Publications

environmental determinants of the spatial distribution of mesocestoides spp. and sensitivity of flotation method for the diagnosis of mesocestoidosis.	mesocestoides spp. are zoonotic cestodes of wild and domesticated carnivores. although the adult stages are relatively harmless intestinal parasites, the metacestode stages (tetrathyridia) can be responsible for life-threatening peritonitis and pleuritis in several species including dogs, cats, non-human primates and probably man. the aim of the present study was to reveal the spatial distribution pattern of mesocestoides spp. in the most important final hosts, red foxes (vulpes vulpes), to anal ...	2015	26150263
development of novel polymorphic microsatellite markers for the silver fox (vulpes vulpes).	the silver fox (vulpes vulpes), a coat color variant of the red fox, is one of the most important fur-bearing animals. to date, development of microsatellite loci for the silver fox has been limited and mainly based on cross-amplification by using canine ssr primers. in this study, 28 polymorphic microsatellite markers were isolated and identified for silver fox through the construction and screening of an (ac)n-enriched library. the number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 8 based on 48 ind ...	2015	26125788
sarcocystis rommeli, n. sp. (apicomplexa: sarcocystidae) from cattle (bos taurus) and its differentiation from sarcocystis hominis.	cattle (bos taurus) are intermediate hosts for three named species of sarcocystis, s. cruzi, s. hirsuta, and s. hominis. recently, a fourth species was identified and named s. sinensis. however, s. sinensis originally named a species of sarcocystis in water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) in china. based on unverifiable evidence, it was suggested that the same parasite infects cattle. in addition, s. sinensis was recently declared as nomen nudum because its naming violated the rules of international c ...	2016	26111603
spatial distribution of anaplasma phagocytophilum and hepatozoon canis in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in hungary.	in recent years, ehrlichia canis and hepatozoon canis transmitted by rhipicephalus sanguineus were reported from hungary. the aim of the present study was to reveal the spatial distribution pattern of pathogens transmitted by r. sanguineus in a sentinel species, red fox (vulpes vulpes) in hungary and to analyse the relationship of these patterns with landscape and climate by geographical information systems. fox carcasses, representing 0.5% of the total fox population were randomly selected out ...	2015	26065623
genotyping-by-sequencing (gbs) detects genetic structure and confirms behavioral qtl in tame and aggressive foxes (vulpes vulpes).	the silver fox (vulpes vulpes) offers a novel model for studying the genetics of social behavior and animal domestication. selection of foxes, separately, for tame and for aggressive behavior has yielded two strains with markedly different, genetically determined, behavioral phenotypes. tame strain foxes are eager to establish human contact while foxes from the aggressive strain are aggressive and difficult to handle. these strains have been maintained as separate outbred lines for over 40 gener ...	2015	26061395
genetic footprints reveal geographic patterns of expansion in fennoscandian red foxes.	population expansions of boreal species are among the most substantial ecological consequences of climate change, potentially transforming both structure and processes of northern ecosystems. despite their importance, little is known about expansion dynamics of boreal species. red foxes (vulpes vulpes) are forecasted to become a keystone species in northern europe, a process stemming from population expansions that began in the 19th century. to identify the relative roles of geographic and demog ...	2015	26058388
toxigenic corynebacterium ulcerans isolated from a free-roaming red fox (vulpes vulpes).	corynebacterium (c.) ulcerans could be isolated from the spleen of a red fox (vulpes vulpes) that had been found dead in the state of baden-württemberg, germany. pathohistological examination suggested that the fox had died of distemper, as was confirmed by pcr. the isolate was identified biochemically, by maldi-tof ms, ft-ir and by partial 16s rrna, rpob and tox gene sequencing. using the elek test the c. ulcerans isolate demonstrated diphtheria toxin production. ft-ir and sequencing data obtai ...	2015	26054226
first detection of sarcoptes scabiei from domesticated pig (sus scrofa) and genetic characterization of s. scabiei from pet, farm and wild hosts in israel.	in this report we describe for the first time the detection of sarcoptes scabiei type suis mites on domestic pigs in israel and examine its genetic variation compared with s. sabiei from other hosts. microscopic examination of skin samples from s. scabiei-infested pigs (sus scrofa domesticus) revealed all developmental stages of s. scabiei. to detect genetic differences between s. scabiei from different hosts, samples obtained from pig, rabbits (orictolagus cuniculus), fox (vulpes vulpes), jacka ...	2015	26002310
development of novel microsatellite markers for conservation genetic studies of vulpes vulpes (canidae) by using next-generation sequencing method.	the red fox, vulpes vulpes (canidae), is the most widely distributed terrestrial carnivore worldwide, but this species is classified as endangered in korea. in this study, we developed 25 polymorphic microsatellite markers that included 3-13 (mean = 6.32) alleles per locus using 22 red fox individuals. the most polymorphic locus was fr(59)tg (13 alleles) and the least polymorphic loci were fr(70)tg and fr(182)ag (3 alleles each). no significant deviation from hardy-weinberg equilibrium (p < 0.05 ...	2015	25966169
trichinella britovi in a red fox (vulpes vulpes) from portugal.	trichinellosis is one of the most important foodborne parasitic zoonoses, caused by nematodes of the genus trichinella. pigs and other domestic and wild animals, including red foxes (vulpes vulpes), are sources of trichinella infection for human beings. trichinella britovi is the major agent of infection in sylvatic animals and the most important species circulating in the european wildlife. the present study aimed at assessing trichinella spp. infection in red foxes from the north of portugal. ...	2015	25934252
coexistence of sympatric carnivores in relatively homogeneous mediterranean landscapes: functional importance of habitat segregation at the fine-scale level.	one of the main objectives of community ecology is to understand the conditions allowing species to coexist. however, few studies have investigated the role of fine-scale habitat use segregation in the functioning of guild communities in relatively homogeneous landscapes where opportunities for coexistence are likely to be the most restrictive. we investigate how the process of habitat use differentiation at the home range level according to the degree of specialism/generalism of species can lea ...	2015	25933639
analysis of genomic instability in primary spermatocytes of interspecific hybrids of the red fox (vulpes vulpes) and the arctic fox (alopex lagopus).	the aim of this study was to analyse meiotic cells of male interspecific hybrids of the red fox (vulpes vulpes) and the arctic fox (alopex lagopus). to this end we determined stages of meiotic cells as well as carried out fish analyses with probes specific to heterosomes and a tunel assay on synaptonemal complex preparations. the meiotic cell analysis revealed only the presence of stages of the first meiotic division from leptotene to pachytene. moreover, we observed an increased level of early ...	2014	25916158
