments. virions spherical, enveloped particles 90-100 nm in diameter. envelope contains at least one virus-specified glycopeptide. develop in the cytoplasm, mature by budding into smooth-surfaced vesicles in the golgi region or nearby. internal ribonucleoprotein compo ...	1975	1235823
the basis of arbovirus classification.	the biologically defined set of arboviruses contains well over 300 separate viruses which have been subdivided into some 40 serological groups on the basis of antigenic cross-reactivity. more than three quarters of all arboviruses can now bw placed into one of the following five major taxonomic genera based upon the fundamental properties of the virion: alphavirus, flavivirus, orbivirus, rhadovirus, bunyavirus. there are 20 alphaviruses, representing serological group a, and 57 flaviviruses in s ...	1975	1207193
the structure of uukuniemi virus, a proposed member of the bunyaviruses.	uukuniemi virus, a proposed member of the new large bunyavirus group of arboviruses, has an interesting structure which differs in many respects from that of other enveloped rna viruses. the surface structure reveals a clustering of the two glycoproteins into distinct capsomere-like subunits, arranged in a t = 12 icosahedral lattice. the genome is found in at least three pieces that appear to represent unique virus-specific rnas. the ribonucleoproteins corresponding to the rna species are circul ...	1975	1107689
the structure of togaviruses and bunyaviruses.	this article reviews the properties of arthropod-borne and nonarbo togaviruses and members of the bunyaviridae family. averaged information is given on the morphology and substructure of the virion, its physical properties, its chemical composition and the function of its constituents. special attention is given to distinctive traits which might be useful for virus classification.	1975	1107688
recombination and complementation between temperature-sensitive mutants of a bunyavirus, snowshoe hare virus.	complementation and recombination have been observed with temperature-sensitive mutants of bunyavirus snowshoe hare virus.	1976	978796
structural proteins of la crosse virus.	preparations of la crosse virus, a member of the california encephalitis group of bunyaviruses, were found to possess three major virion proteins. two of the proteins were glycosylated (g1 and g2) and were located on the surface of the virus particles. these two glycoproteins were present in equimolar amounts and possessed apparent molecular weights of 120 x 10(3) and 34 x 10(3). virion nucleocapsids, isolated by a nonionic detergent and salt treatment, contained another major protein, n (molecu ...	1976	972436
california encephalitis virus proliferation in yukon mosquitoes incubated at low temperatures.	replication of a subarctic bunyavirus, california encephalitis (snowshoe hare subtype), was detected in salivary glands and thoraces of wild-caught aedes communis mosquitoes from the yokon territory, after intrathoracic inoculation with 0.1 to 100 mouse ld50 virus, and incubation for 7 to 21 days throughout their viable temperature range of 0 to 23 degrees c. immunoperoxidase staining confirmed that viral replication occurred in the cytoplasm of acinar cells of salivary glands, both by ligh micr ...	1976	963625
immune electron microscopy of arboviruses.	representative members of four arbovirus taxons were studied by immune electron microscopy (iem) in an attempt to determine whether the technique can be applied to the specific identification of arboviruses. alphavirus, flavivirus, bunyavirus, and rhabdovirus antigens were prepared by propagation in tissue culture. the viruses were used to titrate homologous antibody and test heterologous antibody in the iem test. specific clumping together with visualization of antibody attachment was observed ...	1977	889020