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identification of cassava micrornas under abiotic stress.the study of micrornas (mirnas) in plants has gained significant attention in recent years due to their regulatory role during development and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. although cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) is tolerant to drought and other adverse conditions, most cassava mirnas have been predicted using bioinformatics alone or through sequencing of plants challenged by biotic stress. here, we use high-throughput sequencing and different bioinformatics methods to identify ...201324328029
novel characteristics of cassava, manihot esculenta crantz, a reputed c3-c 4 intermediate photosynthesis species.the cassava plant, manihot esculenta, grows exceptionally well in low fertility and drought prone environments, but the mechanisms that allow this growth are unknown. earlier, and sometimes contradictory, work speculated about the presence of a c4-type photosynthesis in cassava leaves. in the present work we found no evidence for a c4 metabolism in mature attached cassava leaves as indicated i) by the low, 2 to 8%, incorporation of (14)co2 into c4 organic acids in short time periods, 10 s, and t ...199324317831
identification of immunity-related genes in arabidopsis and cassava using genomic data.recent advances in genomic and post-genomic technologies have provided the opportunity to generate a previously unimaginable amount of information. however, biological knowledge is still needed to improve the understanding of complex mechanisms such as plant immune responses. better knowledge of this process could improve crop production and management. here, we used holistic analysis to combine our own microarray and rna-seq data with public genomic data from arabidopsis and cassava in order to ...201324316329
efficient transmission of cassava brown streak disease viral pathogens by chip bud grafting.techniques to study plant viral diseases under controlled growth conditions are required to fully understand their biology and investigate host resistance. cassava brown streak disease (cbsd) presents a major threat to cassava production in east africa. no infectious clones of the causal viruses, cassava brown streak virus (cbsv) or ugandan cassava brown streak virus (ucbsv) are available, and mechanical transmission to cassava is not effective. an improved method for transmission of the viruses ...201324314370
computer analysis identifies sequence homologies between potential gene products of maize streak virus and those of cassava latent virus and tomato golden mosaic virus.the amino acid sequences of the putative polypeptides of maize streak virus (msv) have been systematically compared with those of cassava latent virus (clv) and tomato golden mosaic virus (tgmv) using the programme diagon (8).conserved sequences have been detected between peptides encoded by the complementary (-) sense of msv and those of clv and tgmv, viz; the 40 200 mr polypeptide of clv-1 (3) and the 40 285 mr polypeptide of tgmv-a (4) show extensive homologies with the 17 768 mr and 31 388 m ...198524306572
effect of cross-linking on physicochemical properties of tapioca starch and its application in soup product.physicochemical properties of cross-linked tapioca starch (clts) with different cross-linking levels and their application as a thickening agent in soups were studied. the clts was prepared by cross-linking native tapioca starch suspended in alkaline solution (41.67% (w/w), ph 11) using a mixture (99:1 (w/w) ratio) of sodium trimetaphosphate (stmp) and sodium tripolyphosphate (stpp) at different concentrations ranged from 0.25% to 6.0% (w/w of starch) at 45°c for 3h. starch paste clarity decreas ...201424299823
degradation behavior of biocomposites based on cassava starch buried under indoor soil conditions.degradation of cassava (tapioca) starch based composite films during indoor soil burial experiments was analyzed using five factors, three levels box-behnken response surface design. from the results, it was observed that, increased water sorption promotes the entry of soil microorganism and it utilizes the starch films as a source of energy for their growth. the reduction in weight and mechanical property was associated with preferential loss of matrix components of the films. the microorganism ...201424299744
rnai-derived field resistance to cassava brown streak disease persists across the vegetative cropping cycle.a confined field trial was established to determine durability of rnai-mediated resistance to cassava brown streak disease (cbsd). stem cuttings were obtained from field-grown cassava plants of cv 60444 transgenic for construct p718, consisting of an 894 bp inverted repeat sequence from the ugandan cassava brown streak virus (ucbsv) coat protein. plants were established from three transgenic lines previously shown to provide complete resistance to ucbsv and differing levels of protection to the ...201724296511
xylanase production from bacillus aerophilus kgj2 and its application in xylooligosaccharides preparation.xylanolytic enzyme was produced using a newly isolated bacillus aerophilus kgj2 and low cost lignocellulosic sources in solid state fermentation. seven different agricultural residues (wheat bran, tea dust, saw dust, paper waste, cassava bagasse, rice straw and rice husk) and six nitrogen source namely yeast extract, beef extract, peptone, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, and ammonium chloride were examined for xylanase production. upon initial screening, wheat bran and ammonium chloride wer ...201424296408
spatio-temporal patterns of genetic change amongst populations of cassava bemisia tabaci whiteflies driving virus pandemics in east and central africa.the greatest current threat to cassava in sub-saharan africa, is the continued expansion of plant virus pandemics being driven by super-abundant populations of the whitefly vector, bemisia tabaci. to track the association of putatively genetically distinct populations of b. tabaci with pandemics of cassava mosaic disease (cmd) and cassava brown streak disease (cbsd), a comprehensive region-wide analysis examined the phylogenetic relationships and population genetics of 642 b. tabaci adults sampl ...201424291251
analysis of the contrast between natural occurrence of toxigenic aspergilli of the flavi section and aflatoxin b1 in cassava.aflatoxin b1 (afb1) is a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by aspergilli of the section flavi that may contaminate food, in the field or during storage. cassava represents an important staple food in sub-saharan africa. the analysis of aflatoxigenic fungi in 36 cassava samples obtained from producers in benin indicated that 40% were contaminated by aspergilli of the section flavi. upon morphological and molecular characterization of the 20 isolates, 16 belonged to aspergillus flavus, 2 to aspergil ...201424290638
genomic survey of pathogenicity determinants and vntr markers in the cassava bacterial pathogen xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis strain cio151.xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (xam) is the causal agent of bacterial blight of cassava, which is among the main components of human diet in africa and south america. current information about the molecular pathogenicity factors involved in the infection process of this organism is limited. previous studies in other bacteria in this genus suggest that advanced draft genome sequences are valuable resources for molecular studies on their interaction with plants and could provide valuable too ...201324278159