reclassification of theileria annae as babesia vulpes sp. nov.	theileria annae is a tick-transmitted small piroplasmid that infects dogs and foxes in north america and europe. due to disagreement on its placement in the theileria or babesia genera, several synonyms have been used for this parasite, including babesia spanish dog isolate, babesia microti-like, babesia (theileria) annae, and babesia cf. microti. infections by this parasite cause anemia, thrombocytopenia, and azotemia in dogs but are mostly subclinical in red foxes (vulpes vulpes). furthermore, ...	2015	25890372
a molecular survey of vector-borne pathogens in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from bosnia and herzegovina.	red foxes (vulpes vulpes) have recently been recognized as potential reservoirs of several vector-borne pathogens and a source of infection for domestic dogs and humans, mostly due to their close vicinity to urban areas and frequent exposure to different arthropod vectors. the aim of this study was to investigate the presence and distribution of babesia spp., hepatozoon canis, anaplasma spp., bartonella spp., 'candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis', ehrlichia canis, rickettsia spp. and blood filaro ...	2015	25889961
first report of anaplasma platys infection in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and molecular detection of ehrlichia canis and leishmania infantum in foxes from portugal.	the bacteria anaplasma platys and ehrlichia canis and the protozoan leishmania infantum are vector-borne agents that cause canine vector-borne diseases, some of which are zoonotic. the present survey investigated the prevalence of anaplasma, ehrlichia and leishmania in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from portugal by molecular analysis, in order to evaluate the epidemiological role of these canids as reservoirs of infection.	2015	25889750
an introduced competitor elevates corticosterone responses of a native lizard (varanus varius).	glucocorticoid hormone profiles are increasingly used as physiological markers to infer the strength of species interactions that can influence fitness and ensuing population dynamics of animals. here we investigated two aims. first, we measured the effect of a 90-min capture stress protocol on the plasma corticosterone responses of a large native australian lizard, the lace monitor (varanus varius). second, we compared the basal and postcapture stress corticosterone responses of lace monitors i ...	2015	25860823
[species-specific features of tocopherol content in carnivorous mammals during autumn period].	a comparative study of the major liposoluble antioxidant, vitamin e (α-tocopherol), content was conducted in carnivorous mammals (polar fox, silver fox, raccoon dog, mink, sable) during late autumn under natural lowering of temperature. the highest vitamin e content in liver and kidney was found in polar fox and raccoon dog, obviously due to seasonal metabolic changes and ecological specialization determining the accumulation of considerable amounts of tocopherol both in polar and hibernating sp ...	2015	25859604
species identification refined by molecular scatology in a community of sympatric carnivores in xinjiang, china.	many ecological studies and conservation management plans employ noninvasive scat sampling based on the assumption that species' scats can be correctly identified in the field. however, in habitats with sympatric similarly sized carnivores, misidentification of scats is frequent and can lead to bias in research results. to address the scat identification dilemma, molecular scatology techniques have been developed to extract dna from the donor cells present on the outer lining of the scat samples ...	2015	25855225
anesthetic management of a 4-month-old red fox (vulpes vulpes) for orthopedic surgery.	a 4-mo-old red fox (vulpes vulpes) was found recumbent after a vehicular accident. radiology revealed several limb fractures and the fox underwent surgery after 24 hr of initial stabilization. premedication consisted of dexmedetomidine and morphine. anesthesia was induced with ketamine and midazolam and maintained with isoflurane. lidocaine, bupivacaine, and morphine were administered epidurally and further analgesia was provided with meloxicam. the heart rate and respiratory rate of the fox rem ...	2015	25831591
the role of wildlife in the transmission of parasitic zoonoses in peri-urban and urban areas.	during the last 100 years in many countries of the world, there have been dramatic changes in natural/rural landscapes due to urbanization. since many wildlife species are unable to adapt to these alterations in their environment, urbanization is commonly responsible for a decline of biodiversity in areas of urban development. in contrast, some wild animal species are attracted to peri-urban and urban habitats due to the availability of an abundant food supply and the presence of structures in w ...	2015	25830108
wildlife reservoirs for vector-borne canine, feline and zoonotic infections in austria.	austria's mammalian wildlife comprises a large variety of species, acting and interacting in different ways as reservoir and intermediate and definitive hosts for different pathogens that can be transmitted to pets and/or humans. foxes and other wild canids are responsible for maintaining zoonotic agents, e.g. echinococcus multilocularis, as well as pet-relevant pathogens, e.g. hepatozoon canis. together with the canids, and less commonly felids, rodents play a major role as intermediate and par ...	2014	25830102
hereditary hyperplastic gingivitis in north american farmed silver fox (vulpes vulpes).	hereditary hyperplastic gingivitis is a progressive growth of gingival tissues in foxes resulting in dental encapsulation. it is an autosomal recessive condition displaying a gender-biased penetrance, with an association with superior fur quality. this disease has been primarily described in european farmed foxes. here we document its emergence in canada.	2015	25829563
experimentally derived δ¹³c and δ¹⁵n discrimination factors for gray wolves and the impact of prior information in bayesian mixing models.	stable isotope analysis of diet has become a common tool in conservation research. however, the multiple sources of uncertainty inherent in this analysis framework involve consequences that have not been thoroughly addressed. uncertainty arises from the choice of trophic discrimination factors, and for bayesian stable isotope mixing models (simms), the specification of prior information; the combined effect of these aspects has not been explicitly tested. we used a captive feeding study of gray ...	2015	25803664
the first papillomavirus isolated from vulpes vulpes (vvulpv1) is basal to the gammapapillomavirus genus.	we report the complete genomic sequence of vulpes vulpes papillomavirus type 1 (vvulpv1), isolated from the hair follicles of a red fox. vvulpv1 does not cluster with other carnivoran papillomaviruses, and is instead a sister taxon to the gammapapillomavirus genus, thus sustaining the scenario of a biphasic evolution of papillomaviruses.	2015	25792048
interspecific and geographic variation in the diets of sympatric carnivores: dingoes/wild dogs and red foxes in south-eastern australia.	dingoes/wild dogs (canis dingo/familiaris) and red foxes (vulpes vulpes) are widespread carnivores in southern australia and are controlled to reduce predation on domestic livestock and native fauna. we used the occurrence of food items in 5875 dingo/wild dog scats and 11,569 fox scats to evaluate interspecific and geographic differences in the diets of these species within nine regions of victoria, south-eastern australia. the nine regions encompass a wide variety of ecosystems. diet overlap be ...	2015	25790230
