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ribosome assembly in trypanosomatids: a novel therapeutic target.in liu et al., the authors present a 2.5-å structure of the trypanosoma cruzi 60s ribosomal subunit and propose a model for the stepwise assembly of the large-subunit ribosomal rna (rrna). based on this study, we discuss how the unique features of trypanosomatid ribosome assembly offer potential drug targets.201727988096
diet regulates liver autophagy differentially in murine acute trypanosoma cruzi infection.chagas disease is a tropical parasitic disease caused by the protozoan trypanosoma cruzi, which affects about ten million people in its endemic regions of latin america. after the initial acute stage of infection, 60-80% of infected individuals remain asymptomatic for several years to a lifetime; however, the rest develop the debilitating symptomatic stage, which affects the nervous system, digestive system, and heart. the challenges of chagas disease have become global due to immigration. despi ...201727987056
the evolutionary origin of diversity in chagas disease vectors.chagas disease is amongst the ten most important neglected tropical diseases but knowledge on the diversification of its vectors, triatominae (hemiptera: reduviidae), is very scarce. most triatominae species occur in the americas, and are all considered potential vectors. despite its amazing ecological vignette, there are remarkably few evolutionary studies of the whole subfamily, and only one genome sequence has been published. the young age of the subfamily, coupled with the high number of ind ...201727986547
involvement of an rna binding protein containing alba domain in the stage-specific regulation of beta-amastin expression in trypanosoma cruzi.amastins are surface glycoproteins, first identified in amastigotes of t. cruzi but later found to be expressed in several leishmania species, as well as in t. cruzi epimastigotes. amastins are encoded by a diverse gene family that can be grouped into four subfamilies named α, β, γ, and δ amastins. differential expression of amastin genes results from regulatory mechanisms involving changes in mrna stability and/or translational control. although distinct regulatory elements were identified in t ...201727986451
replication protein a presents canonical functions and is also involved in the differentiation capacity of trypanosoma cruzi.replication protein a (rpa), the major single stranded dna binding protein in eukaryotes, is composed of three subunits and is a fundamental player in dna metabolism, participating in replication, transcription, repair, and the dna damage response. in human pathogenic trypanosomatids, only limited studies have been performed on rpa-1 from leishmania. here, we performed in silico, in vitro and in vivo analysis of trypanosoma cruzi rpa-1 and rpa-2 subunits. although computational analysis suggests ...201627984589
host epac1 is required for camp-mediated invasion by trypanosoma cruzi.mechanistic details of the modulation by camp of trypanosoma cruzi host cell invasion remain ill-defined. here we report that activation of host's epac1 stimulated invasion, whereas specific pharmacological inhibition or maneuvers that alter epac1 subcellular localization significantly reduced invasion. furthermore, while specific activation of host cell pka showed no effect, its inhibition resulted in an increased invasion, revealing a crosstalk between the pka and epac signaling pathways durin ...201727984073
the process of lipid storage in insect oocytes: the involvement of β-chain of atp synthase in lipophorin-mediated lipid transfer in the chagas' disease vector panstrongylus megistus (hemiptera: reduviidae).lipophorin is the main lipoprotein in the hemolymph of insects. during vitellogenesis, lipophorin delivers its hydrophobic cargo to developing oocytes by its binding to non-endocytic receptors at the plasma membrane of the cells. in some species however, lipophorin may also be internalized to some extent, thus maximizing the storage of lipid resources in growing oocytes. the ectopic β chain of atp synthase (β-atpase) was recently described as a putative non-endocytic lipophorin receptor in the a ...201727983943
2 nd brazilian consensus on chagas disease, 2015.chagas disease is a neglected chronic condition with a high burden of morbidity and mortality. it has considerable psychological, social, and economic impacts. the disease represents a significant public health issue in brazil, with different regional patterns. this document presents the evidence that resulted in the brazilian consensus on chagas disease. the objective was to review and standardize strategies for diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of chagas disease in the country, bas ...201627982292
towards control of chagas disease: the contribution of the new brazilian consensus. 201627982291
cardiac magnetic resonance-verified myocardial fibrosis in chagas disease: clinical correlates and risk stratification.chagas disease (cd) is an important cause of heart failure and mortality, mainly in latin america. this study evaluated the morphological and functional characteristics of the heart as well the extent of myocardial fibrosis (mf) in patients with cd by cardiac magnetic resonance (cmr). the prognostic value of mf evaluated by myocardial-delayed enhancement (mde) was compared with that via rassi score.201627982271
declining prevalence of disease vectors under climate change.more than half of the world population is at risk of vector-borne diseases including dengue fever, chikungunya, zika, yellow fever, leishmaniasis, chagas disease, and malaria, with highest incidences in tropical regions. in ecuador, vector-borne diseases are present from coastal and amazonian regions to the andes mountains; however, a detailed characterization of the distribution of their vectors has never been carried out. we estimate the distribution of 14 vectors of the above vector-borne dis ...201627982119
rapid chagas disease drug target discovery using directed evolution in drug-sensitive yeast.recent advances in cell-based, high-throughput phenotypic screening have identified new chemical compounds that are active against eukaryotic pathogens. a challenge to their future development lies in identifying these compounds' molecular targets and binding modes. in particular, subsequent structure-based chemical optimization and target-based screening require a detailed understanding of the binding event. here, we use directed evolution and whole-genome sequencing of a drug-sensitive s. cere ...201727977118
characterization and diagnostic application of trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigote excreted-secreted antigens shed in extracellular vesicles released from infected mammalian cells.chagas disease, caused by trypanosoma cruzi, although endemic in many parts of central and south america, is emerging as a global health threat through the potential contamination of blood supplies. consequently, in the absence of a gold standard assay for the diagnosis of chagas disease, additional antigens or strategies are needed. a proteomic analysis of the trypomastigote excreted-secreted antigens (tesa) associated with exosomal vesicles shed by t. cruzi identified ∼80 parasite proteins, wi ...201727974541
