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phylogenetic and antigenic analysis of avian infectious bronchitis virus in southwestern china, 2012-2016.the aim of this study was to decipher the molecular epidemiological and antigenic characteristics of infectious bronchitis virus strains (ibvs) isolated in recent years in southwestern china. a total of 24 field strains were isolated from diseased chickens between 2012 and 2016. phylogenetic analysis based on s1 nucleotide sequences showed that 16 of the 24 isolates were clustered into four distinct genotypes: qx (37.5%), tw (16.7%, twi and twii), mass (8.3%), and j2 (4.2%). the qx genotype was ...201627530216
exploration of the bf2*15 major histocompatibility complex class i binding motif and identification of cytotoxic t lymphocyte epitopes from the h5n1 influenza virus nucleoprotein in chickens.the binding motif of bf2*15 major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i was explored by analyzing the interaction between an infectious bronchitis virus octapeptide and bf2*15, and the cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) epitope from the nucleoprotein (np) of h5n1 virus was identified using experimental methods. computational methods, including homology modeling, molecular dynamics simulation, and molecular docking analysis, were used. the recombinant plasmid pcaggs-np was constructed, and np expres ...201627518404
the effect of allium sativum (garlic) extract on infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen free embryonic egg.garlic is a plant has been used as a flavor, and anti-microbial and anti-diarrheal agent. infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a coronavirus. the available vaccines against ibv cannot cover new variants. this study evaluated the inhibitory effects of garlic extract on ibv.201727516987
immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant fusion proteins containing spike protein of infectious bronchitis virus and hemagglutinin of h3n2 influenza virus in chickens.infectious bronchitis (ib) is an acute and highly contagious viral respiratory disease of chickens and vaccination is the main method for disease control. the s1 protein, which contains several virus neutralization epitopes, is considered to be a target site of vaccine development. however, although protective immune responses could be induced by recombinant s1 protein, the protection rate in chickens was still low (<50%). here, we generated fused s1 proteins with ha2 protein (rs1-ha2) or transm ...201627497621
maternal antibody decay and antibody-mediated immune responses in chicken pullets fed prebiotics and synbiotics.three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of yeast-derived carbohydrates (ydc), and a blend of probiotics and ydc (synbiotic, snb) on serum igg concentration, maternal-derived antibody (mda) decay, and specific antibody-mediated immune response in chick pullets following immunization with t-cell dependent antigens. a total of 300 day-old pullet chicks were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments including: a basal diet (control), and diets containing ydc, and snb (lactobacillus a ...201727433011
long-term detection of seasonal influenza rna in faeces and intestine.some cases of seasonal influenza virus (human influenza a virus (iav)/human influenza b virus (ibv)) are associated with abdominal symptoms. although virus rna has been detected in faeces, intestinal infection has not been clearly demonstrated. we aimed to provide evidence that iav/ibv infects the human intestine. this prospective observational study measured virus rna in faecal and sputum samples from 22 patients infected with iav/ibv (19 iav positive and three ibv positive). nineteen patients ...201627424942
productive replication of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus in peripheral blood monocytic cells, a strategy for viral dissemination and kidney infection in chickens.in the present study, the replication kinetics of nephropathogenic (b1648) and respiratory (massachusetts-m41) ibv strains were compared in vitro in respiratory mucosa explants and blood monocytes (kul01(+) cells), and in vivo in chickens to understand why some ibv strains have a kidney tropism. b1648 was replicating somewhat better than m41 in the epithelium of the respiratory mucosa explants and used more kul01(+) cells to penetrate the deeper layers of the respiratory tract. b1648 was product ...201627412035
protection of chickens vaccinated with combinations of commercial live infectious bronchitis vaccines containing massachusetts, dutch and qx-like serotypes against challenge with virulent infectious bronchitis viruses 793b and is/1494/06 israel variant 2.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a coronavirus which affects chickens of all ages. ibv mainly causes respiratory disease but can also result in reduced weight gain, reduced egg production, increased frequency of abnormal eggs and increased rates of mortality. vaccination is the most important way to control the disease. nevertheless, novel strains of infectious bronchitis (ib) continue to emerge in the field. in order to respond promptly, combinations of existing ib vaccines are frequently t ...201727400065
[the isolation and identification of infectious bronchitis virus ptfy strain in muscovy ducks].in july 2009, some farms of breeding muscovy ducks on the peak of egg laying suffered the decrease of hatching rate and the quality of the eggs showing low mortality and no evident respiratory symptoms. the swelling and congestive ovary was visible after autopsy. this study was brought out for the diagnosis of these cases. the virus was isolated and identified by the methods of virus culture in chicken embryo, physical and chemical properties test, hemagglutinin test, ndv (newcastle diseases vir ...201627396165
tmprss2 independency for haemagglutinin cleavage in vivo differentiates influenza b virus from influenza a virus.influenza a and b viruses show clear differences in their host specificity and pandemic potential. recent studies have revealed that the host protease tmprss2 plays an essential role for proteolytic activation of h1, h3, and h7 subtype strains of influenza a virus (iav) in vivo. iav possessing a monobasic cleavage site in the haemagglutinin (ha) protein replicates poorly in tmprss2 knockout mice owing to insufficient ha cleavage. in the present study, human isolates of influenza b virus (ibv) st ...201627389476
serotype, antigenicity, and pathogenicity of a naturally recombinant tw i genotype infectious bronchitis coronavirus in china.since 2009, strains of the naturally recombinant tw i genotype of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) have caused considerable damage to the chinese poultry industry. to better understand the antigenicity and pathogenesis of this genotype, the characteristics of the ck/ch/ldl/140520 strain were compared to those of four commercial ib vaccine strains that are used commonly in china, as well as four attenuated viruses that represent two types of ibv strains, which are believed to have originated in ...201627374900
pathogenesis of renal lesions in chickens after experimental infection with 9a5b newcastle disease virus mutant isolate.in this study, we investigated the pathogenesis of newcastle disease virus (ndv) in the chicken kidney. twenty-six 32-day-old specific pathogen-free chickens were intranasally inoculated with the 9a5b ndv mutant isolate. kidney tissue samples, collected at 6 and 12 hours postinoculation (hpi) and 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 days postinoculation (dpi), were analyzed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry (ihc), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), and virus titration. histopathologic ...201727371537
