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n-alkyldeoxynojirimycin derivatives with novel terminal tertiary amide substitution for treatment of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), dengue, and tacaribe virus infections.novel n-alkyldeoxynojirimycins (nadnjs) with two hydrophobic groups attached to a nitrogen linker on the alkyl chain were designed. a novel nadnj containing a terminal tertiary carboxamide moiety was discovered that was a potent inhibitor against bvdv. further optimization resulted in a structurally more stable lead compound 24 with a submicromolar ec50 against bvdv, dengue, and tacaribe; and low cytotoxicity.201323453839
comparison of acute infection of calves exposed to a high-virulence or low-virulence bovine viral diarrhea virus or a hobi-like virus.to compare acute infection of cattle exposed to a high-virulence (hv) bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), low-virulence (lv) bvdv, or hobi-like virus.201323438120
immunohistochemical evaluation of the effects of paraffin section storage on biomarker stability.environmental stresses can alter immunoreactivity of biomarkers in stored tissue sections. the effect of temperature and lighting on 49 cellular or microbial antigens was evaluated in 4 serial paraffin sections, cut 12 months, 10 months, 8 months, 5 months, 3 months, 1 month, 3 days, and 1 day before immunohistochemistry. slides were stored at room temperature (rt) in the dark, at 4°c in the dark, at rt under fluorescent light, or at rt with windowpane exposure to sunlight. immunohistochemistry ...201423435571
evaluation of prenucleic acid extraction for increasing sensitivity of detection of virus in bovine follicular fluid pools.bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bohv-1), and bovine herpesvirus type 5 (bohv-5) are major cattle pathogens that can be present in biological materials used in assisted reproduction biotechnologies. the aim of the present study was to increase the sensitivity of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for detection of bvdv, bohv-1, and bohv-5 in bovine follicular fluid (ff) collected during oocyte retrieval for in vitro embryo production. ovaries were collected immediat ...201323427937
detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus-specific neutralizing antibodies in fresh colostrum: a modification of the virus neutralization test.to eliminate cytotoxic effects of colostrum on cells, a modified virus neutralization test (vnt) for the detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus-specific neutralizing antibodies in colostrum was developed. the new test was compared to the world organization for animal health-recommended vnt and the results evaluated. the agreement of the new test compared to the standard vnt was determined to be 98%, whereas sensitivity and specificity of the modified vnt compared to the standard vnt were 100%. ...201323417081
effect of calf age and administration route of initial multivalent modified-live virus vaccine on humoral and cell-mediated immune responses following subsequent administration of a booster vaccination at weaning in beef calves.to compare immune responses following modified-live virus (mlv) vaccination at weaning after intranasal or sc administration of an mlv vaccine to beef calves at 2 or 70 days of age.201323363363
effects of vaccination against reproductive diseases on reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows submitted to ai.four experiments evaluated the effects of vaccination against bovine herpesvirus-1 (bohv-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), and leptospira spp. on reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows without (experiments 1, 2, and 3) or with previous vaccination against these diseases (experiment 4). cows were assigned to a fixed-time ai protocol (ftai; d -11 to 0) in all experiments, as well as ai 12 h upon estrus detection in experiment 3. pregnancy status was determined with transrectal ultr ...201323357089
development and evaluation of a replicon particle vaccine expressing the e2 glycoprotein of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) in cattle.bovine viral diarrhea virus is one of the most significant and costly viral pathogens of cattle worldwide. alphavirus-derived replicon particles have been shown to be safe and highly effective vaccine vectors against a variety of human and veterinary pathogens. replicon particles are non-propagating, diva compatible, and can induce both humoral and cell mediated immune responses. this is the first experiment to demonstrate that alphavirus-based replicon particles can be utilized in a standard pr ...201323356714
validation and evaluation of a commercially available elisa for the detection of antibodies specific to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bovine pestivirus).to compare the performance of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of antibodies specific to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) with a virus neutralisation test (vnt) and agarose gel immunodiffusion (agid) test.201223356373
weaning management of newly received beef calves with or without continuous exposure to a persistently infected bovine viral diarrhea virus pen mate: effects on rectal temperature and serum proinflammatory cytokine and haptoglobin concentrations.exposure to animals persistently infected (pi) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) results in immunomodulation in cohorts. it is hypothesized that the extent of modulation differs for low-risk, preconditioned (pc) vs. high-risk, auction market (am) beef cattle. our objective was to compare immune responses of pc or am calves in the presence (pi) or absence (con) of a pi-bvdv pen mate. crossbred pc steers (n = 27) from a single ranch origin were weaned, dewormed, vaccinated against respirator ...201323345551
hobi-like viruses: an emerging group of pestiviruses.the genus pestivirus is composed of 4 important pathogens of livestock: bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 and 2 (bvdv-1 and bvdv-2), classical swine fever virus (csfv), and border disease virus of sheep (bdv). bvdv are major pathogens of cattle, and infection results in significant economic loss worldwide. a new putative pestivirus species, tentatively called "hobi-like," "bvdv-3," or "atypical pestiviruses," was first identified in europe in fetal bovine serum (fbs) imported from brazil. hobi-like ...201323345268
natural in utero infection of neonatal calves with bovine viral diarrhoea virus on a large dairy farm in saudi arabia.the dairy industry is a large and important business in saudi arabia. although farms are administered to high international standards, some reproduction problems, of uncertain aetiology, are encountered. the most frequently seen are conception failures, abortions, stillbirths and the birth of weak or malformed calves. these conditions are suggestive of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) infection. unfortunately, very little published information is available regarding the impact of this disease ...201123327217
the diagnosis and prevalence of persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhoea virus in south african feedlot cattle.bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) infection is an important viral infection affecting the cattle industry today. the prevalence of this infection in south african feedlots is unknown. ear notch biopsies were collected from chronic poor doers and animals that appeared unthrifty upon entering feedlots, as well as animals entering the hospital pen with respiratory disease for the first time. a total of 1690 samples were collected: 1074 from the former category and 616 from the latter. a routine i ...201123327211