constituents from stem barks of luehea ochrophylla mart and evaluation of their antiparasitic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities.luehea species are found in almost all central and south american countries. the present work describes the phytochemical study, isolation, and structural characterisation of friedelin, β-friedelinol, lupeol, pseudotaraxasterol, β-sitosterol, betulinic acid, taraxasterol, (-)-epicatechin, β-sitosterol-3-o-β-d-glucopyranoside, and (+)-epicatechin-(4β→8)-epicatechin from stem barks of luehea ochrophylla mart. the structural identification of the isolated compounds was mainly performed by nmr analy ...201627966397
expression and production of cardiac angiogenic mediators depend on the trypanosoma cruzi-genetic population in experimental c57bl/6 mice infection.mammalian cardiac cells are important targets to the protozoan trypanosoma cruzi. the inflammatory reaction in the host aims at eliminating this parasite, can lead to cell destruction, fibrosis and hypoxia. local hypoxia is well-defined stimulus to the production of angiogenesis mediators. assuming that different genetic t. cruzi populations induce distinct inflammation and disease patterns, the current study aims to investigate whether the production of inflammatory and angiogenic mediators is ...201727956355
deficiency of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 1 decreases triacylglycerol storage and induces fatty acid oxidation in insect fat body.glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (gpat) catalyze the initial and rate-limiting step for the de novo synthesis of triacylglycerol (tag). four mammalian gpat isoforms have been identified: the mitochondria-associated gpat1 and 2, and the endoplasmic reticulum (er)-associated gpat3 and 4. in the insect rhodnius prolixus, a vector of chagas' disease, we previously predicted a mitochondrial-like isoform (rhoprgpat1) from genomic data. in the current study, we clone the rhoprgpat1 coding sequence ...201727956137
parasite infection, carcinogenesis and human malignancy.cancer may be induced by many environmental and physiological conditions. infections with viruses, bacteria and parasites have been recognized for years to be associated with human carcinogenicity. here we review current concepts of carcinogenicity and its associations with parasitic infections. the helminth diseases schistosomiasis, opisthorchiasis, and clonorchiasis are highly carcinogenic while the protozoan trypanosoma cruzi, the causing agent of chagas disease, has a dual role in the develo ...201727956028
esophageal contractions after wet and dry swallows in patients with esophagitis, chagas' disease and idiopathic achalasia.in normal subjects the distal esophageal response to dry swallows differs from that of wet swallows. our aim in this investigation was to compare the esophageal contractions of the proximal and distal esophageal body to wet and dry swallows.201027942296
identification of trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units (dtus) in latin-american migrants in barcelona (spain).trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of chagas disease, is divided into six discrete typing units (dtus): tci-tcvi. we aimed to identify t. cruzi dtus in latin-american migrants in the barcelona area (spain) and to assess different molecular typing approaches for the characterization of t. cruzi genotypes. seventy-five peripheral blood samples were analyzed by two real-time pcr methods (qpcr) based on satellite dna (satdna) and kinetoplastid dna (kdna). the 20 samples testing positive in both ...201727940065
trypanosoma cruzi induces cellular proliferation in the trophoblastic cell line bewo.congenital transmission of trypanosoma cruzi (t. cruzi) is partially responsible for the progressive globalization of chagas disease. during congenital transmission the parasite must cross the placental barrier where the trophoblast, a continuous renewing epithelium, is the first tissue in contact with the parasite. the trophoblast turnover implies cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptotic cell death. the epithelial turnover is considered part of innate immunity. we previously demons ...201727939813
leishmania infantum mimotopes and a phage-elisa assay as tools for a sensitive and specific serodiagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis.serological methods used to diagnose visceral leishmaniasis (vl) are considered minimally invasive, but they present problems related with their sensitivity and/or specificity. in this study, a subtractive selection using the phage display technology against antibodies from healthy subjects living in endemic and non-endemic areas of disease, as well as from chagas disease patients and those developing active vl, was developed. the aim of this study was to select bacteriophage-fused epitopes to b ...201727939286
δ9 desaturase from trypanosoma cruzi: key enzyme in the parasite metabolism. cloning and overexpression.desaturases, key enzymes in the metabolism of fatty acids, regulate the physical and biochemical properties of membranes. they adjust the composition of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in response to changes in the environmental. we demonstrated the existence of δ9 desaturase activity in epimastigotes of the trypanosoma cruzi tulahuen strain. in the present study, showed that this enzyme has an approximate molecular mass of 50kda and a pi value of approximately 9. in order to characterize ...201727938860
triatomine bugs, their microbiota and trypanosoma cruzi: asymmetric responses of bacteria to an infected blood meal.triatomine bugs (hemiptera: reduviidae) are vectors of the flagellate trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of chagas disease. the study of triatomine gut microbiota has gained relevance in the last years due to its possible role in vector competence and prospective use in control strategies. the objective of this study is to examine changes in the gut microbiota composition of triatomines in response to a t. cruzi-infected blood meal and identifying key factors determining those changes.201627938415
effect of the saliva from different triatomine species on the biology and immunity of tlr-4 ligand and trypanosoma cruzi-stimulated dendritic cells.triatomines are blood-sucking vectors of trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of chagas disease. during feeding, triatomines surpass the skin host response through biomolecules present in their saliva. dendritic cells (dcs) play a crucial role in the induction of the protection to aggressive agents, including blood-sucking arthropods. here, we evaluated if salivary components of triatomines from different genera evade the host immunity by modulating the biology and the function of lps- or t. c ...201627938380
a flap endonuclease (tcfen1) is involved in trypanosoma cruzi cell proliferation, dna repair, and parasite survival.flap endonucleases (fen) are involved both in dna replication and repair by processing dna intermediaries presenting a nucleotide flap using its phosphodiesterase activity. in spite of these important functions in dna metabolism, this enzyme was not yet studied in trypanosomatids. trypanosoma cruzi, the ethiological agent of chagas disease, presents two dividing cellular forms (epimastigote and amastigote) and one non-proliferative, infective form (trypomastigote). the parasite survives dna dama ...201627935092