physicochemical properties of granular and non-granular cationic starches prepared under ultra high pressure.granular and non-granular cationic starches were prepared through the reaction of tapioca and corn starches with 2,3-epoxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (etmac) using conventional and ultra high pressure (uhp)-assisted reactions. the cationic starches were characterized with respect to morphology, degree of substitution (ds), ft-ir, (13)c nmr, x-ray diffraction pattern, solubility and swelling power, pasting viscosity, and flocculating activity. non-granular (relative to granular) cationic s ...201424274522
enzymatic esterification of tapioca maltodextrin fatty acid ester.in this work new types of hydrophobically modified maltodextrin were prepared by enzyme-catalyzed reaction of maltodextrin and three fatty acids: decanoic acid (c-10), lauric acid (c-12) and palmitic acid (c-16). lipase obtained from thermomyces lanuginosus was found to be a useful biocatalyst in the maltodextrin esterification. esterified maltodextrin with a degree of substitution (ds) 0.015-0.084 was prepared at the optimum conditions of 60 °c for 4 h. the ds was found to be at its highest whe ...201424274521
bioconversion of industrial solid waste--cassava bagasse for pullulan production in solid state fermentation.the purpose of the work was to produce commercially important pullulan using industrial solid waste namely cassava bagasse in solid state fermentation and minimize the solid waste disposal problem. first, influence of initial ph on cell morphology and pullulan yield was studied. effect of various factors like fermentation time, moisture ratio, nitrogen sources and particle size on pullulan yield was investigated. various supplementary carbon sources (3%, w/w) namely glucose, sucrose, fructose, m ...201424274475
cassava latent virus infections mediated by the ti plasmid of agrobacterium tumefaciens containing either monomeric or dimeric viral dna.plant infections with cassava latent virus (clv) were mediated by the ti plasmid of agrobacterium tumefaciens containing either monomeric or dimeric copies of the virus genome. the clv dnas caused typical symptoms when they were inoculated in agrobacterium strains c58, lba4404 and a vire mutant a1026, but not other agrobacterium strains with mutations in other vir loci or an e. coli pola strain. virus-specific dna forms characteristic of normal clv infections were found after such infection. cha ...198824272630
source-to-sink gradient of potassium in the phloem.the potassium contents of bark strips of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) and of phloem exudate of castor bean (ricinus communis l.) were analyzed at different regions of the stem. in cassava, a peak in potassium content was observed near the first mature leaf, leveling off both above and below this point. in castor bean, only a downward decreasing gradient was observed. in both plants, the direction of the potassium gradient coincided with the presumed direction of assimilate flow.198524249345
in vitro somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of cassava.an efficient and reproducible plant regeneration system, initiated in somatic tissues, has been devised for cassava (manihot esculenta crantz). somatic embryogenesis has been induced from shoot tips and immature leaves of in vitro shoot cultures of 15 cassava genotypes. somatic embryos developed directly on the explants when cultured on a medium containing 4-16 mg/l 2,4-d. differences were observed with respect to the embryogenic capacity of the explants of different varieties. secondary embryog ...198724248665
why mosaic? gene expression profiling of african cassava mosaic virus-infected cassava reveals the effect of chlorophyll degradation on symptom development.cassava mosaic disease, caused by cassava begomoviruses, is the most serious disease for cassava in africa. however, the pathogenesis of this disease is poorly understood. we employed high throughput digital gene expression profiling based on the illumina solexa sequencing technology to investigate the global transcriptional response of cassava to african cassava mosaic virus infection. we found that 3,210 genes were differentially expressed in virus-infected cassava leaves. gene ontology term a ...201424237761
population variability of bemisia tabaci (genn.) in different hosts.the silverleaf whitefly, bemisia tabaci (genn.) (hemiptera: aleyrodidae), is a cryptic species complex that contains some of the most damaging pests in tropical and subtropical regions. recent studies have indicated that this complex is composed of at least 24 distinct and morphologically indistinguishable species that mainly differ in their ability to transmit phytoviruses, adapt to hosts, and induce physiological changes in certain hosts. the importance of this species has been increasing worl ...201324222237
improvement of somatic embryogenesis and plant recovery in cassava.methods for improving the efficiency of plant recovery from somatic embryos of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) were investigated by optimizing the maturation regime and incorporating a desiccation stage prior to inducing germination. somatic embryos were induced from young leaf lobes of in vitro grown shoots of cassava on murashige and skoog medium with 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid. after 15 to 20 days of culture on induction medium, the somatic embryos were transferred to a hormone free m ...199324197258
improvements of cyclic somatic embryogenesis of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz).in cassava a cyclic system of somatic embryogenesis was developed. primary (torpedo shaped or germinated) embryos, originating from leaf lobes, could only be obtained after culture on solid medium. cyclic embryos, originating from embryos, could be obtained in both liquid and on solid medium. the production of embryos in liquid medium was distinctly higher, faster and more synchronized than on solid medium. lower densities and fragmentation of starting embryos improved the production significant ...199324197025
variability of chloroplast dna and nuclear ribosomal dna in cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) and its wild relatives.chloroplast dna (cp) and nuclear ribosomal dna (rdna) variation was investigated in 45 accessions of cultivated and wild manihot species. ten independent mutations, 8 point mutations and 2 length mutations were identified, using eight restriction enzymes and 12 heterologous cpdna probes from mungbean. restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis defined nine distinct chloroplast types, three of which were found among the cultivated accessions and six among the wild species. cladistic analys ...199424178017
molecular identification of lactobacillus spp. associated with puba, a brazilian fermented cassava food.puba or carimã is a brazilian staple food obtained by spontaneous submerged fermentation of cassava roots. a total of 116 lactobacilli and three cocci isolates from 20 commercial puba samples were recovered on de man, rogosa and sharpe agar (mrs); they were characterized for their antagonistic activity against foodborne pathogens and identified taxonomically by classical and molecular methods. in all samples, lactic acid bacteria were recovered as the dominant microbiota (7.86 ± 0.41 log10 cfu/g ...201324159278
