Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| asymptomatic carriage of cryptococcus neoformans in the nasal cavity of dogs and cats. | nasal washings, obtained from a random source of dogs and cats, were concentrated by centrifugation and plated onto bird seed agar containing antibiotics. cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans was isolated from eight of 56 dogs (14%) and three of 45 cats (7%). more than 100 colonies of c. neoformans were present on the plates from seven of the 11 positive animals. absence of cryptococcal antigen in the serum of these animals, and failure to demonstrate yeast-like organisms or significant patho ... | 1997 | 9061582 |
| cell-mediated immunity in hiv seronegative patients recovered from cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii meningitis. | cell-mediated immunity was assessed in 37 hiv seronegative healthy patients cured of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii meningitis and compared with matched controls using a multitest device which simultaneously injects seven standardized common antigens intradermally. responses in patients and controls were similar: however, male patients had significantly higher compound (average) scores than controls (p = 0.041). male scores were higher than female scores in both patient (p = 0.002) and cont ... | 1997 | 9061579 |
| recognition of cytoplasmic yeast antigens of cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans and cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii by immune human sera. | the humoral immune response of patients infected with cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans and c. neoformans var. gattii to cytoplasmic (non-capsular) antigens from the two varieties of cryptococcus has been investigated. cytoplasmic antigens from c. neoformans (one clinical isolate and one acapsular mutant of var. neoformans and two clinical isolates from var. gattii) were subject to isoelectric focusing, sds-page and western blotting; patients sera was then used in the immunoenzyme developm ... | 1997 | 9061357 |
| primary cryptococcal cellulitis caused by cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in an immunocompetent host. | primary cutaneous cryptococcal infection is uncommon. the cutaneous manifestations are most often the result of dissemination from the central nervous system or lung, usually in an immunocompromised host; cellulitis is regarded as the rarest cutaneous form. primary cutaneous cryptococcosis has occasionally been reported in the immunocompetent, the causative organism being cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans. we present a case of cellulitis of the right arm in a 75-year-old man caused by cryp ... | 1997 | 9046650 |
| the in-vivo activity of an antifungal antibiotic, benanomicin a, in comparison with amphotericin b and fluconazole. | the in-vivo antifungal activity of benanomicin a administered intravenously or subcutaneously was compared with that of amphotericin b and fluconazole using animal models of systemic infections with candida albicans, aspergillus fumigatus and cryptococcus neoformans. the efficacy of benanomicin a in c. albicans infection was more pronounced when administered in multiple doses than in a single dose. this was also true of fluconazole, but not of amphotericin b, which showed no difference between s ... | 1997 | 9044030 |
| genetic relatedness and diversity of cryptococcus neoformans strains in the maltese islands. | the genetic relatedness of clinical and environmental cryptococcus neoformans strains in the maltese islands was investigated by randomly amplified polymorphic dna fingerprinting with four primers. the clinical strains isolate over the course of 1 year from aids patients showed identical fingerprints. the electrophoretic patterns of the two clinical strains were also the most common patterns among the environmental strains, but the patterns among the environmental strains showed a wide variabili ... | 1997 | 9041427 |
| in vivo and in vitro antifungal activity of the polyene derivative spa-s-753 against encapsulated form of cryptococcus neoformans. | the in vitro and in vivo activity of spa-s-753 (n-dimethylaminoacetyl-partricin a 2-dimethylaminoethylamide diaspartate), a new water soluble polyene, was compared with amphotericin b against cryptococcus neoformans in encapsulated (k) and nonencapsulated (n) morphological forms. in vitro tests against 17 isolates of c. neoformans (in k or n form) showed that spa-s-753 activity is about ten times higher than that of amphotericin b. in direct contact tests the spa-s-753 cytocidal action was signi ... | 1997 | 9039534 |
