Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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| chloramphenicol decreases brain glucose utilization and modifies the sleep-wake cycle architecture in rats. | we studied the effects of chloramphenicol on brain glucose utilization and sleep-wake cycles in rat. after slightly anaesthetized animals were injected with [18f]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose, we acquired time-concentration curves from three radiosensitive beta microprobes inserted into the right and left frontal cortices and the cerebellum, and applied a three-compartment model to calculate the cerebral metabolic rates for glucose. the sleep-wake cycle architecture was analysed in anaesthetic-free r ... | 2005 | 15935079 |
| the effects of intracerebroventricular application of 8-br-cgmp and ly-83,583, a guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, on sleep-wake activity in rats. | cyclic gmp is the second messenger that mediates most of the neuronal effects of nitric oxide (no). several lines of evidence suggest that no-ergic mechanisms play an integral role in the regulation of vigilance. in the present study, we tested the effects of the activation of cgmp-receptive mechanisms and the inhibitor of guanylyl cyclase (gc), ly-83,583, on sleep in rats. rats were injected intracerebroventricularly (icv) with 0.16, 4, 100, and 500 microg or 2.5 mg 8-br-cgmp, a membrane-permea ... | 2005 | 15922313 |
| selective stimulation of orexin receptor type 2 promotes wakefulness in freely behaving rats. | orexins a and b are a pair of neuropeptides implicated in the regulation of feeding and arousal behavior mediated through two orexin receptors type 1 and type 2. we have determined the arousal effects of newly developed selective orexin receptor type 2 agonist, [ala11]orexin-b, on the sleep-wake cycle in rats. the effects of third ventricle intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion of the novel orexin receptor type 2 selective agonist, [ala11]orexin-b, on the sleep-wake cycle were investigated. icv ... | 2005 | 15919057 |
| behavioural effects of dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso): changes in sleep architecture in rats. | dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) is an efficient solvent for water-insoluble compounds, widely used in biological studies and as a vehicle for drug therapy, but few data on its neurotoxic or behavioural effects is available. the aim of this work is to explore dmso's effects upon sleep/wake states. twenty male rats were sterotaxically prepared for polysomnography. four concentrations of dmso (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, in saline) were examined. dmso or saline were administered intraperitoneally at the begin ... | 2005 | 15917147 |
| il-6 and its circadian secretion in humans. | interleukin-6 (il-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by numerous types of immune and nonimmune cells and is involved in many pathophysiologic mechanisms in humans. many studies suggest that il-6 is a putative 'sleep factor' and its circadian secretion correlates with sleep/sleepiness. il-6 is elevated in disorders of excessive daytime sleepiness such as narcolepsy and obstructive sleep apnea. it correlates positively with body mass index and may be a mediator of sleepiness in obesity. also th ... | 2005 | 15905620 |
| opposite effects of sleep rebound on orexin ox1 and ox2 receptor expression in rat brain. | orexins (hypocretins) have been implicated in the regulation of the normal sleep-wake cycle, in sensorimotor programming, and in other homeostatic and neuroregulatory processes. the present study examined the effects of sleep deprivation (sd) and sleep recovery on the expression of orexin 1 receptors (ox1r) and orexin 2 receptors (ox2r) throughout the brain. rats were sacrificed either immediately after 96 h of sleep deprivation (sd group) or after sd followed by 24 h of sleep recovery (rebound ... | 2005 | 15893599 |
| a visual aid for computer-based analysis of sleep-wake state in rats. | computer-based sleep scoring systems are often calibrated by reference to a conventional visual analysis of electroencephalographic (eeg) and electromyographic (emg) traces. however, these types of data place high demands on digital storage capacity which may limit the duration or feasibility of some studies. the present paper describes an approach to visual analysis that involves reconstruction of a waveform (termed a "pseudopolygram" (ppg)) from conditioned data derived from the eeg and emg. t ... | 2005 | 15885800 |
| local functional state differences between rat cortical columns. | surface evoked potentials (seps) during auditory clicks and whisker twitches are usually larger during quiet sleep (qs) over waking and rem sleep. however, sep amplitudes from single trials fluctuate periodically between high and low values regardless of sleep-wake cycle. to test the hypothesis that state-independent fluctuations represent local functional sleep-like states of individual cortical columns, we examined single trial sep amplitudes from multiple cortical locations across sleep-wake ... | 2005 | 15882842 |
| pontine-wave generator activation-dependent memory processing of avoidance learning involves the dorsal hippocampus in the rat. | the aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the dorsal hippocampus plays a critical role in pontine-wave (p-wave) generator activation-dependent memory processing of two-way active avoidance (twaa) learning. to achieve this objective, rats were given small bilateral lesions in the ca1, dentate gyrus (dg), or ca3 region of the dorsal hippocampus by microinjecting ibotenic acid. after recovery, lesioned and sham-lesioned rats were trained on a twaa learning paradigm, allowed a 6-hr perio ... | 2005 | 15880522 |
| locus ceruleus control of slow-wave homeostasis. | sleep intensity is regulated by the duration of previous wakefulness, suggesting that waking results in the progressive accumulation of sleep need (borbely and achermann, 2000). in mammals, sleep intensity is reflected by slow-wave activity (swa) in the nonrapid eye movement (nrem) sleep electroencephalogram, which increases in proportion to the time spent awake. however, the mechanisms responsible for the increase of nrem swa after wakefulness remain unclear. according to a recent hypothesis (t ... | 2005 | 15872097 |
| sleep homeostasis in rats assessed by a long-term intermittent paradoxical sleep deprivation protocol. | numerous studies have evaluated the sleep homeostasis of rats after short- or long-periods of sleep deprivation, but none has assessed the effects of prolonged sleep restriction on the rat's sleep pattern. the purpose of the present study, therefore, was to evaluate the sleep homeostasis of rats under a protocol of chronic sleep restriction. male wistar rats were implanted with electrodes for eeg and emg recordings. using the single platform method, the animals were submitted to 18 h of sleep re ... | 2005 | 15863232 |
| tetrodotoxin inactivation of pontine regions: influence on sleep-wake states. | studies using various methodologies have implicated n. reticularis pontis oralis (rpo) and n. subcoeruleus (subc) in the generation of rapid eye movement sleep (rem). in rats, electrolytic lesions in these regions may give rise to the phenomenon of rem without atonia (rem-a), in which the electrophysiological features of rem are normal except that atonia is absent and elaborate behaviors may be exhibited. however, electrolytic lesions damage both cell bodies and fibers of passage, and the neural ... | 2005 | 15862788 |