comparison of ambient solvent extraction methods for the analysis of fatty acids in non-starch lipids of flour and starch.lipids are minor components of flours, but are major determinants of baking properties and end-product quality. to the best of our knowledge, there is no single solvent system currently known that efficiently extracts all non-starch lipids from all flours without the risk of chemical, mechanical or thermal damage. this paper compares nine ambient solvent systems (monophasic and biphasic) with varying polarities: bligh and dyer (bd); modified bligh and dyer using hcl (bdhcl); modified bd using na ...201424132804
flow, packing and compaction properties of novel coprocessed multifunctional directly compressible excipients prepared from tapioca starch and mannitol.novel multifunctional excipients were prepared by coprocessing tapioca starch with mannitol using two methods viz; co-grinding and co-fusion. the flow, packing and compaction properties of the native and novel excipients were evaluated by using density, hausner's ratio, angle of repose, the maximum volume reduction, consolidation index, the rate of consolidation, angle of internal friction, morphological properties, heckel analysis, tensile strength and dilution potential as evaluation parameter ...201424089696
sugarcane vinasse: environmental implications of its use.the inadequate and indiscriminate disposal of sugarcane vinasse in soils and water bodies has received much attention since decades ago, due to environmental problems associated to this practice. vinasse is the final by-product of the biomass distillation, mainly for the production of ethanol, from sugar crops (beet and sugarcane), starch crops (corn, wheat, rice, and cassava), or cellulosic material (harvesting crop residues, sugarcane bagasse, and wood). because of the large quantities of vina ...201324084103
treatment of tapioca starch wastewater by a novel combination of physical and biological processes.a pilot plant combining dissolved air flotation, anaerobic degradation in an expanded granular sludge bed (egsb) reactor and aerobic post-treatment in a vertical flow constructed wetland has been used to treat tapioca starch wastewater for more than 2.25 years. it is demonstrated that organic matter (chemical oxygen demand by >98%), nitrogen (kjeldahl-n by >90%) and cyanide (total cyanide by >99%) can be removed very efficiently under stable operating conditions. the removal efficiency for phosp ...201324056422
effect of granular characteristics on pasting properties of starch blends.pasting and morphology properties of starch blends composed of waxy (waxy rice and waxy corn) and non-waxy (normal corn, tapioca and potato) starches at various ratios were investigated for elucidating effect of granular characteristics on pasting of blends. pasting profiles of blends were between those of the component starches alone, while the changes varied with starch source. results reveal obvious water competition during pasting for blends composed of waxy starch and highly swelling non-wa ...201324053839
whole genome duplication events in plant evolution reconstructed and predicted using myosin motor proteins.the evolution of land plants is characterized by whole genome duplications (wgd), which drove species diversification and evolutionary novelties. detecting these events is especially difficult if they date back to the origin of the plant kingdom. established methods for reconstructing wgds include intra- and inter-genome comparisons, ks age distribution analyses, and phylogenetic tree constructions.201324053117
genome shuffling of aspergillus niger for improving transglycosylation activity.isomaltooligosaccharides (imo), the glucosylsaccharides used as food additives, are made from saccharified starch by enzymes or microbial cells with transglycosylation activity. this study aimed to generate shuffled futants of aspergillus niger with enhanced transglycosylation activity for industrial imo production. the starting mutant population was generated by (60)co-γ radiation; mutants with higher transglycosylation activity were selected and subjected to recursive protoplast fusion. the re ...201424043449
genome-wide discovery and information resource development of dna polymorphisms in cassava.cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) is an important crop that provides food security and income generation in many tropical countries, and is known for its adaptability to various environmental conditions. its draft genome sequence and many expressed sequence tags are now publicly available, allowing the development of cassava polymorphism information. here, we describe the genome-wide discovery of cassava dna polymorphisms. using the alignment of predicted transcribed sequences from the cassava ...201324040164
raw starch degrading amylase production by various fungal cultures grown on cassava waste.the solid waste of sago industry using cassava was fermented by aspergillus niger, aspergillus terreus and rhizopus stolonifer in solid state fermentation. cassava waste contained 52 per cent starch and 2.9 per cent protein by dry weight. the amylase activity was maintained at a high level and the highest amylase activity was observed on the 8(th) day in r. stolonifer mediated fermentation. r. stolonifer was more efficient than aspergillus niger and aspergillus terreus in bioconverting cassava w ...200624039485
staple diets and duodenal ulcer prevalence.the prevalence of duodenal ulceration in india, africa, china and other developing countries is high in some regions and low in others, despite a high prevalence of helicobacter pylori infection throughout the areas. this variation is related to the staple diet of the regions involved. in regions where, because of the climate, the staple food is milled white rice, wheat or maize, or cassava, yams,sweet potato and green bananas the prevalence of duodenal ulcer is higher than in regions where the ...200924036556
identification of the bacterial community responsible for traditional fermentation during sour cassava starch, cachaça and minas cheese production using culture-independent 16s rrna gene sequence analysis.we used a cultivation-independent, clone library-based 16s rrna gene sequence analysis to identify bacterial communities present during traditional fermentation in sour cassava starch, cachaça and cheese production in brazil. partial 16s rrna gene clone sequences from sour cassava starch samples collected on day five of the fermentation process indicated that leuconostoc citreum was the most prevalent species, representing 47.6% of the clones. after 27 days of fermentation, clones (genbank acces ...201124031676
application of microbial α-amylase in industry - a review.amylases are one of the main enzymes used in industry. such enzymes hydrolyze the starch molecules into polymers composed of glucose units. amylases have potential application in a wide number of industrial processes such as food, fermentation and pharmaceutical industries. α-amylases can be obtained from plants, animals and microorganisms. however, enzymes from fungal and bacterial sources have dominated applications in industrial sectors. the production of α-amylase is essential for conversion ...201024031565
in vitro degradation of linamarin by microorganisms isolated from cassava wastewater treatment lagoons.this study aimed at isolating and characterizing of microorganisms able to use linamarin as sole carbon source. thirty one microbial strains were isolated from manipueira, a liquid effluent of cassava processing factories. among these strains, bacillus licheniformis (isolate 2_2) and rhodotorulla glutinis (isolate l1) were able to degrade 71% and 95% of added linamarin, respectively, within 7 days, showing high biodegradation activity and great potential for detoxification of cassava processing ...200924031436