impacts of poultry vaccination on viruses of wild bird.spillover of viruses from farmed poultry into wild birds is a relatively new area of study at the livestock-wildlife interface. these transmission events can threaten the health of wild birds. there is growing evidence of transmission of vaccine viruses from poultry to wild birds, including attenuated vaccine strains of newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus, and also spread of virulent viruses that may have evolved under the pressure of vaccine use, such as marek's disease viru ...201627359320
a novel variant of the infectious bronchitis virus resulting from recombination events in italy and spain.infectious bronchitis is considered to be one of the most devastating diseases in poultry. control of its spread is typically attempted through biosecurity measures and extensive vaccination. however, the remarkable genetic and antigenic variability of the virus, which originate from both mutations and recombination events, represents an unsolved challenge for this disease. the present study reports on the emergence and spread of recombinant clusters detected in italy and spain between 2012 and ...201727329854
promoter structures and differential responses to viral and non-viral inducers of chicken melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5.melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (mda5) is a member of the retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i)-like receptors (rlrs) family and plays a pivotal role in the anti-viral innate immune response. as rig-i is absent in chickens, mda5 is hypothesized to be important in detecting viral nucleic acids in the cytoplasm. however, the molecular mechanism of the regulation of chicken mda5 (chmda5) expression has yet to be fully elucidated. with this in mind, a ∼2.5kb chmda5 gene promoter region w ...201627327127
a coronavirus associated with runting stunting syndrome in broiler chickens.runting stunting syndrome (rss) is a disease condition that affects broilers and causes impaired growth and poor feed conversion because of enteritis characterized by pale and distended small intestines with watery contents. the etiology of the disease is multifactorial, and a large variety of viral agents have been implicated. here we describe the detection and isolation of an infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) -like coronavirus from the intestines of a flock of 60,000 14-day-old brown/red broil ...201627309300
variability assessment of california infectious bronchitis virus variants.on the basis of the data from the california animal health and food safety laboratory system, 1444 infectious bronchitis (ib) cases were diagnosed between 1997 and 2012. epidemiologic analyses demonstrated two major ib virus (ibv) outbreak peaks, affecting mainly 35-to-49-day-old broiler chickens. california variant 1737 (ca1737) and california variant 1999 (cal 99) ibv types were the most prevalent genotypes during the analyzed period. to further understand the increased prevalence of these gen ...201627309282
kidney cell-adapted infectious bronchitis virus arkansas delmarva poultry industry vaccine confers effective protection against challenge.we previously demonstrated that adaptation of an embryo-attenuated infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) arkansas delmarva poultry industry (arkdpi)-derived vaccine to chicken embryo kidney (cek) cells shifted the virus population towards homogeneity in spike (s) and nonstructural protein genes. moreover, the typical ark vaccine subpopulations emerging in chickens vaccinated with commercial ark vaccines were not detected in chickens vaccinated with the cek-adapted virus. in this study, chickens vacc ...201627309281
infectious bronchitis coronavirus limits interferon production by inducing a host shutoff that requires accessory protein 5b.during infection of their host cells, viruses often inhibit the production of host proteins, a process that is referred to as host shutoff. by doing this, viruses limit the production of antiviral proteins and increase production capacity for viral proteins. coronaviruses from the genera alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), establish host shutoff via their nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1). the gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus ...201627279618
assessment of pathogenicity and tissue distribution of infectious bronchitis virus strains (italy 02 genotype) isolated from moroccan broiler chickens.avian infectious bronchitis (ib) is one of the most important viral diseases of poultry, affecting chickens of all ages and causing major economic losses in poultry flocks. mass vaccination is conducted in morocco using a vaccine against massachusetts, which is the most dominant serotype; however no information about the pathogenesis and tissue distribution of the moroccan italy 02 genotype was reported. 40 one-day-old specific pathogen free chickens were divided randomly into four groups. group ...201627277076
longitudinal field studies of infectious bronchitis virus and avian pneumovirus in broilers using type-specific polymerase chain reactions.in longitudinal studies, 13 flocks were swabbed twice each week for the life of the flock (up to 46 days). the swabs were analyzed by type-specific reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions. massachusetts type vaccinal infectious bronchitis virus (ibvs), applied at the hatchery, were usually maximal during the first week, as expected and, notably, remained detectable for 3 to 4 weeks, occasionally longer. ibv of the 793/b type (also known as 4/91 and cr88) was detected in 11/13 flocks (85 ...199927266431
co-circulation of four types of infectious bronchitis virus (793/b, 624/i, b1648 and massachusetts).eighteen isolates of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) from italy and poland in 1997 to 1998 were comprehensively analysed by serum haemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization tests, and by type-specific polymerase chain reactions and spike protein s1 gene sequencing. four types of ibv (793/b, 624/i, b1648 and massachusetts) were detected in italy, while the presence of 793/b was confirmed in poland. this showed that not only were four types of ibv co-existing within a single year, but ...199927266430
the proteome of the infectious bronchitis virus beau-r virion.infectious bronchitis is a highly contagious respiratory disease of poultry caused by the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). it was thought that coronavirus virions were composed of three major viral structural proteins until investigations of other coronaviruses showed that the virions also include viral non-structural and genus-specific accessory proteins as well as host-cell proteins. to study the proteome of ibv virions, virus was grown in embryonated chicken eggs, purified by su ...201527257648
extensive coronavirus-induced membrane rearrangements are not a determinant of pathogenicity.positive-strand rna (+rna) viruses rearrange cellular membranes during replication, possibly in order to concentrate and arrange viral replication machinery for efficient viral rna synthesis. our previous work showed that in addition to the conserved coronavirus double membrane vesicles (dmvs), beau-r, an apathogenic strain of avian gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), induces regions of er that are zippered together and tethered open-necked double membrane spherules that resemble ...201627255716