| persistence of sleep-temperature coupling after suprachiasmatic nuclei lesions in rats. | the suprachiasmatic nucleus (scn) regulates the circadian rhythms of body temperature (t(b)) and vigilance states in mammals. we studied rats in which circadian rhythmicity was abolished after scn lesions (scnx rats) to investigate the association between the ultradian rhythms of sleep-wake states and brain temperature (t(br)), which are exposed after lesions. ultradian rhythms of t(br) (mean period: 3.6 h) and sleep were closely associated in scnx rats. within each ultradian cycle, nonrapid eye ... | 2005 | 15860650 |
| cholinergic basal forebrain neurons burst with theta during waking and paradoxical sleep. | it is known that acetylcholine can stimulate activation and promote plasticity in the cerebral cortex, yet it is not known how the cholinergic basal forebrain neurons, which release acetylcholine in the cortex, discharge in relation to natural cortical activity and sleep-wake states. by recording basal forebrain units in association with electroencephalographic activity across the sleep-wake cycle and labeling individual neurons with neurobiotin for immunohistochemical identification, we show fo ... | 2005 | 15858062 |
| the wake-promoting hypocretin/orexin neurons change their response to noradrenaline after sleep deprivation. | sleep deprivation is accompanied by the progressive development of an irresistible need to sleep, a phenomenon whose mechanism has remained elusive. here, we identified for the first time a reflection of that phenomenon in vitro by showing that, after a short 2 h period of total sleep deprivation, the action of noradrenaline on the wake-promoting hypocretin/orexin neurons changes from an excitation to an inhibition. we propose that such a conspicuous modification of responsiveness should contrib ... | 2005 | 15843615 |
| rem sleep: a sensitive index of fear conditioning in rats. | to examine the influence of conditioned fear stimuli on sleep-wake states, we recorded sleep in sprague-dawley rats after exposure to tones previously paired with footshock. after habituation to a recording chamber and the recording procedure, a baseline sleep recording was obtained the next day. one day later, experimental animals were exposed to shock training designed to induce conditioned fear (fc), consisting of five tone-footshock pairings. the 5-s tones (conditioned stimuli; cs) co-termin ... | 2005 | 15787712 |
| sleep-related vagotonic effect of zolpidem in rats. | zolpidem is a relatively new nonbenzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic. the effects of zolpidem on autonomic functions remain unclear. | 2005 | 15778879 |
| orexin-a projections to the caudal medulla and orexin-induced c-fos expression, food intake, and autonomic function. | orexin-expressing neurons in the hypothalamus project throughout the neuraxis and are involved in regulation of the sleep/wake cycle, food intake, and autonomic functions. here we specifically analyze the anatomical organization of orexin projections to the dorsal vagal complex (dvc) and raphe pallidus and effects on ingestive behavior and autonomic functions of local orexin-a administration in nonanesthetized rats. retrograde tracing experiments revealed that as many as 20% of hypothalamic orex ... | 2005 | 15776447 |
| hearing in laboratory animals: strain differences and nonauditory effects of noise. | hearing in laboratory animals is a topic that traditionally has been the domain of the auditory researcher. however, hearing loss and exposure to various environmental sounds can lead to changes in multiple organ systems, making what laboratory animals hear of consequence for researchers beyond those solely interested in hearing. for example, several inbred mouse strains commonly used in biomedical research (e.g., c57bl/6, dba/2, and balb/c) experience a genetically determined, progressive heari ... | 2005 | 15766204 |
| sleep-related brain activation does not increase the permeability of the blood-brain barrier to glucose. | we compared blood-brain barrier (bbb) permeability to glucose between quiet wakefulness and rapid-eye-movement (rem) sleep to assess whether changes in bbb permeability play a role in coupling glucose supply to the physiologic metabolic needs of the brain. male sprague-dawley rats were prepared with electrodes for wake-sleep state scoring and with arterial and venous catheters. using the single-pass, dual-label indicator method, unidirectional glucose extraction by the brain and cerebral blood f ... | 2005 | 15758946 |
| fos expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in rats following high altitude exposure. | disturbances of circadian rhythms occur at high altitude. we examined the suprachiasmatic nucleus (scn), considered to be the biological clock in mammals that regulates circadian rhythmicity, in adult rats following an exposure to simulated high altitude. | 2005 | 15742827 |
| ozone-induced paradoxical sleep decrease is related to diminished acetylcholine levels in the medial preoptic area in rats. | ozone (o3) produces significant effects on sleep, characterized specially by a decrease in paradoxical sleep (ps) and increase in slow-wave sleep (sws), which in turn represent a sleep-wake cycle disruption. on the other hand, neuronal activity recorded in the cholinoceptive hypothalamic medial preoptic area (mpo) has been involved in the regulation of sleep. however, there is no direct evidence on the role that acetylcholine (ach) release in the mpo plays in the sleep-wake cycle. in order to st ... | 2005 | 15733536 |
| assessment of modafinil on attentional processes in a five-choice serial reaction time test in the rat. | it is well known that modafinil is an effective wake-promoting agent, but there is growing evidence to suggest that modafinil may also enhance some aspects of cognition. in man, modafinil has been shown to enhance vigilance in sleep-deprived and/or narcoleptic subjects and also to improve executive-type functioning (predominantly inhibitory response control processes) across a variety of human patient population groups. preclinically, a delay-dependent improvement has been reported with modafini ... | 2005 | 15728436 |
| differences in activity of cytochrome c oxidase in brain between sleep and wakefulness. | increased mrna level of subunit 1 cytochrome c oxidase (coxi) during wakefulness and after short-term sleep deprivation has been described in brain. we hypothesized that this might contribute to increased activity of cytochrome oxidase (cox) enzyme during wakefulness, as part of the mechanisms to provide sufficient amounts of adenosine triphosphate to meet increased neuronal energy demands. | 2005 | 15700717 |
| effects of kava-kava extract on the sleep-wake cycle in sleep-disturbed rats. | kava-kava extract may be useful as an herbal medicine for treatment of insomnia and anxiety. | 2005 | 15700178 |
| the wake-promoting peptide orexin-b inhibits glutamatergic transmission to dorsal raphe nucleus serotonin neurons through retrograde endocannabinoid signaling. | the wake-promoting neuropeptides orexins (hypocretins) play a crucial role in controlling neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission in the cns. in this study, using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in an acute dorsal raphe nucleus (drn) slice preparation, we report that orexin b (orx-b) depresses the evoked glutamate-mediated synaptic currents in drn 5-ht neurons. the orx-b-induced depression is accompanied by an increase in the paired-pulse ratio and the coefficient of variance, suggesti ... | 2005 | 15673670 |