persistent infection caused by hobi-like pestivirus.a calf persistently infected by hobi-like pestivirus was monitored for about 6 months, displaying clinical signs typical of bovine viral diarrhea virus persistent infection and shedding the virus through all body secretions, with maximal titers detected in urine. this report provides new insights into the pathogenesis of the emerging pestivirus.201323325822
serological and molecular evidence for natural infection of bactrian camels with multiple subgenotypes of bovine viral diarrhea virus in western china.bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infects both domestic and wild animals, causing substantial economic losses. in order to investigate possible infection in bactrian camels in western china, a total of 56 blood samples were collected from clinically healthy bactrian camels and tested for bvdv antigens and antibodies using antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and virus neutralization test. the antigen-positive samples (n=17) were further tested for viral nucleic acids by spe ...201223313538
expression, purification and crystallization of the ectodomain of the envelope glycoprotein e2 from bovine viral diarrhoea virus.bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) is an economically important animal pathogen which is closely related to hepatitis c virus. of the structural proteins, the envelope glycoprotein e2 of bvdv is the major antigen which induces neutralizing antibodies; thus, bvdv e2 is considered as an ideal target for use in subunit vaccines. here, the expression, purification of wild-type and mutant forms of the ectodomain of bvdv e2 and subsequent crystallization and data collection of two crystal forms grown ...201223295482
efficacy of a bvdv subunit vaccine produced in alfalfa transgenic plants.bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is considered an important cause of economic loss within bovine herds worldwide. in argentina, only the use of inactivated vaccines is allowed, however, the efficacy of inactivated bvdv vaccines is variable due to its low immunogenicity. the use of recombinant subunit vaccines has been proposed as an alternative to overcome this difficulty. different studies on protection against bvdv infection have focused the e2 protein, supporting its putative use in subunit ...201223291101
mapping b-cell linear epitopes of ns3 protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus.bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is a member of the genus pestivirus within the family flaviviridae. ns3 is one of the immunodominance regions of the bvdv viral proteins. to identify the potential b-cell linear antigenic epitopes within bvdv ns3 region, serial overlapping truncations covering the whole region were expressed and purified, and screened by multistep of western-blot. we found ((1)vckkiteherchvni(15)), ((20)affgvmprgttprapvr(36)), ((46)rrgletgwaythqggi(61)), ((281)egdmatgityasygyfc ...201223276751
structure of a pestivirus envelope glycoprotein e2 clarifies its role in cell entry.enveloped viruses have developed various adroit mechanisms to invade their host cells. this process requires one or more viral envelope glycoprotein to achieve cell attachment and membrane fusion. members of the flaviviridae such as flaviviruses possess only one envelope glycoprotein, e, whereas pestiviruses and hepacivirus encode two glycoproteins, e1 and e2. although e2 is involved in cell attachment, it has been unclear which protein is responsible for membrane fusion. we report the crystal s ...201223273918
comparison of the cross-antibody response induced in sheep by inactivated bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1 and hobi-like pestivirus.hobi-like pestivirus, a new tentative species within genus pestivirus, was firstly detected in foetal bovine serum batches and later associated to respiratory distress and reproductive failures in cattle. in the present study, the cross-antibody response between bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1 (bvdv-1) and the emerging pestivirus was evaluated in the sheep model. ten sheep were immunised against bvdv-1 or hobi-like pestivirus using inactivated preparations and the induced antibody responses were ...201323261155
[analysis of the cell tissue culture contamination with the bovine viral diarrhea virus and mycoplasmas].different cell tissue cultures and commercial fetal calf sera (fts) used in biological and virological research were screened for the bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv, pestivirus genus, flaviviridae family) and mycoplasma contamination. bvdv was detected using rt-pcr and indirect immunofluorescence (with monoclonal antibodies) methods in 33% cases of the studied cell lines and in > 60% cases of fcs. bvdv was shown to present and reproduce in high spectra of human cell lines, as well as in monke ...201623248854
identification and characterization of a novel subgenotype of bovine viral diarrhea virus isolated from dairy cattle in northwestern china.bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) was detected by rt-pcr in 105 out of 391 samples which were collected from five dairy farms in ningxia, china during 2010-2011. non-cytopathogenic bvdv was isolated from 13 samples and a 230-bp fragment of the 5'-untranslated region was amplified and sequenced. while the predominant subgenotypes were bvdv-1b and bvdv-1d, a potentially novel subgenotype was identified by phylogenetic analysis, which may have implications for vaccine development.201323229205
two doses of bovine viral diarrhea virus dna vaccine delivered by electroporation induce long-term protective immune responses.bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is a pathogen of major importance in cattle, so there is a need for new effective vaccines. dna vaccines induce balanced immune responses and are relatively inexpensive and thus promising for both human and veterinary applications. in this study, newborn calves with maternal antibodies were vaccinated intramuscularly (i.m.) with a bvdv e2 dna vaccine with the trigrid delivery system for i.m. delivery (tds-im). two doses of this vaccine spaced 6 or 12 weeks apar ...201323220999
evaluation of the effectiveness of semen processing techniques to remove bovine viral diarrhea virus from experimentally contaminated semen samples.the aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of three semen processing techniques, percoll gradient centrifugation, swim-up and a combination of swim-up and percoll gradient centrifugation, to reduce the viral load of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) in experimentally infected semen samples. the evaluation was performed using two approaches: first, searching for the presence of virus in the processed samples (via virus titration and rt-pcr) and second, ascertaining the possible interfere ...201323219984
competitive virus assay method for titration of noncytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea viruses (end⁺ and end⁻ viruses).a new, reliable and secure virus assay method, named the competitive virus assay (cva) method, has been established for the titration of bovine viral diarrhea viruses (bvdvs) that either show the exaltation of newcastle disease virus (end) phenomenon or heterologous interference phenomenon (but not the end phenomenon). this method is based on the principle of (1) homologous interference between bvdvs, by using bvdv rk13/e(-) or bvdv rk13/e(+) strains as competitor virus, and (2) end phenomenon a ...201323219806