| expression of the alpha 5 beta 1 fibronectin receptor on t lymphocytes of patients with hiv-1 infection. | to evaluate the expression of the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin fibronectin receptor (fnr), which mediates several processes, including phagocytosis, cell motility and the immune response, on t lymphocytes of patients with hiv-1 infection. | 1996 | 9038757 |
| binding of cryptococcus neoformans to heterologously expressed human complement receptors. | previously, we demonstrated that monoclonal antibodies (mab) directed against any of the three defined complement receptors (cr) for the third component of complement (cr1, cr3, and cr4) profoundly inhibited the binding of serum-opsonized cryptococcus neoformans to monocyte-derived macrophages. these studies suggested either that a synergistic interaction between multiple cr was required for optimal binding of c. neoformans or that the mab were exerting nonspecific effects (such as receptor coas ... | 1997 | 9038299 |
| variables affecting production of monocyte chemotactic factor 1 from human leukocytes stimulated with cryptococcus neoformans. | the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (mcp-1) is produced predominantly by mononuclear phagocytes and stimulates recruitment into infected tissues of blood monocytes and t cells. these cell types are thought to be critical to host defenses against infections due to cryptococcus neoformans, a major cause of disease in persons with aids and other disorders of cell-mediated immunity. accordingly, in the present study, we examined the conditions under which human monocytes and bronchoalve ... | 1997 | 9038295 |
| fine-needle aspiration biopsy in fungal infections. | to evaluate the role of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (fnab) in diagnosis of fungal infections, a retrospective analysis of 26 cases of fungal infection is described. the spectrum of various fungi encountered on cytologic microscopy of aspirated material and fungal culture was as follows: aspergillus sp (16 cases), cryptococcus neoformans (six cases), mucorales (one case), candida sp (one case), phialophora parasiticus (one case), sporothrix schenkii and cladosporium sp (the last two isolated fr ... | 1997 | 9034733 |
| epitope location in the cryptococcus neoformans capsule is a determinant of antibody efficacy. | monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to the polysaccharide capsule of cryptococcus neoformans can prolong survival in mice. however, the properties of antibodies that mediate protection are not fully understood. the igm mabs 12a1 and 13f1 originated from the same b cell and differ only by somatic mutations in their variable regions; yet mab 12a1 protects against serotype d infection, while mab 13f1 does not. phage peptide display libraries were used to analyze the fine specificity of these two mabs. the ... | 1997 | 9034147 |
| mannoproteins of cryptococcus neoformans induce proliferative response in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) and enhance hiv-1 replication. | to investigate the possible role of cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans in hiv disease progression, and to identify the responsible cryptococcal components, an in vitro cell culture model was set up to study the c. neoformans-induced enhancement of hiv replication in hiv-1-infected pbmc. similar to whole c. neoformans, cell-wall membrane fraction and mannoproteins induced proliferation of pbmc and enhancement of lymphotropic hiv replication in hiv-infected pbmc, while galactoxylomannan did n ... | 1997 | 9030866 |
| expression of lung inducible nitric oxide synthase protein does not correlate with nitric oxide production in vivo in a pulmonary immune response against cryptococcus neoformans. | mice infected intratracheally with cryptococcus neoformans (cne) require cd4 and cd8 t cells, ifn-gamma, and m phi production of nitric oxide (no) for effective resolution of the pulmonary infection. differences exist among strains of mice in clearing the infection. c.b-17 mice reduced cne lung burden at a significantly greater rate than c57bl/6 (b6) mice and resistance correlated with greater ifn-gamma production by c.b-17 lung-associated lymph node cells. we examined whether the differences ob ... | 1997 | 9029115 |
| symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in papua new guinea. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection was first detected in papua new guinea (png) in 1987. by august 1995 a total of 323 persons had been diagnosed as hiv antibody positive nationwide and seroprevalence rates were climbing. this study was prompted by a lack of data on the clinical syndromes associated with hiv infection in melanesian adults. | 1996 | 9028508 |