imported disease screening prior to chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation for oncohematological malignancies.reactivation of latent imported infections has been periodically reported in migrant patients undergoing immunosuppression. we performed a prospective study at vall d'hebron university hospital (barcelona, spain). migrant patients over 16 years with the diagnosis of any oncohematologic disease were included. patients were tested for soil-transmitted helminths, hepatitis virus, and human immunodeficiency virus, treponema pallidum, human t-cell lymphotropic virus, latent tuberculosis infection, to ...201627928093
use of recombinant antigens for sensitive serodiagnosis of american tegumentary leishmaniasis caused by different leishmania species.american tegumentary leishmaniasis (atl) (also known as cutaneous leishmaniasis [cl]) is caused by various species of protozoa of the genus leishmania the diagnosis is achieved on a clinical, epidemiological, and pathological basis, supported by positive parasitological exams and demonstration of leishmanin delayed-type hypersensitivity. serological assays are not routinely used in the diagnosis because many are considered to have low sensitivity and the particular leishmania species causing the ...201727927927
serosurvey for leishmania spp., toxoplasma gondii, trypanosoma cruzi and neospora caninum in neighborhood dogs in curitiba-paraná, brazil.neighborhood dogs may act as reservoirs for several zoonotic protozoan infections, particularly in urban areas, thus constituting a potential public health threat. accordingly, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the exposure of neighborhood dogs to four protozoan pathogens in public areas with high levels of human movement in curitiba, southern brazil. blood samples from 26 neighborhood dogs were screened by means of the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (ifat) for leishmania sp ...201627925057
new carbohydrazide derivatives of 1h-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine and trypanocidal activity.this paper reports the in vitro trypanocidal activity evaluation of new carbohydrazide derivatives from 3-methyl-1-phenyl-1h-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine, substituted at c-6 position by phenyl, methyl or trifluoromethyl group. these compounds were evaluated in order to identify the antiparasitic profile against trypomastigote and amastigote forms of trypanosoma cruzi. the 4-carbohydrazide derivatives presented different profiles of activity. in the investigation of the chemical structure influence in ...201627925033
geographical, landscape and host associations of trypanosoma cruzi dtus and lineages.the evolutionary history and ecological associations of trypanosoma cruzi, the need to identify genetic markers that can distinguish parasite subpopulations, and understanding the parasite's evolutionary and selective processes have been the subject of a significant number of publications since 1998, the year when the first dna sequence analysis for the species was published.201627923409
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in dengue, malaria, and acute chagas disease.extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ecmo) is widely used in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) and myocarditis. severe vector-mediated diseases may be complicated by ards or myocarditis, which are both associated with a high mortality rate. we present six cases of severe dengue, malaria, and acute chagas disease that were treated with ecmo from september 2007 to september 2015. patients included two pediatric and four adults (ages 12 to 48). survival to decannulation was 83% and to disc ...201627922884
mechanisms of infectivity and evasion derived from microvesicles cargo produced by trypanosoma cruzi.cell invasion by the intracellular protozoans requires interaction of proteins from both the host and the parasite. many parasites establish chronic infections, showing they have the potential to escape the immune system; for example, trypanosoma cruzi is an intracellular parasite that causes chagas disease. parasite internalization into host cell requires secreted and surface molecules, such as microvesicles. the release of microvesicles and other vesicles, such as exosomes, by different eukary ...201627921011
differential expression on mitochondrial tryparedoxin peroxidase (mtctxnpx) in trypanosoma cruzi after ferrocenyl diamine hydrochlorides treatments.resistance to benznidazole in certain strains of trypanosoma cruzi may be caused by the increased production of enzymes that act on the oxidative metabolism, such as mitochondrial tryparedoxin peroxidase which catalyses the reduction of peroxides. this work presents cytotoxicity assays performed with ferrocenyl diamine hydrochlorides in six different strains of t. cruzi epimastigote forms (y, bolivia, si1, si8, qmii, and sigr3). the last four strains have been recently isolated from triatominae ...201727918890
quantitative laser biospeckle method for the evaluation of the activity of trypanosoma cruzi using vdrl plates and digital analysis.in this paper we report a quantitative laser biospeckle method using vdrl plates to monitor the activity of trypanosoma cruzi and the calibration conditions including three image processing algorithms and three programs (imagej and two programs designed in this work). benznidazole was used as a test drug. variable volume (constant density) and variable density (constant volume) were used for the quantitative evaluation of parasite activity in calibrated wells of the vdrl plate. the desiccation p ...201627918574
different treatment schemes and dynamizations of trypanosoma cruzi biotherapies: what information do they transfer to the organism in infected mice?the use of biotherapies in trypanosoma cruzi infection can provide an understanding about effects of these highly diluted medications.201627914572
prevalence of trypanosoma cruzi/hiv coinfection in southern brazil.chagas disease reactivation has been a defining condition for acquired immune deficiency syndrome in brazil for individuals coinfected with trypanosoma cruzi and hiv since 2004. although the first coinfection case was reported in the 1980s, its prevalence has not been firmly established. in order to know coinfection prevalence, a cross-sectional study of 200 hiv patients was performed between january and july 2013 in the city of pelotas, in southern rio grande do sul, an endemic area for chagas ...201727914221
sylvatic transmission of trypanosoma cruzi among domestic and wildlife reservoirs in texas, usa: a review of the historical literature.chagas disease (trypanosoma cruzi infection) is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases affecting the americas. the transmission dynamic of this parasite is a complicated process that involves three genera of triatominae subfamily and over 100 known mammalian reservoirs composed of domestic, peridomestic and wildlife species. understanding the complex relationship between vector species and mammalian hosts is important for preventing transmission to humans. we performed a historica ...201627911051