serosurveillance for livestock pathogens in free-ranging mule deer (odocoileus hemionus).routine disease surveillance has been conducted for decades in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in california for pathogens shared between wildlife and domestic ruminants that may have implications for the animal production industry and wildlife health. deer sampled from 1990 to 2007 (n = 2,619) were tested for exposure to six pathogens: bluetongue virus (btv), epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), leptospira spp., anaplasma spp. and brucella spp. we eval ...201223209790
inactivation of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses in the process of chemical treatment and gamma irradiation of bovine-derived grafting materials.xenografts, unlike other grafting products, cannot be commercialized unless they conform to stringent safety regulations. particularly with bovine-derived materials, it is essential to remove viruses and inactivate infectious factors because of the possibility that raw materials are imbrued with infectious viruses. the removal of the characteristics of infectious viruses from the bovine bone grafting materials need to be proved and inactivation process should satisfy the management provision of ...201223198732
biological properties of bovine viral diarrhea virus quasispecies detected in the rk13 cell line.the rabbit kidney cell line rk13 has been reported to be contaminated with noncytopathogenic (ncp) bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv). persistent infection was confirmed by demonstrating the stability of virus titers (10(4.6±0.5) tcid50/ml) and bvdv positive cells (71.9 ± 3.12 %), over six successive passages. based on the "exaltation of newcastle disease virus" (end) and reverse plaque formation methods, two types of ncp viruses were isolated, end-phenomenon-positive and negative. isolates, rk1 ...201323178968
effects of vaccination against reproductive diseases on reproductive performance of beef cows submitted to fixed-timed ai in brazilian cow-calf operations.the objectives were to assess incidence of pregnancy losses, associate this outcome with immunization programs against reproductive diseases, and evaluate the effects of vaccination against bovine herpesvirus-1 (bohv-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), and leptospira spp., on reproductive efficiency of brazilian cow-calf operations. in experiment 1, 7614 lactating nelore cows from 18 ranches were assigned to the same estrus synchronization and fixed-time ai protocol (esftai; days -11 to 0). ...201323174768
the impact of bvdv infection on adaptive immunity.bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) causes immunosuppression of the adaptive immune response. the level of suppression of the adaptive immune response is strain dependent. the early events of antigen presentation require activation of toll-like receptors that results in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. non-cytopathic (ncp) bvdv infection stimulates cytokines from macrophages in vitro but the effect of bvdv infection in vivo on macrophages or in vitro with monocytes is not clear. antigen ...201323137817
seroprevalence of bovine viral diarrhea infection in yaks (bos grunniens) on the qinghai-tibetan plateau of china.the seroprevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infection in yaks was investigated in qinghai and tibet of china during the year 2011. a total of 549 (tibet 287, qinghai 262) serum samples was collected from tibet and qinghai and were examined for bvdv p80 antibody by elisa. the results of the experiment showed that 145 (53.65 %) of tibetan samples and 189 (72.14 %) of qinghai's samples were positive for bvdv. the observations of the present study suggest that bovine viral diarrhea is c ...201323111636
bovine viral diarrhea virus in free-ranging wild ruminants in switzerland: low prevalence of infection despite regular interactions with domestic livestock. 201223107231
bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in a dairy herd with high prevalence of persistently infected calves.a dairy herd including approximately 50 milking cows and 40 heifers and calves was investigated. this herd was detected with high prevalence of calves persistently infected (pi) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv). nine pi animals including a milking cow and 8 newborn calves were detected in the herd within 4 months. prevalence of pi animals in this herd was estimated 7.0% which was very high compared to that estimated in previous reports. all newborn pi calves were strongly suspected to hav ...201223094586
development and evaluation of indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for a screening test to detect antibodies against classical swine fever virus.an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for a screening test to detect antibodies against classical swine fever virus (csfv). viral glycoproteins, which were purified from swine kidney cells infected with csfv ald/a76 strain by the immunoaffinity purification using monoclonal antibody against e2 protein, were adsorbed on a microtiter plate as the antigen for the antibody detection. each antibody titer of serum sample was expressed as a sample per positive value calcul ...201223094583
effects of interferon-tau on cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus.in this study, the antiviral effects of bovine interferon-tau (boifn-tau) on bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) were examined in vitro and in vivo. in the in vitro experiments, the replication of cytopathic and non-cytopathic bvdv was inhibited in the bovine cells treated with boifn-tau. the replication of bvdv was completely suppressed by boifn-tau at a concentration higher than 10(2) u/ml. in order to examine the effect of boifn-tau on virus propagation in cattle persistently infected (pi) wit ...201223094581
identification and genetic characterization of new bovine viral diarrhea virus genotype 2 strains in pigs isolated in china.classical swine fever (csf)-like symptoms in pigs regarded as free from csf has been reported previously. from sick pigs with csf-like symptoms, and who had been inoculated with the hog cholera vaccine, samples were collected and subjected to rt-pcr using specific primers. twelve bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 (bvdv-2) strains were screened and isolated. homology comparison showed that the e2 genes of the twelve isolates were highly conserved. the genome of the one of the bvdv-2 isolates (named a ...201323085884
bovine maternal, fetal and neonatal responses to bovine viral diarrhea virus infections.due to the affinity of bvdv for the fetus and for cells of lymphatic organs of infected cattle, reproductive failure or immunosuppression, respectively, are likely consequences of bvdv infections of susceptible cattle. infection of susceptible pregnant cattle with noncytopathic (ncp) bvdv results in transplacental infection with induction of maternal and fetal innate and adaptive immune responses. differences in maternal innate and adaptive immune responses are evident in late gestation between ...201323084809
prevalence and spatial distribution of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus and coxiella burnetii in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in new york and pennsylvania.significant pathogens of domestic livestock and public-health related pathogens, such as bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) and coxiella burnetii, are commonly diagnosed in some wildlife species. bvdv is an economically important pathogen of domestic bovids and coxiella burnetii is a highly infectious zoonotic bacterium. as a result of recent shifting patterns of disease, it is critical that baseline information regarding the status of both significant pathogens of domestic livestock and public- ...201223082509
