Publications
Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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in vitro anti-biofilm and anti-bacterial activity of junceella juncea for its biomedical application. | to investigate the anti-biofilm and anti-bacterial activity of junceella juncea (j. juncea) against biofilm forming pathogenic strains. | 2012 | 23593571 |
multiplexed immunoassay to assess shigella-specific antibody responses. | infection with shigella spp. results in bacillary dysentery and a systemic and mucosal antibody response. the immune response is directed at multiple antigens, including lps and the invasin plasmid antigen (ipa) proteins, and is capable of conferring short-term, serotype-specific protection. both live-attenuated and several subunit vaccine approaches have focused on inducing a pronounced mucosal immune response directed to the same antigens recognized after natural infection. traditionally, shig ... | 2013 | 23583496 |
cytotoxic (a549) and antimicrobial effects of methylobacterium sp. isolate (eri-135) from nilgiris forest soil, india. | to assess the antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of methylobacterium sp. isolated from soil sample of doddabetta forest, nilgiris, western ghats of tamil nadu. | 2012 | 23570000 |
the common structural architecture of shigella flexneri and salmonella typhimurium type three secretion needles. | the type three secretion system (t3ss), or injectisome, is a macromolecular infection machinery present in many pathogenic gram-negative bacteria. it consists of a basal body, anchored in both bacterial membranes, and a hollow needle through which effector proteins are delivered into the target host cell. two different architectures of the t3ss needle have been previously proposed. first, an atomic model of the salmonella typhimurium needle was generated from solid-state nmr data. the needle sub ... | 2013 | 23555258 |
prevalence and trends of aminoglycoside resistance in shigella worldwide, 1999-2010. | shigellosis causes diarrheal disease in humans in both developed and developing countries, and multi-drug resistance in shigella is an emerging problem. understanding changing resistance patterns is important in determining appropriate antibiotic treatments. this meta-analysis systematically evaluated aminoglycoside resistance in shigella. a systematic review was constructed based on medline and embase databases. random-effect models or fixed-effect models were used based on p value considering ... | 2013 | 23554801 |
characterization of the ospz promoter in shigella flexneri and its regulation by virb and h-ns. | ospz is an effector protein of the type iii secretion system in shigella spp. that downregulates the human inflammatory response during bacterial infection. the ospz gene is located on the large virulence plasmid of shigella. many genes on this plasmid are transcriptionally repressed by the nucleoid structuring protein h-ns and derepressed by virb, a dna-binding protein that displays homology to the plasmid partitioning proteins parb and sopb. in this study, we characterized the ospz promoter an ... | 2013 | 23543709 |
structural basis for the recognition of ubc13 by the shigella flexneri effector ospi. | ubc13 is a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme that plays a key role in the nuclear factor-κb signal transduction pathway in human diseases. the shigella flexneri effector ospi affects inflammatory responses by catalyzing the deamidation of a specific glutamine residue at position 100 in ubc13 during infection. this modification prevents the activation of the tnf (tumor necrosis factor) receptor-associated factor 6, leading to modulation of the diacylglycerol-cbm (card-bcl10-malt1) complex-tnf receptor ... | 2013 | 23542009 |
proteolytic elimination of n-myristoyl modifications by the shigella virulence factor ipaj. | protein n-myristoylation is a 14-carbon fatty-acid modification that is conserved across eukaryotic species and occurs on nearly 1% of the cellular proteome. the ability of the myristoyl group to facilitate dynamic protein-protein and protein-membrane interactions (known as the myristoyl switch) makes it an essential feature of many signal transduction systems. thus pathogenic strategies that facilitate protein demyristoylation would markedly alter the signalling landscape of infected host cells ... | 2013 | 23535599 |
topological investigation of glucosyltransferase v in shigella flexneri using the substituted cysteine accessibility method. | modification of the lipopolysaccharide o-antigen of shigella converts the serotype, which is significant as acquired immune responses are serotype specific. glucosyltransferases (gtrs) modify the o-antigen by the addition of glucosyl-groups; however the precise mechanism of o-antigen modification is not fully understood. this study aims to substantiate inferences made on the gtrv topological structure using the substituted cysteine accessibility method (scam). twenty-one amino acid residues were ... | 2013 | 23534399 |
cefotaximase and ampc-producing shigella flexneri in case of dysentery from southern india. | diarrhoea and dysentery caused by shigella spp. are major public health concerns. emerging multidrug resistance (mdr) in this pathogen further complicates this disease. extended spectrum β-lactamases (esbls) have been described in this pathogen, which significantly compromises the treatment options for shigellosis. the usual esbls seen are sulfhydryl variable (shv)-type; cefotaximases (ctx-m) are very uncommonly detected. here, we report a ctx-m type and ampc-producing shigella flexneri from a t ... | 2013 | 23508436 |
use of population-based surveillance to define the high incidence of shigellosis in an urban slum in nairobi, kenya. | worldwide, shigella causes an estimated 160 million infections and >1 million deaths annually. however, limited incidence data are available from african urban slums. we investigated the epidemiology of shigellosis and drug susceptibility patterns within a densely populated urban settlement in nairobi, kenya through population-based surveillance. | 2013 | 23505506 |
synthesis and concentration dependent antibacterial activities of cuo nanoflakes. | we report, synthesis and antibacterial activities of cuo nanoflakes. cuo nanoparticles are prepared at room temperature through sol-gel method. x-ray diffraction studies show the particles are monoclinic (crystalline) in nature. scanning electron microscopy (sem) images clearly show that the prepared particles are flake like in structure. fourier transform infrared (ftir) spectra exhibits three different bands that correspond to the au and bu modes. antibacterial studies were performed on shigel ... | 2013 | 23498227 |
safety assessment and probiotic evaluation of enterococcus faecium yf5 isolated from sourdough. | enterococcus faecium yf5, a strain previously isolated from sourdough, was assessed for safety and probiotic potential. its virulence and antibiotic resistant phenotypes (cytolysin and gelatinase production, antibiotic susceptibility) and genes (cyla, gele, ace, agg, esp, and vana) were surveyed. results indicated that the tested virulence determinants were nontoxic. in addition, e. faecium yf5 was sensitive to 3 antibiotics such as amoxicillin, vancomycin, and chloramphenicol. furthermore, resu ... | 2013 | 23488799 |