synthesis, antioxidant and antichagasic properties of a selected series of hydroxy-3-arylcoumarins.oxidative stress is involved in several parasitic diseases such as chagas. agents able to selectively modulate biochemical processes involved in the disease represent promising multifunctional agents for the delay or abolishment of the progression of this pathology. in the current work, differently substituted hydroxy-3-arylcoumarins are described, exerting both antioxidant and trypanocidal activity. among the compounds synthesized, compound 8 showed the most interesting profile, presenting a mo ...201727908757
tci, tcii and tcvi trypanosoma cruzi samples from chagas disease patients with distinct clinical forms and critical analysis of in vitro and in vivo behavior, response to treatment and infection evolution in murine model.the clonal evolution of trypanosoma cruzi sustains scientifically the hypothesis of association between parasite's genetic, biological behavior and possibly the clinical aspects of chagas disease in patients from whom they were isolated. this study intended to characterize a range of biological properties of tci, tcii and tcvi t. cruzi samples in order to verify the existence of these associations. several biological features were evaluated, including in vitro epimastigote-growth, "vero"cells in ...201727908747
development of a pcr assay to detect low level trypanosoma cruzi in blood specimens collected with paxgene blood dna tubes for clinical trials treating chagas disease.chagas disease is caused by the parasitic infection of trypanosoma cruzi (t. cruzi). the stop chagas clinical trial was initiated in 2011 to evaluate posaconazole in treating chagas disease, with treatment success defined as negative qualitative pcr results of detecting the parasites in blood specimens collected post-treatment. paxgene blood dna tubes were utilized as a simple procedure to collect and process blood specimens. however, the paxgene blood specimens challenged published t. cruzi pcr ...201627906977
mining snps in extracellular vesicular transcriptome of trypanosoma cruzi: a step closer to early diagnosis of neglected chagas disease.one of the newest and strongest members of intercellular communicators, the extracellular vesicles (evs) and their enclosed rnas; extracellular rnas (exrnas) have been acknowledged as putative biomarkers and therapeutic targets for various diseases. although a very deep insight has not been possible into the physiology of these vesicles, they are believed to be involved in cell-to-cell communication and host-pathogen interactions. evs might be significantly helpful in discovering biomarkers for ...201627904804
untangling the transmission dynamics of primary and secondary vectors of trypanosoma cruzi in colombia: parasite infection, feeding sources and discrete typing units.trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of chagas disease. due to its genetic diversity has been classified into six discrete typing units (dtus) in association with transmission cycles. in colombia, natural t. cruzi infection has been detected in 15 triatomine species. there is scarce information regarding the infection rates, dtus and feeding preferences of secondary vectors. therefore, the aim of this study was to determine t. cruzi infection rates, parasite dtu, ecotopes, insect stages, geo ...201627903288
gene expression profiling and functional characterization of macrophages in response to circulatory microparticles produced during trypanosoma cruzi infection and chagas disease.chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are hallmarks of chagasic cardiomyopathy (ccm). in this study, we determined if microparticles (mps) generated during trypanosoma cruzi (tc) infection carry the host's signature of the inflammatory/oxidative state and provide information regarding the progression of clinical disease.201727902980
benznidazole, the trypanocidal drug used for chagas disease, induces hepatic nrf2 activation and attenuates the inflammatory response in a murine model of sepsis.molecular mechanisms on sepsis progression are linked to the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ros) production and cellular antioxidant capacity. previous studies demonstrated that benznidazole (bzl), known for its antiparasitic action on trypanosoma cruzi, has immunomodulatory effects, increasing survival in c57bl/6 mice in a model of polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (clp). the mechanism by which bzl inhibits inflammatory response in sepsis is poorly understo ...201727899278
diterpenes as lead molecules against neglected tropical diseases.nowadays, neglected tropical diseases (ntds) are reported to be present everywhere. poor and developing areas in the world have received great attention to ntds. drug resistance, safety profile, and various challenges stimulate the search for alternative medications. plant-based drugs are viewed with great interest, as they are believed to be devoid of side effects. diterpenes, a family of essential oils, have showed attractive biological effects. a systematic review of the literature was carrie ...201727896890
triatoma infestans calreticulin: gene cloning and expression of a main domain that interacts with the host complement system.triatoma infestans is an important hematophagous vector of chagas disease, a neglected chronic illness affecting approximately 6 million people in latin america. hematophagous insects possess several molecules in their saliva that counteract host defensive responses. calreticulin (crt), a multifunctional protein secreted in saliva, contributes to the feeding process in some insects. human crt (hucrt) and trypanosoma cruzi crt (tccrt) inhibit the classical pathway of complement activation, mainly ...201727895277
the open form inducer approach for structure-based drug design.many open form (of) structures of drug targets were obtained a posteriori by analysis of co-crystals with inhibitors. therefore, obtaining the of structure of a drug target a priori will accelerate development of potent inhibitors. in addition to its small active site, trypanosoma cruzi dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (tcdhodh) is fully functional in its monomeric form, making drug design approaches targeting the active site and protein-protein interactions unrealistic. therefore, a novel a priori ...201627893848
the ly49e receptor inhibits the immune control of acute trypanosoma cruzi infection.the protozoan parasite trypanosoma cruzi circulates in the blood upon infection and invades various cells. parasites intensively multiply during the acute phase of infection and persist lifelong at low levels in tissues and blood during the chronic phase. natural killer (nk) and nkt cells play an important role in the immune control of t. cruzi infection, mainly by releasing the cytokine ifn-γ that activates the microbicidal action of macrophages and other cells and shapes a protective type 1 im ...201627891126
chagas disease in mexico: report of 14 cases of chagasic cardiomyopathy in children.chagas disease is a parasitic infection mainly found in latin america; it is transmitted by a triatomine, also known as assassin bug or kissing bug. in humans, the parasite causes mostly cardiac disorders. two-thirds of the mexican territory are regarded as risk areas for vector transmission of trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent. the parasite can be found as a blood-borne trypomastigote or as an intracellular amastigote. the progression and severity of lesions could be due to frequent reinfecti ...201627890871