residues arg283, arg285, and ile287 in the nucleotide binding pocket of bovine viral diarrhea virus ns5b rna polymerase affect catalysis and fidelity.residues arg283, arg285, and ile287 are highly conserved amino acids in bovine viral diarrhea virus rna polymerase (bvdv rdrp) and rdrps from related positive-strand rna viruses. this motif is an important part of the binding pocket for the nascent rna base pair during initiation and elongation. we found that replacement of the arginines with alanines or more conserved lysines or replacement of isoleucine with alanine or valine alters the ability of the mutant rdrps to incorporate ribonucleotide ...201223077294
surveillance of border disease in wild ungulates and an outbreak in pyrenean chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica) in andorra.the principality of andorra is surrounded by areas in which pyrenean chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica) populations were severely affected by infection with border disease virus (bdv) which caused disease outbreaks between 2001 and 2009. nevertheless, the andorran chamois populations were not affected during this period. in light of the severe impact of bdv on several of the neighboring pyrenean chamois populations, we monitored local andorran populations in an effort to detect pestivirus a ...201223060503
genetic variety of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 strains isolated from sheep and goats in india.antigenic and genetic typing of pestiviruses isolated from indian sheep and goats was carried out. testing of 1777 sheep and 1026 goat blood samples collected between 2004 and 2008 resulted in isolation of twelve pestiviruses, seven from sheep and five from goats. all of them were antigenically typed as bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (bvdv-1). both the partial 5ʹ-utr and entire non-structural autoprotease (npro) gene of the pestiviruses were amplified by rt-pcr and sequenced. the phylogenetic ana ...201223043600
increased phylogenetic diversity of bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1 isolates in england and wales since 2001.currently, there are two recognised genotypes of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv), type 1 and type 2. these genotypes are divided into subtypes based on phylogenetic analysis, namely a-p for bvdv-1 and a-c for bvdv-2. within this study, the genetic heterogeneity of bvdv-1 in england and wales was investigated and compared to the situation in 1996/1997. viral rna was extracted from 316 blood samples collected between 2004 and 2009 that were previously identified as bvdv-1 positive. a region of ...201323022681
the occurrence of bovine viral diarrhea virus in hunter-harvested white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in the state of georgia, southeastern united states.the prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) in free-ranging white-tailed deer (wtd, odocoileus virginianus) in the state of georgia was evaluated using ear notches collected from hunter-harvested deer during the hunting season of 2010-2011. from september to december 2010, 367 ear samples from wtd were collected from 37 counties in georgia. the samples were from 178 (48.5%) female deer, 187 (51%) male deer, and 2 (0.5%) of unknown sex. the age of the animals varied from 6 months to 6.5 ...201223019244
genetic characterization of bovine viral diarrhoea (bvd) viruses: confirmation of the presence of bvd genotype 2 in africa.bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) has emerged as one of the economically important pathogens in cattle populations, with a worldwide distribution and causing a complex of disease syndromes. two genotypes, bvdv 1 and 2, exist and are discriminated on the basis of the sequence of the 5' non-coding region (5' ncr) using real-time pcr. real-time pcr is more sensitive, specific, and less time-consuming than conventional pcr, and it has less risk of cross-contamination of samples. limited informatio ...201323011308
comparison of the performance of five different immunoassays to detect specific antibodies against emerging atypical bovine pestivirus.bovine pestiviruses represent a considerably variable group. in addition to the two accepted species bvdv-1 and bvdv-2, a number of atypical bovine pestiviruses have been detected both in foetal calf sera and in field samples. the sera collected during the initial six weeks of experimental infection of calves with atypical pestivirus, bvdv-1 and a combination of both viruses have been examined by routine and new diagnostic tests to validate their robustness and sensitivity. as expected, virus ne ...201322995577
efficacy of an antiviral compound to inhibit replication of multiple pestivirus species.pestiviruses are economically important pathogens of livestock. an aromatic cationic compound (db772) has previously been shown to inhibit bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) type 1 in vitro at concentrations lacking cytotoxic side effects. the aim of this study was to determine the scope of antiviral activity of db772 among diverse pestiviruses. isolates of bvdv 2, border disease virus (bdv), hobi virus, pronghorn virus and bungowannah virus were tested for in vitro susceptibility to db772 by in ...201222985628
reproductive and economic impact following controlled introduction of cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus into a naive group of heifers.the reproductive impact following controlled introduction of animals persistently infected (pi) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) was evaluated in bvdv-naive heifers. heifers were randomly allocated into two groups: an unexposed control herd (n = 34) and a herd exposed to five persistently infected (pi) animals for 7 mo, beginning 50 days before the breeding season (n = 34). initiation of the bvdv-challenge was timed to mimic either direct contact with pi calves born in the previous calvin ...201222980084
the effects of viral vaccination of dairy heifer calves on the incidence of respiratory disease, mortality, and growth.bovine respiratory disease (brd) is one of the most common infectious causes of morbidity and mortality in young dairy cattle. the objective of this randomized clinical trial was to determine the effectiveness of 1 or 2 doses of a 5-way, modified-live viral vaccine, administered to heifer calves before weaning to aid in the prevention of brd. the hypotheses were that vaccination would reduce the incidence of brd and mortality, and that 2 doses would be more effective than 1. a total of 2,874 hei ...201222959931
a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus.a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay was developed and optimized to detect bovine viral diarrhea viral (bvdv) rna. the rt-lamp assay is highly sensitive and able to detect 4.67×10(0)copies of bvdv rna. additionally, the rt-lamp method is capable of detecting both genotypes of bvdv. no cross-reaction with other bovine viruses was observed. the ability of rt-lamp to detect bvdv rna from bovine fecal swabs was also evaluated. of the 88 fecal swabs, 38 were ...201222947692
cell-mediated immune response during experimental acute infection with bovine viral diarrhoea virus: evaluation of blood parameters.acute infections with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv), a major pathogen of cattle, are often asymptomatic or produce only mild clinical symptoms. however, they may play an important role in the bovine respiratory disease complex by exerting a marked immunosuppressive effect, as a result of the death of the immunocompetent cell populations involved in controlling innate and adaptive immune responses, together with a marked reduction of both cytokine expression and co-stimulatory molecule synt ...201422947489