[sensitivity to antibiotics and genetic support to resistance of shigella flexneri strains isolated in dakar from 2001 to 2010]. | diarrheal diseases remain a leading cause of death with 14.7 million deaths in 2001 and 26% of global mortality worldwide according to who. shigella species are prevalent in tropical areas; they are present all the year, with epidemic outbreaks in rainy season. between 2001 and 2010 one hundred ninety (190) strains of shigella flexneri isolated from national senegalese enterobacteriaceae center located at the pasteur institute in dakar were studied. susceptibility was performed by antibiogram fo ... | 2013 | 23483461 |
drug resistant shigella flexneri in & around dibrugarh, north-east india. | shigella flexneri is the most common species of shigella causing diarrhoea and dysentery in asia including india. multidrug resistance in shigella species has been reported worldwide and there is rising concern regarding development of fluoroquinolone resistance. this study was undertaken to find out the resistance pattern of sh. flexneri, the commonest shigella isolated in dibrugarh, north east india, including detection of fluoroquinolone resistance and extended spectrum beta lactamases. | 2013 | 23481070 |
recombinant heat shock protein 60 (hsp60/groel) of salmonella enterica serovar typhi elicits cross-protection against multiple bacterial pathogens in mice. | heat shock proteins (hsps) or stress proteins are recognized as protective antigens against a wide range of bacterial diseases. conservation of hsps across different life forms also appears to contribute to the antigenicity of these proteins. due to their high sequence homology, there exists an immunological cross-recognition between different bacterial species. in the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of recombinant groel of salmonella enterica serovar typhi as a vaccine candidate agains ... | 2013 | 23474314 |
oligomeric states of the shigella translocator protein ipab provide structural insights into formation of the type iii secretion translocon. | the shigella flexneri type iii secretion system (t3ss) senses contact with human intestinal cells and injects effector proteins that promote pathogen entry as the first step in causing life threatening bacillary dysentery (shigellosis). the shigella type iii secretion apparatus (t3sa) consists of an anchoring basal body, an exposed needle, and a temporally assembled tip complex. exposure to environmental small molecules recruits ipab, the first hydrophobic translocator protein, to the maturing t ... | 2013 | 23456854 |
multidrug-resistant shigella flexneri bacteremia in an immunocompetent adult. | 2012 | 23455829 | |
screening of solvent dependent antibacterial activity of prunus domestica. | fruit of prunus domestica was extracted in ethanol. the ethanol extract was further extracted with two solvents ethyl acetate and chloroform. the crude ethanol extract and two fractions (ethyl acetate and chloroform) were screened for their antibacterial activity using the agar well diffusion method .they were tested against nine bacteria; five gram positive bacteria (staphylococcus aureus, streptococcuc intermedius, bacillus cereus, bacillus pumilus) and four gram negative bacteria (eschrichia ... | 2013 | 23455215 |
tmrna is essential in shigella flexneri. | nonstop mrnas pose a challenge for bacteria, because translation cannot terminate efficiently without a stop codon. the trans-translation pathway resolves nonstop translation complexes by removing the nonstop mrna, the incomplete protein, and the stalled ribosome. p1 co-transduction experiments demonstrated that tmrna, a key component of the trans-translation pathway, is essential for viability in shigella flexneri. tmrna was previously shown to be dispensable in the closely related species esch ... | 2013 | 23451240 |
[bacteraemia due to shigella flexneri serotype 6 in two patients with aids]. | infections due to shigella usually remain localized to the digestive tract and are self-limited. bacteremia is a potentially lethal complication that can occur in immunocompromised patients. we describe two episodes of bacteremia caused by shigella in two adults with aids. in both patients, s. flexneri was recovered from stool and blood samples. the isolates belonged to serotype 6, were resistant only to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and showed a similar band profile by pulsed-field gel electrop ... | 2013 | 23450419 |
shigella in brazilian children with acute diarrhoea: prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes. | diarrhoeal disease is still considered a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children. among diarrhoeagenic agents, shigella should be highlighted due to its prevalence and the severity of the associated disease. here, we assessed shigella prevalence, drug susceptibility and virulence factors. faeces from 157 children with diarrhoea who sought treatment at the children's hospital joão paulo ii, a reference children´s hospital in belo horizonte, state of minas gerais, brazil, were cultur ... | 2013 | 23440111 |
shigella impairs t lymphocyte dynamics in vivo. | the gram-negative enteroinvasive bacterium shigella flexneri is responsible for the endemic form of bacillary dysentery, an acute rectocolitis in humans. s. flexneri uses a type iii secretion system to inject effector proteins into host cells, thus diverting cellular functions to its own benefit. protective immunity to reinfection requires several rounds of infection to be elicited and is short-lasting, suggesting that s. flexneri interferes with the priming of specific immunity. considering the ... | 2013 | 23417297 |
antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of alcoholic extracts of rumex dentatus l. | in-vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of various concentrations ranging from 150 to 500 μg/ml of alcoholic (methanol and ethanol) extracts of rumex dentatus were analyzed on different clinical bacterial strains (shigella flexneri, klebsiella pneumoniae, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhimurium, staphylococcus aureus) and fungal strains (aspergillus versicolor, aspergillus flavus, acremonium spp., penicillium dimorphosporum, candida albicans, candida kruesie, c ... | 2013 | 23415966 |
isolation and genomic characterization of sfi, a serotype-converting bacteriophage of shigella flexneri. | all shigella flexneri serotypes except serotype 6 share a common o-antigen tetrasaccharide backbone and nearly all variations between serotypes are due to glucosyl and/or o-acetyl modifications of the common o unit mediated by glycosyltransferases encoded by serotype-converting bacteriophages. several s. flexneri serotype-converting phages including sfv, sfx, sf6 and sfii have been isolated and characterized. however, s. flexneri serotype-converting phage sfi which encodes a type i modification ... | 2013 | 23414301 |