chagas' heart disease: gender differences in myocardial damage assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance.since a male-related higher cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with chagas' heart disease has been reported, we aimed to investigate gender differences in myocardial damage assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (cmr).201627890014
genetic relationships and spatial genetic structure among populations of rhodnius prolixus (hemiptera: reduviidae) in colombia and venezuela based on mitochondrial cytochrome-b sequences.one hundred twenty rhodnius prolixus (stal) (hemiptera: reduviidae) specimens from 6 colombian departments and 1 venezuelan state had 594-bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene sequenced to improve the understanding of evolutionary processes that shape the main vector of chagas disease. the levels of genetic diversity for this species were low-medium with reference to other bugs. the genetic heterogeneity among the populations was very limited which means there has been extensive gene flow an ...201727889871
antiprotozoal and antioxidant alkaloids from alternanthera littoralis.five alkaloids, in addition to hydroxytyrosol and uridine, were isolated from aerial parts of alternanthera littoralis p. beauv. among the isolated compounds, alternamide a was an unusual tricyclic alkaloid with a bridged benzoazepine core. all isolated alkaloids have a catechol moiety, indicating a possible common biosynthetic route. their structures were established by 1d and 2d nmr spectroscopy in combination with extensive tandem ms experiments by collisional induced dissociation (cid). the ...201727889243
chagas cardiomyopathy: clinical presentation and management in the americas.the initial infection of chagas disease is typically asymptomatic, but approximately 30% of people will progress to a chronic cardiac form, and others develop the gastrointestinal form. death is often sudden due to arrhythmias or progressive heart failure. prevention through vector control programs and blood bank screening, along with strengthened surveillance systems and rapid information sharing, are key to decreasing disease burden globally. the epidemiology, diagnostic evaluation, diagnosis, ...201727886788
activity of fluorine-containing analogues of wc-9 and structurally related analogues against two intracellular parasites: trypanosoma cruzi and toxoplasma gondii.two obligate intracellular parasites, trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of chagas disease, and toxoplasma gondii, an agent of toxoplasmosis, upregulate the mevalonate pathway of their host cells upon infection, which suggests that this host pathway could be a potential drug target. in this work, a number of compounds structurally related to wc-9 (4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate), a known squalene synthase inhibitor, were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their effect on t. cruzi and t. gondi ...201627886451
[activity of artemisia annua infusions on epimastigotes of trypanosoma cruzi]. 201627884407
lethal and sublethal effects of essential oil of lippia sidoides (verbenaceae) and monoterpenes on chagas' disease vector rhodnius prolixus.the aim of this study was to identify the composition of the essential oil from leaves of lippia sidoides (eols), a typical shrub commonly found in the dry northeast of brazil, popularly known as "alecrim-pimenta". additionally, we investigated the nymphicidal, ovicidal, phagoinhibitory and excretion effects of eols, its major constituent thymol and its isomer carvacrol, on fourth instar nymphs and eggs of rhodnius prolixus, the chagas' disease vector. the nymphicidal and ovicidal activity of th ...201727878214
outcome of oral infection in mice inoculated with trypanosoma cruzi iv of the western brazilian amazon.a new epidemiological view of american trypanosomiasis or chagas disease has been formulated in recent decades. oral transmission of the etiological agent of chagas disease, trypanosoma cruzi, has been the most common form of transmission. the t. cruzi discrete typing units tci and tciv have been involved in tens outbreaks of acute cases of chagas disease in the brazilian amazon region. we investigated the intensity of infection in mice that were orally inoculated (or group) with four strains of ...201727876646
high hiv-trypanosoma cruzi coinfection levels in vulnerable populations in buenos aires, argentina. 201727875909
insight into the exoproteome of the tissue-derived trypomastigote form of trypanosoma cruzi.the protozoan parasite trypanosoma cruzi causes chagas disease, one of the major neglected infectious diseases. it has the potential to infect any nucleated mammalian cell. the secreted/excreted protein repertoire released by t. cruzi trypomastigotes is crucial in host-pathogen interactions. in this study, mammalian tissue culture-derived trypomastigotes (y strain) were used to characterize the exoproteome of the infective bloodstream life form. proteins released into the serum-free culture medi ...201627872839
changes in the paradigm of clinical and therapeutic management of chagas' disease: progress and perspectives in the pursuit of comprehensive health. 201627869915
[brazilian consensus on chagas disease, 2015].chagas disease is a neglected chronic condition that presents high morbidity and mortality burden, with considerable psychological, social, and economic impact. the disease represents a significant public health issue in brazil, with different regional patterns. this document presents the evidence that resulted in the brazilian consensus on chagas disease. the objective was to review and standardize strategies for diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of chagas disease in the country, ba ...201627869914
rhodnius prolixus: from physiology by wigglesworth to recent studies of immune system modulation by trypanosoma cruzi and trypanosoma rangeli.this review is dedicated to the memory of professor sir vincent b. wigglesworth (vw) in recognition of his many pioneering contributions to insect physiology which, even today, form the basis of modern-day research in this field. insects not only make vital contributions to our everyday lives by their roles in pollination, balancing eco-systems and provision of honey and silk products, but they are also outstanding models for studying the pathogenicity of microorganisms and the functioning of in ...201727866813
modeling the effects of palm-house proximity on the theoretical risk of chagas disease transmission in a rural locality of the orinoco basin, colombia.chagas disease is a major public health concern in latin america and it is transmitted by insects of the subfamily triatominae, including rhodnius spp. since palm trees are ubiquitous in colombia and a habitat for rhodnius spp., the presence of palms near villages could increase contact rates between vectors and humans. therefore, knowing whether a relationship exists between the proximity of palms to villages and the abundance and distribution of vectors therein, may be critical for chagas dise ...201627863520