a serologic survey of viral infections in captive ungulates in turkish zoos.zoos and zoologic gardens make optimal environments for interspecies transmission of viral infections. there are seven zoos and several small zoologic collections in turkey. this study aimed to determine the current status of viral infections in captive ungulates living in these environments. blood samples were taken from 163 captive animals from two zoos. there were 39 cameroon sheep (ovis ammon f aries), 11 barbary sheep (ammotragus lervia), 57 pygmy goats (capra hircus), 9 angora goats (capra ...201122946369
measuring bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccine response: using a commercially available elisa as a surrogate for serum neutralization assays.genetic selection in livestock offers the opportunity to improve bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) vaccine response, but first we must define how vaccine response should be measured. for measuring humoral vaccine response, serum neutralization (sn) measures antibodies that can neutralize bvdv, but relative to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) is time consuming, technically demanding, and expensive. the elisa, however, measures total bvdv-specific antibodies, regardless of whether the an ...201222944626
synthesis and biological evaluation of novel homochiral carbocyclic nucleosides from 1-amino-2-indanols.new chiral purinyl and 8-azapurinyl carbanucleoside derivatives based on indanol were synthesized from commercial available (1s,2s)-trans-1-amino-2-indanol and (1r,2r)-trans-1-amino-2-indanol using a linear methodology. the antiviral activity and cytotoxicity of these compounds were evaluated against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) in vero cells, bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) in mardin-darby bovine kidney (mdbk) cells and hepatitis b virus (hbv) in hepg2 2.2.15 cell line. three compound ...201222944333
complete genome sequence of a bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 from commercial fetal bovine serum.we isolated a bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) from commercial fetal bovine serum and designated it hlj-10. the complete genome is 12,284 nucleotides (nt); the open reading frame is 11,694 nt, coding 3,898 amino acids. phylogenetic analysis indicated that this strain belongs to bvdv group 2.201222923795
two pathogen reduction technologies--methylene blue plus light and shortwave ultraviolet light--effectively inactivate hepatitis c virus in blood products.contamination of blood products with hepatitis c virus (hcv) can cause infections resulting in acute and chronic liver diseases. pathogen reduction methods such as photodynamic treatment with methylene blue (mb) plus visible light as well as irradiation with shortwave ultraviolet (uvc) light were developed to inactivate viruses and other pathogens in plasma and platelet concentrates (pcs), respectively. so far, their inactivation capacities for hcv have only been tested in inactivation studies u ...201322905868
two newly developed e(rns)-based elisas allow the differentiation of classical swine fever virus-infected from marker-vaccinated animals and the discrimination of pestivirus antibodies.new generations of classical swine fever virus (csfv) marker vaccines have recently been developed in order to make emergency vaccination in case of a csf outbreak more feasible. however, the application of a marker vaccine is dependent on the availability of an accompanying discriminatory test allowing differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (diva). cp7_e2alf, the most promising live marker vaccine candidate currently available, is a genetically modified bovine viral diarrhea virus ...201322902189
host response to bovine viral diarrhea virus and interactions with infectious agents in the feedlot and breeding herd.bovine viral diarrhea viruses (bvdv) have significant impact on beef and dairy production worldwide. the infections are widespread in the cattle populations, and in many production systems, vaccinations are utilized. bvdv strains have the hallmark of adversely affecting the immune system's many components, both the innate and acquired systems. while bvdv do cause primary infections and disease, their role in the pathogenesis of other agents underscores the complexity of viral-bacterial synergy. ...201322890128
molecular biology of bovine viral diarrhea virus.bovine viral diarrhea viruses (bvdv) are arguably the most important viral pathogen of ruminants worldwide and can cause severe economic loss. clinical symptoms of the disease caused by bvdv range from subclinical to severe acute hemorrhagic syndrome, with the severity of disease being strain dependent. these viruses are classified as members of the pestivirus genus of the flaviviridae. bvdv are considered primarily a pathogen of cattle but can infect most ruminant species. the virus particle co ...201322884672
immunology of bvdv vaccines.providing acquired immune protection against infection with bovine viral diarrhea viruses (bvdv) is challenging due to the heterogeneity that exists among bvdv strains and the ability of the virus to infect the fetus and establish persistent infections. both modified live and killed vaccines have been shown to be efficacious under controlled conditions. both humoral and cellular immune responses are protective. following natural infection or vaccination with a modified live vaccine, the majority ...201322883306
bvdv: a pestivirus inducing tolerance of the innate immune response.animals persistently infected (pi) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) retain a strain-specific b- and t-cell immunotolerance. pestiviral rna triggers interferon (ifn) synthesis, and the viral rnase e(rns) inhibits ifn expression induced by extracellular viral rna. in addition, n(pro) promotes the degradation of the transcription factor irf-3, which effectively blocks ifn expression in bvdv-infected cells. as not all the potential target cells are infected in pi animals, these are 'chimeric' ...201322871358
clinical and reproductive consequences of using bvdv-contaminated semen in artificial insemination in a beef herd in argentina.the current report was prompted by an atypical outbreak of mucosal disease that occurred in a beef herd in the southwestern part of buenos aires province, argentina, where a total of 9/41 (21.9%) yearling bulls died. blood samples from 73 bulls and 189 heifers were tested for evidence of persistent bvdv infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv). non-cytopathic bvdv was isolated from 7 (9.6%) 24- to 36-month-old bulls, and 3 (1.6%) 36-month-old heifers. non-cytopathic bvdv was also detect ...201222871332
greater numbers of nucleotide substitutions are introduced into the genomic rna of bovine viral diarrhea virus during acute infections of pregnant cattle than of non-pregnant cattle.bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) strains circulating in livestock herds show significant sequence variation. conventional wisdom states that most sequence variation arises during acute infections in response to immune or other environmental pressures. a recent study showed that more nucleotide changes were introduced into the bvdv genomic rna during the establishment of a single fetal persistent infection than following a series of acute infections of naïve cattle. however, it was not known if ...201222867008
enterocytozoon bieneusi in bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infected and noninfected cattle herds.enterocytozoon bieneusi known as a causative agent of opportunistic infections instigating diarrhoea in aids patients was identified also in a number of immunocompetent patients and in a wide range of animals, including cattle. in the present study we tested if the bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), the most common pathogen underlying immunosuppressive bovine viral diarrhoea (bvd), can enhance the occurrence of opportunistic infections with e. bieneusi in cattle. six dairy farms were investigat ...201322858000