decreased susceptibility to antimicrobials among shigella flexneri isolates in manipal, south india--a 5 year hospital based study. | shigellosis is endemic in many developing countries and an important cause of bloody diarrhea worldwide. our study was undertaken as a continuation of our earlier study during 2001 - 2006.the aim of this study was to monitor changes in shigella serogroups and resistance patterns to antimicrobials among shigella isolates. two thousand one hundred fecal samples were obtained from patients with diarrhea during june 2006-june 2011. isolates were identified by standard microbiological techniques as s ... | 2012 | 23413708 |
shigellosis outbreak at addis ababa university: march-april 2010. | between 2006 and 2008, there have been various reports of diarrhea with blood in ethiopia and also reports of shigelloses outbreaks in some parts of the country. in march 2010, addis ababa university (aau) technology campus reported occurrence of an outbreak of diarrheal illness among students. | 2011 | 23409399 |
identification of shigella flexneri icsa residues affecting interaction with n-wasp, and evidence for icsa-icsa co-operative interaction. | the shigella flexneri icsa (virg) protein is a polarly distributed outer membrane protein that is a fundamental virulence factor which interacts with neural wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (n-wasp). the activated n-wasp then activates the arp2/3 complex which initiates de novo actin nucleation and polymerisation to form f-actin comet tails and allows bacterial cell-to-cell spreading. in a previous study, icsa was found to have three n-wasp interacting regions (irs): ir i (aa 185-312), ir ii (aa ... | 2013 | 23405119 |
residues located inside the escherichia coli fepe protein oligomer are essential for lipopolysaccharide o-antigen modal chain length regulation. | the escherichia coli o157 : h7 fepe protein regulates lipopolysaccharide (lps) o-antigen (oag) chain length to confer a very long modal chain length of >80 oag repeat units (rus). the mechanism by which fepe regulates oag modal chain length and the regions within it that are important for its function remain unclear. studies on the structure of fepe show that the protein oligomerizes. however, the exact size of the oligomer is in dispute, further hampering our understanding of its mechanism. gui ... | 2013 | 23393150 |
deletion of pic results in decreased virulence for a clinical isolate of shigella flexneri 2a from china. | shigella is a major pathogen responsible for bacillary dysentery, a severe form of shigellosis. severity of the disease depends on the virulence of the infecting strain. shigella pathogenicity is a multi-gene phenomenon, involving the participation of genes on an unstable large virulence plasmid and chromosomal pathogenicity islands. | 2013 | 23391153 |
analysis of soluble protein complexes in shigella flexneri reveals the influence of temperature on the amount of lipopolysaccharide. | shigella flexneri, which is closely related to escherichia coli, is the most common cause of the endemic form of shigellosis. in this study, 53 homomultimeric protein complexes and nine heteromultimeric protein complexes from s. flexneri 2a strain 2457t were separated and identified. among these, three potential homomultimeric protein complexes had not been previously described. one complex, thought to be composed of 12 phon1 subunits, is a periplasmic protein with an unknown physiological role ... | 2013 | 23378524 |
antidiarrhoeal and antimicrobial activity of calpurnia aurea leaf extract. | in ethiopia, calpurnia aurea is used for the treatment of syphilis, malaria, rabies, diabetes, hypertension, diarrhoea, leishmaniasis, trachoma, elephantiasis, fungal diseases and different swellings. however, despite its traditional usage as an antidiarrhoeal and antimicrobial agent, there is limited or no information regarding its effectiveness and mode of action in diarrhoea which may be caused by shigella flexneri, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli and salmonella typhi. hence, we evalu ... | 2013 | 23351272 |
technological and probiotic potential of bgra43 a natural isolate of lactobacillus helveticus. | lactobacillus helveticus bgra43 is a human intestinal isolate showing antimicrobial activity, amongst others, against yersinia enterocolitica, shigella sonnei, shigella flexneri, and streptococcus pneumoniae. bgra43 produces prth proteinase with proteolytic activity on both casein and β-lactoglobulin (blg). bgra43 is able to reduce the allergenicity of blg. bioactive peptides released in bgra43 fermented milk are potent modulators of innate immunity by modulating the production of proinflammator ... | 2013 | 23346083 |
[calpain activation by shigella flexneri regulates key steps in the life and death of bacterium's epithelial niche]. | 2012 | 23290392 | |
o-antigen structure of shigella flexneri serotype yv and effect of the lpt-o gene variation on phosphoethanolamine modification of s. flexneri o-antigens. | shigella flexneri is the major human pathogen causing shigellosis. o-antigens of all s. flexneri serotypes (except for serotype 6) share the →2)-α-l-rhap(iii)-(1 → 2)-α-l-rhap(ii)-(1 → 3)-α-l-rhap(i)-(1 → 3)-β-d-glcpnac-(1→ basic o-unit, whereas differences between the serotypes are conferred by phage-encoded glucosylation and/or o-acetylation at various positions. recently, in serotype x and 4a variants called xv and 4av, respectively, o-antigen modification with phosphoethanolamine (petn) has ... | 2013 | 23283000 |
one-step sensitive detection of salmonella typhimurium by coupling magnetic capture and fluorescence identification with functional nanospheres. | sensitive, rapid, and reliable detection of bacteria has always been pursued due to the great threat of the bacteria to human health. in this study, a convenient one-step strategy for detecting salmonella typhimurium was developed. immunomagnetic nanospheres (imns) and immunofluorescent nanospheres (ifns) were used to specifically capture and recognize s. typhimurium simultaneously. after magnetic separation, the sandwich immune complexes (imns-bacteria-ifns) were detected under a fluorescence m ... | 2013 | 23256523 |
human plasma-derived polymeric iga and igm antibodies associate with secretory component to yield biologically active secretory-like antibodies. | immunotherapy with monoclonal and polyclonal immunoglobulin is successfully applied to improve many clinical conditions, including infection, autoimmune diseases, or immunodeficiency. most immunoglobulin products, recombinant or plasma-derived, are based on igg antibodies, whereas to date, the use of iga for therapeutic application has remained anecdotal. in particular, purification or production of large quantities of secretory iga (siga) for potential mucosal application has not been achieved. ... | 2013 | 23250751 |
phage inactivation of foodborne shigella on ready-to-eat spiced chicken. | shigellosis, also called bacillary dysentery, is an infectious disease caused by shigella species, including shigella flexneri, shigella dysenteriae, shigella sonnei, and shigella boydii. infection with s. flexneri can result in epidemics, and shigella-contaminated food is often the source of infection, such as ready-to-eat spiced chicken and duck. therefore, we investigated the ability of shigella phages to inhibit pathogenic shigella spp. in ready-to-eat spiced chicken. food samples were inocu ... | 2013 | 23243250 |