screening of living organ donors for endemic infections: understanding the challenges and benefits of enhanced screening.living organ donor candidates are screened for medical and psychosocial contraindications to donation. one important goal of this process is to prevent donor-derived infectious diseases transmissions. these transmissions are exceptionally rare, but have the potential to cause significant morbidity and mortality. the organ procurement and transplantation network now requires each recovery hospital to develop a protocol for evaluating living donors for tuberculosis and other geographically-defined ...201627862705
assessment of the anti-feeding and insecticidal effects of the combination of dinotefuran, permethrin and pyriproxyfen (vectra(®) 3d) against triatoma infestans on rats.this study, based on the rat model, was designed to explore the anti-feeding and insecticidal efficacy of a topical ectoparasiticide, dinotefuran-permethrin-pyriproxyfen (dpp), against triatoma infestans (hemiptera: reduviidae), a vector of trypanosoma cruzi (trypanosomatida: trypanosomatidae), for which dogs are domestic reservoir hosts. twenty rats were divided into two equal groups: untreated and treated. each rat was exposed under sedation to 16 t. infestans of mixed life stages for 1 h on d ...201627862092
bias due to methods of parasite detection when estimating prevalence of infection of triatoma infestans by trypanosoma cruzi.the study aimed to quantify the bias from parasite detection methods in the estimation of the prevalence of infection of triatoma infestans by trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of chagas disease. three common protocols that detect t. cruzi in a sample of 640 wild-caught t. infestans were compared: (1) the microscopic observation of insect fecal droplets, (2) a pcr protocol targeting mini-exon genes of t. cruzi (mem-pcr), and (3) a pcr protocol targeting a satellite repeated unit of the parasite. agre ...201627860015
biological characterization of chemically diverse compounds targeting the plasmodium falciparum coenzyme a synthesis pathway.in the fight against malaria, the discovery of chemical compounds with a novel mode of action and/or chemistry distinct from currently used drugs is vital to counteract the parasite's known ability to develop drug resistance. another desirable aspect is efficacy against gametocytes, the sexual developmental stage of the parasite which enables the transmission through anopheles vectors. using a chemical rescue approach, we previously identified compounds targeting plasmodium falciparum coenzyme a ...201627855724
screening of fungi for biological control of a triatomine vector of chagas disease: temperature and trypanosome infection as factors.entomopathogenic fungi have been investigated as an alternative tool for controlling various insects, including triatomine vectors of the protozoan trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of chagas disease. here we tested the pathogenicity and virulence of ten isolates of the fungi metarhizium spp. and beauveria bassiana against rhodnius prolixus and found all of the isolates to be virulent. we used two isolates (urpe-11 metarhizium anisopliae and ent-1 beauveria bassiana) for further screening ...201627855217
benznidazole use among patients with chronic chagas' cardiomyopathy in an endemic region of brazil.chagas disease (cd) is a neglected tropical disease that affects individuals in almost every country in latin america. there are two available drugs with antiparasitic profiles; however, only benznidazole (bzn) has been approved for commercialization in brazil. the usefulness of prescribing bzn for patients with chronic chagas cardiomyopathy (ccc) is controversial. there are no studies in the literature describing the extent of bzn use at this stage or the profile of patients using this drug. th ...201627855177
assessing the archaeoparasitological potential of quids as a source material for immunodiagnostic analyses.in the present study, quids from la cueva de los muertos chiquitos (cmc) were subjected to elisa tests for 2 protozoan parasites, toxoplasma gondii (n=45) and trypanosoma cruzi (n=43). the people who occupied cmc, the loma san gabriel, lived throughout much of present-day durango and zacatecas in mexico. the known pathoecology of these people puts them into at-risk categories for the transmission of t. gondii and t. cruzi. human antibodies created in response to these 2 parasites can be detected ...201627853117
prehistoric pathoecology as represented by parasites of a mummy from the peruaçu valley, brazil.paleopathologists have begun exploring the pathoecology of parasitic diseases in relation to diet and environment. we are summarizing the parasitological findings from a mummy in the site of lapa do boquete, a brazilian cave in the state of minas gerais. these findings in context of the archaeology of the site provided insights into the pathoecology of disease transmission in cave and rockshelter environments. we are presenting a description of the site followed by the evidence of hookworm, inte ...201627853115
quantitative proteomic analysis of replicative and nonreplicative forms reveals important insights into chromatin biology of trypanosoma cruzi.chromatin associated proteins are key regulators of many important processes in the cell. trypanosoma cruzi, a protozoa flagellate that causes chagas disease, alternates between replicative and nonreplicative forms accompanied by a shift on global transcription levels and by changes in its chromatin architecture. here, we investigated the t. cruzi chromatin proteome using three different protocols and compared it between replicative (epimastigote) and nonreplicative (trypomastigote) forms by hig ...201727852749
prevalence of trypanosoma cruzi infection among bolivian immigrants in the city of são paulo, brazil.with the urbanisation of the population in developing countries and the process of globalisation, chagas has become an emerging disease in the urban areas of endemic and non-endemic countries. in 2006, it was estimated that the prevalence of chagas disease among the general bolivian population was 6.8%. the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of trypanosoma cruzi infection among bolivian immigrants living in são paulo, brazil. this study had a sample of 633 volunteers who we ...201727849221
lineage-specific serology confirms brazilian atlantic forest lion tamarins, leontopithecus chrysomelas and leontopithecus rosalia, as reservoir hosts of trypanosoma cruzi ii (tcii).trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of chagas disease in humans, has a vast reservoir of mammalian hosts in the americas, and is classified into six genetic lineages, tci-tcvi, with a possible seventh, tcbat. elucidating enzootic cycles of the different lineages is important for understanding the ecology of this parasite, the emergence of new outbreaks of chagas disease and for guiding control strategies. direct lineage identification by genotyping is hampered by limitations of parasite isolation and c ...201627846858
the trypanosoma cruzi surface, a nanoscale patchwork quilt.the trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigote membrane provides a major protective role against mammalian host-derived defense mechanisms while allowing the parasite to interact with different cell types and trigger pathogenesis. this surface has been historically appreciated as a rather unstructured 'coat', mainly consisting of a continuous layer of glycolipids and heavily o-glycosylated mucins, occasionally intercalated with different developmentally regulated molecules displaying adhesive and/or enzym ...201727843019