protective effects against abortion and fetal infection following exposure to bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine herpesvirus 1 during pregnancy in beef heifers that received two doses of a multivalent modified-live virus vaccine prior to breeding.to determine whether administration of 2 doses of a multivalent, modified-live virus vaccine prior to breeding of heifers would provide protection against abortion and fetal infection following exposure of pregnant heifers to cattle persistently infected (pi) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) and cattle with acute bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv1) infection.201222852575
immunology of chronic bvdv infections.bovine viral diarrhea virus can maintain prolonged infections within immunoprivileged sites after an otherwise transient infection of a cow, calf, or bull. various sites provide unique niches for viral replication which are not susceptible to the complete surveillance commonly provided by the bovine immune system. evidence indicates that pestiviral infections may be significantly prolonged within ovarian tissue, testicular tissue, central nervous system tissue, and circulating white blood cells. ...201322819267
contamination of cell cultures with bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv).the incidence of contamination of cell strains used in biological and virological studies and of fetal calf sera (fcs) manufactured by russian and foreign companies used for cell culturing with noncytocidal bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv; pestivirus, flaviviridae) was analyzed. the virus was detected by reverse transcription pcr and indirect immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies to bvdv virion envelope glycoprotein in 25% of 117 cell strains and 45% of 35 tested fcs lots. the virus mu ...201222808499
laboratory diagnosis of bovine viral diarrhea virus.the control and eventual eradication of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) have been defined as objectives to reduce the economic losses due to the presence of this virus in the cattle population. these goals could not be envisioned without the significant achievements in the diagnostic procedures employed to detect the infection in its various manifestations. the tests that are currently available are fully capable of supporting the acvim consensus statement for the control and eradication of b ...201322796482
in vitro replication activity of bovine viral diarrhea virus in an epithelial cell line and in bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells.the present study focused on the in vitro infection of madin-darby bovine kidney (mdbk) cells and bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) from naïve animals with non-cytopathic (ncp, bvdv-1b ny-1) and cytopathic (cp, bvdv-1a nadl) strains. infections with 0.1 and 1 multiplicity of infections (moi) and incubation times of 18 and 36 hr were compared. twelve bvdv naïve heifers were enrolled to collect pbmcs. the viral loads in mdbk cells and in pbmcs after in vitro infections were measure ...201222785055
evaluation of envelope glycoprotein e(rns) of an atypical bovine pestivirus as antigen in a microsphere immunoassay for the detection of antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 and atypical bovine pestivirus.atypical bovine pestiviruses are related antigenically and phylogenetically to bovine viral diarrhea viruses (bvdv-1 and bvdv-2), and may cause the same clinical manifestations in animals. glycoprotein e(rns) of an atypical bovine pestivirus th/04_khonkaen was produced in a baculovirus expression system and was purified by affinity chromatography. the recombinant e(rns) protein was used as an antigen in a microsphere immunoassay for the detection of antibodies against bvdv-1 and atypical bovine ...201222766180
impact of bvdv infection of white-tailed deer during second and third trimesters of pregnancy.while it has been demonstrated that persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infections can be established in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) following in utero exposure in the first trimester of gestation, there is little to no information regarding the outcome of infection in later stages of pregnancy in deer. our goal was to observe the impact of infection of white-tailed deer in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. five white-tailed deer in the second trimester of pr ...201222740542
apoptosis in bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv)-induced mucosal disease lesions: a histological, immunohistological, and virological investigation.cattle persistently infected with a noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) are at risk of developing fatal "mucosal disease" (md). the authors investigated the role of various apoptosis pathways in the pathogenesis of lesions in animals suffering from md. therefore, they compared the expression of caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and bcl-2l1 (bcl-x) in tissues of 6 bvdv-free control animals, 7 persistently infected (pi) animals that showed no signs of md (non-md pi animals), and 11 ani ...201322700847
systemic distribution of viral antigen in alpacas persistently infected with bovine pestivirus.recently, confirmed occurrences of persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infection in north american alpacas have raised concerns about the role of persistently infected (pi) alpacas in transmission of virus among herds, yet only limited pathological descriptions of persistent infections in alpacas have been reported. the objective of this study was to characterize bvdv antigen distribution in 10 pi alpacas of varying age and to compare viral antigen distribution and localization in tiss ...201322688584
the characterization of the neutralizing bovine viral diarrhea virus monoclonal antibodies and antigenic diversity of e2 glycoprotein.bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is associated with a range of economically important diseases of cattle including reproductive disorders and an acute fatal hemorrhagic disease. neutralizing antibodies that bind to the e2 glycoprotein are important predictors of vaccinal immunity. neutralization tests using the nadl strain of bvdv and five anti-e2 monoclonal antibodies showed one, wb163, neutralized the nadl strain of bvdv in an unexpected manner. its titer was 10,000 compared to <35 as report ...201222673562
development of fetal and placental innate immune responses during establishment of persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus.transplacental viral infections are dependent upon complex interactions between feto-placental and maternal immune responses and the stage of fetal development at which the infection occurs. bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) has the ability to cross the placenta and infect the fetus. infection early in gestation with non-cytopathic (ncp) bvdv leads to persistent infection. establishment of fetal persistent infection results in life-long viremia, virus-specific immunotolerance, and may have detr ...201222659490
seroprevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus neutralizing antibodies in finisher hogs in ontario swine herds and targeted diagnostic testing of 2 suspect herds.a pilot study was initiated to determine the seroprevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) neutralizing antibodies in finisher hogs in ontario swine herds, including 2 swine herds with clinical syndromes suspicious of bvdv. no herds were positive for bvdv antibodies by virus neutralization. the 2 swine herds with clinical disease suggestive of pestivirus infection were also negative for antibodies to bvdv in indirect fluorescent antibody assays. prevalence of bvdv in ontario swine farms i ...201122654141