exo-polygalacturonase production by bacillus subtilis cm5 in solid state fermentation using cassava bagasse.the purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of bacillus subtilis cm5 in solid state fermentation using cassava bagasse for production of exo-polygalacturonase (exo-pg). response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effect of four main variables, i.e. incubation period, initial medium ph, moisture holding capacity (mhc) and incubation temperature on enzyme production. a full factorial central composite design was applied to study these main factors that affected exo-pg produ ...200924031409
performance of an anaerobic baffled reactor (abr) in treatment of cassava wastewater.the performance of an anaerobic baffled reactor (abr) was evaluated in the treatment of cassava wastewater, a pollutant residue. an abr divided in four equal volume compartments (total volume 4l) and operated at 35ºc was used in cassava wastewater treatment. feed tank chemical oxygen demand (cod) was varied from 2000 to 7000 mg l(-1) and it was evaluated the most appropriated hydraulic retention time (hrt) for the best performance on cod removal. the abr was evaluated by analysis of cod (colorim ...200924031316
cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase production by new bacillus sp. strains isolated from brazilian soil.three strains of bacillus sp. (bacrp, bacnc-1 and bacar) were isolated from soil adhered to cassava husk. cgtase specific activity for the three isolated strains was higher when cultivated at 40°c. potato starch, cassava starch, maltodextrin and glucose were used as carbon source and growth temperatures varied from 25 to 55°c. the three isolates presented higher cgtase specific activity when cultivated with potato starch at 40°c. isolated bacrp and bacar presented specific activity of 4.0×10(-3) ...200824031289
molecular characterization of nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolated from brazilian agricultural plants at são paulo state.fourteen strains of nitrogen-fixing bacteria were isolated from different agricultural plant species, including cassava, maize and sugarcane, using nitrogen-deprived selective isolation conditions. ability to fix nitrogen was verified by the acetylene reduction assay. all potentially nitrogen-fixing strains tested showed positive hybridization signals with a nifh probe derived from azospirillum brasilense. the strains were characterized by rapd, ardra and 16s rdna sequence analysis. rapd analyse ...200824031239
production and characterization of glucoamylase from fungus aspergillus awamori expressed in yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae using different carbon sources.glucoamylase is widely used in the food industry to produce high glucose syrup, and also in fermentation processes for production beer and ethanol. in this work the productivity of the glucoamylase of aspergillus awamori expressed by the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, produced in submerged fermentation using different starches, was evaluated and characterized physico-chemically. the enzyme presented high specific activity, 13.8 u/mgprotein or 2.9 u/mgbiomass, after 48 h of fermentation using so ...200824031189
a milestone in the doubled haploid pathway of cassava: a milestone in the doubled haploid pathway of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz): cellular and molecular assessment of anther-derived structures.this study was aimed at inducing androgenesis in cultured anthers of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) to develop a protocol for the production of doubled haploids. microspore reprogramming was induced in cassava by cold or heat stress of anthers. since the anthers contain both haploid microspores and diploid somatic cells, it was essential to verify the origin of anther-derived calli. the origin of anther-derived calli was assessed by morphological screening followed by histological analysis a ...201424026343
the evolutionary fate of phenotypic plasticity and functional traits under domestication in manioc: changes in stem biomechanics and the appearance of stem brittleness.domestication can influence many functional traits in plants, from overall life-history and growth form to wood density and cell wall ultrastructure. such changes can increase fitness of the domesticate in agricultural environments but may negatively affect survival in the wild. we studied effects of domestication on stem biomechanics in manioc by comparing domesticated and ancestral wild taxa from two different regions of greater amazonia. we compared mechanical properties, tissue organisation ...201324023960
feeding response of subterranean termites coptotermes curvignathus and coptotermes gestroi (blattodea: rhinotermitidae) to baits supplemented with sugars, amino acids, and cassava.feeding responses of subterranean termites coptotermes curvignathus (holmgren) and coptotermes gestroi (wasmann) (blattodea: rhinotermitidae) to bait matrices supplemented with various sugars, amino acids, and cassava were evaluated both in the laboratory and field. the results indicated that the two termite species consumed significantly different amount of filter papers that had been treated with various types and concentrations of sugars and amino acids. based on consumption and survival data ...201324020295
enzyme activities and substrate degradation by fungal isolates on cassava waste during solid state fermentation.the growth and bioconversion potential of selected strains growing on cassava waste substrate during solid state fermentation were assessed. rhizopus stolonifer showed the highest and the fastest utilization of starch and cellulose in the cassava waste substrate. it showed 70% starch utilization and 81% cellulose utilization within eight days. the release of reducing sugars indicating the substrate saccharification or degradation potential of the organisms reached the highest value of 406.5 mg/g ...200724015097
study of the physicochemical parameters and spontaneous fermentation during the traditional production of yakupa, an indigenous beverage produced by brazilian amerindians.yakupa is a traditional non-alcoholic cassava beverage produced by brazilian amerindians. in this work the microbial dynamics and metabolites involved in yakupa fermentation were investigated by pcr-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and chromatography analysis, respectively. the lactic acid bacteria (lab) population was higher than yeast in the beginning of fermentation (5 log cfu ml(-1) and 3 log cfu ml(-1), respectively) and after 36 h both population increased reaching 7 log cfu ml(-1), ...201423996637
novel myco-like dna viruses discovered in the faecal matter of various animals.a wide variety of novel single-stranded dna (ssdna) viruses have been found in faecal matter of chimpanzees, cows, rodents, bats, badgers, foxes and pigs over the last few years. using a combination of rolling circle amplification coupled with restriction enzyme digests based approach as well as a next generation sequencing informed approach, we have recovered fourteen full genomes of ssdna viruses which exhibit genomic features described for members of the recently proposed gemycircularvirus gr ...201323994297