bruton's tyrosine kinase regulates shigella flexneri dissemination in ht-29 intestinal cells. | shigella flexneri is a gram-negative intracellular pathogen that infects the intestinal epithelium and utilizes actin-based motility to spread from cell to cell. s. flexneri actin-based motility has been characterized in various cell lines, but studies in intestinal cells are limited. here we characterized s. flexneri actin-based motility in ht-29 intestinal cells. in agreement with studies conducted in various cell lines, we showed that s. flexneri relies on neural wiskott-aldrich syndrome prot ... | 2013 | 23230296 |
architecture of the major component of the type iii secretion system export apparatus. | type iii secretion systems (t3sss) are bacterial membrane-embedded nanomachines designed to export specifically targeted proteins from the bacterial cytoplasm. secretion through t3ss is governed by a subset of inner membrane proteins termed the 'export apparatus'. we show that a key member of the shigella flexneri export apparatus, mxia, assembles into a ring essential for secretion in vivo. the ring-forming interfaces are well-conserved in both nonflagellar and flagellar homologs, implying that ... | 2012 | 23222644 |
multi-locus sequence typing (mlst) and repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction (rep-pcr), characterization of shigella spp. over two decades in tianjin china. | to understand the change of the dominant serogroup of shigella spp., their antimicrobial resistance over more than two decades in tianjin, their phylogenetic similarity and to determine their evolutionary biology by using rep-pcr and mlst in order to study their epidemiological character. multi-locus sequence typing was performed to determine their lineage and phylogenetic similarity. rep-pcr typing was used to study the homology of their genomic dna. the isolated rate of group d shigella in 200 ... | 2012 | 23205184 |
immobilization of lysozyme-clea onto electrospun chitosan nanofiber for effective antibacterial applications. | chitosan (cs) nanofibers with a diameter of 150-200nm were fabricated from a mixed chitosan/poly (vinyl alcohol) (pva) solution by the electrospinning method. the nascent cs/pva nanofibers were treated with 0.5m naoh solution to make stable cs nanofibers by removing pva under aqueous conditions. hen egg-white lysozyme was immobilized on electrospun cs nanofibers via cross-linked enzyme aggregates (cleas) and used for effective and continuous antibacterial applications. the maximum amount of lyso ... | 2013 | 23201775 |
comparison of ims platforms for detecting and recovering escherichia coli o157 and shigella flexneri in foods. | two automated platforms using immunomagnetic separation technology were compared for detecting and recovering escherichia coli o157 in ground beef and sprouts and shigella flexneri in green onions. the foods were inoculated with <20 cfu/25 g and tested at 5 and 24 h postincubation. immunomagnetic beads were mixed with food enrichments, processed through the pathatrix auto or kingfisher flex, and tested by real-time pcr (qpcr) and recovery on selective agars. at 5 h, the pathatrix auto detected e ... | 2013 | 23190790 |
antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extract of the stem bark of clausena heptaphylla. | there is wide spread interest in drugs derived from plants as green medicine is believed to be safe and dependable, compared with costly synthetic drugs that have adverse effects. | 2012 | 23181593 |
in vitro antimicrobial activity on clinical microbial strains and antioxidant properties of artemisia parviflora. | artemisia parviflora leaf extracts were evaluated for potential antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. antimicrobial susceptibility assay was performed against ten standard reference bacterial strains. antioxidant activity was analyzed using the ferric thiocyanate and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (dpph) assays. radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content were compared. phytochemical analyses were performed to identify the major bioactive constitution of the plant extract. | 2012 | 23171441 |
chromosomal and plasmid-encoded factors of shigella flexneri induce secretogenic activity ex vivo. | shigella flexneri is a gram-negative, facultative intracellular pathogen that causes millions of cases of watery or bloody diarrhea annually, resulting in significant global mortality. watery diarrhea is thought to arise in the jejunum, and subsequent bloody diarrhea occurs as a result of invasion of the colonic epithelium. previous literature has demonstrated that shigella encodes enterotoxins, both chromosomally and on the 220 kilobase virulence plasmid. the shigellaenterotoxins 1 and 2 (shet1 ... | 2012 | 23166804 |
outer membrane protein a (ompa): a new player in shigella flexneri protrusion formation and inter-cellular spreading. | outer membrane protein a (ompa) is a multifaceted predominant outer membrane protein of escherichia coli and other enterobacteriaceae whose role in the pathogenesis of various bacterial infections has recently been recognized. here, the role of ompa on the virulence of shigella flexneri has been investigated. an ompa mutant of wild-type s. flexneri 5a strain m90t was constructed (strain hnd92) and it was shown to be severely impaired in cell-to-cell spreading since it failed to plaque on hela ce ... | 2012 | 23166731 |
connexin 26 facilitates gastrointestinal bacterial infection in vitro. | escherichia coli, including enteropathogenic e. coli (epec), represents the most common cause of diarrhoea worldwide and is therefore a serious public health burden. treatment for gastrointestinal pathogens is hindered by the emergence of multiple antibiotic resistance, leading to the requirement for the development of new therapies. a variety of mechanisms act in combination to mediate gastrointestinal-bacterial-associated diarrhoea development. for example, epec infection of enterocytes induce ... | 2013 | 23138568 |
molecular structure, normal coordinate analysis, harmonic vibrational frequencies, natural bond orbital, td-dft calculations and biological activity analysis of antioxidant drug 7-hydroxycoumarin. | in this work, we report harmonic vibrational frequencies, molecular structure, nbo and homo, lumo analysis of umbelliferone also known as 7-hydroxycoumarin (7hc). the optimized geometric bond lengths and bond angles obtained by computation (monomer and dimmer) shows good agreement with experimental xrd data. harmonic frequencies of 7hc were determined and analyzed by dft utilizing 6-311+g(d,p) as basis set. the assignments of the vibrational spectra have been carried out with the help of normal ... | 2013 | 23123244 |
evaluation of probiotic properties of lactobacillus plantarum strains isolated from chinese sauerkraut. | lactobacillus plantarum strains isolated and identified from naturally-fermented chinese sauerkraut were examined in vitro for potential probiotic properties and in vivo for cholesterol-lowering effect in mice. among 7 isolated l. plantarum strains, strains s2-5 and s4-1 were found to possess desirable probiotic properties including ability to survive at ph 2.0 for 60 min, tolerate pancreatin and bile salts, adhere to caco-2 cells, produce high β-galactosidase activity and antimicrobial activity ... | 2013 | 23117677 |