weaning management of newly received beef calves with or without continuous exposure to a persistently infected bovine viral diarrhea virus pen mate: effects on health, performance, bovine viral diarrhea virus titers, and peripheral blood leukocytes.exposure to animals persistently infected (pi) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) results in immunomodulation of cohorts that may have health and growth consequences; however, effects may differ in low-risk, preconditioned (pc) vs. high-risk, auction market (am) beef cattle. our objective was to compare health and performance of pc or am management systems with (pi) or without (con) presence of a pi-bvdv pen mate using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. four shipment blocks of crossbred pc stee ...201222648754
effects of gastrointestinal parasites on parasite burden, rectal temperature, and antibody titer responses to vaccination and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus challenge.thirty-three colostrum-deprived holstein bull calves (initial bw of 131 ± 4 kg) were used to determine the effect of timing of anthelmintic administration relative to vaccination on antibody titer response to vaccine component antigens. when calves were at least 3 mo of age, they were sorted randomly into individual pens and assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups, treatments consisted of 1) dewormed 2 wk before vaccination (dpv), 2) dewormed at the time of vaccination (dv), or 3) control, vaccinate ...201222648753
sphingosine kinase 1 in viral infections.sphingosine kinase 1 (sphk1) is an enzyme that phosphorylates the lipid sphingosine to generate sphingosine-1-phosphate (s1p). s1p can act intracellularly as a signaling molecule and extracellularly as a receptor ligand. the sphk1/s1p axis has well-described roles in cell signaling, the cell death/survival decision, the production of a pro-inflammatory response, immunomodulation, and control of vascular integrity. agents targeting the sphk1/s1p axis are being actively developed as therapeutics f ...201322639116
safety and efficacy of an e2 glycoprotein subunit vaccine produced in mammalian cells to prevent experimental infection with bovine viral diarrhoea virus in cattle.bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) infection caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), a pestivirus of the flaviviridae family, is an important cause of morbidity, mortality and economical losses in cattle worldwide. e2 protein is the major glycoprotein of bvdv envelope and the main target for neutralising antibodies (nabs). different studies on protection against bvdv infection have focused on e2, supporting its putative use in subunit vaccines. a truncated version of type 1a bvdv e2 (te2) express ...201222639081
development and evaluation of a multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies to bovine respiratory diseases on the meso scale discovery platform.a multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (bpv-3), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) was developed on the commercially available meso scale discovery (msd) platform. the multiplex elisa used the same antigens (relatively crude lysates of cultured virus) that are used in the current in-house separate elisas. testing a panel of field samples demonstrated th ...201222621944
high prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 in chinese swine herds.nested rt-pcr was used to investigate bovine viral diarrhea virus in 511 specimens collected from chinese pigs exhibiting clinical symptoms between 2007 and 2010. of these, 137 samples were bvdv-positive and the bvdv prevalence rate was 23.1% (9/39) in 2007, 27.7% (44/159) in 2008, 33.6% (34/101) in 2009, and 23.6% (50/212) in 2010. twenty of 137 bvdv-positive samples were used for further genetic analysis of the 5'-utr. phylogenetic analysis revealed that they were bvdv-1 and subtyped into bvdv ...201222613254
mucosal immune response in newborn holstein calves that had maternally derived antibodies and were vaccinated with an intranasal multivalent modified-live virus vaccine.to determine whether maternally derived antibodies interfere with the mucosal immune response following intranasal (in) vaccination of newborn calves with a multivalent modified-live virus vaccine.201222559114
immunocompetent truncated e2 glycoprotein of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) expressed in nicotiana tabacum plants: a candidate antigen for new generation of veterinary vaccines.the bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is the etiological agent responsible for a wide spectrum of clinical diseases in cattle. the glycoprotein e2 is the major envelope protein of this virus and the strongest inductor of the immune response. there are several available commercial vaccines against bovine viral diarrhea (bvd), which show irregular performances. here, we report the use of tobacco plants as an alternative productive platform for the expression of the truncated version of e2 glycopr ...201222554468
the first case of a bull persistently infected with border disease virus in new zealand.poor reproductive performance was observed in 62 dairy heifers, with a pregnancy rate of 23% following 57 days mating with one 3-year-old and two 2-year old belted galloway bulls that were sourced from separate sheep and beef farms.201222550971
respiratory disease caused by mycoplasma bovis is enhanced by exposure to bovine herpes virus 1 (bhv-1) but not to bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) type 2.to determine if previous exposure to bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) and bovine herpes virus 1 (bhv-1) type 2 affects the onset of disease caused by mycoplasma bovis, 6- to 8-month-old beef calves were exposed to bvdv or bhv-1 4 d prior to challenge with a suspension of 3 clinical isolates of m. bovis. animals were observed for clinical signs of disease and at necropsy, percent abnormal lung tissue and presence of m. bovis were determined. most animals pre-exposed to bhv-1 type 2 but not bvdv ...201122547839
genetic diversity and frequency of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) detected in cattle in turkey.the aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and diversity of bovine viral diarrhea viruses (bvdv) infecting cattle in turkey. a total of 1124 bovine blood samples from 19 farms in 4 different turkish regions were tested by antigen capture elisa (ace). bvdv antigen was found in 26 samples from 13 farms. only 20 of the 26 initial test positive cattle were available for retesting. of these, 6 of 20 tested positive for bvdv, by ace and real-time rt-pcr, one month after initial testing. ph ...201222537480
efficacy of vaccination of cattle with the leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjoprajitno component of a pentavalent leptospira bacterin against experimental challenge with leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis.to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination with the leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjoprajitno component of a pentavalent leptospira bacterin against a virulent experimental challenge with leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis strain 203 in cattle.201222533408