hair and bone as predictors of tissular mercury concentration in the western alaska red fox, vulpes vulpes.	we evaluated if total mercury (thg) concentrations of keratin-based and bone-based tissues can predict thg concentrations in skeletal muscle, renal medulla, renal cortex, and liver. the thg concentration in matched tissues of 65 red foxes, vulpes vulpes, from western alaska was determined. hair thg concentration had a significant positive correlation with liver, renal medulla, renal cortex, and muscle. the thg concentration for males and females is moderately predictive of thg concentration in t ...	2015	25777958
molecular survey of hepatozoon canis in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from romania.	blood samples of 119 red foxes, originating from 44 hunting grounds of 3 western counties (arad, hunedoara, and timiş) of romania, have been examined for the presence of hepatozoon canis infection using the conventional polymerase chain reaction (pcr) of the fragment of 18s rrna gene. overall, 15 (12.6%) samples were found to be pcr-positive. of the sampled hunting grounds, 29.5% (13/44) were found positive. positive samples were recorded in all screened counties with the prevalence of 14.8% (9/ ...	2015	25764146
molecular identification of mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum by duplex high-resolution melt analysis and subspecies-specific real-time pcr.	accurate identification of mycobacterial species and subspecies is essential to evaluate their significance and to perform epidemiological studies. the subspecies of mycobacterium avium have different attributes but coincide in their zoonotic potential. our knowledge about m. avium subsp. silvaticum is limited, since its identification is uncertain. mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and m. avium subsp. silvaticum can be discriminated from each other based only on phenotypic characteristics, as th ...	2015	25740770
predictors of echinococcus multilocularis prevalence in definitive and intermediate hosts: a meta-analysis approach.	echinococcus multilocularis (em) is a pathogenic and potentially fatal cestode causing human alveolar echinococcosis (ae). a meta-analysis was conducted using a generalized estimation equation approach (gee) to assess the effect of taxonomic, environmental, and diagnostic variables on em prevalence in different hosts. red foxes ( vulpes vulpes ) had significantly higher prevalence of em than domestic dogs ( canis lupus familiaris), with the diagnostic method playing an important factor in assess ...	2015	25723380
the complete mitochondrial genome of silver fox (caniformia: canidae).	silver fox is color variant of vulpes vulpes. at present, there are few studies on phylogeny of canidae and caniformia. in this article, we determined and described the complete mitogenome of silver fox for the first time, which is 16,723 bp in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rrna genes, 22 trna genes, one origin of replication on the light-strand (ol) and a putative control region (cr). the overall base composition is 31.4% a, 27.9% t, 26.0% c, 14.7% g, respectively, with a at bia ...	2016	25714151
rough-legged buzzards, arctic foxes and red foxes in a tundra ecosystem without rodents.	small rodents with multi-annual population cycles strongly influence the dynamics of food webs, and in particular predator-prey interactions, across most of the tundra biome. rodents are however absent from some arctic islands, and studies on performance of arctic predators under such circumstances may be very instructive since rodent cycles have been predicted to collapse in a warming arctic. here we document for the first time how three normally rodent-dependent predator species-rough-legged b ...	2015	25692786
avian top predator and the landscape of fear: responses of mammalian mesopredators to risk imposed by the golden eagle.	top predators may induce extensive cascading effects on lower trophic levels, for example, through intraguild predation (igp). the impacts of both mammalian and avian top predators on species of the same class have been extensively studied, but the effects of the latter upon mammalian mesopredators are not yet as well known. we examined the impact of the predation risk imposed by a large avian predator, the golden eagle (aquila chrysaetos, l.), on its potential mammalian mesopredator prey, the r ...	2015	25691975
pearsonema plica (capillaria plica) infection and associated urinary bladder pathology in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from bosnia and herzegovina.	pearsonema plica is a widely distributed nematode parasite that occurs in the urinary tract of various domestic and wild carnivores. the aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and geographical distribution of p. plica and associated urinary bladder pathology in 112 red foxes (70 males, 42 females; 87 adults >1 year, 25 juveniles <1 year) from six different geographical regions in bosnia and herzegovina. the urinary bladders of the red foxes were subjected to gross examination and hi ...	2015	25687525
ongoing unraveling of a continental fauna: decline and extinction of australian mammals since european settlement.	the highly distinctive and mostly endemic australian land mammal fauna has suffered an extraordinary rate of extinction (>10% of the 273 endemic terrestrial species) over the last ∼200 y: in comparison, only one native land mammal from continental north america became extinct since european settlement. a further 21% of australian endemic land mammal species are now assessed to be threatened, indicating that the rate of loss (of one to two extinctions per decade) is likely to continue. australia' ...	2015	25675493
platinum coat color in red fox (vulpes vulpes) is caused by a mutation in an autosomal copy of kit.	the red fox (vulpes vulpes) demonstrates a variety of coat colors including platinum, a common phenotype maintained in farm-bred fox populations. foxes heterozygous for the platinum allele have a light silver coat and extensive white spotting, whereas homozygosity is embryonic lethal. two kit transcripts were identified in skin cdna from platinum foxes. the long transcript was identical to the kit transcript of silver foxes, whereas the short transcript, which lacks exon 17, was specific to plat ...	2015	25662789
first report of trichinella pseudospiralis in a red fox in mainland britain.	active surveillance of red foxes for trichinella has been undertaken in mainland britain since 1999. post-mortems are carried out, followed by a magnetic stirrer method for sample digestion based on european commission (ec) regulation 216/2014 (which amends 2075/2005). initially samples are tested in batches of 20 foxes and in december 2013, for the first time under the surveillance programme, a batch tested positive for trichinella at the animal and plant health agency, york. further individual ...	2015	25659659
molecular identification of sarcocystis rileyi sporocysts in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) in lithuania.	despite the fact that sarcocystis rileyi is one of the earliest described species of the genus sarcocystis forming macrocysts in ducks, the life cycle of this species is still unknown in europe. sarcocystis spp. oocysts/sporocysts were observed in faeces of four of 23 (17.4 %) and in small intestine mucosal scrapings of four of 20 (20.0 %) red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and in small intestine mucosal scrapings of seven of 13 (53.8 %) raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) hunted in lithuania. a very ...	2015	25656464