development of rt-qpcr assays for the specific identification of two major genotypes of avian infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (gammacoronavirus, coronaviridae) is a genetically variable rna virus (27.6kb) that causes one of the most persistent respiratory disease in poultry. the virus is classified in genotypes with different epidemiological relevance and clinical implications. the present study reports the development and validation of specific rt-qpcr assays for the detection of two major ibv genotypes: south america i (sai) and asia/south america ii (a/saii). the sai genotype is an exclus ...201627181213
isolation of a novel serotype strain of infectious bronchitis virus zz2004 from ducks in china.in chickens, the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) often causes respiratory distress, a decrease in egg production, poor egg quality, and occasional nephritis. however, zz2004, a chinese isolate of ibv, was obtained from ducks with clinical growth suppression and mild respiratory symptoms that had been reared with chickens in the central region of china. virus isolation, virus neutralization testing, and rt-pcr were employed to identify the causative pathogen, while sequence alignment was used t ...201627164844
infectious bronchitis virus and brown shell colour: australian strains of infectious bronchitis virus affect brown eggshell colour in commercial laying hens differently.the aim of the current study was to assess any effect of wild and vaccine australian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains on shell colour in brown-shelled eggs. in experiment 1, eggs were collected from day 1 to day 13 post-inoculation (p.i.) from unvaccinated laying hens challenged with ibv wild strains t and n1/88 and from a negative control group of hens. in experiment 2, eggs were collected from 2 to 22 days p.i. from unvaccinated and vaccinated laying hens challenged with either a wild ...201627163194
avian infectious bronchitis virus in africa: a review.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is worldwide in distribution, highly infectious, and extremely difficult to control because it has extensive genetic diversity, a short generation time, and a high mutation rate. ibv is a gammacoronavirus, single-stranded, and positive-sense rna virus. avian infectious bronchitis is well studied in european countries with identification of a large number of ibv variants, whereas in african countries epidemiological and scientific data are poor and not updated. h ...201627150555
genome sequence and origin analyses of the recombinant novel ibv virulent isolate saibk2.recombination between infectious bronchitis viruses (ibvs), together with point mutations, insertions, and deletions, is thought to be responsible for the emergence of new ibv variants. saibk2 is a nephropathogenic strain isolated from layer flocks vaccinated with live attenuated h120 vaccine in sichuan province, china in 2011. saibk2 causes severe kidney lesions and results in 50 % mortality in 30-day-old specific-pathogen-free chickens (with a dose of 10(5) eid50/0.1 ml saibk2 per chicken). th ...201627108998
comparison of sybr green i real-time rt-pcr with conventional agarose gel-based rt-pcr for the diagnosis of infectious bronchitis virus infection in chickens in morocco.a rapid, sensitive, and specific molecular method for the diagnosis of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infection is important in curbing infectious bronchitis outbreaks in morocco and other countries.201627106608
assessing the economic burden of avian infectious bronchitis on poultry farms in brazil.avian infectious bronchitis (ib), caused by avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), is a worldwide endemic disease of chickens that affects all branches of the poultry industry. multiple geno/serotypes occur, and lowvaccine cross-protection results from the highly divergent ibv types. in view of the lack of consistent data on the economic losses caused by ib and the poor protection resulting from the use of the massachusetts type as a live vaccine in brazil, this survey aimed to estimate the lo ...201527044167
experimental infection of is/885/00-like infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen free and commercial broiler chicks.pathogenesis of an is/885/00-like (is/885) strain of variant infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was examined in one day old specific pathogen free (spf) and commercial broiler chicks. chicks were humanely euthanized at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 21 and 28 days post infection (dpi) for necropsy examination, and tissues were collected for histopathology and virus detection by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). respiratory clinical signs and gross lesions consisting of tracheal caseous ...201627033901
detection of variant infectious bronchitis viruses in sri lanka (2012-2015).poultry production is an important sector of agriculture in sri lanka; however, there is a lack of information regarding circulation of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). rna was extracted from chicken tissues, subjected to ibv s1 rt-pcr, and sequenced. overall, 19 out of 34 (55.88 %) samples were ibv positive and contained the genotype 793b (n = 13; 68.42 %), d274 (n = 4; 21.05 %) or massachusetts (n = 2; 10.53 %). all three genotypes contained at least one strain with less than 99 % nucleotide ...201627020570
detection and identification of infectious bronchitis virus by rt-pcr in iran.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes severe diseases in poultry with significant economic consequences to the poultry industry in iran. the aim of this study was the detection and identification of ibv by reverse transcription(rt)-pcr in iran. ten ib virus strains were detected by testing trachea, cecal tonsil, and kidney tissues collected from broiler and layer farms in iran. in order to detect infectious bronchitis virus, an optimized rt-pcr was used. primers targeting the conserved region ...201627010714
evolution of infectious bronchitis virus in china over the past two decades.avian infectious bronchitis is a highly contagious disease caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) that affects poultry production worldwide. the absence of vaccine cross-protection and the frequent emergence of new variant strains complicate control of ibv. here we designed a study to measure the evolution dynamics of ibv strains in china. one hundered and seven complete sequences and 1022 s1-region sequences of chinese ibvs isolated between 1994 and 2014 were analysed by using mega 5.0 sof ...201627008625
detection and molecular characterization of chicken astrovirus associated with chicks that have an unusual condition known as "white chicks" in brazil.chicken astrovirus (castv) is one of many viruses related to enteric diseases in poultry that are associated with runting-stunting syndrome (rss), which affects young chickens. castv was also recently associated with an unusual condition in chicks called "white chicks." some hatcheries in certain states of brazil have reported several incubation problems, mortality, and the presence of chicks with white plumages over the past several months. these chicks were termed locally as "white chicks." th ...201626976903
prevalence of avian respiratory viruses in broiler flocks in egypt.in this study, respiratory viral pathogens were screened using real-time rt-pcr in 86 broiler chicken flocks suffering from respiratory diseases problems in 4 egyptian governorates between january 2012 and february 2014. the mortality rates in the investigated flocks ranged from 1 to 47%. results showed that mixed infection represented 66.3% of the examined flocks. mixed infectious bronchitis (ibv) and avian influenza (ai)-h9n2 viruses were the most common infection (41.7%). lack of ai-h9n2 vacc ...201626976895
characterization and analysis of an infectious bronchitis virus strain isolated from southern china in 2013.infectious bronchitis is a severe disease caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) that affects fowl flocks worldwide. the understanding of the mechanisms involved in ibv evolution and variation would provide important theoretical basis for prevention and control of the disease in the future.201626955947