| opposite effects of noradrenaline and acetylcholine upon hypocretin/orexin versus melanin concentrating hormone neurons in rat hypothalamic slices. | hypocretin/orexin (hcrt/orx) and melanin concentrating hormone (mch) are peptides contained in overlapping cell groups of the lateral hypothalamus and commonly involved in regulating sleep-wake states and energy balance, though likely in different ways. to see if these neurons are similarly or differentially modulated by neurotransmitters of the major brainstem arousal systems, the effects of noradrenaline (na) and carbachol, a cholinergic agonist, were examined on identified hcrt/orx and mch ne ... | 2005 | 15652980 |
| serotonin inputs to laryngeal constrictor motoneurons in the rat. | the objective was to demonstrate close appositions between serotonin-immunoreactive boutons and laryngeal constrictor (lcon) motoneurons in sprague-dawley rats. | 2005 | 15630377 |
| altered setting of the pituitary-thyroid ensemble in hypocretin-deficient narcoleptic men. | narcolepsy is a sleep disorder caused by disruption of hypocretin (orexin) neurotransmission. injection of hypocretin-1 acutely suppresses trh and tsh release in rats. in contrast, subchronic administration does not appear to affect the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid ensemble in animals. we explored (in 7 patients and 7 controls) whether hypocretin deficiency impacts circulating tsh levels and circadian timing of tsh release in narcoleptic humans. plasma tsh concentration profiles (blood samples ... | 2004 | 15625087 |
| methyl parathion increases neuronal activities in the rat locus coeruleus. | exposure to organophosphate insecticides induces undesirable behavioral changes in humans, including anxiety and irritability, depression, cognitive disturbances and sleep disorders. little information currently exists concerning the neural mechanisms underlying such behavioral changes. the brain stem locus coeruleus (lc) could be a mediator of organophosphate insecticide-induced behavioral toxicities since it contains high levels of acetylcholinesterase and is involved in the regulation of the ... | 2004 | 15591769 |
| global forebrain dynamics predict rat behavioral states and their transitions. | the wake-sleep cycle, a spontaneous succession of global brain states that correspond to major overt behaviors, occurs in all higher vertebrates. the transitions between these states, at once rapid and drastic, remain poorly understood. here, intracranial local field potentials (lfps) recorded in the cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and thalamus were used to characterize the neurophysiological correlates of the rat wake-sleep cycle. by way of a new method for the objective classification and quant ... | 2004 | 15590930 |
| neurotoxic lesions of phasic pontine-wave generator cells impair retention of 2-way active avoidance memory. | the aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the activation of pontine (p)-wave generator is critical for the posttraining rapid eye movement (rem) sleep-dependent memory processing. | 2004 | 15586781 |
| effects of lesions of the histaminergic tuberomammillary nucleus on spontaneous sleep in rats. | extensive evidence suggests that histaminergic neurons promote wakefulness. histaminergic neurons are found exclusively in the tuberomammillary nucleus (tmn), and electrolytic lesions of the posterior hypothalamus, where the tmn resides, produce intense hypersomnolence. however, electrolytic lesions disrupt fibers of passage, and the effects of fiber-sparing, cell-specific tmn lesions on sleep and wakefulness are unknown. hence, we placed cell-specific lesions in the tmn to determine its role in ... | 2004 | 15586780 |
| common scale-invariant patterns of sleep-wake transitions across mammalian species. | although mammals of different species have different sleep patterns, brief sleep-wake transitions commonly are observed across species and appear to occur randomly throughout the sleeping period. the dynamical patterns and functions of these brief awakenings from sleep are not well understood, and they often are viewed as disruptions (random or pathologic) of the sleep process. in this article, we hypothesize that brief awakenings from sleep may reflect aspects of the endogenous sleep control me ... | 2004 | 15583127 |
| reverberation, storage, and postsynaptic propagation of memories during sleep. | in mammals and birds, long episodes of nondreaming sleep ("slow-wave" sleep, sw) are followed by short episodes of dreaming sleep ("rapid-eye-movement" sleep, rem). both sw and rem sleep have been shown to be important for the consolidation of newly acquired memories, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. here we review electrophysiological and molecular data suggesting that sw and rem sleep play distinct and complementary roles on memory consolidation: while postacquisition neuronal rev ... | 2004 | 15576886 |
| active medullary control of atonia in week-old rats. | muscle atonia is a central feature of adult rem sleep which has recently been demonstrated to be a component of sleep in rats as young as 2 days of age (p2). the neural generation of atonia, which depends on mesopontine and medullary structures, is not fully understood in adults and has never been described in infants. in the present experiments we used electrical stimulation in decerebrated pups to identify an inhibitory area within the medial medulla of p7-10 rats. muscle tone inhibition was c ... | 2005 | 15561443 |
| indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to major arousal-promoting cell groups in rat: implications for the circadian control of behavioural state. | the circadian clock housed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (scn) controls various circadian rhythms including daily sleep-wake cycles. using dual tract-tracing, we recently showed that the medial preoptic area (mpa), subparaventricular zone (spvz) and dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (dmh) are well positioned to relay scn output to two key sleep-promoting nuclei, namely, the ventrolateral and median preoptic nuclei. the present study examined the possibility that these three nuclei may link the s ... | 2005 | 15561433 |
| gabaergic neurons with alpha2-adrenergic receptors in basal forebrain and preoptic area express c-fos during sleep. | the basal forebrain (bf) contains cholinergic neurons that stimulate cortical activation during waking. in addition, both the bf and adjacent preoptic area (poa) contain neurons that promote sleep. we examined c-fos expression in cholinergic and gabaergic neurons in the bf and poa to determine whether they are differentially active following sleep deprivation versus recovery and whether the gabaergic neurons are active during sleep. whereas the numbers of c-fos+ cells and proportions of c-fos+ c ... | 2004 | 15541901 |
| cortical and pontine variations occurring in the voltammetric no signal throughout the sleep-wake cycle in the rat. | voltammetric measurements of nitric oxide (no) were performed either in the frontal cortex (cx) or in the nucleus raphe dorsalis (nrd) of rats equipped for polygraphic recordings. in the frontal cortex, the 650 mv signal related to no exhibited its highest height during the waking state (w) and decreased slightly during slow-wave sleep (sws) and even more during paradoxical sleep (ps). in the nrd, opposite variations were observed, i.e. the signal tended towards an increase during sws and raised ... | 2004 | 15493556 |