the dispersion and detection patterns of mtdna-assigned red fox vulpes vulpes scats in tasmania are anomalous.	models used for resource allocation in eradication programmes must be based on replicated data of known quality and have proven predictive accuracy, or they may provide a false indication of species presence and/or distribution. in the absence of data corroborating the presence of extant foxes vulpes vulpes in tasmania, a habitat-specific model based upon mtdna data (sarre et al. 2012. journal applied ecology, 50, 459-468) implied that foxes were widespread. overall, 61 of 9940 (0·6%) surveyed s ...	2014	25641979
serologic survey of antibodies to trypanosoma cruzi in coyotes and red foxes from pennsylvania and tennessee.	trypanosoma cruzi is a zoonotic parasite of humans and other mammalian hosts with distribution throughout the americas. domestic and wild canine species are reservoirs for human t. cruzi infections. the present study examined the prevalence of antibodies to t. cruzi in wild canids from the united states. sera from 13 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and 263 coyotes (canis latrans), originating in pennsylvania and tennessee, were assayed for antibodies to t. cruzi with immunochromatographic tests. antib ...	2014	25632700
survey of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in road-killed wild carnivores in portugal.	a survey to determine the occurrence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in wild carnivores in portugal was conducted by testing samples from road-killed animals between 2009 and 2012. postmortem examinations were performed and tissues were collected from wild carnivores representing four families and six different species, with a total of 74 animals analyzed. cultures were performed by using löwenstein-jensen and middlebrook 7h11 solid media and acid-fast isolates were identifi ...	2014	25632662
first report on babesia cf. microti infection of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from hungary.	to date, only one report of a small babesia infection based on microscopic observation which caused babesiosis in two dogs in hungary has been published. babesiosis due to babesia canis - which is endemic in the local dogs - has only been detected in captive grey wolves. no information is available on babesial/theilerial infections in red foxes in hungary. the aim of the study was to screen red foxes in hungary for babesial parasites by pcr and to compare their partial 18s rrna gene sequences to ...	2015	25623386
selection for tameness, a key behavioral trait of domestication, increases adult hippocampal neurogenesis in foxes.	work on laboratory and wild rodents suggests that domestication may impact on the extent of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and its responsiveness to regulatory factors. there is, however, no model of laboratory rodents and their nondomesticated conspecifics that would allow a controlled comparison of the effect of domestication. here, we present a controlled within-species comparison of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in farm-bred foxes (vulpes vulpes) that differ in their genetically determined ...	2015	25616112
inferring the distribution and demography of an invasive species from sighting data: the red fox incursion into tasmania.	a recent study has inferred that the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is now widespread in tasmania as of 2010, based on the extraction of fox dna from predator scats. heuristically, this inference appears at first glance to be at odds with the lack of recent confirmed discoveries of either road-killed foxes--the last of which occurred in 2006, or hunter killed foxes--the most recent in 2001. this paper demonstrates a method to codify this heuristic analysis and produce inferences consistent with assumpt ...	2015	25602618
environmental determinants of the spatial distribution of angiostrongylus vasorum, crenosoma vulpis and eucoleus aerophilus in hungary.	angiostrongylus vasorum, crenosoma vulpis and eucoleus aerophilus (syn. capillaria aerophila) are the most important lungworm species infecting wild and domesticated canids in europe. to investigate the spatial distribution of these parasites and the factors influencing their circulation in the fox populations, 937 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) were tested for lungworm infection in hungary. the prevalence of a. vasorum, c. vulpis and e. aerophilus infection was high (17.9, 24.6 and 61.7%). the distr ...	2015	25547643
rapid urbanization of red foxes in estonia: distribution, behaviour, attacks on domestic animals, and health-risks related to zoonotic diseases.	urban areas are becoming increasingly important for wildlife as diminishing natural habitats no longer represent a suitable environment for many species. red foxes (vulpes vulpes) are nowadays common in many cities worldwide, and in recent years they have colonized urban areas in estonia. we used a public web-based questionnaire approach to evaluate the distribution and behaviour of estonian urban foxes, to detect related problems and to assess health risks to humans and domestic animals. in tot ...	2014	25531399
a behavioral audiogram of the red fox (vulpes vulpes).	we determined the absolute hearing sensitivity of the red fox (vulpes vulpes) using an adapted standard psychoacoustic procedure. the animals were tested in a reward-based go/no-go procedure in a semi-anechoic chamber. at 60 db sound pressure level (spl) (re 20 μpa) red foxes perceive pure tones between 51 hz and 48 khz, spanning 9.84 octaves with a single peak sensitivity of -15 db at 4 khz. the red foxes' high-frequency cutoff is comparable to that of the domestic dog while the low-frequency c ...	2015	25529529
a semi-automated magnetic capture probe based dna extraction and real-time pcr method applied in the swedish surveillance of echinococcus multilocularis in red fox (vulpes vulpes) faecal samples.	following the first finding of echinococcus multilocularis in sweden in 2011, 2985 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) were analysed by the segmental sedimentation and counting technique. this is a labour intensive method and requires handling of the whole carcass of the fox, resulting in a costly analysis. in an effort to reduce the cost of labour and sample handling, an alternative method has been developed. the method is sensitive and partially automated for detection of e. multilocularis in faecal sam ...	2014	25522844
isolation and identification of salmonella spp. from red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and badgers (meles meles) in northern italy.	salmonella spp. have been isolated from a wide range of wild animals. opportunistic wild carnivores such as red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and badgers (meles meles) may act as environmental indicators or as potential sources of salmonellosis in humans. the present study characterizes salmonella spp. isolated from the intestinal contents of hunted or dead red foxes (n = 509) and badgers (n = 17) in northern italy.	2014	25492524
genome organization and dna methylation patterns of b chromosomes in the red fox and chinese raccoon dogs.	the molecular structure of b chromosomes (bs) is relatively well studied. previous research demonstrates that bs of various species usually contain two types of repetitive dna sequences, satellite dna and ribosomal dna, but bs also contain genes encoding histone proteins and many others. however, many questions remain regarding the origin and function of these chromosomes. here, we focused on the comparative cytogenetic characteristics of the red fox and chinese raccoon dog b chromosomes with pa ...	2014	25491428