pathogenesis and diagnostic approaches of avian infectious bronchitis.infectious bronchitis (ib) is one of the major economically important poultry diseases distributed worldwide. it is caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and affects both galliform and nongalliform birds. its economic impact includes decreased egg production and poor egg quality in layers, stunted growth, poor carcass weight, and mortality in broiler chickens. although primarily affecting the respiratory tract, ibv demonstrates a wide range of tissues tropism, including the renal and repro ...201626955391
a real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction for differentiation of massachusetts vaccine and brazilian field genotypes of avian infectious bronchitis virus.the avian infectious bronchitis virus is classified into serotypes or genotypes (or both) in different poultry-producing countries of the world. in brazil, massachusetts type (mass), used as a live vaccine, and local field brazilian variants (genotypes; br) predominate in the commercial poultry flocks. this study describes the development and validation of two real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reactions (rt-qpcr) for the specific detection of mass and br genotypes in allantoic flu ...201626953939
recombinant duck enteritis viruses expressing major structural proteins of the infectious bronchitis virus provide protection against infectious bronchitis in chickens.to design an alternative vaccine for control of infectious bronchitis in chickens, three recombinant duck enteritis viruses (rdevs) expressing the n, s, or s1 protein of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were constructed using conventional homologous recombination methods, and were designated as rdev-n, rdev-s, and rdev-s1, respectively. chickens were divided into five vaccinated groups, which were each immunized with one of the rdevs, covalent vaccination with rdev-n & rdev-s, or covalent vacci ...201626946113
responses of the toll-like receptor and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 signaling pathways to avian infectious bronchitis virus infection in chicks.avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a gammacoronavirus in the family coronaviridae and causes highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens. innate immunity plays significant roles in host defense against ibv. here, we explored the interaction between ibv and the host innate immune system. severe histopathological lesions were observed in the tracheal mucosa at 3-5 days post inoculation (dpi) and in the kidney at 8 dpi, with heavy viral loads at 1-11 and 1-28 dpi, respectively. the ex ...201626920710
pathogenicity of mycoplasma imitans in mixed infection with infectious bronchitis virus in chickens.mycoplasma imitans (mim) has been isolated from ducks, geese and partridges, and is closely related to mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg). the pathogenicity of mim for chicks was investigated in single and mixed infections with infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) by giving ibv strain m41 at 1-day-old and mim 2 days later. single infections with ibv or mim were also performed. no clinical signs or gross lesions were seen in chicks infected with mim or uninfected control chicks, but they were seen in the ...199926915378
molecular detection of chicken parvovirus in broilers with enteric disorders presenting curving of duodenal loop, pancreatic atrophy, and mesenteritis.enteric disorders are an important cause of economic losses in broiler chickens worldwide. several agents have been associated with enteric problems, such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites. in this study, broiler chickens showing signs of enteric disorders were subjected to molecular diagnosis for several viral agents and also for pathological examination for elucidating this problem. thus, the chickens were screened for avian nephritis virus (anv), chicken astrovirus (castv), avian rotavirus ...201626908891
detection and strain differentiation of infectious bronchitis virus in tracheal tissues from experimentally infected chickens by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. comparison with an immunohistochemical technique.oligonucleotide pairs were constructed for priming the amplification of fragments of nucleocapsid (n) protein and spike glycoprotein (s) genes of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) by reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). one oligonucleotide pair amplified a common segment of the n-gene and could detect various strains of ibv in allantoic fluid from inoculated chicken embryos, and in tracheal tissue preparations from experimentally infected chickens. four pairs of oligonu ...199926905488
genotyping of infectious bronchitis viruses from broiler farms in iraq during 2014-2015.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is one of the most critical pathogens in the poultry industry, causing serious economic losses in all countries including iraq. ibv has many genotypes that do not confer any cross-protection. this virus has been genotyped by sequence analysis of the s1 glycoprotein gene. a total of 100 tracheal and kidney tissue specimens from different commercial broiler flocks in the middle and south of iraq were collected from september 2013 to september 2014. thirty-two ibv- ...201626887967
s1 gene-based phylogeny of infectious bronchitis virus: an attempt to harmonize virus classification.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is the causative agent of a highly contagious disease that results in severe economic losses to the global poultry industry. the virus exists in a wide variety of genetically distinct viral types, and both phylogenetic analysis and measures of pairwise similarity among nucleotide or amino acid sequences have been used to classify ibv strains. however, there is currently no consensus on the method by which ibv sequences should be compared, and heterogeneous genet ...201626883378
interactive mechanism between avian infectious bronchitis s1 protein t cell peptide and avian mhc i molecule.this study aims to construct a 3d structure of the avian major histocompatibility complex (mhc)-β2m complex through homology modelling technology, perform molecular docking of the predicted infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) s1 protein potential epitope peptide sp6 (nqfyiklt) and the avian mhc-β2m complex, and demonstrate the interactive mechanism between sp6 and mhc using molecular dynamical simulations. the peptide sp6 and the non-related peptide np89-97 (pkktggpiy) were used to stimulate in vi ...201626876645
recombinant infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) h120 vaccine strain expressing the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) protein of newcastle disease virus (ndv) protects chickens against ibv and ndv challenge.infectious bronchitis (ib) and newcastle disease (nd) are common viral diseases of chickens, which are caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and newcastle disease virus (ndv), respectively. vaccination with live attenuated strains of ibv-h120 and ndv-lasota are important for the control of ib and nd. however, conventional live attenuated vaccines are expensive and result in the inability to differentiate between infected and vaccinated chickens. therefore, there is an urgent need to develo ...201626873815
small interfering rna expression inhibits avian infectious bronchitis virus replication and inflammatory response.avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a major cause of poor weight gain and mortality among chicks.201626835751