draft genome sequence of the xanthomonas cassavae type strain cfbp 4642.we report the draft genome sequence of the xanthomonas cassavae type strain cfbp 4642, the causal agent of bacterial necrosis on cassava plants. these data will allow the comparison of this nonvascular pathogen with the vascular pathogen xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis, both infecting the same host, which will facilitate the development of diagnostic tools.201323990580
impact on molecular organization of amylopectin in starch granules upon annealing.this study investigated the influence of the internal structure of amylopectin on annealing (3h, 24h) of starches from four different types of amylopectin (bertoft, koch, & aman, 2012; bertoft, piyachomkwan, chatakanonda, & sriroth, 2008). regardless of the starch source and incubation time, annealing significantly increased the onset gelatinization temperature (to) and narrowed and deepened the amylopectin endotherm. however, the extent of the change in the melting temperature (tm) and the enth ...201323987446
cyanogenic glycosides in plant-based foods available in new zealand.cyanogenic glycosides occur in a wide range of plant species. the potential toxicity of cyanogenic glycosides arises from enzymatic degradation to produce hydrogen cyanide, which may result in acute cyanide poisoning and has also been implicated in the aetiology of several chronic diseases. one hundred retail foods were sampled and analysed for the presence of total hydrocyanic acid using an acid hydrolysis-isonicotinic/barbituric acid colourimetric method. food samples included cassava, bamboo ...201323984870
development of feeding systems and strategies of supplementation to enhance rumen fermentation and ruminant production in the tropics.the availability of local feed resources in various seasons can contribute as essential sources of carbohydrate and protein which significantly impact rumen fermentation and the subsequent productivity of the ruminant. recent developments, based on enriching protein in cassava chips, have yielded yeast fermented cassava chip protein (yefecap) providing up to 47.5% crude protein (cp), which can be used to replace soybean meal. the use of fodder trees has been developed through the process of pell ...201323981662
the in vitro mass-produced model mycorrhizal fungus, rhizophagus irregularis, significantly increases yields of the globally important food security crop cassava.the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is formed between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) and plant roots. the fungi provide the plant with inorganic phosphate (p). the symbiosis can result in increased plant growth. although most global food crops naturally form this symbiosis, very few studies have shown that their practical application can lead to large-scale increases in food production. application of amf to crops in the tropics is potentially effective for improving yields. however, a main ...201323950975
fermentation and quality of yellow pigments from golden brown rice solid culture by a selected monascus mutant.a single peak (λmax 370) yellow pigment-producing mutant derived from monascus sp. tistr 3179 was used for the pigment production in solid rice culture. various factors affecting yellow tones were investigated. hom-mali rice variety was the best amongst five thai local varieties used for fungus culture. it was also better than corn, mungbean, soybean, potato, sweet potato, or cassava tubers. the moisture content and temperature were the key environmental factors affecting the color tones of crea ...201323912113
food safety: importance of composition for assessing genetically modified cassava (manihot esculenta crantz).the importance of food composition in safety assessments of genetically modified (gm) food is described for cassava ( manihot esculenta crantz) that naturally contains significantly high levels of cyanogenic glycoside (cg) toxicants in roots and leaves. the assessment of the safety of gm cassava would logically require comparison with a non-gm crop with a proven "history of safe use". this study investigates this statement for cassava. a non-gm comparator that qualifies would be a processed prod ...201323899040
molecular evolution and functional divergence of soluble starch synthase genes in cassava (manihot esculenta crantz).soluble starch synthases (sss) are major enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis in plants. cassava starch has many remarkable characteristics, which should be influenced by the evolution of ss genes in this starchy root crop. in this work, we performed a comprehensive phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of the soluble starch synthases in cassava. genome-wide identification showed that there are 9 genes encoding soluble starch synthases in cassava. all of the soluble starch synthases encoded ...201323888108
snails and slugs damaging the cut foliage, cordyline fruticosa and use of biorationals towards their management.snails and slugs became a serious molluscan pests and damaging leaves of purple compacta, cordyline fruticosa extensively grown for export at green farm ltd, sri lanka. the export quality of leaves of c. fruticosa is lowered due to feeding of snails, achantina fulica (bowditch), opeas pyrgula schmacker and boettgerx and helix aspersa muller and slugs incurring great loss to cut foliage industry. paucity of information is available to understand snails and slugs damage and their host range that l ...201223885439
assessing global transcriptome changes in response to south african cassava mosaic virus [za-99] infection in susceptible arabidopsis thaliana.in susceptible plant hosts, co-evolution has favoured viral strategies to evade host defenses and utilize resources to their own benefit. the degree of manipulation of host gene expression is dependent on host-virus specificity and certain abiotic factors. in order to gain insight into global transcriptome changes for a geminivirus pathosystem, south african cassava mosaic virus [za:99] and arabidopsis thaliana, 4×44k agilent microarrays were adopted. after normalization, a log2 fold change filt ...201323826319
neurotoxic effect of linamarin in rats associated with cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) consumption.cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) is a plant widely used for food consumption in different processed products in rural areas of africa, asia, and latin america. cassava is a good source of carbohydrates and micronutrients. however, if it is not adequately processed or the consumer has nutritional deficiencies, then its cyanogenic glycoside (i.e., linamarin and lotaustralin) content makes it potentially neurotoxic. in the present study, the neurotoxic effects of different concentrations of linam ...201323778051
prevalence of harmful/traditional medication use in traumatic eye injury.ocular trauma of varying aetiologies do occur frequently, however when different traditional/harmful substances are applied before presentation in the hospital, prognosis in terms of visual outcome following treatment may be worse than expected. this study is aimed at determining the prevalence of harmful/traditional eye medication practices among patients with traumatic eye injury in a tertiary institution.201323777721
antioxidant capacity, total phenolics and nutritional content in selected ethiopian staple food ingredients.the total antioxidant capacity, total phenolics content (tpc) and nutritional content of five types of enset (enset ventricosum) flour in comparison with four staples (teff [eragrostis tef], wheat, corn and tapioca) were evaluated. teff, corn and "amicho" (corm of enset) had the highest ferric reducing antioxidant power (frap). the frap and tpc of teff (1.8 mmol trolox equivalence/100 g dry matter (dm) and 123.6 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g dm, respectively) were over 4-fold larger than the l ...201323777527
mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of liquid waste, press water and pond water, produced in the cassava flour industry, and of antitoxic sodium thiosulfate.cassava (manihot esculenta crantz), a plant used as food and an ingredient in industry, contains cyanogenic glycosides. the cassava root contains wastewater, popularly known as manipueira, which is a toxic substance. its ingestion by animals causes poisoning although they react positively to treatment with sodium thiosulfate. the present research evaluates the cytotoxicity and the mutagenicity of liquid waste produced in the process of industrialization of the bitter cassava, olho-junto variety. ...201423775422
effects of boiling and frying on the bioaccessibility of beta-carotene in yellow-fleshed cassava roots (manihot esculenta crantz cv. brs jari).the effects of boiling and frying on the bioaccessibility of all-trans-beta-carotene in biofortified brs jari cassava roots have not been investigated, although these are conventional methods of cassava preparation.201323767282
optimization of polyhydroxybutyrate production by marine bacillus megaterium msbn04 under solid state culture.a marine sponge-associated bacterium bacillus megaterium msbn04 was used for the production of polyhydroxybutyrate (phb) under solid state culture (ssc). a central composite design (ccd) was employed to optimize the production medium and to find out the interactive effects of four independent variables, viz. tapioca industry waste, palm jaggery, horse gram flour and trace element solution on phb production. the maximum yield of phb 8.637 mg g(-1) of substrate (tapioca industry waste) was achieve ...201323748002
glutamic acid-rich proteins in cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) storage roots. 201323744824
bacterial community composition of anthropogenic biochar and amazonian anthrosols assessed by 16s rrna gene 454 pyrosequencing.biochar (bc) is a common minor constituent of soils and is usually derived from the burning of wood materials. in the case of amazonian dark earth (ade) soils, the increased amount of this material is believed to be due to anthropogenic action by ancient indigenous populations. in this study, we use 16s rrna gene pyrosequencing to assess the bacterial diversity observed in the bc found in ades as well as in the dark earth itself and the adjacent acrisol. samples were taken from two sites, one cu ...201323743632
quality evaluation of stiff porridges prepared from irish potato (solanum tuberosum) and pigeon pea (cajanus cajan) starch blends.quality attributes of stiff porridges prepared from irish potato and pigeon pea starch blends were studied. starches were extracted from irish potato and pigeon pea using a wet extraction method. various ratios of the starches were mixed and analyzed for chemical, functional and pasting properties. the starch blends were then prepared into stiff porridges for sensory evaluation using a 20-man sensory panel. substitution of irish potato starch with pigeon pea starch led to increases in protein (0 ...201123729855
utilization of unpeeled cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) root meal supplemented with or without charcoal by broiler chickens.a 42-day feeding trial was conducted using 480-day-old, male marshall broilers to study the utilization of unpeeled cassava root meal (ucrm) supplemented with or without 6 g/kg charcoal. the experimental design was laid out in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments having three inclusion levels of ucrm (0, 100 and 200 g/kg) with or without 6 g/kg charcoal supplementation. each treatment consisted of 80 birds replicated eight times with 10 birds per replicate. main effect of inclusion level ...201423721067
most consumed foods in brazil: national dietary survey 2008-2009.to describe the most commonly consumed foods in brazil.201323703263
production of pectinolytic enzymes by the yeast wickerhanomyces anomalus isolated from citrus fruits peels.wickerhamomyces anomalus is pectinolytic yeast isolated from citrus fruits peels in the province of misiones, argentine. in the present work, enzymes produced by this yeast strain were characterized, and polygalacturonase physicochemical properties were determined in order to evaluate the application of the supernatant in the maceration of potato tissues. w. anomalus was able to produce pg in liquid medium containing glucose and citrus pectin, whose mode of action was mainly of endo type. the su ...201323691327
genetic diversity analysis of cyanogenic potential (cnp) of root among improved genotypes of cassava using simple sequence repeat markers.cyanogenic potential (cnp) of cassava constitutes a serious problem for over 500 million people who rely on the crop as their main source of calories. genetic diversity is a key to successful crop improvement for breeding new improved variability for target traits. forty-three improved genotypes of cassava developed by international institute of tropical agriculture (ita), ibadan, were characterized for cnp trait using 35 simple sequence.repeat (ssr) markers. essential colorimetry picric test wa ...201223678653
identification of ta-sirnas and cis-nat-sirnas in cassava and their roles in response to cassava bacterial blight.trans-acting small interfering rnas (ta-sirnas) and natural cis-antisense sirnas (cis-nat-sirnas) are recently discovered small rnas (srnas) involved in post-transcriptional gene silencing. ta-sirnas are transcribed from genomic loci and require processing by micrornas (mirnas). cis-nat-sirnas are derived from antisense rnas produced by the simultaneous transcription of overlapping antisense genes. their roles in many plant processes, including pathogen response, are mostly unknown. in this work ...201323665476
cassava interspecific hybrids with increased protein content and improved amino acid profiles.cassava (manihot esculenta) is a principal food for large populations of poor people in the tropics and subtropics. its edible roots are poor in protein and lack several essential amino acids. interspecific hybrids may acquire high protein characteristics from wild species. we analyzed 19 hybrids of m. esculenta with its wild relative, m. oligantha, for crude protein, amino acid profile, and total cyanide. some hybrids produced roots with high protein content of up to 5.7%, while the common cult ...201323661446
optimization of neutral protease production from bacillus subtilis: using agroindustrial residues as substrates and response surface methodology.statistically based experimental designs were applied to optimize the fermentation medium and cultural conditions for the maximization of neutral protease using three agroindustrial residues (cassava pulp, soybean meal, and wheat bran) and bacillus subtilis des-59. the plackett-burman design was used to evaluate the effects of variables such as the concentration of substrates, initial ph, shaker's rotating speed, temperature, inoculum size, and incubation time. among the eight parameters, three ...201323654222
a geminivirus-satellite complex is associated with leaf deformity of mentha (mint) plants in punjab.a widespread leaf deformity disease of mentha (mint), accompanied by whiteflies, the vectors of begomoviruses, was observed in punjab in the last few years. the presence of begomovirus was indicated by dna dot-blot analysis using the conserved coat protein and replication-associated protein genes of another begomovirus, sri lankan cassava mosaic virus (slcmv). a dna fragment (2.0 kb), representing a partial genomic dna of a begomovirus, amplified from the symptomatic mentha leaves was used to de ...201123637488