top-predator control-induced trophic cascades: an alternative hypothesis to the conclusion of colman et al.	colman et al. (2014 proc. r. soc. b 281, 20133094. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.3094)) recently argued that observed positive relationships between dingoes and small mammals were a result of top-down processes whereby lethal dingo control reduced dingoes and increased mesopredators and herbivores, which then suppressed small mammals. here, i show that the prerequisite negative effects of dingo control on dingoes were not shown, and that the same positive relationships observed may simply represent wel ...	2015	25473006
genome-wide expression analysis of hereditary hyperplastic gingivitis in silver foxes (vulpes vulpes) using canine microarrays.	hereditary hyperplastic gingivitis (hhg) is an autosomal recessive condition found predominantly in farmed silver foxes, first documented in europe in the 1940s. hereditary gingival fibromatosis (hgf) is an analogous condition occurring in humans. hgf has a heterogeneous aetiology with emphasis placed on the autosomal dominant forms of inheritance for which there are three known loci: hgf1, hgf2, and hgf3. among these, only one causative mutation has been determined, in the son of sevenless homo ...	2014	25469536
terrestrial rabies control in the european union: historical achievements and challenges ahead.	due to the implementation of oral rabies vaccination (orv) programmes, the european union (eu) is becoming progressively free of red fox (vulpes vulpes)-mediated rabies. over the past three decades, the incidence of rabies had decreased substantially and vast areas of western and central europe have been freed from rabies using this method of controlling an infectious disease in wildlife. since rabies control is a top priority in the eu, the disease is expected to be eliminated from the animal s ...	2015	25466578
eucoleus boehmi infection in red fox (vulpes vulpes) from italy.	in the last decade an increase of the number of red foxes in anthropized habitats across european countries, including italy, has been observed. this pones implications in terms of disease transmission between wildlife and domestic animals; in fact, there are evidences of the role of foxes as reservoirs and amplifiers of a broad spectrum of parasites infecting pets. the present study evaluated the prevalence of eucoleus boehmi, an emerging extra-intestinal nematodes of the capillariinae subfamil ...	2014	25458564
revisiting the concept of behavior patterns in animal behavior with an example from food-caching sequences in wolves (canis lupus), coyotes (canis latrans), and red foxes (vulpes vulpes).	we discuss the history, conceptualization, and relevance of behavior patterns in modern ethology by explaining the evolution of the concepts of fixed action patterns and modal action patterns. we present the movement toward a more flexible concept of natural action sequences with significant degrees of (production and expressive) freedom. an example is presented with the food caching behavior of three canidae species: red fox (vulpes vulpes), coyote (canis latrans) and gray wolf (canis lupus). e ...	2015	25446624
trend analysis of trichinella in a red fox population from a low endemic area using a validated artificial digestion and sequential sieving technique.	freezing of fox carcasses to minimize professional hazard of infection with echinococcus multilocularis is recommended in endemic areas, but this could influence the detection of trichinella larvae in the same host species. a method based on artificial digestion of frozen fox muscle, combined with larva isolation by a sequential sieving method (ssm), was validated using naturally infected foxes from latvia. the validated ssm was used to detect dead trichinella muscle larvae (ml) in frozen muscle ...	2014	25431178
radiographic, ultrasonographic, and anatomic assessment of femoral trochlea morphology in red foxes (vulpes vulpes).	to compare repeatability and equivalency of measures of femoral trochlea depth and trochlear angle in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) determined by use of radiography, ultrasonography, and digital photography of cadaver limbs.	2014	25419805
novel divergent rhabdovirus in feces of red fox, spain.		2014	25419624
fox on the run--molecular surveillance of fox blood and tissue for the occurrence of tick-borne pathogens in austria.	the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is a widespread species, harbouring many pathogens relevant for humans and pets. indeed, anaplasma spp., ehrlichia canis and rickettsia spp. among the bacteria and hepatozoon canis as well as babesia sp. among the parasites have been the focus of several studies.	2014	25413694
first records of dirofilaria repens in wild canids from the region of central balkan.	dirofilaria repens causes an emerging zoonotic disease in europe, particularly in its southern part, the mediterranean region. many reports on human dirofilariosis have been published recently, but little is known about the wildlife hosts and reservoirs of this parasite in nature. this paper presents the first records of adult d. repens specimens from free-ranging carnivores in central balkan countries (serbia and macedonia). during the period 2009-2013, a total of 145 regularly shot canids were ...	2014	25410390
genetic characterisation of the rabies virus vaccine strains used for oral immunization of foxes in poland to estimate the effectiveness of vaccination.	the main reservoir of rabies virus in poland has been the red fox. to control rabies in wildlife, oral immunization of foxes was introduced in 1993. the vaccine is effective when it confers immunity against the virus circulating in the environment. to assess the above issue, a study of the molecular characteristics of 570-bp fragments of the n and g genes of vaccine strains sad b19 and sad bern against street virus strains was performed. the results confirmed the similarity of the vaccine strain ...	2015	25408374
the value of using feasibility models in systematic conservation planning to predict landholder management uptake.	understanding the social dimensions of conservation opportunity is crucial for conservation planning in multiple-use landscapes. however, factors that influence the feasibility of implementing conservation actions, such as the history of landscape management, and landholders' willingness to engage are often difficult or time consuming to quantify and rarely incorporated into planning. we examined how conservation agencies could reduce costs of acquiring such data by developing predictive models ...	2014	25382827
a ten-year molecular survey on parvoviruses infecting carnivores in bulgaria.	parvoviruses represent the most important infectious agents that are responsible for severe to fatal disease in carnivores. this study reports the results of a 10-year molecular survey conducted on carnivores in bulgaria (n = 344), including 262 dogs and 19 cats with gastroenteritis, and 57 hunted wild carnivores. real-time polymerase chain reaction (qpcr), followed by virus characterization by minor groove binder (mgb) probe assays, detected 216 parvovirus positive dogs with a predominance of c ...	2016	25382194
emergence of thelazia callipaeda infection in dogs and cats from east-central portugal.	the eyeworm thelazia callipaeda (spirurida, thelaziidae) infects domestic animals, wildlife and human beings, and is considered an emerging pathogen in europe. this study aimed at investigating the prevalence and risk factors of t. callipaeda infection in dogs and cats from east-central portugal, a region where the parasite was previously detected in two red foxes (vulpes vulpes). thelazia callipaeda was found in 22 (3.8%) of 586 dogs and in four (23.5%) of 17 cats. a total of 178 adult worms (7 ...	2016	25382165