the nucleotide sequence of shigella flexneri 1a: a common indian isolate. | we report complete sequences of 2 genes of s.flexneri 1a an indian isolate for the first time. shigella is causative agent of shigellosis or bacillary dysentery. genomic library was constructed by shotgun approach. sequencing was carried out using big dye terminator chemistry using abi 3730 48 capillary dna analyzer. 170 recombinants were subjected to nucleotide sequencing. sequence data was analyzed, of these 2 clones showed presence of complete genes out of the total clones sequenced. annotati ... | 2009 | 23105823 |
synthesis of monodispersed silver nanoparticles using hibiscus cannabinus leaf extract and its antimicrobial activity. | synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of hibiscus cannabinus has been investigated. the influences of different concentration of h. cannabinus leaf extract, different metal ion concentration and different reaction time on the above cases on the synthesis of nanoparticles were evaluated. the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using uv-vis spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ftir), x-ray diffraction (xrd) and transmission electron microscopy (tem). the p ... | 2013 | 23103459 |
shigella flexneri t3ss effector ipah4.5 modulates the host inflammatory response via interaction with nf-κb p65 protein. | shigella species possess a type iii secretion system (t3ss), which is required for human infection and that delivers effector proteins into target host cells. here, we show that the effector, ipah4.5 dampens the pro-inflammatory cytokine response. in both the sereny test and a murine lung infection model, the shigella δipah4.5 mutant strain caused more severe inflammatory responses and significantly induced higher pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (mip-2 and tnf-α) in the lung homogenates of wild ... | 2013 | 23083102 |
myosin-x facilitates shigella-induced membrane protrusions and cell-to-cell spread. | the intracellular pathogen shigella flexneri forms membrane protrusions to spread from cell to cell. as protrusions form, myosin-x (myo10) localizes to shigella. electron micrographs of immunogold-labelled shigella-infected hela cells reveal that myo10 concentrates at the bases and along the sides of bacteria within membrane protrusions. time-lapse video microscopy shows that a full-length myo10 gfp-construct cycles along the sides of shigella within the membrane protrusions as these structures ... | 2013 | 23083060 |
lessons from anaplasma phagocytophilum: chromatin remodeling by bacterial effectors. | bacterial pathogens can alter global host gene expression via histone modifications and chromatin remodeling in order to subvert host responses, including those involved with innate immunity, allowing for bacterial survival. shigella flexneri, listeria monocytogenes, chlamydia trachomatis, and anaplasma phagocytophilum express effector proteins that modify host histones and chromatin structure. a. phagocytophilum modulates granulocyte respiratory burst in part by dampening transcription of sever ... | 2012 | 23082961 |
shigellosis outbreak associated with contaminated well water in a rural elementary school: sichuan province, china, june 7-16, 2009. | we investigated a shigellosis outbreak in an elementary school to identify the source of infection, mode of transmission and risk factors for illness. | 2012 | 23071767 |
spontaneous mutation frequency and molecular mechanisms of shigella flexneri fluoroquinolone resistance under antibiotic selective stress. | the incidence of fluoroquinolone-resistant shigella strains has risen rapidly, presumably in response to ciprofloxacin antibiotic stress. understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this resistance phenotype is critical to developing novel and effective therapeutic strategies. in this study, the frequency of ciprofloxacin-induced mutation was measured in antibiotic resistance genes (gyra, gyrb, parc, pare, maror, and mara) of shigella flexneri. the s. flexneri 2a strain 301 was cultured on ... | 2013 | 23070800 |
surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility pattern among shigella flexneri strain isolated in nagpur district during three years period, january 2009-january 2012. | in the few cases of childhood dirrhea that require the antimicrobial therapy, the correct choice of the drug depends on detailed previous knowledge of local strains and pattern of antimicrobial resistance. shigellosis is one of the most improtant examples of this group of intestinal infections. in order to establish such parameters in nagpur city, this study was carried out to determine the antimcrobial resistance profile of shigella flexneri isolated from patients suffering from diahhrea admitt ... | 2010 | 23051941 |
a novel plasmid-encoded serotype conversion mechanism through addition of phosphoethanolamine to the o-antigen of shigella flexneri. | shigella flexneri is the major pathogen causing bacillary dysentery in developing countries. s. flexneri is divided into at least 16 serotypes based on the combination of antigenic determinants present in the o-antigen. all the serotypes (except for serotype 6) share a basic o-unit containing one n-acetyl-d-glucosamine and three l-rhamnose residues, whereas differences between the serotypes are conferred by phage-encoded glucosylation and/or o-acetylation. serotype xv is a newly emerged and the ... | 2012 | 23049947 |
towards a non-living vaccine against shigella flexneri: from the inactivation procedure to protection studies. | shigellosis is one of the leading causes of diarrhea worldwide with more than 165 million cases annually. hence, a vaccine against this disease is a priority, but no licensed vaccine is still available. considering target population as well as intrinsic risks of live attenuated vaccines, non-living strategies appear as the most promising candidates. remarkably, the preservation of antigenic properties is a major concern since inactivation methods of bacteria affect these qualities. we previously ... | 2013 | 23046911 |
effect of x-ray treatments on pathogenic bacteria, inherent microbiota, color, and texture on parsley leaves. | this work is a part of systematic studies of the effect of x-ray treatments on fresh produce. the main objective of this investigation was to study the effects of x-ray treatments in reducing the concentration of artificially inoculated escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica, and shigella flexneri, and inherent microbiota on parsley leaves. the secondary objective was to study the effects of x-ray treatments on color and texture parameters on treated parsley leaves ... | 2012 | 23035726 |
expression of shigella flexneri gluq-rs gene is linked to dksa and controlled by a transcriptional terminator. | glutamyl queuosine-trna(asp) synthetase (gluq-rs) is a paralog of the catalytic domain of glutamyl-trna synthetase and catalyzes the formation of glutamyl-queuosine on the wobble position of trna(asp). here we analyze the transcription of its gene in shigella flexneri, where it is found downstream of dksa, which encodes a transcriptional regulator involved in stress responses. | 2012 | 23035718 |