| in vivo trafficking and targeting of n-cadherin to nascent presynaptic terminals. | n-cadherin is a prominent component of developing and mature synapses, yet very little is known about its trafficking within neurons. to investigate n-cadherin dynamics in developing axons, we used in vivo two-photon time-lapse microscopy of n-cadherin--green fluorescent protein (ncad-gfp), which was expressed in rohon-beard neurons of the embryonic zebrafish spinal cord. ncad-gfp was present as either stable accumulations or highly mobile transport packets. the mobile transport packets were of ... | 2004 | 15483121 |
| reciprocal connections between subdivisions of the dorsal raphe and the nuclear core of the locus coeruleus in the rat. | the interconnection between two brainstem monoaminergic nuclei, the dorsal raphe (dr) and the locus coeruleus (lc), was analyzed in the rat using retrograde tracing and immunocytochemistry. gold-conjugated and inactivated wheatgerm agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (wga-apo-hrp-gold) was injected into subdivisions of the dr or rostro-caudal levels of the nuclear core of the lc, and labeled lc or dr neurons were identified by dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (dbh) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht) immunosta ... | 2004 | 15476697 |
| rhythms of ghrelin, leptin, and sleep in rats: effects of the normal diurnal cycle, restricted feeding, and sleep deprivation. | to determine the relationships among plasma ghrelin and leptin concentrations and hypothalamic ghrelin contents, and sleep, cortical brain temperature (tcrt), and feeding, we determined these parameters in rats in three experimental conditions: in free-feeding rats with normal diurnal rhythms, in rats with feeding restricted to the 12-h light period (rf), and in rats subjected to 5-h of sleep deprivation (sd) at the beginning of the light cycle. plasma ghrelin and leptin displayed diurnal rhythm ... | 2004 | 15475503 |
| acute wake-promoting actions of jnj-5207852, a novel, diamine-based h3 antagonist. | 1 1-[4-(3-piperidin-1-yl-propoxy)-benzyl]-piperidine (jnj-5207852) is a novel, non-imidazole histamine h3 receptor antagonist, with high affinity at the rat (pki=8.9) and human (pki=9.24) h3 receptor. jnj-5207852 is selective for the h3 receptor, with negligible binding to other receptors, transporters and ion channels at 1 microm. 2 jnj-5207852 readily penetrates the brain tissue after subcutaneous (s.c.) administration, as determined by ex vivo autoradiography (ed50 of 0.13 mg kg(-1) in mice). ... | 2004 | 15466448 |
| stereological analysis of the hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin neurons in an animal model of depression. | affective disorders often occur in combination with disrupted sleep-wake cycles and abnormal fluctuations in hypothalamic neurotransmitters. hypocretin (orexin) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide linked to narcolepsy, a sleep-related disorder characterized by profound disturbances in the normal sleeping pattern and variable degrees of depression. wistar-kyoto (wky) rats exhibit depressive characteristics and patterns of sleep disruption similar to that observed in depressed human patients. in this s ... | 2004 | 15464197 |
| the diurnal rhythm of hypocretin in young and old f344 rats. | hypocretins (hcrt-1 and hcrt-2), also known as orexins, are neuropeptides localized in neurons surrounding the perifornical region of the posterior hypothalamus. these neurons project to major arousal centers in the brain and are implicated in regulating wakefulness. in young rats and monkeys, levels of hcrt-1 are highest at the end of the wake-active period and lowest toward the end of the sleep period. however, the effects of age on the diurnal rhythm of hcrt-1 are not known. | 2004 | 15453542 |
| movement-related discharge of ventromedial medullary neurons. | studies in anesthetized animals implicate nonserotonergic cells in the ventromedial medulla (vmm) in opioid modulation of nociceptive transmission but do not reveal the conditions that engage vmm cells in unanesthetized rats. the few studies of vmm cells in unanesthetized rats show that vmm cells change their discharge across the sleep-wake cycle and during active movements. since active movements are more likely to occur during waking than sleep, state-related discharge may in fact represent mo ... | 2005 | 15385592 |
| the metabotropic glutamate (mglu)2/3 receptor antagonist ly341495 [2s-2-amino-2-(1s,2s-2-carboxycyclopropyl-1-yl)-3-(xanth-9-yl)propanoic acid] stimulates waking and fast electroencephalogram power and blocks the effects of the mglu2/3 receptor agonist ly379268 [(-)-2-oxa-4-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-4,6-dicarboxylate] in rats. | the highly selective metabotropic glutamate (mglu)2/3 receptor agonist ly379268 [(-)-2-oxa-4-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-4,6-dicarboxylate] completely suppresses rapid eye movement (rem) sleep and strongly depresses theta (6-10 hz) and high-frequency (10-60 hz) power in the waking and nonrapid eye movement (nrem) eeg, effects consistent with depressed brain excitation (arousal). we hypothesized the selective mglu2/3 receptor antagonist ly341495 [2s-2-amino-2-(1s,2s-2-carboxycyclopropyl-1-yl)-3-(xa ... | 2005 | 15383637 |
| sleep and arousal mechanisms in experimental epilepsy: epileptic components of nrem and antiepileptic components of rem sleep. | neural generators related to different sleep components have different effects on seizure discharge. these sleep-related systems can provoke seizure discharge propagation during nonrapid eye movement (nrem) sleep and can suppress propagation during rem sleep. experimental manipulations of discrete physiological components were conducted in feline epilepsy models, mostly in the systemic penicillin epilepsy model of primary generalized epilepsy and the amygdala kindling model of the localization-r ... | 2004 | 15362167 |
| ghrh and sleep. | a significant portion of the total daily growth hormone (gh) secretion is associated with deep non-rem sleep (nrems). gh secretion is stimulated by the hypothalamic neurohormone, gh-releasing hormone (ghrh). exogenous ghrh promotes nrems in various species. suppression of endogenous ghrh (competitive antagonist, antibodies, somatostatinergic stimulation, high doses of gh or insulin-like growth factor) results in simultaneous inhibition of nrems. mutant and transgenic animals with a defect in ghr ... | 2004 | 15336237 |
| influence of temporomandibular joint pain on sleep patterns: role of nitric oxide. | since nitric oxide is related to nociception and the sleep-wake cycle, this study sought to determine its involvement in the altered sleep pattern in a temporomandibular joint pain model by investigating the effect of the inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (l-name) and that of its precursor (l-arginine). the temporomandibular joints of test animals were injected with freund's adjuvant or saline, and their sleep was recorded. the procedure was repeated after the administration of l-name and l-arg ... | 2004 | 15329374 |