sequence analysis of the ras-mapk pathway genes sos1, egfr & grb2 in silver foxes (vulpes vulpes): candidate genes for hereditary hyperplastic gingivitis.	hereditary hyperplastic gingivitis (hhg) is an autosomal recessive disease that presents with progressive gingival proliferation in farmed silver foxes. hereditary gingival fibromatosis (hgf) is an analogous condition in humans that is genetically heterogeneous with several known autosomal dominant loci. for one locus the causative mutation is in the son of sevenless homologue 1 (sos1) gene. for the remaining loci, the molecular mechanisms are unknown but ras pathway involvement is suspected. he ...	2014	25377643
prevalence and genotype identification of toxoplasma gondii in wild animals from southwestern spain.	we used pcr to detect toxoplasma gondii in the principal game species in southwestern spain. we detected t. gondii in 32.2% of animals tested. prevalences varied from 14.7% in wild boar (sus scrofa) to 51.2% in red fox (vulpes vulpes). the most prevalent genotype was type ii (50.0%), followed by type iii (20.6%) and type i (5.9%). mixed infections (11.8%) were detected in wild boar (types i+iii) and red fox (types ii+iii). polymorphic strains (11.8%) were detected in several species. the high pr ...	2015	25375939
heavy metal concentrations in the small intestine of red fox (vulpes vulpes) with and without echinococcus multilocularis infection.	heavy metal (cd, cr, cu, fe, mn, ni, pb and zn) levels in red fox small intestine samples with or without echinococcus multilocularis infection were studied. the red foxes were taken from the open countryside of northwest bohemia (cr). red foxes with e. multilocularis infection had lower levels of toxic metals (cd, pb); cadmium levels in infected foxes (0.0052 mg/kg) were twice as low as in uninfected foxes (0.0106 mg/kg). this was the same case for lead: 0.0288 mg/kg infected red foxes (inf.) a ...	2015	25335764
unilateral laparoscopic ovariectomy in a red fox (vulpes vulpes) with an ovarian cyst.	unilateral laparoscopic ovariectomy was attempted in a red fox (vulpes vulpes) with an ovarian cyst through single portal access. the ovarian cyst was resistant to conservative therapy using gonadotropin-releasing hormone. a 10-mm laparoscope with an operating channel was introduced into the abdomen via a 12-mm umbilical portal. the left ovary and cyst (34.1 x 30.8 mm) were fixed to the left abdominal wall by a transabdominal suspension suture. the ovarian pedicles and ligaments were progressive ...	2014	25314842
demonstrating frequency-dependent transmission of sarcoptic mange in red foxes.	understanding the relationship between disease transmission and host density is essential for predicting disease spread and control. using long-term data on sarcoptic mange in a red fox vulpes vulpes population, we tested long-held assumptions of density- and frequency-dependent direct disease transmission. we also assessed the role of indirect transmission. contrary to assumptions typical of epidemiological models, mange dynamics are better explained by frequency-dependent disease transmission ...	2014	25296930
does fire influence the landscape-scale distribution of an invasive mesopredator?	predation and fire shape the structure and function of ecosystems globally. however, studies exploring interactions between these two processes are rare, especially at large spatial scales. this knowledge gap is significant not only for ecological theory, but also in an applied context, because it limits the ability of landscape managers to predict the outcomes of manipulating fire and predators. we examined the influence of fire on the occurrence of an introduced and widespread mesopredator, th ...	2014	25291186
the first report of angiostrongylus vasorum (nematoda; metastrongyloidea) in poland, in red foxes (vulpes vulpes).	angiostrongylus vasorum belongs to the superfamily of metastrongyloidea. this nematode occurs in foxes, dogs and other predators. the nematode a. vasorum place themselves in the pulmonary artery and its branches, and in the right ventricle and atrium of the heart. numerous species of land snails are the intermediate hosts of the parasite. in 2013, lungs and hearts of 76 foxes shot in the forest district głęboki bród in augustowska primeval forest were parasitologically necropsied. four of the ex ...	2014	25236289
range-wide multilocus phylogeography of the red fox reveals ancient continental divergence, minimal genomic exchange and distinct demographic histories.	widely distributed taxa provide an opportunity to compare biogeographic responses to climatic fluctuations on multiple continents and to investigate speciation. we conducted the most geographically and genomically comprehensive study to date of the red fox (vulpes vulpes), the world's most widely distributed wild terrestrial carnivore. analyses of 697 bp of mitochondrial sequence in ~1000 individuals suggested an ancient middle eastern origin for all extant red foxes and a 400 kya (sd = 139 kya) ...	2014	25212210
defining specificity in dna detection of wildlife: response to gonçalves et al. "the risks of using "species-specific" pcr assays in wildlife research: the case of red fox (vulpes vulpes) identification in tasmania".		2014	25194684
coxiella burnetii in wildlife and ticks in an endemic area.	ticks are considered to be a natural reservoir of coxiella burnetii and are responsible for the spread of infection in wild animals and for the transmission to domestic animals. more than 40 tick species are naturally infected with c. burnetii. in cyprus, few studies have been carried out on the distribution and incidence of c. burnetii infection in wildlife and the threat that infected wild animals pose to humans and domestic animals remains uncertain.	2014	25163752
unexpected diversity of the cestode echinococcus multilocularis in wildlife in canada.	echinococcus multilocularis is a zoonotic cestode with a distribution encompassing the northern hemisphere that causes alveolar hydatid disease in people and other aberrant hosts. e. multilocularis is not genetically uniform across its distribution, which may have implications for zoonotic transmission and pathogenicity. recent findings of a european-type haplotype of e. multilocularis in wildlife in one location in western canada motivated a broader survey of the diversity of this parasite in w ...	2014	25161905
red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and wild dogs (dingoes (canis lupus dingo) and dingo/domestic dog hybrids), as sylvatic hosts for australian taenia hydatigena and taenia ovis.	foxes (n = 499), shot during vertebrate pest control programs, were collected in various sites in the australian capital territory (act), new south wales (nsw) and western australia (wa). wild dogs (dingoes (canis lupus dingo) and their hybrids with domestic dogs) (n = 52) captured also as part of vertebrate pest control programs were collected from several sites in the act and nsw. the intestine from each fox and wild dog was collected, and all taenia tapeworms identified morphologically were c ...	2014	25161904