introducing a class of standardized and interchangeable parts utilizing programmed ribosomal frameshifts for synthetic biology applications.synthetic biology and the rational design of biological devices depend on the availability of standardized and interchangeable biological parts with diverse range of functions. reliable access to different reading frames during translation has largely been overlooked as functionality for bioengineering applications. here we report the construction and initial characterization of the first member of such a class of biological parts that conforms to the biobrick standard (rfc25), allowing its inte ...201726824028
detection of infectious bronchitis virus strains similar to japan in taiwan.a total of 1,320 tracheal samples from 66 broiler flocks sent to slaughterhouses and 42 tracheal samples from 42 flocks of local chickens in the field were collected for infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) gene detection by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction using nucleocapsid-specific primers and spike-specific primers. prevalence in broiler flocks was 39.4% (26/66) and in local chicken flocks was 11.9% (5/42). several ibvs similar to japan were detected in taiwan. one-direction neut ...201626822119
rna sequencing-based analysis of the spleen transcriptome following infectious bronchitis virus infection of chickens selected for different mannose-binding lectin serum concentrations.avian infectious bronchitis is a highly contagious disease of the upper-respiratory tract caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the interaction between innate and adaptive immune responses to ibv infection is a crucial element for further improvements in strategies to control ib. to this end, two chicken lines, selected for high (l10h line) and low (l10l line) serum concentration of mannose-binding lectin (mbl) were studied. in total, 32 ...201626819139
comparison between dot-immunoblotting assay and clinical sign determination method for quantifying avian infectious bronchitis virus vaccine by titration in embryonated eggs.a sensitive and specific method for measuring the vaccine titer of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is important to commercial manufacturers for improving vaccine quality. typically, ibv is titrated in embryonated chicken eggs, and the infectivity of the virus dilutions is determined by assessing clinical signs in the embryos as evidence of viral propagation. in this study, we used a dot-immunoblotting assay (dia) to measure the titers of ibv vaccines that originated from different pathogenic s ...201626802454
heterologous live infectious bronchitis virus vaccination in day-old commercial broiler chicks: clinical signs, ciliary health, immune responses and protection against variant infectious bronchitis viruses.groups of one-day-old broiler chicks were vaccinated via the oculo-nasal route with different live infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) vaccines: massachusetts (mass), 793b, d274 or arkansas (ark). clinical signs and gross lesions were evaluated. five chicks from each group were humanely killed at intervals and their tracheas collected for ciliary activity assessment and for the detection of cd4+, cd8+ and iga-bearing b cells by immunohistochemistry (ihc). blood samples were collected at intervals ...201626743315
pathogenicity and tissue tropism of infectious bronchitis virus is associated with elevated apoptosis and innate immune responses.to establish a characteristic host response to predict the pathogenicity and tissue tropism of infectious bronchitis viruses (ibv), we investigated innate immune responses (iir) and apoptosis in chicken embryo kidney cells (cekc) and tracheal organ cultures (toc) infected with three ibv strains. results showed nephropathogenic ibv strains 885 and qx induced greater apoptosis in cekc than m41, which induced greater apoptosis in tocs compared to 885 and qx. elevated iir is associated with tissue t ...201626655241
viral quantity and pathological changes in broilers experimentally infected by irfibv32 isolate of infectious bronchitis virus.an iranian isolate of avian infectious bronchitis virus irfibv32 was quantified in experimentally infected broilers using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and histopathological changes was investigated. thirty-six 3-week-old commercial broilers were inoculated by 10(5) eld50/0.1 ml of the virus. on the various days post inoculation (dpi) different tissues were collected. the virus strongly started the replication in trachea at 1 dpi and reached to the maximum titer at 3  ...201526645044
dynamics of avian coronavirus circulation in commercial and non-commercial birds in asia--a review.it is essential to understand the latest situation regarding avian coronaviruses (acovs), commonly referred to as the well-known avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), given that new and diverse types of ibv are continually being identified worldwide, particularly ones that are isolated from commercial poultry and associated with a wide range of disease conditions. the existing ibvs continue to evolve in various geographic areas in asia, which results in the recombination and co-circulation be ...201626629927
cross-protection by infectious bronchitis viruses under controlled experimental conditions.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) cross-protection trials were performed in healthy chickens maintained under controlled environmental conditions. chickens primed or primed and boosted with a massachusetts (mass)-type attenuated vaccine were subsequently challenged with either ibv arkansas (ark) or ga13-type virulent strains. in addition, ark-vaccinated chickens were challenged with ibv ga13. spike protein 1 (s1) amino acid identities between ibv vaccine and challenge strains varied from 76.0% t ...201526629628
prediction and identification of novel ibv s1 protein derived ctl epitopes in chicken.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a major pathogen common in the poultry industry. broad cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) response against ibv is one of the crucial factors that help to control viral replication. spike glycoproteins on the surface of the ibv virion harbor major t cell epitopes. in this study, based on the peptide-binding motifs of chicken mhc i molecules for the bf2*4, bf2*12, bf2*15, and bf2*19 haplotypes, potential ctl epitopes were predicted using s1 proteins from different ib ...201626620841
altered pathogenicity of a tl/ch/ldt3/03 genotype infectious bronchitis coronavirus due to natural recombination in the 5'- 17kb region of the genome.an infectious bronchitis coronavirus, designated as ck/ch/lgx/130530, was isolated from an ibv strain h120-vaccinated chicken in this study. analysis of the s1 gene showed that isolate ck/ch/lgx/130530 was a tl/ch/ldt3/03-like virus, with a nucleotide sequence similarity of 99%. however, a complete genomic sequence analysis showed that ck/ch/lgx/130530 was more closely related to a massachusetts type strain (95% similarity to strain h120) than to the tl/ch/ldt3/03 strain (86%), suggesting that r ...201626616599
attenuation mechanism of virulent infectious bronchitis virus strain with qx genotype by continuous passage in chicken embryos.the virulent isolate sdzb0808 of qx-type infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was continuously passaged in chicken embryos for 110 generations. the safety and immune efficacy of the 110th generation of ibvs (p110) were evaluated. damage was not found in the appearance of the 3-day-old specific-pathogen-free (spf) chicks immunized with 10(4.5) eid50 (median embryo infective dose) of p110 by intranasal and ocular administration. at 14 d after the vaccination with 10(4.5) eid50 of p110, all the 3-day- ...201626611202