| modafinil facilitates performance on a delayed nonmatching to position swim task in rats. | modafinil is a wake-promoting drug approved by the fda for the treatment of narcolepsy. recent evidence suggests that modafinil may improve learning and memory processes. to further evaluate possible cognitive properties associated with modafinil, male sprague-dawley rats were tested in a delayed nonmatching to position (dnmtp) task. a modified water maze allowed animals to make one of two choices for the location of the escape platform. each trial consisted of two swims. on the information swim ... | 2004 | 15301929 |
| scatterplot analysis of eeg slow-wave magnitude and heart rate variability: an integrative exploration of cerebral cortical and autonomic functions. | to explore interactions between cerebral cortical and autonomic functions in different sleep-wake states. | 2004 | 15282999 |
| increased wakefulness, motor activity and decreased theta activity after blockade of the 5-ht2b receptor by the subtype-selective antagonist sb-215505. | serotonin-2 receptor antagonists, like ritanserin, greatly enhance deep slow wave sleep (sws-2) and low-frequency eeg power in humans and rodents. 5-ht(2a) and 5-ht(2c) receptors may be involved in these effects, but the role of the 5-ht(2b) receptor is still unclear. to investigate the role of the 5-ht(2b) receptor in regulation of the sleep-wake cycle, the subtype-selective antagonist sb-215505 (0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 mg kg(-1) i.p.) was administered to sprague-dawley rats at light onset (beginning ... | 2004 | 15265808 |
| gaba in pedunculo pontine tegmentum regulates spontaneous rapid eye movement sleep by acting on gabaa receptors in freely moving rats. | rem-off and rem-on neurons in the brainstem are reported to regulate rem sleep, however, the detailed mechanism of generation of rem sleep is unknown. the former are continuously active except during rem sleep and an inhibitory neurotransmitter, gaba, has been implicated in mediating the inhibition for the generation of rem sleep. the rem-on neurons, on the other hand, remain inactive throughout but increase firing during rem sleep. this study was conducted to investigate if gaba in the brain ar ... | 2004 | 15246548 |
| interleukin-1beta modulates state-dependent discharge activity of preoptic area and basal forebrain neurons: role in sleep regulation. | interleukin-1beta (il-1) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that has been implicated in the regulation of nonrapid eye movement (nonrem) sleep. il-1, il-1 receptors and the il-1 receptor antagonist (ra) are present normally in discrete brain regions, including the preoptic area (poa) of the hypothalamus and the adjoining magnocellular basal forebrain (bf). the poa/bf have been implicated in the regulation of sleep-wakefulness. we hypothesized that il-1 promotes nonrem sleep, in part by altering the ... | 2004 | 15245493 |
| anatomic and functional topography of the dorsal raphe nucleus. | serotonergic systems play an important and generalized role in regulation of sleep-wake states and behavioral arousal. recent in vivo electrophysiologic recording studies in animals suggest that several different subtypes of serotonergic neurons with unique behavioral correlates exist within the brainstem raphe nuclei, raising the possibility that topographically organized subpopulations of serotonergic neurons may have unique behavioral or physiologic correlates and unique functional properties ... | 2004 | 15240351 |
| extracellular histamine level in the frontal cortex is positively correlated with the amount of wakefulness in rats. | histaminergic neurons have been strongly implicated in the regulation of wakefulness by activating cortical neurons. however, little is known about histamine release in the cortex during sleep-wake stages. in this study, we monitored the extracellular histamine level in the frontal cortex by in vivo microdialysis coupled with electroencephalogram and electromyogram recordings in freely moving rats. the histamine release was 3.8 times higher during wake episodes than during sleep episodes, being ... | 2004 | 15236867 |
| glutamatergic-receptors blockade does not regularize the slow wave sleep bursty pattern of subthalamic neurons. | the subthalamic nucleus (stn) has been implicated in movement disorders observed in parkinson's disease because of its pathological mixed burst firing mode and hyperactivity. in physiological conditions, stn bursty pattern has been shown to be dependent on slow wave cortical activity. indeed, cortical ablation abolished stn bursting activity in urethane-anaesthetized intact or dopamine depleted rats. thus, glutamate afferents might be involved in stn bursting activity during slow wave sleep (sws ... | 2004 | 15233749 |
| a novel melatonin derivative modulates sleep-wake cycle in rats. | the aim of this study was to evaluate, in comparison with melatonin (mlt), the effects of a novel 2-melatonin derivative, having a 2-trifluoromethyl group (mltd) on the sleep-wake cycle in freely behaving rats. doses of mltd (100, 300 and 500 nmol/100 microl saline) or mlt (500 nmol/100 microl saline) replaced the i.c.v. infusion of saline during the diurnal infusion period (7:00-17:00). diurnal infusion of mltd significantly (p < 0.05) increased nrem sleep at doses of 300 and 500 nmol during th ... | 2004 | 15196675 |
| acute shifts in baroreflex control of renal sympathetic nerve activity induced by rem sleep and grooming in rats. | the present study aimed to determine the impact of rem sleep and grooming on the baroreflex stimulus-response curve for renal sympathetic nerve activity (rsna). at least 3 days before study, wistar female rats (n= 12) were chronically implanted with catheters to measure systemic arterial pressure (p(a)) and to intravenously infuse vasoactive drugs. in addition, electrodes were placed for measurements of rsna, electroencephalogram, trapezius electromyogram and electrocardiogram. the baroreflex cu ... | 2004 | 15194739 |
| electro-encephalogram disturbances in different sleep-wake states following exposure to high environmental heat. | in this study, cerebral electrical activity or electro-encephalogram (eeg) was studied following exposure to high environmental heat, in three different age groups of freely moving rats. each age group was subdivided into three groups: the acute heat stress group, subjected to a single exposure of 4 h at 38 degrees c in the biological oxygen demand incubator; the chronic heat stress group, exposed for 21 days, for 1 h each day, at 38 degrees c in the incubator; and the handling control group. th ... | 2004 | 15191071 |
| changes in sleep patterns in spontaneously hypertensive rats. | to explore whether spontaneous hypertension is associated with a change in sleep pattern in rats. | 2004 | 15164892 |
| pontine intertrigeminal region attenuates sleep apneas in rats. | to determine whether the pontine intertrigeminal region (itr), with recently described anatomic connections and an effect on vagally induced reflex apnea, has an impact on spontaneous sleep apneas in rats. | 2004 | 15164888 |
| sleep, but not febrile responses of fisher 344 rats to immune challenge are affected by aging. | sleep is altered in response to infection and immune challenge in humans and non-human animals. although there are changes in sleep and facets of immune function with aging, sleep responses of aged subjects to immune challenge have received little, if any attention. to test the hypothesis that aging affects sleep responses to immune challenge, intracerebroventricular injections of interleukin 1 (il-1) were given to young and aged rats and subsequent sleep-wake behavior was determined. under basa ... | 2004 | 15157957 |