| mip-1 alpha contributes to the anticryptococcal delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and protection against cryptococcus neoformans. | leukocyte infiltration into infected tissues is essential for the clearance of microorganisms. in animals with a cell-mediated immune (cmi) response to the infectious agent, as opposed to naive animals, leukocyte migration is greatly enhanced into sites of the organism or antigen. the role of the,chemotactic cytokine or chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (mip-1 alpha), in the expression phase of the cmi response and in protection against cryptococcus neoformans was assessed. with ... | 1997 | 9021919 |
| oral cryptococcosis: case report of salivary gland involvement in an aids patient. | salivary cryptococcosis was disclosed at autopsy in an aids patient with disseminated c. neoformans infection. h & e staining was not suitable to demonstrate the occurrence of c. neoformans in many tissues; alcian blue gave the best results. | 1997 | 9021554 |
| pneumocandin l-743,872 enhances the activities of amphotericin b and fluconazole against cryptococcus neoformans in vitro. | cryptococcus neoformans infections in patients with aids are often incurable, despite aggressive antifungal therapy. combination regimens with additive or synergistic drugs could provide additional options for treating cryptococcal meningitis. we evaluated the efficacy of combination therapies using l-743,872, a pneumocandin antifungal drug, and amphotericin b or fluconazole against 18 strains of c. neoformans, including 11 c. neoformans var. neoformans, 3 c. neoformans var. gattii, and 4 flucon ... | 1997 | 9021188 |
| pathologic correlations between ocular and cerebral lesions in 36 aids patients. | the eyes and brain have rarely been studied simultaneously in aids patients. we have examined both the eyes and brain of 36 patients autopsied these past 3 years. ten cases had concomitant involvement of eyes and brain by the same pathology: cryptococcus neoformans in 1, aspergillus in another, cytomegalovirus (cmv) infection in 5, and b cell lymphomas in 2 (1 patient had the last 2 disorders associated). one patient presented pericapillary microhemorrhages in the retina of the left ocular globe ... | 1997 | 9020395 |
| fungal pulmonary complications. | with aids has come a new level of t-cell immunosuppression, beyond that previously seen. the impact of the hiv pandemic on the field of fungal infections includes a major increase in the number of serious fungal infections, an increase in the severity of those infections, and even some entirely new manifestations of fungal illness. in this article fungal pulmonary complications of aids are discussed. t-cell opportunists including cryptococcus neoformans and the endemic mycoses are the most impor ... | 1996 | 9016374 |
| multiple cryptococcal brain abscesses in systemic lupus erythematosus. | 1996 | 9010077 | |
| reactivity patterns and epitope specificities of anti-cryptococcus neoformans monoclonal antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and dot enzyme assay. | cryptococcus neoformans glucuronoxylomannans (gxm) are capsular polysaccharides important for virulence in cryptococcosis. this study used dot enzyme assays (dea) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) to determine the reactivity patterns of 21 murine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) with structurally defined gxms from five serotypes. the mabs were categorized into eight groups on the basis of dea and five groups on the basis of elisa. mabs 302, 339, and 439 were studied extensively for thei ... | 1997 | 9009335 |
| cryptococcal polysaccharides bind to cd18 on human neutrophils. | cd18, the beta chain of the beta 2 integrin family of adhesion molecules, is associated with three different alpha chains (cd11a, -b, and -c) and is expressed on the surface of all types of leukocytes. cd18-containing molecules are up-regulated on the surface of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear cells [pmn]) in response to chemotactic agents and are implicated in mediating adhesion to an inflamed endothelium, which is a prerequisite to migration of pmn into infected tissues. in a previous study, we ... | 1997 | 9009313 |
| a role for b cells in resistance to cryptococcus neoformans in mice. | the role of b cells in immunity to cryptococcus neoformans was investigated. genetically targeted, b-cell-deficient mice (mu mt) examined at various times after intravenous infection with c. neoformans 184 had lung and brain yeast burdens that were equivalent to tissue burdens in control b-cell-sufficient mice. both b-cell-deficient and b-cell-sufficient control mice were effectively vaccinated by a sublethal intratracheal instillation of strain 184 yeast against a systemic infection with the c. ... | 1997 | 9009308 |