seroepidemiologic survey of potential pathogens in obligate and facultative scavenging avian species in california.throughout the world, populations of scavenger birds are declining rapidly with some populations already on the brink of extinction. much of the current research into the factors contributing to these declines has focused on exposure to drug residues, lead, and other toxins. despite increased monitoring of these declining populations, little is known about infectious diseases affecting scavenger bird species. to assess potential infectious disease risks to both obligate and facultative scavenger ...201526606755
replication-competent fluorescent-expressing influenza b virus.influenza b viruses (ibvs) cause annual outbreaks of respiratory illness in humans and are increasingly recognized as a major cause of influenza-associated morbidity and mortality. studying influenza viruses requires the use of secondary methodologies to identify virus-infected cells. to this end, replication-competent influenza a viruses (iavs) expressing easily traceable fluorescent proteins have been recently developed. in contrast, similar approaches for ibv are mostly lacking. in this repor ...201626590325
first complete genome sequence of european turkey coronavirus suggests complex recombination history related with us turkey and guinea fowl coronaviruses.a full-length genome sequence of 27,739  nt was determined for the only known european turkey coronavirus (tcov) isolate. in general, the order, number and size of orfs were consistent with other gammacoronaviruses. three points of recombination were predicted, one towards the end of 1a, a second in 1b just upstream of s and a third in 3b. phylogenetic analysis of the four regions defined by these three points supported the previous notion that european and american viruses do indeed have differ ...201626585962
emergence of novel nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis viruses currently circulating in chinese chicken flocks.the emergence of novel infectious bronchitis viruses (ibvs) has been reported worldwide. between 2011 and 2014, eight ibv isolates were identified from disease outbreaks in northeast china. in the current study we analysed the s1 gene of these eight ibv isolates in addition to the complete genome of five of them. we confirmed that these isolates emerged through the recombination of lx4 and taiwan group 1 (tw1) viruses at two switch sites, one was in the nsp 16 region and the other in the spike p ...201626551660
survey indicates circulation of 4/91 and qx-type infectious bronchitis viruses in hungary in 2014 - short communication.understanding the epidemiology and improving vaccinal protection against the highly variable chicken infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) requires the knowledge of circulating ibv serotypes/genotypes in defined geographic areas. accordingly, the authors initiated a survey among the major poultry producers in hungary in order to reveal the prevailing ibv serotypes in the country. tracheal swabs and organ samples (caecal tonsils, kidneys, and trachea) were collected from broiler, layer, and meat-type ...201526551428
antiviral cystine knot α-amylase inhibitors from alstonia scholaris.cystine knot α-amylase inhibitors are cysteine-rich, proline-rich peptides found in the amaranthaceae and apocynaceae plant species. they are characterized by a pseudocyclic backbone with two to four prolines and three disulfides arranged in a knotted motif. similar to other knottins, cystine knot α-amylase inhibitors are highly resistant to degradation by heat and protease treatments. thus far, only the α-amylase inhibition activity has been described for members of this family. here, we show t ...201526546678
gexp analyzer-based multiplex reverse-transcription pcr assay for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of eleven duck viruses.duck viral pathogens primarily include the avian influenza virus (aiv) subtypes h5, h7, and h9; duck hepatitis virus (dhv); duck tembusu virus (dtmuv); egg drop syndrome virus (edsv); duck enteritis virus (dev); newcastle disease virus (ndv); duck circovirus (ducv); muscovy duck reovirus (mdrv); and muscovy duck parvovirus (mdpv). these pathogens cause great economic losses to china's duck breeding industry.201526518004
[child and adolescent interepydemic immunity to influenza viruses].our aim was to evaluate the child and adolescent population immunity to influenza a viruses (iav) and influenza b virus (ibv).201526495719
molecular detection and smoothing spline clustering of the ibv strains detected in china during 2011-2012.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a highly variable virus with a large number of genotypes. during 2011-2012, nineteen wild ibv strains were isolated in china. sequence analysis showed that these isolates were divided into five sub-clusters: a2-like, ckchldl08i-like, saibk-like, km91-like and tw97/4-like. phylogenetic analysis based on the 1118 sequences available on line suggested that all ibvs were classified into six clusters. the prevalent strains including all the isolates were in cluste ...201626494165
molecular and antigenic characteristics of massachusetts genotype infectious bronchitis coronavirus in china.in this study, 418 ibvs were isolated in samples from 1717 chicken flocks. twenty-nine of the isolates were classified as the massachusetts genotype. these 29 isolates, as well as two previously isolated massachusetts genotype ibv strains, were studied further. of the 31 strains, 24 were h120-like and two were m41-like isolates as determined by complete genomic sequence analysis, indicating that most of the ibv isolates were likely the reisolated vaccine virus. the remaining five ibv isolates, c ...201526482289
co-infection with multiple respiratory pathogens contributes to increased mortality rates in algerian poultry flocks.respiratory infections are a common cause for increased mortality rates in poultry worldwide. to improve intervention strategies, circulating pathogens have to be identified and further characterized. because of the lack of diagnostic tools, it was not known what pathogens contribute to the high mortality rates in association with respiratory disease in algeria. our objective was to determine if primary pathogens including mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), mycoplasma synoviae (ms), avian influenza ...201526478165
epidemiology of avian infectious bronchitis virus genotypes in iran (2010-2014).infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in vaccinated chicken flocks continues to cause enormous economic losses to the poultry industry in iran. a molecular surveillance of ibv genotypes involved in outbreaks of disease was performed. specimens of trachea, kidney, and cecal tonsil were collected from 250 suspected flocks (more than 2500 samples) and identified between 2010 and 2014. partial spike glycoprotein gene sequences revealed seven distinct genotypes, including mass, 793/b, is720, variant 2, q ...201526478163
evaluating protection against infectious bronchitis virus by clinical signs, ciliostasis, challenge virus detection, and histopathology.in this study, we examined the association among clinical signs, ciliostasis, virus detection, and histopathology for evaluating protection of vaccinated chickens against homologous and heterologous infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) challenge. at 5 days following challenge with ibv, we found a good correlation among clinical signs, ciliostasis in the trachea, challenge virus detection, and microscopic lesions in the trachea, with all four criteria being negative in fully protected birds and posi ...201526478154
molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis viruses isolated from broiler chicken farms in iran, 2014-2015.infectious bronchitis (ib) is a viral avian disease with economic importance in the world, including iran. s1 gene sequencing has been used for molecular epidemiological studies and genotypic characterization of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). a total of 118 ibv isolates were obtained from tissue samples from chickens with clinically suspected ib from iranian broiler farms (eight provinces, 200 samples). the isolates were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and characterize ...201626467927
assembly and immunogenicity of baculovirus-derived infectious bronchitis virus-like particles carrying membrane, envelope and the recombinant spike proteins.to assemble infectious bronchitis virus (ibv)-like particles bearing the recombinant spike protein and investigate the humoral immune responses in chickens.201626463372
the early immune response to infection of chickens with infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in susceptible and resistant birds.infectious bronchitis is a highly contagious respiratory disease which causes tracheal lesions and also affects the reproductive tract and is responsible for large economic losses to the poultry industry every year. this is due to both mortality (either directly provoked by ibv itself or due to subsequent bacterial infection) and lost egg production. the virus is difficult to control by vaccination, so new methods to curb the impact of the disease need to be sought. here, we seek to identify gen ...201526452558
analysis of synonymous codon usage in spike protein gene of infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is responsible for causing respiratory, renal, and urogenital diseases in poultry. ibv infection in poultry leads to high mortality rates in affected flocks and to severe economic losses due to a drop in egg production and a reduced gain in live weight of the broiler birds. ibv-encoded spike protein (s) is the major protective immunogen for the host. although the functions of the s protein have been well studied, the factors shaping synonymous codon usage bias a ...201526452019
isolation and molecular characterization of nephropathic infectious bronchitis virus isolates of gujarat state, india.infectious bronchitis (ib) is a common, highly contagious, acute, and economically important viral disease of chickens caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv, sp. avian coronavirus). five pooled tissue suspensions of 50 layer birds and one reference massachusetts vaccine strain were inoculated into specific pathogen free (spf) chicken egg for isolation of ibv. reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was carried out using post inoculated allontoic fluid to amplify the spike ( ...201526436120
prevalence of newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus in avian influenza negative birds from live bird markets and backyard and commercial farms in ivory-coast.newcastle disease (nd) and infectious bronchitis (ib) are two major viral diseases affecting the respiratory tracts of birds and whose impact on african poultry is still poorly known. in the present study we aimed at assessing ndv and ibv prevalences in ivory-coast by molecular screening of >22,000 avian swabs by nested pcr and by serology testing of close to 2000 avian sera from 2010 through 2012. the ndv and ibv seroprevalences over the study period reached 22% and 72%, respectively. we found ...201526412525
infectious bronchitis coronavirus inhibits stat1 signaling and requires accessory proteins for resistance to type i interferon activity.the innate immune response is the first line of defense against viruses, and type i interferon (ifn) is a critical component of this response. similar to other viruses, the gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) has evolved under evolutionary pressure to evade and counteract the ifn response to enable its survival. previously, we reported that ibv induces a delayed activation of the ifn response. in the present work, we describe the resistance of ibv to ifn and the potential role of ...201526401035
protection conferred by live infectious bronchitis vaccine viruses against variant middle east is/885/00-like and is/1494/06-like isolates in commercial broiler chicks.the ability of the infectious bronchitis h120 (a massachusetts strain) and cr88 (a 793b strain) live attenuated vaccine viruses to protect from two middle east infectious bronchitis virus isolates, is/885/00-like (is/885) and is/1494/06-like (is/1494) in broiler chicks was investigated. day-old chicks were separated into three groups, (i) vaccinated with h120 at day-old followed by cr88 at 14 days-old, (ii) vaccinated with h120 and cr88 simultaneously at day-old and again with cr88 at 14 days-ol ...201526392909
two novel neutralizing antigenic epitopes of the s1 subunit protein of a qx-like avian infectious bronchitis virus strain sczy3 as revealed using a phage display peptide library.the spike (s) protein of the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) plays a central role in the pathogenicity, the immune antibody production, serotype and the tissue tropism. in this study, we generate 11 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against s1 subunit of ibv sczy3 strain, and two mabs 1d5 and 6a12 were positive in indirect elisa against both his-s1 protein and the purified whole viral antigen. mab 6a12 and 1d5 could recognized by other 10 ibv strains (ibvs) from five different genotypes, except tha ...201526315775
genome-wide screen reveals valosin-containing protein requirement for coronavirus exit from endosomes.coronaviruses are rna viruses with a large zoonotic reservoir and propensity for host switching, representing a real threat for public health, as evidenced by severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) and the emerging middle east respiratory syndrome (mers). cellular factors required for their replication are poorly understood. using genome-wide small interfering rna (sirna) screening, we identified 83 novel genes supporting infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) replication in human cells. thirty of ...201526311884
immune responses to virulent and vaccine strains of infectious bronchitis viruses in chickens.infectious bronchitis (ib) is an acute and highly contagious chicken viral disease, causing severe economic losses to poultry producers worldwide. in the last few decades, infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) has been extensively studied, but knowledge of immune responses to virulent or vaccine strains of ibvs remains limited. this review focuses on fundamental aspects of immune responses against ibv, including the role of pattern recognition receptors (prrs) in identification of conserved viral st ...201526301315
hatchery spray cabinet administration does not damage avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus vaccine based on analysis by electron microscopy and virus titration.studies in our laboratory showed that the arkansas-delmarva poultry industry (ark-dpi) vaccine given to 1-day-old chickens by hatchery spray cabinet replicated poorly and failed to adequately protect broilers against homologous virus challenge, whereas the same vaccine given by eye-drop did replicate and the birds were protected following homologous virus challenge. to determine if mechanical damage following spray application plays a role in failure of the ark-dpi vaccine, we examined the morph ...201526292549