| effects of hypocretin2-saporin and antidopamine-beta-hydroxylase-saporin neurotoxic lesions of the dorsolateral pons on sleep and muscle tone. | the hypocretin neurons have been implicated in regulating sleep-wake states as they are lost in patients with the sleep disorder narcolepsy. hypocretin (hcrt) neurons are located only in the perifornical region of the posterior hypothalamus and heavily innervate pontine brainstem neurons, such as the locus coeruleus (lc), which have traditionally been implicated in promoting arousal. it is not known how the hypocretin innervation of the pons regulates sleep-wake states as pontine lesions have ne ... | 2004 | 15147308 |
| experimentally gained insight - based proposal apropos the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. | an impeded blood flow through the femoral head is incriminated in the etiopathogenesis of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. the disorder is either primary (idiopathic avascular osteonecrosis) or secondary to one condition or another, say, corticosteroid medication, fracture of the neck, coagulation defects, physical or thermal damage, storage disorders, alcoholism, and infectious, autoimmune as also marrow infiltrating diseases. in the wake of the necrosis, several mediators are released in inc ... | 2004 | 15142657 |
| sleep-wake states and cortical synchronization control by pregnenolone sulfate into the pedunculopontine nucleus. | cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine tegmentum nucleus (ppt) are crucial for initiation and maintenance of electroencephalographic (eeg) desynchronization states like paradoxical sleep and wakefulness. these neurons are regulated by classical neurotransmitter systems from the pontomesencephalic reticular formation and basal ganglia. in addition to this regulation, ppt neuron activity could be modulated by endogenous neurosteroids and particularly by pregnenolone sulfate (preg-s) because s ... | 2004 | 15139033 |
| kindling stimuli delivered at different times in the sleep-wake cycle. | clinical and experimental observations argue that sleep disturbances are common and coexist in patients with epilepsy. our previous observations have suggested that neural-immune interactions between corticotropin-releasing hormone (crh) and interleukin-1 (il-1) are involved in the regulation of physiological sleep-wake behavior. in the present study, we determined the involvement of crh and il-1 in the alteration of sleep-wake activities in rats when amygdala kindling was given either at the be ... | 2004 | 15124712 |
| clozapine alters sleep-wake behavior in rats. | clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic agent showing therapeutic efficacy superior to that of classical neuroleptics. clozapine has strong sedative effects, but detailed studies on the drug influencing sleep in rodents are lacking. we studied the effects of clozapine on sleep and body temperature in rats. clozapine (0, 2.5, and 7.5 mg/kg) was given i.p. to male wistar rats at the beginning of the rest period. after administration of 7.5 mg/kg clozapine, animals were significantly more awake duri ... | 2004 | 15085087 |
| hypocretin/orexin innervation and excitation of identified septohippocampal cholinergic neurons. | hypothalamic fibers containing the wake-promoting peptides, hypocretins (hcrts) or orexins, provide a dense innervation to the medial septum-diagonal band of broca (msdb), a sleep-associated brain region that has been suggested to show intense axonal degeneration in canine narcoleptics. the msdb, via its cholinergic and gabaergic projections to the hippocampus, controls the hippocampal theta rhythm and associated learning and memory functions. neurons of the msdb express very high levels of the ... | 2004 | 15071100 |
| sleep deprivation increases the activation of nuclear factor kappa b in lateral hypothalamic cells. | sleep deprivation increases sleep propensity in rats and mice as well as the production of several sleep-regulatory substances. nuclear factor kappa b (nf-kappa b) is a transcription factor implicated in the activation of many of these sleep-promoting substances. a unique population of neurons immunoreactive for the p65 subunit of nf-kappa b was previously localized within the caudal dorsolateral hypothalamus of rats. therefore, we evaluated the effect of sleep deprivation on nf-kappa bp65-immun ... | 2004 | 15033423 |
| sleep-wake related discharge properties of basal forebrain neurons recorded with micropipettes in head-fixed rats. | the basal forebrain has been shown to play an important role in cortical activation of wake and paradoxical sleep (ps), yet has also been posited to play a role in slow wave sleep (sws). in an effort to determine whether these different roles may be fulfilled by different cell groups, including cholinergic and gabaergic cells, we recorded from 123 units in waking-sleeping, head-fixed rats using micropipettes to allow juxtacellular labeling. functional sets of intermingled cell groups emerged as ... | 2004 | 15028746 |
| nicotine dependence and psychiatric disorders. | nicotine addiction is the single largest preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in the western world. smoking is not any more just a bad habit, but a substance addiction problem. the pharmacological aspects of nicotine show that this substance has a broad distribution in the different body compartnents, due mainly to its lipophilic characteristic. there are nicotinic receptors as members of cholinergic receptors' family. they are located in neuromuscular junction and in the central nervous ... | 2003 | 15011738 |
| twenty-four-hour disruption of the sleep-wake cycle and sleep-onset rem-like episodes in a rat model of african trypanosomiasis. | patients with human african trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) due to the inoculation of trypanosoma brucei gambiense or rhodesiense show a major disruption of the 24-hour sleep-wake distribution, accompanied by the occurrence of sleep-onset rapid-eye-movement (rem) sleep episodes, proportional to the severity of the illness. although animal models of human african trypanosomiasis have been developed to understand the pathogenic mechanisms leading to immune alterations, the development of an an ... | 2004 | 14998236 |
| effect of the wake-promoting agent modafinil on sleep-promoting neurons from the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus: an in vitro pharmacologic study. | the pharmacologic profile of modafinil, an increasingly popular wake-promoting drug for narcolepsy treatment, differs from those of classic psychostimulants such as amphetamine. however, its brain targets are still a matter of debate. we hypothesized that modafinil could increase waking by inhibiting the sleep-promoting neurons from the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (vlpo). such action could be direct or indirect via the potentiation of inhibition mediated by waking neurotransmitters. we thus s ... | 2004 | 14998233 |
| target areas innervated by pacap-immunoreactive retinal ganglion cells. | the retinohypothalamic tract (rht) originates from a subset of retinal ganglion cells (rgcs). the cells of the rht co-store the neurotransmitters pacap and glutamate, which in a complex interplay mediate light information to the circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (scn). these ganglion cells are intrinsically photosensitive probably due to expression of melanopsin, a putative photoreceptor involved in light entrainment. in the present study we examined pacap-containing retinal ... | 2004 | 14991397 |