quantification of viable but nonculturable bacterial pathogens in anaerobic digested sludge. | enteric bacterial pathogens in sewage sludge easily become viable but nonculturable (vbnc) during anaerobic digestion, which escape detection by standard culture methods and pose a potential health risk. in this study, a method that is combining the standard culture method with the reverse transcription quantitative pcr (rt-qpcr) assay was developed for the quantification of bacterial pathogens in the vbnc state. the cycle threshold (ct) values from rt-qpcr assays were linear to the bacterial nu ... | 2013 | 22996281 |
glutamate decarboxylase-dependent acid resistance in orally acquired bacteria: function, distribution and biomedical implications of the gadbc operon. | for successful colonization of the mammalian host, orally acquired bacteria must overcome the extreme acidic stress (ph < 2.5) encountered during transit through the host stomach. the glutamate-dependent acid resistance (gdar) system is by far the most potent acid resistance system in commensal and pathogenic escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, listeria monocytogenes and lactococcus lactis. gdar requires the activity of glutamate decarboxylase (gadb), an intracellular plp-dependent enzyme which ... | 2012 | 22995042 |
metal based new triazoles: their synthesis, characterization and antibacterial/antifungal activities. | a series of new triazoles and their oxovanadium(iv) complexes have been synthesized, characterized and evaluated for antibacterial/antifungal properties. the new schiff bases ligands (l(1))-(l(5)) were prepared by the condensation reaction of 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole with 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde, pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde, pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde, 2-acetyl pyridine and 2-methoxy benzaldehyde. the structures of the ligands have been established on the basis of their physical, spectral (ir, ... | 2012 | 22982389 |
high load of multi-drug resistant nosocomial neonatal pathogens carried by cockroaches in a neonatal intensive care unit at tikur anbessa specialized hospital, addis ababa, ethiopia. | 2012 | 22958880 | |
microbiota, innate immune system, and gastrointestinal muscle: ongoing studies. | to test the activities of culture-extracted or commercially available toll-like receptors (tlrs) ligands to establish their direct impact on target gastrointestinal motor cells. | 2012 | 22955360 |
spontaneous formation of ipab ion channels in host cell membranes reveals how shigella induces pyroptosis in macrophages. | the gram-negative bacterium shigella flexneri invades the colonic epithelium and causes bacillary dysentery. s. flexneri requires the virulence factor invasion plasmid antigen b (ipab) to invade host cells, escape from the phagosome and induce macrophage cell death. the mechanism by which ipab functions remains unclear. here, we show that purified ipab spontaneously oligomerizes and inserts into the plasma membrane of target cells forming cation selective ion channels. after internalization, ipa ... | 2012 | 22951981 |
quinolone-resistant shigella flexneri isolated in a patient who travelled to india. | we report a recent case in which ciprofloxacin-resistant shigella flexneri was isolated from a 23-yr-old female patient with a history of travel to india. prior to her admission to our internal medicine department, she experienced symptoms of high fever and generalized weakness from continuous watery diarrhea that developed midway during the trip. s. flexneri was isolated from the stool culture. despite initial treatment with ciprofloxacin, the stool cultures continued to show s. flexneri growth ... | 2012 | 22950074 |
structurally distinct bacterial tbc-like gaps link arf gtpase to rab1 inactivation to counteract host defenses. | rab gtpases are frequent targets of vacuole-living bacterial pathogens for appropriate trafficking of the vacuole. here we discover that bacterial effectors including vira from nonvacuole shigella flexneri and espg from extracellular enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) harbor tbc-like dual-finger motifs and exhibits potent rabgap activities. specific inactivation of rab1 by vira/espg disrupts er-to-golgi trafficking. s. flexneri intracellular persistence requires vira tbc-like gap activity ... | 2012 | 22939626 |
absence of o antigen suppresses shigella flexneri icsa autochaperone region mutations. | the shigella flexneri icsa (virg) protein is a polarly distributed autotransporter protein. icsa functions as a virulence factor by interacting with the host actin regulatory protein n-wasp, which in turn activates the arp2/3 complex, initiating actin polymerization. formation of f-actin comet tails allows bacterial cell-to-cell spreading. although various accessory proteins such as periplasmic chaperones and the β-barrel assembly machine (bam) complex have been shown to be involved in the expor ... | 2012 | 22936034 |
shigella flexneri bacteremia in adult. | 2012 | 22923931 | |
expanding the use of a fluorogenic method to determine activity and mode of action of bacillus thuringiensis bacteriocins against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. | previously we described a rapid fluorogenic method to measure the activity of five bacteriocins produced by mexican strains of bacillus thuringiensis against b. cereus 183. here we standardize this method to efficiently determine the activity of bacteriocins against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. it was determined that the crucial parameter required to obtain reproducible results was the number of cells used in the assay, that is, ~4 × 10(8) cell/ml and ~7 × 10(8) cell/ml, respec ... | 2012 | 22919330 |
ifnγ inhibits the cytosolic replication of shigella flexneri via the cytoplasmic rna sensor rig-i. | the activation of host cells by interferon gamma (ifnγ) is essential for inhibiting the intracellular replication of most microbial pathogens. although significant advances have been made in identifying ifnγ-dependent host factors that suppress intracellular bacteria, little is known about how ifnγ enables cells to recognize, or restrict, the growth of pathogens that replicate in the host cytoplasm. the replication of the cytosolic bacterial pathogen shigella flexneri is significantly inhibited ... | 2012 | 22912573 |
molecular profiling of antimicrobial resistance and integron association of multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of shigella species from faisalabad, pakistan. | bacillary dysentery, common in developing countries, is usually caused by shigella species. a major problem in shigellosis is the rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. this is the first detailed molecular study on drug resistance of shigella isolates from the faisalabad region of pakistan. ninety-five shigella isolates obtained after screening of 2500 stool samples were evaluated for in vitro resistance to commonly used antimicrobial agents; the presence or absence of 20 of the most re ... | 2012 | 22906205 |