structures of parasite calreticulins provide insights into their flexibility and dual carbohydrate/peptide-binding properties.calreticulin (crt) is a multifaceted protein, initially discovered as an endoplasmic reticulum (er) chaperone protein, that is essential in calcium metabolism. various implications in cancer, early development and immunology have been discovered more recently for crt, as well as its role as a dominant 'eat-me' prophagocytic signal. intriguingly, cell-surface exposure/secretion of crt is among the infective strategies used by parasites such as trypanosoma cruzi, entamoeba histolytica, taenia soli ...201627840680
experience-dependent modulation of the attraction to faeces in the kissing bug triatoma infestans.triatoma infestans is the main vector of the chagas disease in latin america. these nocturnal bugs spend most of the daylight hours aggregated with conspecifics inside crevices in roofs and walls. around the entrances of the shelters t. infestans deposits faeces that contain chemical cues that attract conspecifics. in this work we investigated whether attraction to faeces can be modulated by experience in this insect species. first, we analyzed if the attraction of nymphs to faeces is innate or ...201727840288
an inside look at the sensory biology of triatomines.although kissing bugs (triatominae: reduviidae) are perhaps best known as vectors of chagas disease, they are important experimental models in studies of insect sensory physiology, pioneered by the seminal studies of wigglesworth and gillet more than eighty years ago. since then, many investigations have revealed that the thermal, hygric, visual and olfactory senses play critical roles in the orientation of these blood-sucking insects towards hosts. here we review the current knowledge about the ...201727840287
exogenous calreticulin, incorporated onto non-infective trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes, promotes their internalization into mammal host cells.chagas disease is an endemic pathology in latin america, now emerging in developed countries, caused by the intracellular protozoan trypanosoma cruzi, whose life cycle involves three stages: amastigotes, epimastigotes, and trypomastigotes. t. cruzi calreticulin (tccrt), an endoplasmic reticulum resident chaperone, translocates to the external cellular membrane, where it captures complement component c1, ficolins and mbl, thus inactivating the classical and lectin pathways. trypomastigote-bound c ...201727839837
profiles of cardiovascular biomarkers according to severity stages of chagas cardiomyopathy.up 30 to 40% of chagas patients exhibit cardiomyopathy with different degrees of cardiac involvement. biomarkers may help in differentiation of the severity of chagas cardiomyopathy (ccm). this study sought to examine the diagnostic value of a panel of biomarkers to distinguish the severity of (ccm).201727839809
nelfinavir and lopinavir impair trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigote infection in mammalian host cells and show anti-amastigote activity.there is an urgent need to implement new strategies and to search for new chemotherapeutic targets to combat chagas' disease. in this context, repositioning of clinically approved drugs appears as a viable tool to combat this and several other neglected pathologies. an example is the use of aspartic peptidase inhibitors (pis) currently applied in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) treatment against different infectious agents. therefore, the main objective of this work was to verify the effects ...201627838277
one health interactions of chagas disease vectors, canid hosts, and human residents along the texas-mexico border.chagas disease (trypanosoma cruzi infection) is the leading cause of non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy in latin america. texas, particularly the southern region, has compounding factors that could contribute to t. cruzi transmission; however, epidemiologic studies are lacking. the aim of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of t. cruzi in three different mammalian species (coyotes, stray domestic dogs, and humans) and vectors (triatoma species) to understand the burden of chagas disease ...201627832063
health care seeking behavior of persons with acute chagas disease in rural argentina: a qualitative view.chagas disease (cd) is a tropical parasitic disease largely underdiagnosed and mostly asymptomatic affecting marginalized rural populations. argentina regularly reports acute cases of cd, mostly young individuals under 14 years old. there is a void of knowledge of health care seeking behavior in subjects experiencing a cd acute condition. early treatment of the acute case is crucial to limit subsequent development of disease. the article explores how the health outcome of persons with acute cd m ...201627829843
murine models susceptibility to distinct trypanosoma cruzi i genotypes infection.chagas disease is a complex zoonosis that affects around 8 million people worldwide. this pathology is caused by trypanosoma cruzi, a kinetoplastid parasite that shows tremendous genetic diversity evinced in six distinct discrete typing units (tci-tcvi) including a recent genotype named as tcbat and associated with anthropogenic bats. tci presents a broad geographical distribution and has been associated with chronic cardiomyopathy. recent phylogenetic studies suggest the existence of two genoty ...201727829476
prevalence of american trypanosomiasis and leishmaniases in domestic dogs in a rural area of the municipality of são joão do piauí, piauí state, brazil.chagas disease and the leishmaniases are endemic zoonoses of great importance to public health in the state of piauí, brazil. the domestic dog (canis familiaris) is a major reservoir, host of trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania spp. in both urban and rural areas, playing an important role in the transmission of these parasites. the present study evaluated the prevalence of both infectious diseases in dogs of a rural area in the municipality of são joão do piauí, piauí state. one hundred twenty-nine ...201627828620
[rural endemic diseases, health and development: emmanuel dias and the construction of a network of allies against chagas disease].the scope of this article is to analyze the trajectory of emmanuel dias (1908-1962), a researcher at the oswaldo cruz institute (oci) and director of the center for studies and prophylaxis of chagas disease (oci outpost established in 1943 in the city of bambuí, minas gerais), as a key actor in the acknowledgement of chagas disease as a public health problem in brazil and the americas. it seeks to show that the conquest of this acknowledgement, the cornerstone of which was the staging of the fir ...201627828594
mitochondrial gene confirms the specific status of triatoma pintodiasi jurberg, cunha, and rocha, 2013 (hemiptera, triatominae), an endemic species in brazil.chagas disease is most frequently transmitted to humans through contact with feces of insects from the triatominae subfamily. in brazil, there are 65 species of triatomines distributed throughout the country's 27 states. among the species in the state of rio grande do sul, triatoma rubrovaria, triatoma oliveirai, triatoma pintodiasi, triatoma klugi, triatoma carcavalloi, and triatoma circummaculata (with the addition triatoma limai, which is endemic to argentina) form the t. rubrovaria subcomple ...201727821685