effects of adaptation of infectious bronchitis virus arkansas attenuated vaccine to embryonic kidney cells.the population structure of an embryo-attenuated infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) arkansas (ark) delmarva poultry industry (dpi)-derived vaccine was characterized during serial passages in chicken embryo kidney (cek) cells and after back-passage in embryonated chicken eggs (ece) and in chickens. both conventional and deep-sequencing results consistently showed population changes occurred during adaptation to cek cells. specifically, 13 amino acid (aa) positions seemed to be targets of selection ...201526292543
safety and efficacy of an attenuated chinese qx-like infectious bronchitis virus strain as a candidate vaccine.infectious bronchitis (ib) is a highly contagious respiratory and urogenital disease of chickens caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). this disease is of considerable economic importance and is primarily controlled through biosecurity and immunization with live attenuated and inactivated ib vaccines of various serotypes. in the present study, we tested the safety and efficacy of an attenuated predominant chinese qx-like ibv strain. the results revealed that the attenuated strain has a cle ...201526277655
development of an elisa based on a multi-fragment antigen of infectious bronchitis virus for antibodies detection.to develop a cost-effective elisa for detection of antibodies against infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) by using a multi-fragment protein as coating antigen.201526272397
genetic characterization of the belgian nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (nibv) reference strain b1648.the virulent nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus (nibv) strain b1648 was first isolated in 1984, in flanders, belgium. despite intensive vaccination, b1648 and its variants are still circulating in europe and north africa. here, the full-length genome of this belgian nibv reference strain was determined by next generation sequencing (ngs) to understand its evolutionary relationship with other ibv strains, and to identify possible genetic factors that may be associated with the nephropat ...201526262637
phylogenetic analysis of avian infectious bronchitis virus s1 glycoprotein regions reveals emergence of a new genotype in moroccan broiler chicken flocks.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), a major pathogen of commercial poultry flocks, circulates in the form of several serotypes/genotypes. only a few amino-acid changes in the s1 subunit of wild-type ibvs proteins may result in mutants unaffected by current vaccines.201526239707
genotypes of infectious bronchitis viruses circulating in the middle east between 2009 and 2014.we are reporting on the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) genotypes circulating within seven middle east countries and the alterations in genotype distributions between 2009 and 2014. tissue samples on fta cards were received over the six-year period. viral rna was extracted using phenol chloroform and subjected to nested rt-pcr targeting a 393 bp region of the s1 gene before being followed by sequencing. from the 461 submitted samples, 363 were ibv positive by rt-pcr (77.01%). of these, 355 (97 ...201526226233
combined infectious bronchitis virus arkansas and massachusetts serotype vaccination suppresses replication of arkansas vaccine virus.polyvalent infectious bronchitis virus vaccination is common worldwide. the possibility of vaccine interference after simultaneous combined vaccination with arkansas (ark) and massachusetts (mass)-type vaccines was evaluated in an effort to explain the high prevalence of ark-type infectious bronchitis virus in vaccinated chickens. chickens ocularly vaccinated with combinations of ark and mass showed predominance of mass vaccine virus before 9 days post-vaccination (dpv) in tears. even when mass ...201526223977
successful cross-protective efficacy induced by heat-adapted live attenuated nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus derived from a natural recombinant strain.a natural recombinant nephropathogenic k40/09 strain of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was heat-adapted for possible future use as live attenuated vaccine. the k40/09 strain was selected during successive serial passages in specific-pathogen free (spf) embryonated eggs at sub-optimal higher temperature (56°c). unlike the parental strain, the attenuated strain, designated k40/09 hp50, was found to be safe in 1-day-old spf chicks, which showed neither mortality nor signs of morbidity, and rarel ...201526218899
mechanistic study of intertypic nucleoprotein complex formation and its inhibitory effect toward influenza a virus.co-infection of influenza a and b viruses (iav and ibv) results in marked decreases in iav replication. multiple mechanisms have been proposed for this phenomenon. recently, we reported that ibv nucleoprotein (bnp) alone can suppress iav replication and proposed an inhibition model in which bnp binds iav nucleoprotein (anp) and disrupts iav polymerase complexes. here, using mutagenesis and co-immunoprecipitation, we determined the protein motifs mediating the intertypic anp-bnp complex and showe ...201526218215
mucosal, cellular, and humoral immune responses induced by different live infectious bronchitis virus vaccination regimes and protection conferred against infectious bronchitis virus q1 strain.the objectives of the present study were to assess the mucosal, cellular, and humoral immune responses induced by two different infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) vaccination regimes and their efficacy against challenge by a variant ibv q1. one-day-old broiler chicks were vaccinated with live h120 alone (group i) or in combination with cr88 (group ii). the two groups were again vaccinated with cr88 at 14 days of age (doa). one group was kept as the control (group iii). a significant increase in l ...201526202435
molecular investigation of a full-length genome of a q1-like ibv strain isolated in italy in 2013.since 1996 a new infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) genotype, referred to as q1, circulated in china and was reported for the first time in italy in 2011, associated with an increase of mortality, kidney lesions and proventriculitis. during northern italian outbreak of respiratory disease in a broiler flock in 2013, an ibv strain was detected by rt-pcr and characterized as q1-like based on partial s1 sequence. the virus was isolated and named γcov/ck/italy/i2022/13. all coding regions of the isol ...201526191621
increased level of protection of respiratory tract and kidney by combining different infectious bronchitis virus vaccines against challenge with nephropathogenic brazilian genotype subcluster 4 strains.genotyping of seven infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains isolated in brazil showed that all belonged to the common brazilian genotype and that these strains were closest to the subcluster of strain ibv/brazil/2007/usp-19. pathotyping of four selected brazilian strains showed that they all caused a considerable level of ciliostasis in the trachea but at a somewhat lower level than did m41 and brazilian strains 50/96, 57/96, 62/96 and 64/96 representing four different serotypes that had been ...201526181294
differential modulation of avian β-defensin and toll-like receptor expression in chickens infected with infectious bronchitis virus.the host innate immune response either clears invading viruses or allows the adaptive immune system to establish an effective antiviral response. in this study, both pathogenic (passage 3, p3) and attenuated (p110) infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains were used to study the immune responses of chicken to ibv infection. expression of avian β-defensins (avbds) and toll-like receptors (tlrs) in 16 tissues of chicken were compared at 7 days pi. the results showed that p3 infection upregulated t ...201526142390
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