cryopreservation for the 'in perpetuity' conservation of yam and cassava genetic resources.cryopreservation via droplet vitrification showed high efficiency for cassava meristems (79 pecent average recovery) when these were excised from in vitro seedlings. the efficiency of the process dropped considerably (to > 23 percent) when meristems were excised from field-grown plants, thus precluding the use of such explants for routine cryobanking. in yam, large disparities were observed in the ability of meristems to produce a shoot after cryopreservation ranging from 0 to 60 percent, depend ...201323625079
glyceollin is an important component of soybean plant defense against phytophthora sojae and macrophomina phaseolina.the response of soybean transgenic plants, with suppressed synthesis of isoflavones, and nontransgenic plants to two common soybean pathogens, macrophomina phaseolina and phytophthora sojae, was studied. transgenic soybean plants of one line used in this study were previously generated via bombardment of embryogenic cultures with the phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone synthase, and isoflavone synthase (ifs2) genes in sense orientation driven by the cotyledon-preferable lectin promoter (to tur ...201323617338
quantitative trait loci and candidate genes associated with starch pasting viscosity characteristics in cassava (manihot esculenta crantz).starch pasting viscosity is an important quality trait in cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) cultivars. the aim here was to identify loci and candidate genes associated with the starch pasting viscosity. quantitative trait loci (qtl) mapping for seven pasting viscosity parameters was carried out using 100 lines of an f1 mapping population from a cross between two cassava cultivars huay bong 60 and hanatee. starch samples were obtained from roots of cassava grown in 2008 and 2009 at rayong, and i ...201423614826
kinetics of thermal softening of cassava tubers and rheological modeling of the starch.cassava or tapioca (manihot esculenta crantz) tubers having high amount of carbohydrate are utilized after boiling or processing into starch and flour. textural properties of raw and cooked tubers depend on variety, maturity, growing environment, physico-chemical and starch properties. starch is used in food preparations as gelling and thickening agent, stabilizer and texture modifier. this study aims at analyzing and modeling the textural, dynamic rheological and gelatinization properties of se ...201023572679
growth and cyanide degradation of azotobacter vinelandii in cyanide-containing wastewater system.azotobacter vinelandii, a strict aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacterium, has been extensively studied with regard to the ability of n2-fixation due to its high expression of nitrogenase and fast growth. because nitrogenase can also reduce cyanide to ammonia and methane, cyanide degradation by a. vinelandii has been studied for the application in the bioremediation of cyanide-contaminated wastewater. cyanide degradation by a. vinelandii in nfs (nitrogen-free sucrose) medium was examined in terms of ce ...201323568214
isolation, identification and growth determination of lactic acid-utilizing yeasts from the ruminal fluid of dairy cattle.ruminal organic acid production, especially lactic acid, can be modified by feeding cattle highly concentrated diets, which have been shown to adversely affect dairy cattle health. therefore, the use of lactic acid-utilizing organisms is considered to be a potential method for controlling lactic acid levels. this study was conducted to isolate and identify lactic acid-utilizing yeasts from the ruminal fluid of dairy cattle and to determine the specific growth rate and generation time when using ...201323565722
visualizing metabolite distribution and enzymatic conversion in plant tissues by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging.in comparison with the technology platforms developed to localize transcripts and proteins, imaging tools for visualization of metabolite distributions in plant tissues are less well developed and lack versatility. this hampers our understanding of plant metabolism and dynamics. in this study, we demonstrate that desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (desi-msi) of tissue imprints on porous teflon may be used to accurately image the distribution of even labile plant metabol ...201323551340
geographic differences in patterns of genetic differentiation among bitter and sweet manioc (manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta; euphorbiaceae). 201323548671
production of enzymes from agroindustrial wastes by biosurfactant-producing strains of bacillus subtilis.bacteria in the genus bacillus are the source of several enzymes of current industrial interest. hydrolases, such as amylases, proteases, and lipases, are the main enzymes consumed worldwide and have applications in a wide range of products and industrial processes. fermentation processes by bacillus subtilis using cassava wastewater as a substrate are reported in the technical literature; however, the same combination of microorganisms and this culture medium is limited or nonexistent. in this ...201323533780
novel allergens from ancient foods: man e 5 from manioc (manihot esculenta crantz) cross reacts with hev b 5 from latex.manioc (manihot esculenta) is a tuber mainly consumed in the southern hemisphere and used worldwide by food and chemistry industry. we aimed to recombinantly produce and characterize the first manioc allergen and evaluate its ige reactivity in sera of brazilian and italian patients.201323526605
molecular characterization of a new alphasatellite associated with a cassava mosaic geminivirus in madagascar.two complete nucleotide sequences of an alphasatellite isolated from a cassava plant with mosaic disease symptoms in madagascar are described and analyzed. while the helper begomovirus was identified as an isolate of east african cassava mosaic kenya virus (eacmkv), its associated alphasatellite was most closely related (80 % nucleotide sequence identity) to cotton leaf curl gezira alphasatellite. these satellite molecules have typical features of alphasatellites, with a single gene in the virio ...201323525698
synthesis of periclinal chimera in cassava.we provide the first report on the synthesis of a very productive interspecific periclinal chimera of cassava, with large and edible roots. the epidermal tissue of the chimera was formed by the cultivated species manihot esculenta (e), and the subepidermis and internal tissue were formed by the wild species, manihot fortalezensis (f). we used cytogenetics and morphological analyses to determine the origins of all tissues. these results may offer potential for the development of new lines for cro ...201323512678
molecular and biochemical characterization of a cyanogenic β-glucosidase in the inner bark tissues of rubber tree (hevea brasiliensis muell. arg.).tapping causes the loss of large amounts of latex from laticifers and subsequently enhances latex regeneration, a high carbon- and nitrogen-cost activity in rubber tree. it is suggested that a 67 kda protein associated with protein-storing cells in the inner bark tissues of rubber tree plays an important role in meeting the nitrogen demand for latex regeneration. here, the 67 kda protein was further characterized by a combination of cell biological, molecular biological and biochemical technique ...201323510639