| biochemical comparison of the cu,zn superoxide dismutases of cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans and cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. | cu,zn superoxide dismutases (sods) have been purified to homogeneity from the two varieties of cryptococcus neoformans, c. neoformans var. neoformans and var. gattii. the n-terminal amino acid sequences of the two enzymes were similar, though not identical, and demonstrated homology with cu,zn sods from other organisms. sod activity was present in supernatants from stationary-phase cultures of isolates of c. neoformans var. neoformans and was also present from the mid-log phase onwards in cultur ... | 1997 | 9009302 |
| ferric iron reduction by cryptococcus neoformans. | the pathogenic yeast cryptococcus neoformans must reduce fe(iii) to fe(ii) prior to uptake. we investigated mechanisms of reduction using the chromogenic ferrous chelator bathophenanthroline disulfonate. iron-depleted cells reduced 57 nmol of fe(iii) per 10(6) cells per h, while iron-replete cells reduced only 8 nmol of fe(iii). exponential-phase cells reduced the most and stationary-phase cells reduced the least fe(iii), independent of iron status. supernatants from iron-depleted cells reduced ... | 1997 | 9009293 |
| identification of extracellular phospholipase b, lysophospholipase, and acyltransferase produced by cryptococcus neoformans. | we recently identified phospholipase activity as a potential virulence factor of cryptococcus neoformans. we have now defined the nature of the phospholipase activity produced by a clinical isolate of c. neoformans var. neoformans, under native conditions, by 1h and 31p nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectroscopy and thin-layer chromatography (tlc) of radiolabelled substrates. glycerophosphocholine was identified by nmr spectroscopy as the sole phospholipid degradation product of the reaction ... | 1997 | 9009289 |
| synthesis of oligosaccharides corresponding to structures found in capsular polysaccharides of cryptococcus neoformans--ii. | formula 1 depicts a generalized structure of the capsular polysaccharides of four serotypes of the opportunistic microorganism cryptococcus neoformans, which appears as one of the major infections in the late stages of development of aids. syntheses are now described of two tetrasaccharides with corresponding structures. these are methyl o-alpha-d-mannopyranosyl-(1-->3)-[o-beta-d-xylopyranosyl-(1-->2)] -o-alpha-d-mannopyranosyl-(1-->3)-alpha-d-mannopyranoside and methyl o-alpha-d-mannopyranosyl- ... | 1996 | 9007271 |
| synthesis of a pentasaccharide corresponding to the repeating unit of the exopolysaccharide from cryptococcus neoformans serovar d. | the assembly of the pentasaccharide repeating unit of the exopolysaccharide from cryptococcus neoformans serovar d (i.e. 1) is described. the glucuronic acid residue in 1 is introduced as a glucopyranoside and oxidized in a later stage of the synthesis. thus, iodonium ion-assisted glycosylation of the partially protected methyl mannopyranoside 11 with ethylthio donor 14 gave, after selective deprotection, disaccharide 18. elongation of the latter with d-glucopyranoside 35 gave trisaccharide 36. ... | 1996 | 9007267 |
| cryptococcal meningitis in an alpaca. | 1996 | 9006855 | |
| retinal vascular nonperfusion and retinal neovascularization as a consequence of cytomegalovirus retinitis and cryptococcal choroiditis. | cytomegalovirus retinitis and cryptococcal choroiditis are opportunistic infections in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. these infections are associated with a retinal vasculitis and vascular attenuation. | 1996 | 9002134 |
| microglial nodule encephalitis: limited cns infection despite disseminated systemic cryptococcosis. | a 28-year-old patient with aids was found at autopsy to have disseminated cryptococcal infection involving the lungs, spleen, lymph nodes, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, thyroid, bone marrow, and liver. despite widespread organ dissemination the patient did not have clinical or pathological evidence of meningitis. microscopic examination of the brain showed cryptococci limited to the brainstem and basal ganglia; microglial nodules with multinucleate giant cells, a histological hallmark of hiv- ... | 1996 | 8998854 |
| synthesis and antifungal activities of myristic acid analogs. | myristic acid analogs that are putative inhibitors of n-myristoyl-transferase were tested in vitro for activity against yeasts (saccharomyces cerevisiae, candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans) and filamentous fungi (aspergillus niger). several (+/-)-2-halotetradecanoic acids including (+/-)-2-bromotetradecanoic acid (14c) exhibited potent activity against c. albicans (mic = 39 microm), c. neoformans (mic = 20 microm), s. cerevisiae (mic = 10 microm), and a. niger (mic < 42 microm) in rpmi 16 ... | 1996 | 8997896 |