cloning and purification of ipac antigen from shigella flexneri: proposal of a new methodology. | shigella flexneri is a gram-negative bacillus that is responsible for a severe form of dysentery called shigellosis, which mainly affects children and the elderly in both underdeveloped and developed countries. pathogenic s. flexneri strains possess a large virulence plasmid that codes for effector proteins that are required for the entry and spread of the bacteria into colonocytes. among these proteins is the translocator ipac, which plays an important role in the invasion process; ipac is impl ... | 2013 | 22894716 |
differential modulation of intracellular survival of cytosolic and vacuolar pathogens by curcumin. | curcumin, a principal component of turmeric, acts as an immunomodulator regulating the host defenses in response to a diseased condition. the role of curcumin in controlling certain infectious diseases is highly controversial. it is known to alleviate symptoms of helicobacter pylori infection and exacerbate that of leishmania infection. we have evaluated the role of curcumin in modulating the fate of various intracellular bacterial pathogens. we show that pretreatment of macrophages with curcumi ... | 2012 | 22890770 |
bacterial secretion and the role of diffusive and subdiffusive first passage processes. | by funneling protein effectors through needle complexes located on the cellular membrane, bacteria are able to infect host cells during type iii secretion events. the spatio-temporal mechanisms through which these events occur are however not fully understood, due in part to the inherent challenges in tracking single molecules moving within an intracellular medium. as a result, theoretical predictions of secretion times are still lacking. here we provide a model that quantifies, depending on the ... | 2012 | 22879888 |
pa2800 plays an important role in both antibiotic susceptibility and virulence in pseudomonas aeruginosa. | pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important human pathogen which causes a variety of infections. p. aeruginosa infections are often difficult to treat due to the pathogen's resistance to many antibiotics. previously, it has been reported that a transposon insertion mutant in gene pa2800 of p. aeruginosa pao1 was more sensitive to tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. further characterization of this gene, a vacj homolog, in this study indicated that this gene plays an important role in both antibiotic susc ... | 2012 | 22878555 |
shigella sonnei genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis indicate recent global dissemination from europe. | shigella are human-adapted escherichia coli that have gained the ability to invade the human gut mucosa and cause dysentery(1,2), spreading efficiently via low-dose fecal-oral transmission(3,4). historically, s. sonnei has been predominantly responsible for dysentery in developed countries but is now emerging as a problem in the developing world, seeming to replace the more diverse shigella flexneri in areas undergoing economic development and improvements in water quality(4-6). classical approa ... | 2012 | 22863732 |
emergence of a novel shigella flexneri serotype 1d in china. | we report on the isolation of 5 shigella flexneri strains displaying a novel serotype, 1d, that shares serologic features from both s. flexneri serotypes 1a and x. the 1d strains contained serotype-converting bacteriophages sfi and sfx in tandem on the chromosome. these strains were likely originated from serotype x strains through sfi infection. | 2012 | 22858548 |
characterization of lipid a profiles from shigella flexneri variant x lipopolysaccharide. | in developing countries, shigella flexneri (sf) is the major causative agent of the endemic shigellosis (bacillary dysentery) responsible annually for one million fatalities mostly among infants. lipopolysaccharides (lpss) are characteristic components of the outer membrane of the overwhelming majority of gram-negative bacteria. since lipid a is essential for the viability of the gram-negative bacteria, it is subject to extensive chemical studies with new analytical techniques. | 2012 | 22847700 |
studies on shigella boydii infection in caenorhabditis elegans and bioinformatics analysis of immune regulatory protein interactions. | shigella boydii causes bacillary dysentery or shigellosis and generates a significant burden in the developing nations. s. boydii-mediated infection assays were performed at both physiological and molecular levels using caenorhabditis elegans as a host. continuous exposure of worms to s. boydii showed a reduced life span indicating the pathogenicity of shigella. quantitative real-time pcr analysis was performed to analyze the expression and regulation of host specific candidate-antimicrobial gen ... | 2012 | 22841995 |
virb-mediated positive feedback control of the virulence gene regulatory cascade of shigella flexneri. | shigella flexneri is a facultative intracellular pathogen that relies on a type iii secretion system and its associated effector proteins to cause bacillary dysentery in humans. the genes that encode this virulence system are located on a 230-kbp plasmid and are transcribed in response to thermal, osmotic, and ph signals that are characteristic of the human lower gut. the virulence genes are organized within a regulatory cascade, and the nucleoid-associated protein h-ns represses each of the key ... | 2012 | 22821978 |
bacterial virulence proteins as tools to rewire kinase pathways in yeast and immune cells. | bacterial pathogens have evolved specific effector proteins that, by interfacing with host kinase signalling pathways, provide a mechanism to evade immune responses during infection. although these effectors contribute to pathogen virulence, we realized that they might also serve as valuable synthetic biology reagents for engineering cellular behaviour. here we exploit two effector proteins, the shigella flexneri ospf protein and yersinia pestis yoph protein, to rewire kinase-mediated responses ... | 2012 | 22820255 |
mitogenic response and probiotic characteristics of lactic acid bacteria isolated from indigenously pickled vegetables and fermented beverages. | lactic acid bacteria from indigenous pickled vegetables and fermented beverages (fermented rice and madhuca longifolia flowers) were isolated and investigated for their functional characteristics in vitro as potential new probiotic strains. four isolates (all lactobacillus spp.) selected on the basis of high tolerance to bile (0.2%) were identified by standard and molecular methods (16s rdna) as l. helveticus, l. casei, l. delbrueckii and l. bulgaricus from pickled vegetables and fermented bever ... | 2011 | 22806866 |
[analysis of etiological surveillance results of shigella spp between 2009 and 2010 in henan province]. | to explore the etiologic characteristics of bacillary dysentery found in henan province, between year 2009 and 2010. | 2012 | 22800632 |
[multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis for molecular subtypes of shigella isolates in beijing]. | selecting variable-number tandem-repeat (vntr) loci for different serogroups of shigella spp to explore and establish multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (mlva) method, in order to study the molecular characteristic of the isolated strains. | 2012 | 22800631 |