| design and validation of a computer-based sleep-scoring algorithm. | a computer-based sleep scoring algorithm was devised for the real time scoring of sleep-wake state in wistar rats. electroencephalogram (eeg) amplitude (microv(rms)) was measured in the following frequency bands: delta (delta; 1.5-6 hz), theta (theta; 6-10 hz), alpha (alpha; 10.5-15 hz), beta (beta; 22-30 hz), and gamma (gamma; 35-45 hz). electromyographic (emg) signals (microv(rms)) were recorded from the levator auris longus (neck) muscle, as this yielded a significantly higher algorithm accur ... | 2004 | 14757347 |
| microinjection of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor l-name into the lateral basal forebrain alters the sleep/wake cycle of the rat. | the effects of n(g)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-name) (0.19-0.74 micromol), a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (nos); l-arginine (48.0-191.0 nmol), a nitric oxide (no) precursor; and molsidomine (0.06-0.24 nmol), an no donor, on spontaneous sleep were studied in adult rats implanted for chronic sleep recordings. direct bilateral application of l-name into the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of broca (hdb) increased waking (w) and reduced slow wav ... | 2004 | 14751418 |
| instrumental rem sleep deprivation in neonates leads to adult depression-like behaviors in rats. | previous studies have demonstrated that neonatal suppression of rapid eye movement (rem) sleep by pharmacologic agents, particularly clomipramine, produces adult depressive behavior. these findings suggest the hypothesis that rem sleep deprivation (rsd) mediates the depressogenic behaviors of neonatally administered antidepressant drugs. drug suppression of rsd, however, was thought to be confounded by the other effects of the drugs. the current study was aimed to show the adult effect of neonat ... | 2003 | 14746380 |
| medullary serotonergic neurones and adjacent neurones that express neurokinin-1 receptors are both involved in chemoreception in vivo. | neurokinin-1 receptor (nk1r)-expressing neurones that are involved in chemoreception at the retrotrapezoid nucleus (nattie & li, 2002b) are also prominent at locations that contain medullary serotonergic neurones, which are chemosensitive in vitro. in medullary regions containing both types, we evaluated their role in central chemoreception by specific cell killing. we injected (2 x 100 nl) (a) substance p-saporin (sp-sap; 1 microm) to kill nk1r-expressing neurones, (b) a novel conjugate of a mo ... | 2004 | 14724193 |
| immunological inhibition of carcinogenesis. | the combination of new information provided by fundamental immunology, along with the refinement of genetic engineering techniques has given scientists the capacity to produce vaccines able to inhibit the growth of most if not every transplantable tumor. however, when faced with already established tumors, vaccines fail to afford any significant protection. many studies are underway which seek to overcome this gloomy situation. however, another possibility is to follow the indications provided b ... | 2004 | 14722672 |
| nicotinic enhancement of the noradrenergic inhibition of sleep-promoting neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area. | according to multiple lines of evidence, neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area (vlpo) that contain gaba promote sleep by inhibiting neurons of the arousal systems. reciprocally, transmitters used by these systems, including acetylcholine (ach) and noradrenaline (na), exert an inhibitory action on the vlpo neurons. because nicotine, an agonist of ach, acts as a potent stimulant, we queried whether it might participate in the cholinergic inhibition of these sleep-promoting cells. indeed, we f ... | 2004 | 14715938 |
| hypothalamic contribution to sleep-wake cycle development. | infant mammals cycle rapidly between sleep and wakefulness and only gradually does a more consolidated sleep pattern develop. the neural substrates responsible for this consolidation are unknown. to establish a reliable measure of sleep-wake cyclicity in infant rats, nuchal muscle tone was measured in 2-, 5-, and 8-day-old rats, as were motor behaviors associated with sleep (i.e. myoclonic twitching) and wakefulness (e.g. kicking, stretching). sleep-wake cycles of 2-day-old rats were characteriz ... | 2004 | 14698764 |
| the diurnal rhythm of adenosine levels in the basal forebrain of young and old rats. | there are significant decrements in sleep with age. these include fragmentation of sleep, increased wake time, decrease in the length of sleep bouts, decrease in the amplitude of the diurnal rhythm of sleep, decrease in rapid eye movement sleep and a profound decrease in electroencephalogram delta power (0.3-4 hz). old rats also have less sleep in response to 12 h-prolonged wakefulness (w) indicating a reduction in sleep drive with age. the mechanism contributing to the decline in sleep with agi ... | 2004 | 14698744 |
| the presence of tata-binding protein in the brainstem, correlated with sleep apnea in sids victims. | recent reports have indicated that the presence of transcription factors and rna polymerase decreases in rat brains that suffer perinatal asphyxia from hypoxia. as hypoxia has been proposed as a causative factor in the sudden infant death syndrome (sids), the correlation between tata-binding protein (tbp) in the brainstem of sids victims as a marker of transcription and the incidence of sleep apnea was investigated. | 2003 | 14693397 |
| a corticotropin-releasing hormone antisense oligodeoxynucleotide reduces spontaneous waking in the rat. | we have previously hypothesized that corticotropin-releasing hormone (crh) is involved in the regulation of physiological waking. in this study, we tested the hypothesis that reduction of crh peptide would reduce spontaneous wakefulness of rats. we administered intracerebroventricularly into rats at several circadian time points antisense or sense dna oligodeoxynucleotides (odns) corresponding to the initiation codon of crh mrna and determined subsequent effects on wakefulness and sleep of the r ... | 2004 | 14687700 |
| brain capillary perfusion in the spontaneously hypertensive rat during the wake-sleep cycle. | hypertension is accompanied by circulatory changes in the brain and in other vascular districts; at disease onset, these changes may be largely functional and dependent on metabolic and vegetative drives. the wake-sleep cycle is a major physiological source of ultradian variability in autonomic function and in cerebral blood flow and metabolism. aim of the study was to investigate whether sleep induces functional changes in the brain microcirculation in the developing hypertensive state. the fra ... | 2004 | 14661067 |
| short-term sleep disturbance enhances brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene expression in rat hippocampus by acting as internal stressor. | rats were subjected to nonselective sleep disturbance for short periods under conditions designed to minimize the adverse influence of external stresses, such as environmental conditions and restricted movement, and both brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) protein and its mrna levels in the brain were then determined to investigate the influence of sleep disturbance itself on bdnf gene expression. total sleep duration was partially but significantly reduced by disturbing the sleep/wake cycl ... | 2003 | 14645989 |
| activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system and sleep-wake cycle in rats with acute systemic inflammation. | activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system and eeg characteristics of the sleep-wake cycle were studied on adult male wistar rats with acute inflammation produced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide in a dose of 250 microg/100 g body weight. blood concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone increased by 6 and 10 times, respectively, 30 min after lipopolysaccharide administration and peaked 2 hours after challenge. in this period the sleep-wake cycle underwent t ... | 2003 | 14631484 |
| sleep-related sympathovagal imbalance in shr. | the role of the autonomic nervous system in spontaneous hypertension during each stage of the sleep-wake cycle remains unclear. the present study attempted to evaluate the differences in cardiac autonomic modulations among spontaneously hypertensive rats (shr), normotensive wistar-kyoto rats (wky), and sprague-dawley rats (sd) across sleep-wake cycles. continuous power spectral analysis of electroencephalogram, electromyogram, and heart rate variability was performed in unanesthetized free movin ... | 2004 | 14630638 |
| critical role of dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus in a wide range of behavioral circadian rhythms. | the suprachiasmatic nucleus (scn) contains the brain's circadian pacemaker, but mechanisms by which it controls circadian rhythms of sleep and related behaviors are poorly understood. previous anatomic evidence has implicated the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (dmh) in circadian control of sleep, but this hypothesis remains untested. we now show that excitotoxic lesions of the dmh reduce circadian rhythms of wakefulness, feeding, locomotor activity, and serum corticosteroid levels by 78-89% wh ... | 2003 | 14627654 |
| six-hour selective rem sleep deprivation increases the expression of the galanin gene in the hypothalamus of rats. | the effect of short-term selective rem sleep deprivation (rsd) on the gene expression of galanin in the rat hypothalamus was examined using in situ hybridization histochemistry. monitoring an electroencephalogram (eeg) and electromyogram (emg) on an on-line computer screen, as the rsd rats entered rem sleep, they were gently stroked on their backs using a brush to wake them during the rsd period. galanin mrna levels in the preoptic area (poa) were significantly increased by rsd for a period of 6 ... | 2003 | 14625082 |
| wake-related activity of tuberomammillary neurons in rats. | histaminergic neurons of the tuberomammillary nucleus (tmn) are hypothesized to promote wakefulness, but little is known about the activity of these cells during spontaneous behavior. we measured histaminergic neuron activity in the dorsomedial, ventrolateral, and caudal tmn at four different times using fos and adenosine deaminase immunohistochemistry and recordings of sleep/wake behavior. because circadian factors could influence neuronal activity, we then assessed tmn neuron activity in predo ... | 2003 | 14625060 |
| ozone exposure alters 5-hydroxy-indole-acetic acid contents in dialysates from dorsal raphe and medial preoptic area in freely moving rats. relationships with simultaneous sleep disturbances. | ozone (o3) has been reported to affect sleep patterns and also striatal and mesencephalic contents of 5-hydroxy-indole-acetic acid (5-hiaa) in rats. the aim of this work was to elucidate the effects of o3 exposure in rats upon extracellular 5-hiaa levels in the dorsal raphe (dr) and the hypothalamic medial preoptic area (mpo), two structures involved in sleep-wake homeostasis. exposure to o3 followed a bell-shaped diurnal pattern, similar to that observed in cities with high air pollution levels ... | 2003 | 14597128 |
| automated sleep staging in rat with a standard spreadsheet. | a new method of automated sleep-wake staging in the rat is described. hippocampal electroencephalographic (hpc) and nuchal electromyographic signals were recorded by a digital polygraph. the hpc channel was filtered off-line to obtain the original plus theta and delta waves. statistics of each of these four channels were obtained every 5 s and exported to a standard spreadsheet. the automated staging consisted of five steps: (1) automatic detection of waking, nonrapid eye movement sleep and rapi ... | 2003 | 14583408 |
| artificial neural network detects changes in electro-encephalogram power spectrum of different sleep-wake states in an animal model of heat stress. | an effective application is presented of a back-propagation artificial neural network (ann) in differentiating electro-encephalogram (eeg) power spectra of stressed and normal rats in three sleep-wakefulness stages. the rats were divided into three groups, one subjected to acute heat stress, one subjected to chronic heat stress and one a handling control group. the polygraphic sleep recordings were performed by simultaneous recording of cortical eeg, electro-oculogram (eog) and electromyogram (e ... | 2003 | 14572011 |
| indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the median preoptic nucleus in rat. | we recently showed, using dual tract-tracing, that the suprachiasmatic nucleus (scn), the site of the principal circadian clock in mammals, may have indirect projections to the sleep-promoting ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (vlpo) via relays in the medial preoptic area (mpa), dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (dmh), and, to a lesser extent, the subparaventricular zone (spvz). here, we found that the injection of the rostral mpa, the periventricular nucleus/medial spvz, and the caudal dmh with a m ... | 2003 | 14499951 |
| a role of melanin-concentrating hormone producing neurons in the central regulation of paradoxical sleep. | peptidergic neurons containing the melanin-concentrating hormone (mch) and the hypocretins (or orexins) are intermingled in the zona incerta, perifornical nucleus and lateral hypothalamic area. both types of neurons have been implicated in the integrated regulation of energy homeostasis and body weight. hypocretin neurons have also been involved in sleep-wake regulation and narcolepsy. we therefore sought to determine whether hypocretin and mch neurons express fos in association with enhanced pa ... | 2003 | 12964948 |
| sleep-wake mechanisms and basal forebrain circuitry. | the seminal studies by von economo in humans (1) and by nauta (2) in rats implicated specific basal forebrain areas at the preoptic level as important in sleep regulation. in the last two decades, studies employing recording of single neurons and monitoring of sleep parameters with subsequent chemical and electron microscopic identification of the synaptic input-output relations of these recorded neurons, provided an increasingly detailed understanding of the function of specific neurotransmitte ... | 2003 | 12957822 |
| interleukin-1beta enhances non-rapid eye movement sleep when microinjected into the dorsal raphe nucleus and inhibits serotonergic neurons in vitro. | interleukin-1 (il-1) and il-1 receptors are constitutively expressed in normal brain. il-1 increases non-rapid eye movements (nrem) sleep in several animal species, an effect mediated in part by interactions with the serotonergic system. the site(s) in brain at which interactions between il-1 and the serotonergic system increase nrem sleep remain to be identified. the dorsal raphe (drn) is the origin of the major ascending serotonergic pathways to the forebrain, and it contains il-1 receptors. t ... | 2003 | 12956704 |