twenty year experience of the oral rabies vaccine sag2 in wildlife: a global review.	the sag2 vaccine (rabigen® sag2) is a modified live attenuated rabies virus vaccine, selected from the sad bern strain in a two-step process of amino acid mutation using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. the strain is genetically stable and does not spread in vivo or induce a persistent infection. its absence of residual pathogenicity was extensively demonstrated in multiple target and non target species (such as wild carnivores and rodent species), including non-human primates. the efficacy o ...	2014	25106552
an investigation of red fox (vulpes vulpes) and eurasian badger (meles meles) scavenging, scattering, and removal of deer remains: forensic implications and applications.	within northwest europe, especially the united kingdom, the red fox (vulpes vulpes) and the eurasian badger (meles meles) are the largest wild scavengers capable of modifying a set of remains through scavenging. knowledge of region-specific and species-typical scavenging behaviors of scavengers within the crime scene area and surroundings can aid in more efficient and accurate interpretations. the scavenging behaviors of captive and wild foxes and badgers were recorded and compared through actua ...	2015	25065997
genetically distinct isolates of spirocerca sp. from a naturally infected red fox (vulpes vulpes) from denmark.	spirocerca lupi causes formation of nodules that may transform into sarcoma in the walls of aorta, esophagus and stomach of infected canids. in february 2013, post mortem examination of a red fox (vulpes vulpes) hunted in denmark revealed the presence of several nodules containing adult worms of spirocerca sp. in the stomach and the omentum. the nodules largely consisted of fibrous tissue with infiltration of mononuclear cells, neutrophilic granulocytes and macrophages with hemosiderin depositio ...	2014	25060226
molecular assessment of hepatozoon (apicomplexa: adeleorina) infections in wild canids and rodents from north africa, with implications for transmission dynamics across taxonomic groups.	parasites play a major role in ecosystems, and understanding of host-parasite interactions is important for predicting parasite transmission dynamics and epidemiology. however, there is still a lack of knowledge about the distribution, diversity, and impact of parasites in wildlife, especially from remote areas. hepatozoon is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that is transmitted by ingestion of infected arthropod vectors. however, alternative modes of transmission have been identified such as tr ...	2014	25050803
first report of thelazia callipaeda in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from portugal.	the first cases of infection with the eyeworm thelazia callipaeda (spirurida, thelaziidae) in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from portugal are described. worms were collected from 1 fox (7 worms) in the north and from 2 foxes (10 worms) in the central region of the country. partial molecular amplification of mitochondrial cythocrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene and sequencing revealed a 100% homology with t. callipaeda haplotype 1, which is the sequence type circulating in europe. data suggest that wildl ...	2014	25000721
diagnosis and treatment of neospora caninum--associated dermatitis in a red fox (vulpes vulpes) with concurrent toxoplasma gondii infection.	a 3-mo-old red fox (vulpes vulpes) developed generalized crusty plaques on its body during rehabilitation after an automobile accident requiring amputation of one leg. histologic examination of skin lesion biopsy revealed granulomatous dermatitits with many intralesional protozoal tachyzoites. the protozoa stained positively with antibodies to neospora caninum but not to toxoplasma gondii. treatment with clindamycin hydrochloride (10 mg/kg, twice daily, s.c.) for 1 mo completely resolved lesions ...	2014	25000720
first molecular evidence of hepatozoon canis infection in red foxes and golden jackals from hungary.	recently, hepatozoon canis infection has been detected among shepherd, hunting and stray dogs in the southern part of hungary, which is considered to be free of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and close to the border with croatia. the aim of this study was to acquire information on the possibility that red foxes and/or golden jackals could play a role in the appearance and spread of h. canis in hungary.	2014	24985073
"reversed" intraguild predation: red fox cubs killed by pine marten.	camera traps deployed at a badger meles meles set in mixed pine forest in north-eastern poland recorded interspecific killing of red fox vulpes vulpes cubs by pine marten martes martes. the vixen and her cubs settled in the set at the beginning of may 2013, and it was abandoned by the badgers shortly afterwards. five fox cubs were recorded playing in front of the den each night. ten days after the first recording of the foxes, a pine marten was filmed at the set; it arrived in the morning, made ...	2014	24954928
the influence of habitat structure on genetic differentiation in red fox populations in north-eastern poland.	the red fox (vulpes vulpes) has the widest global distribution among terrestrial carnivore species, occupying most of the northern hemisphere in its native range. because it carries diseases that can be transmitted to humans and domestic animals, it is important to gather information about their movements and dispersal in their natural habitat but it is difficult to do so at a broad scale with trapping and telemetry. in this study, we have described the genetic diversity and structure of red fox ...	2014	24954926
first findings and prevalence of adult heartworms (dirofilaria immitis) in wild carnivores from serbia.	heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) is a parasitic roundworm that causes a zoonotic disease known as dirofilariosis. little is known about the role of wild carnivores serving as reservoirs in nature. therefore, we examined 738 hearts and lungs of free ranging wild carnivores from serbia to determine the presence of adult heartworms. during the period 2009-2013, the prevalence in golden jackals (canis aureus) was 7.32%, in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) 1.55%, in wolves (canis lupus) 1.43%, and in wild ca ...	2014	24951168
intestinal helminths of golden jackals and red foxes from tunisia.	forty wild canids including 31 golden jackals (canis aureus linné, 1758) and 9 red foxes (vulpes vulpes linné, 1758) collected between 2008 and 2011 in the northeast, northwest and center of tunisia were necropsied and examined for intestinal helminth parasites. all jackals and foxes were found infected with a prevalence rate of 95% for cestodes, 82.5% for nematodes and 7.5% for acanthocephalans. a total of twelve helminth species were recorded in red foxes: cestodes, dipylidium caninum (55.6%), ...	2014	24938826
a continental scale trophic cascade from wolves through coyotes to foxes.	top-down processes, via the direct and indirect effects of interspecific competitive killing (no consumption of the kill) or intraguild predation (consumption of the kill), can potentially influence the spatial distribution of terrestrial predators, but few studies have demonstrated the phenomenon at a continental scale. for example, in north america, grey wolves canis lupus are known to kill coyotes canis latrans, and coyotes, in turn, may kill foxes vulpes spp., but the spatial effects of thes ...	2015	24930631
choice of side of resting position in vulpes vulpes (l.).	in fifteen foxes held under laboratory conditions all behaviour data recorded were tested according to the foxes' resting positions and especially as to the direction in which the body lay curled up (to the right or the left). 29 055 single items of data could be extracted and processed statistically. all individuals taken together show a significant preference for the right direction in the resting position. if the data are separated according to sex the statistical significance is restricted t ...	1979	24924979