rna structural elements determine frequency and sites of nonhomologous recombination in an animal plus-strand rna virus.for highly variable rna viruses, rna recombination significantly contributes to genetic variations which may lead to changes of virulence, adaptation to new hosts, escape from the host immune response, and emergence of new infectious agents. using a system based on transfection of cells with synthetic nonreplicable subgenomic transcripts derived from bovine viral diarrhea virus (family flaviviridae), the existence of a replication-independent mechanism of rna recombination, in addition to the co ...201222532677
bovine viral diarrhea virus: correlation between herd seroprevalence and bulk tank milk antibody levels using 4 commercial immunoassays.the aim of the present study was to establish a relationship between the results obtained using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) technique for antibodies in blood serum and milk at herd level. for this purpose, 325 samples of bulk tank milk were analyzed with 4 antibody elisas from dairy herds with a prevalence of seropositive animals; seroprevalence was also evaluated. data were arranged to analyze the sensitivity of the bulk tank milk test to detect herds with high risk of active ...201222529123
bovine viral diarrhea virus antigen detection across whole cattle hides using two antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.bovine viral diarrhea virus is a costly disease of cattle that can be controlled by vaccination, biosecurity, and removal of persistently infected cattle. development and proficiency testing of assays to identify persistently infected cattle requires substantial quantities of known positive- and negative-sample material. the objective of this study was to determine what sections of bovine skin contained bovine viral diarrhea virus antigen. two commercially available antigen-capture enzyme-linked ...201222529122
construction of chimeric bovine viral diarrhea viruses containing glycoprotein e rns of heterologous pestiviruses and evaluation of the chimeras as potential marker vaccines against bvdv.bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infections are enzootic in the cattle population and continue to cause significant economic losses to the beef and dairy industries worldwide. extent of the damages has stimulated increasing interest in control programs directed at eradicating bvdv infections. use of a bvdv marker vaccine would facilitate eradication efforts as a negatively marked vaccine would enable differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (diva). we describe here the construction ...201222521286
distribution of bovine viral diarrhoea virus antigen in persistently infected white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus).infection with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv), analogous to that occurring in cattle, is reported rarely in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). this study evaluated the distribution of bvdv antigen in persistently infected (pi) white-tailed deer and compared the findings with those from pi cattle. six pi fawns (four live-born and two stillborn) from does exposed experimentally to either bvdv-1 or bvdv-2 were evaluated. distribution and intensity of antigen expression in tissues was ...201222520818
design of polydiacetylene-phospholipid supramolecules for enhanced stability and sensitivity.we present polydiacetylene (pda) liposome assemblies with various phospholipids that have different headgroup charges and phase transition temperatures (t(m)). 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid (pcda)-epoxy was used as a base pda monomer and the insertion of highly charged phospholipids resulted in notable changes in the size of liposome and reduction of the aggregation of pda liposome. among the various phospholipids, the phospholipid with a moderate t(m) demonstrated enhanced stability and sensitivi ...201222515382
biosecurity aspects and pathogen inactivation in acidified high risk animal by-products.the aim of the study was to investigate the effects of formic acid addition to ground high risk animal by-products (abp 1) in terms of stabilization and pathogen inactivation and to evaluate the biosecurity risk connected with the abp 1 based combustion fuel biomal. laboratory studies were performed on the persistence of salmonella typhimurium, bacillus cereus spores, porcine herpes virus, avian influenza virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, equine rhinitis a virus and porcine parvovirus in bioma ...201222506709
structure of hepatitis c virus polymerase in complex with primer-template rna.the replication of the hepatitis c viral (hcv) genome is accomplished by the ns5b rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp), for which mechanistic understanding and structure-guided drug design efforts have been hampered by its propensity to crystallize in a closed, polymerization-incompetent state. the removal of an autoinhibitory β-hairpin loop from genotype 2a hcv ns5b increases de novo rna synthesis by >100-fold, promotes rna binding, and facilitated the determination of the first crystallographic ...201222496223
kinetics of single and dual infection of calves with an asian atypical bovine pestivirus and a highly virulent strain of bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1.atypical bovine pestiviruses related to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) have recently been detected in cattle from south america, asia and europe. the purpose of this study was to compare the clinical and virological aspects of dual infection with bvdv-1 (horton 916) and an asian atypical bovine pestivirus (th/04_khonkaen) in naïve calves, in comparison to single infections. milder clinical signs were observed in the animals infected with single th/04_khonkaen strain. leukocytopenia and lymp ...201222480455
periparturient infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 causes hemorrhagic proctocolitis in a cow.after 3 cows of a dairy herd had died from severe hemorrhagic diarrhea, a 4th sick cow was transported to the clinic. blood analyses revealed the complete absence of white blood cells, the presence of a type 1b strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), and seroconversion to bvdv.201122467972
preventive strategy for bvdv infection in north america.despite 60 years of vaccination, bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infections remain a source of significant economic loss for producers in the united states. control program design in the united states varies by region based on the incidence of bvdv, density of animal populations, animal movement, contact with wildlife populations, level of producer compliance, variation among circulating bvdv strains, prevalent type of production unit or industry and support offered by state institutions. the ...201222458199
evaluation of the onset of protection induced by a modified-live virus vaccine in calves challenge inoculated with type 1b bovine viral diarrhea virus.to evaluate onset of protection induced by modified-live virus (mlv) bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) vaccine administered 7, 5, or 3 days before inoculation with type 1b bvdv (strain ny-1). animals-40 calves.201222452506
longitudinal study on morbidity and mortality in white veal calves in belgium.mortality and morbidity are hardly documented in the white veal industry, despite high levels of antimicrobial drug use and resistance. the objective of the present study was to determine the causes and epidemiology of morbidity and mortality in dairy, beef and crossbred white veal production. a total of 5853 calves, housed in 15 production cohorts, were followed during one production cycle. causes of mortality were determined by necropsy. morbidity was daily recorded by the producers.201222414223
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