[determination of deoxynivalenol in grain and its products by solid-phase extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].a method was established for the determination of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in grain and its products based on solid-phase extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (hplc-ms/ms). the sample was firstly extracted by acetonitrile-water (84:16, v/v). the extract was then cleaned-up by an hlb solid phase extraction cartridge. the separation was carried out on a phenomenex kinetex c18 column (100 mm x4. 6 mm, 2.6 microm) with a gradient elution using 0.3 ...201223451526
tumebacillus flagellatus sp. nov., an α-amylase/pullulanase-producing bacterium isolated from cassava wastewater.a novel α-amylase/pullulanase-producing bacterium, designated strain gst4(t), was isolated from samples collected from the wastewater of a cassava starch factory in nanning, guangxi autonomous region, southern china. cells of strain gst4(t) were rod-shaped bacilli containing ellipsoidal terminal spores and found to be gram-reaction-positive, aerobic, motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-negative and formed light yellow colonies on agar plates. strain gst4(t) was able to grow at ph 4.5-8.5 (optimum ...201323435245
relative contribution of biotic and abiotic factors to the population density of the cassava green mite, mononychellus tanajoa (acari: tetranychidae).the cassava green mite, mononychellus tanajoa, is a key pest of cassava, manihot esculenta crantz (euphorbiaceae), and it may be kept in check by naturally occurring predatory mites of the family phytoseiidae. in addition to predatory mites, abiotic factors may also contribute to regulate pest mite populations in the field. here, we evaluated the population densities of both m. tanajoa and the generalist predatory mite euseius ho deleon (acari: phytoseiidae) over the cultivation cycle (11 months ...201323417702
potential of using multiscale kenaf fibers as reinforcing filler in cassava starch-kenaf biocomposites.biodegradable materials made from cassava starch and kenaf fibers were prepared using a solution casting method. kenaf fibers were treated with naoh, bleached with sodium chlorite and acetic buffer solution, and subsequently acid hydrolyzed to obtain cellulose nanocrystals (cncs). biocomposites in the form of films were prepared by mixing starch and glycerol/sorbitol with various filler compositions (0-10 wt%). x-ray diffraction revealed that fiber crystallinity increased after each stage of tre ...201223399291
molecular and supra-molecular structure of waxy starches developed from cassava (manihot esculenta crantz).the aim of this work was to characterize the amylopectin of low amylose content cassava starches obtained from transgenesis comparatively with a natural waxy cassava starch (wxn) discovered recently in ciat (international center for tropical agriculture). macromolecular features, starch granule morphology, crystallinity and thermal properties of these starches were determined. m¯(w) of amylopectin from the transgenic varieties are lower than wxn. branched and debranched chain distributions analy ...201323399176
development of model for barrier and optical properties of tapioca starch based edible films.the film forming solutions composed of tapioca (cassava) starch (1-3 g), glycerol (0.5-1.0 ml), agar (0.5-1.0 g) and span 80 (0.1-0.5 ml) were prepared according to a three-level, four-factor box-behnken response surface experimental design. the films were obtained by casting method and they are homogenous and transparent. the influence of film composition (tapioca starch, glycerol, agar and span80) on the barrier and optical properties of the tapioca starch based edible films was evaluated. the ...201323399163
feeding potential of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) peels ensiled with leucaena leucocephala and gliricidia sepium assessed with west african dwarf goats.cassava peels (cape) were ensiled in mixtures with gliricidia sepium and leucaena leucocephala, and the utilization of the mixed silages by west african dwarf (wad) goats was assessed. five silages were composed, comprising of 100% ensiled cape (control), cape + g. sepium 2:1 (w/w; 2cgs), cape + g. sepium 1:1 (w/w; cgs), cape + l. leucocephala 2:1 (w/w; 2cll) and cape + l. leucocephala 1:1 (w/w; cll). all diets were supplemented with molasses (40 g/kg) before ensiling which lasted 3 months. fift ...201323397521
antibacterial activities of the methanol extracts of ten cameroonian vegetables against gram-negative multidrug-resistant bacteria.many edible plants are used in cameroon since ancient time to control microbial infections. this study was designed at evaluating the antibacterial activities of the methanol extracts of ten cameroonian vegetables against a panel of twenty nine gram negative bacteria including multi-drug resistant (mdr) strains.201323368430
prediction of gross energy and digestible energy in copra meal, palm kernel meal, and cassava root fed to pigs.many of the available prediction equations for feed energy value may not be applicable for ingredients such as copra (cocos nucifera) meal (cm), palm kernel meal (pkm), and cassava (manihot esculenta) root (cr). therefore, we developed novel equations for estimating ge and de concentrations in cm, pkm, cr, and diets containing these ingredients. data for ge and de concentrations were obtained from previous experiments in which the chemical composition in the ingredients and diets were determined ...201223365336
digestible and metabolizable energy concentrations in copra meal, palm kernel meal, and cassava root fed to growing pigs.an experiment was conducted to measure de and me in copra (cocos nucifera) meal (cm), palm kernel meal (pkm), and cassava (manihot esculenta) root (cr) in growing pigs. eight boars with an initial bw of 67.3 ± 5.8 kg were individually housed in metabolism crates that were equipped with a feeder and a nipple drinker. a replicated 4 × 4 latin square design was used with 4 dietary treatments, 4 periods, and 8 animals. a basal diet mainly contained corn (zea mays) and soybean (glycine max) meal. thr ...201223365309
manioc flour consumption as a risk factor for lead poisoning in the brazilian amazon.recent studies reported elevated blood lead (pb) levels in riparian populations of the amazon. for this reason, the aim of the present study was to assess the risk to riparians in the brazilian amazon to pb exposure due to the intake of contaminated manioc flour. lead levels were determined in whole blood (n = 74) and in manioc flour samples (n = 30) in three different communities. mean blood pb levels were 16.8 μg/dl, with individuals living in açaituba presenting the highest mean blood pb leve ...201323356650
comparative morphology, biology and histology of reproductive development in three lines of manihot esculenta crantz (euphorbiaceae: crotonoideae).cassava (manihot esculenta), a major food staple in the tropics and subtropics, thrives even in environments undergoing threatening climate change. to satisfy the increasing demand for crop improvement and overcome the limitations of conventional breeding, the introduction of inbreeding techniques such as the production of doubled haploid lines via androgenesis or gynogenesis offers advantages. however, comprehensive studies on cassava flower bud biology or structural development are lacking and ...201323346343
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