effects of whole-year nest boxes on cortisol, circulating leucocytes, exploration and agonistic behaviour in silver foxes.	an experiment was carried out for a period of 2 years, using 50 silver fox vixens kept in cages with nest boxes, and 50 vixens kept in barren wire cages without any sort of equipment. at the end of the experiment, the animals living with access to nest boxes had lower base levels of cortisol and eosinophils, and higher base levels of lymphocytes. they also were less fearful towards humans and more active/ explorative in an open field test. it was concluded that these animals were less stressed t ...	1991	24923976
early experience with the farm environment and effects on later behaviour in silver vulpes vulpes and blue foxes alopex lagopus.	seventy-one silver fox and 141 blue fox cubs were exposed to constant visual contact with the farm environment from the age of 2 to 8 weeks. the exposure consisted in opening a door in the nest box facing the feed gang-way. control cubs (33 silver and 77 blue foxes) were reared in similar but closed nest boxes. all cubs were tested at the age of 12-16 weeks and again at the age of 23-28 weeks; during these tests the behavioural responses of the foxes towards a human being were recorded. both tes ...	1991	24923975
changes in the distribution of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in urban areas in great britain: findings and limitations of a media-driven nationwide survey.	urbanization is one of the major forms of habitat alteration occurring at the present time. although this is typically deleterious to biodiversity, some species flourish within these human-modified landscapes, potentially leading to negative and/or positive interactions between people and wildlife. hence, up-to-date assessment of urban wildlife populations is important for developing appropriate management strategies. surveying urban wildlife is limited by land partition and private ownership, r ...	2014	24919063
a comparison of facial color pattern and gazing behavior in canid species suggests gaze communication in gray wolves (canis lupus).	as facial color pattern around the eyes has been suggested to serve various adaptive functions related to the gaze signal, we compared the patterns among 25 canid species, focusing on the gaze signal, to estimate the function of facial color pattern in these species. the facial color patterns of the studied species could be categorized into the following three types based on contrast indices relating to the gaze signal: a-type (both pupil position in the eye outline and eye position in the face ...	2014	24918751
how does a carnivore guild utilise a substantial but unpredictable anthropogenic food source? scavenging on hunter-shot ungulate carcasses by wild dogs/dingoes, red foxes and feral cats in south-eastern australia revealed by camera traps.	there is much interest in understanding how anthropogenic food resources subsidise carnivore populations. carcasses of hunter-shot ungulates are a potentially substantial food source for mammalian carnivores. the sambar deer (rusa unicolor) is a large (≥ 150 kg) exotic ungulate that can be hunted throughout the year in south-eastern australia, and hunters are not required to remove or bury carcasses. we investigated how wild dogs/dingoes and their hybrids (canis lupus familiaris/dingo), red foxe ...	2014	24918425
bottom-up and top-down processes interact to modify intraguild interactions in resource-pulse environments.	top predators are declining globally, in turn allowing populations of smaller predators, or mesopredators, to increase and potentially have negative effects on biodiversity. however, detection of interactions among sympatric predators can be complicated by fluctuations in the background availability of resources in the environment, which may modify both the numbers of predators and the strengths of their interactions. here, we first present a conceptual framework that predicts how top-down and b ...	2014	24908053
disseminated mycobacterium bovis infection in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) with cerebral involvement found in portugal.	a total of 49 road-killed red foxes were used for the detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtc) in portugal. mtc infection was detected by pcr in 10 red foxes (20.4%; 95% confidence interval [ci] 8.8-31.2%) and confirmed in three (6.1%; 95% ci 0.0-7.9%) of them by microbiological culture. the complex was detected in 20 tissues out of 441 by pcr techniques (4.5%; 95% ci 16.3-23.7%) and in seven tissues out of 441 (1.6%; 95% ci 4.6-9.4%) by culture. mtc was most frequently detected in ...	2014	24901256
habitat richness affects home range size in the red fox vulpes vulpes.	the spatial behaviour of the red fox vulpes vulpes shows a great flexibility (voigt and macdonald, 1984). home range size varies from 10 to over 5000 ha (macdonald, 1987; voigt, 1987). in carnivores, variations in home range size, weighed for body mass (gittleman and harvey, 1982), are largely related to differences in habitat productivity, but the intraspecific local variation in home range size can be only partially explained by differences in productivity. macdonald (1981, 1983) suggested tha ...	1996	24896422
strain differences in mouse response to odours of predators.	sexually mature male mice of three different strains (cd-1 outbred, cba, and c57bi/6j inbred) were exposed in an arena to a small black cylinder (35 mm film container), filled with faeces of either a mouse predator (red fox, vulpes vulpes) or a non-predator (rabbit, oryctolagus cuniculus) during a 3 min test. control animals were given an empty container. locomotor activity and behavioural responses in the arena were scored. hot-plate response (50 ± 0.5°c) was measured 15 min before and immediat ...	1994	24895975
viral metagenomic analysis of feces of wild small carnivores.	recent studies have clearly demonstrated the enormous virus diversity that exists among wild animals. this exemplifies the required expansion of our knowledge of the virus diversity present in wildlife, as well as the potential transmission of these viruses to domestic animals or humans.	2014	24886057
laboratory assessment of sensitive molecular tools for detection of low levels of echinococcus multilocularis-eggs in fox (vulpes vulpes) faeces.	in endemic areas with very low infection prevalence, the frequency and intensity of echinococcus multilocularis can be extremely low. this necessitates efficient, specific and sensitive molecular tools. we wanted to compare the existing molecular tools, used in the norwegian national surveillance programme, and compare these with new techniques for detection of this zoonotic pathogen in fox faeces. here we present the results of screening samples containing a known level of e. multilocularis egg ...	2014	24885321
fluoride in the bones of foxes (vulpes vulpes linneaus, 1758) and raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides gray, 1834) from north-western poland.	assessment of exposure to fluoride (f(-)) is increasingly focused on mineralized tissues, mainly bones. their periodic growth and continuous reconstruction make them a good material for studying long-term f(-) accumulation. in this study, f(-)concentrations were determined in the bones of foxes and raccoon dogs from north-western poland and relationships between bone f(-) and the age categories of the animals were attempted to be identified. bone samples were collected from femurs of 32 foxes (1 ...	2014	24869802