estimating the burden of chagas disease in the united states.in recent years, there has been growing awareness of the significant burden of chagas disease in the united states (us). however, epidemiological data on both prevalence and access to care for this disease are limited. the objective of this study is to provide an updated national estimate of chagas disease prevalence, the first state-level estimates of cases of t. cruzi infection in the us and to analyze these estimates in the context of data on confirmed cases of infection in the us blood suppl ...201627820837
antibody profiles induced by trypanosoma cruzi in chagasic patients with previous or current exposure to mycobacteria.since the immune response mounted by the host to a particular microorganism might be influenced by the acquired immunological experience due to previous contact with other microorganisms, we performed a cross-sectional study to explore the pattern of trypanosoma cruzi infection-related antibodies in t. cruzi-seropositive individuals presenting concomitant tuberculosis, or the antecedent of bcg vaccination. sampled individuals were grouped as follows: patients with chagas disease, not vaccinated ...201627815312
expression of co-stimulatory molecules cd80 and cd86 is altered in cd14 + hla-dr + monocytes from patients with chagas disease following induction by trypanosoma cruzi recombinant antigens.the relationships between monocytes and lymphocytes through mhc class ii molecules and costimulatory, are of utmost importance for the production of an efficient immune response. in this work, we assessed the expression of surface molecules cd80 and cd86 on cd14+hla-dr+ monocytes from patients with chagas disease.201627812661
assessment of the housing improvement program for chagas disease control in the northwestern municipalities of rio grande do sul, brazil.the housing improvement program for chagas disease control (hipcdc) was established in 2001 in northwestern rio grande do sul state, aiming to improve the conditions of the domiciliary and peridomiciliary environments to make them resistant to triatomine colonization. this study aimed to assess the impact of the hipcdc on triatomine control by developing local population and authority awareness on the issue.201627812651
rational design of nitrofuran derivatives: synthesis and valuation as inhibitors of trypanosoma cruzi trypanothione reductase.the rational design and synthesis of a series of 5-nitro-2-furoic acid analogues are presented. the trypanocidal activity against epimastigote forms of trypanosoma cruzi and the toxic effects on human hela cells were tested. between all synthetic compounds, three of thirteen had an ic50 value in the range of nfx, but compound 13 exhibited an improved effect with an ic50 of 1.0 ± 0.1 μm and a selective index of 70 in its toxicity against hela cells. we analyzed the activity of compounds 8, 12 and ...201727810595
sleeping habits affect access to host by chagas disease vector triatoma dimidiata.chagas disease, caused by the parasite trypanosoma cruzi, is mainly transmitted by blood-sucking bugs called triatomines. in the yucatán peninsula, mexico, the main vector of t. cruzi is triatoma dimidiata. while this species may colonize houses in other regions, it is mostly intrusive in yucatán: it generally lives in sylvan and peridomestic areas, and frequently enters inside homes, likely attracted by potential vertebrate hosts, without establishing colonies. bugs collected inside homes have ...201627809930
heart failure secondary to chagas disease: an emerging problem in non-endemic areas.chagas disease affects millions of people worldwide. though the majority of infected individuals remain asymptomatic, approximately 30 % of patients progress to develop cardiac manifestations and eventual heart failure. while vectorial transmission occurs predominantly in south america, central america, and mexico, millions of people originally from these endemic regions immigrate to non-endemic countries in north america, europe, and asia. outside of rare specialized centers, health-care provid ...201627807757
detection of trypanosoma cruzi and treatment monitoring by pcr from dried blood spot samples in children.parasitic infections by trypanosoma cruzi (t. cruzi) are frequent in children from endemic areas. specific therapies have been successfully used in pediatric populations to treat this disease. t. cruzi diagnosis should be optimized and become available for any clinical environment.201627805554
trypanosoma cruzi infection in captive neotropical primates in the brazilian amazon.the aim of this study was to detect the infection by trypanosoma cruzi in captive neotropical primates in the brazilian amazon. from february 2013 to july 2014, 112 blood samples were collected from neotropical primates from the amazonas, amapá, and pará states, north of brazil. the subjects belonged to the families cebidae (n = 59), atelidae (n = 41), callitrichidae (n = 5), pitheciidae (n = 4), and aotidae (n = 3). blood smears also were examined for the presence of trypomastigotes by optical ...201727802362
crispr/cas9-mediated endogenous c-terminal tagging of trypanosoma cruzi genes reveals the acidocalcisome localization of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor.methods for genetic manipulation of trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of chagas disease, have been highly inefficient, and no endogenous tagging of genes has been reported to date. we report here the use of the crispr (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/cas9 (crispr-associated gene 9) system for endogenously tagging genes in this parasite. the utility of the method was established by tagging genes encoding proteins of known localization such as tcfcabp (flagellar cal ...201627793988
under-expression of chemosensory genes in domiciliary bugs of the chagas disease vector triatoma brasiliensis.in latin america, the bloodsucking bugs triatominae are vectors of trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite that causes chagas disease. chemical elimination programs have been launched to control chagas disease vectors. however, the disease persists because native vectors from sylvatic habitats are able to (re)colonize houses-a process called domiciliation. triatoma brasiliensis is one example. because the chemosensory system allows insects to interact with their environment and plays a key role in insec ...201627792774
correction: molecular diagnosis of chagas disease in colombia: parasitic loads and discrete typing units in patients from acute and chronic phases.[this corrects the article doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004997.].201627792732
structure and assembly model for the trypanosoma cruzi 60s ribosomal subunit.ribosomes of trypanosomatids, a family of protozoan parasites causing debilitating human diseases, possess multiply fragmented rrnas that together are analogous to 28s rrna, unusually large rrna expansion segments, and r-protein variations compared with other eukaryotic ribosomes. to investigate the architecture of the trypanosomatid ribosomes, we determined the 2.5-å structure of the trypanosoma cruzi ribosome large subunit by single-particle cryo-em. examination of this structure and comparati ...201627791004
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