identification of critical residues of the serotype modifying o-acetyltransferase of shigella flexneri. | thirteen serotypes of shigella flexneri (s. flexneri) have been recognised, all of which are capable of causing bacillary dysentery or shigellosis. with the emergence of the newer s. flexneri serotypes, the development of an effective vaccine has only become more challenging. one of the factors responsible for the generation of serotype diversity is an lps o-antigen modifying, integral membrane protein known as o-acetyltransferase or oac. oac functions by adding an acetyl group to a specific o-a ... | 2012 | 22793174 |
molecular dynamics simulations of carbohydrate-mimetic haptens in complex with a complementary anti-carbohydrate antibody. | the monoclonal antibody sya/j6 is specific for the o-polysaccharide of the shigella flexneri y bacterium. two haptens, a pentasaccharide and a mimetic octapeptide, bind to sya/j6 with moderate binding affinities. in a previous attempt to obtain improved binding affinity to sya/j6, two glycopeptide chimeras (α-glycopeptide and β-glycopeptide) were designed based on the structures of the pentasaccharide and the octapeptide, as well as a molecular docking study. despite the overall fit of the ligan ... | 2012 | 22789717 |
shigella flexneri bacteremia in two immune-competent adult travelers. | shigella bacteremias are uncommon in immune-competent adults. we report two cases of shigella flexneri bacteremia that occurred in healthy young travelers, who recovered. self-medication with loperamide and ibuprofen without antibiotics (case 1) and concomitant falciparum malaria (case 2) were the only co-morbidities found in our two patients. | 2012 | 22776390 |
[parasitic and bacterial etiologies of diarrhea among people living with hiv hospitalized in fann hospital (senegal)]. | diarrhea is the most common opportunistic infection in aids. we conducted at the fann national university hospital in dakar, a study of all patients living with hiv, hospitalized in the the clinical service of infectious diseases from 1 january 2003 to december 31, 2006, with diarrhea and having received an bacteriological and / or a parasitological examination of stools. the aim of this study was to identify the various pathogens isolated in the laboratory and responsible for those diarrhea. in ... | 2011 | 22766136 |
outer membrane vesicles of shigella boydii type 4 induce passive immunity in neonatal mice. | like most other gram-negative bacteria, shigella releases outer membrane vesicles (omvs) into the surrounding environment during growth. in this study, we have exploited omvs of shigella as a protective immunogen in a mice model against shigellosis. distinctive vesicle secretion was noticed from different shigella strains. among them, shigella boydii type 4 (bch612) was secreting relatively higher amounts. we immunized female adult mice orally with 32 μg of purified shigella boydii type 4 (bch61 ... | 2012 | 22762732 |
from lin-benzoguanines to lin-benzohypoxanthines as ligands for zymomonas mobilis trna-guanine transglycosylase: replacement of protein-ligand hydrogen bonding by importing water clusters. | the foodborne illness shigellosis is caused by shigella bacteria that secrete the highly cytotoxic shiga toxin, which is also formed by the closely related enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec). it has been shown that trna-guanine transglycosylase (tgt) is essential for the pathogenicity of shigella flexneri. herein, the molecular recognition properties of a guanine binding pocket in zymomonas mobilis tgt are investigated with a series of lin-benzohypoxanthine- and lin-benzoguanine-based inh ... | 2012 | 22736391 |
role of anionic charges of periplasmic glucans of shigella flexneri in overcoming detergent stress. | osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (opgs) are synthesized by the members of the family enterobacteriaceae when grown under low osmotic growth conditions. enteropathogens such as shigella flexneri spend considerable time outside the host environment such as irrigation waters where low nutrient low osmolarity conditions normally may exist. we recently demonstrated that opgs of s. flexneri are required for optimal growth under low osmolarity low nutrient conditions. based on homology of the opg bios ... | 2012 | 22730962 |
shigella flexneri o-antigens revisited: final elucidation of the o-acetylation profiles and a survey of the o-antigen structure diversity. | shigella flexneri is an important human pathogen causing shigellosis. strains of s. flexneri are serologically heterogeneous and, based on o-antigens, are currently classified into 14 types. structures of the o-antigens (o-polysaccharides) of s. flexneri have been under study since 1960s but some gaps still remained. in this work, using one- and two-dimensional (1) h- and (13) c-nmr spectroscopy, the o-polysaccharides of several s. flexneri types were reinvestigated, and their structures were ei ... | 2012 | 22724405 |
activation of type iii interferon genes by pathogenic bacteria in infected epithelial cells and mouse placenta. | bacterial infections trigger the expression of type i and ii interferon genes but little is known about their effect on type iii interferon (ifn-λ) genes, whose products play important roles in epithelial innate immunity against viruses. here, we studied the expression of ifn-λ genes in cultured human epithelial cells infected with different pathogenic bacteria and in the mouse placenta infected with listeria monocytogenes. we first showed that in intestinal lovo cells, induction of ifn-λ genes ... | 2012 | 22720036 |
[construction of prokaryotic expression vectors for tandem affinity purification]. | to construct prokaryotic expression vectors suitable for tandem affinity purification to study protein-protein interactions in bacteria. | 2012 | 22712409 |
the normal chain length distribution of the o antigen is required for the interaction of shigella flexneri 2a with polarized caco-2 cells. | shigella flexneri causes bacillary dysentery in humans. essential to the establishment of the disease is the invasion of the colonic epithelial cells. here we investigated the role of the lipopolysaccharide (lps) o antigen in the ability of s. flexneri to adhere to and invade polarized caco-2 cells. the s. flexneri 2a o antigen has two preferred chain lengths: a short o antigen (s-oag) regulated by the wzzb protein and a very long o antigen (vl-oag) regulated by wzz phs2. mutants with defined de ... | 2012 | 22688980 |
quantitative rt-pcr profiling of the rabbit immune response: assessment of acute shigella flexneri infection. | quantitative reverse transcription pcr analysis is an important tool to monitor changes in gene expression in animal models. the rabbit is a widely accepted and commonly used animal model in the study of human diseases and infections by viral, fungal, bacterial and protozoan pathogens. only a limited number of rabbit genes have, however, been analyzed by this method as the rabbit genome sequence remains unfinished. recently, increasing coverage of the genome has permitted the prediction of a gro ... | 2012 | 22675469 |