| effect of serum igg1 to cryptococcus neoformans glucuronoxylomannan on murine pulmonary infection. | little is known about the role of ab in protection against pulmonary fungal pathogens. the ability of murine igg1 mab 2h1 to modify pulmonary cryptococcus neoformans infection was investigated in intratracheal infection. mab 2h1 binds c. neoformans glucuronoxylomannan. mab 2h1 was given to a/jcr mice 24 h before infection. two c. neoformans strains were studied: atcc 24067 (serotype d) and 62070 (serotype a). fungal burden was determined by cfu 14 days after infection for both strains, and at 2 ... | 1997 | 8992996 |
| characterization of cryptococcus neoformans by random dna amplification. | random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) was optimized and used to distinguish between the varieties and serotypes of cryptococcus neoformans. the rapd technique distinguished between serotypes a, d or ad within c. neoformans var. neoformans, and revealed further differentiation within each serotype. four rapd profiles were clearly recognizable within c. neoformans var. gattii, although its two serotypes, b and c, were only differentiated with one primer combination out of seven. | 1996 | 8987712 |
| serological characterization of trichosporon cutaneum and related species. | recent molecular biological, chemical, physiological and morphological studies indicate that tri-chosporon cutaneum and related species should be reclassified. in this study, antigenic characteristics of the species were determined. the results of adsorption experiments revealed that there were at least three serological types: i, ii and iii. specific factor sera i, ii and iii were prepared on the basis of adsorption experiments and isolates were serotyped by cell slide agglutination (csa). sinc ... | 1996 | 8985936 |
| cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii among patients with cryptococcal meningitis in mexico. first observations. | a retrospective study of 20 patients with cryptococcal meningitis and their isolated strains was performed. cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans was recovered from 14 (70%) cases, and var. gattii was recovered from six (30%) patients. twelve patients had aids (all carrying var. neoformans), two had other diseases (one with var. neoformans and one var. gattii) and there was no identifiable underlying disease in six (one var. neoformans and five var. gattii). fourteen patients (11 var. neoforma ... | 1996 | 8981772 |
| synthesis and microbiological evaluations of (n-heteroaryl) arylmethanamines and their schiff bases. | the synthesis as well as the antimicrobial and antiviral activities of new (n-heteroaryl)arylmethanamines and their schiff bases are reported. none of the tested compounds shown activity against herpes simplex virus type 2 and against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. weak or moderate activity on poliovirus sabin type 1, on reverse transcriptase and against cryptococcus neoformans was shown by some of the tested compounds. viceversa several synthesized compounds exhibited a moderate or g ... | 1996 | 8981754 |
| in vitro studies of activities of the antifungal triazoles sch56592 and itraconazole against candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans, and other pathogenic yeasts. | we investigated the effects of various assay conditions on the activities of two antifungal drugs, sch56592 and itraconazole, against seven species of fungi by the broth macrodilution testing procedure proposed by the national committee for clinical laboratory standards (nccls). for both drugs, which are insoluble in water, the concentration and type of solubilizing agent produced differences in drug activity. starting inoculum size differences from 10(2) to 10(5) yeast cells per ml resulted in ... | 1997 | 8980776 |
| the immunosuppressant fk506 and its nonimmunosuppressive analog l-685,818 are toxic to cryptococcus neoformans by inhibition of a common target protein. | the immunosuppressant fk506 (tacrolimus) is an antifungal natural product macrolide that suppresses the immune system by blocking t-cell activation. in complex with the intracellular protein fkbp12, fk506 inhibits calcineurin, a ca(2+)-calmodulin-dependent serine-threonine protein phosphatase. we recently reported that growth of the opportunistic fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans is resistant to fk506 at 24 degrees c but sensitive at 37 degrees c and that calcineurin, the target of fkbp12- ... | 1997 | 8980772 |
| t-8581, a new orally and parenterally active triazole antifungal agent: in vitro and in vivo evaluations. | t-8581 is a new water-soluble triazole antifungal agent. the geometric mean ic80s (gm-ic80s; where the ic80 is the lowest drug concentration which reduced the optical density at 630 nm by 80% compared with the optical density at 630 nm of the drug-free control) for candida albicans were as follows: t-8581, 0.218 microgram/ml; fluconazole; 0.148 microgram/ml; and itraconazole, 0.0170 microgram/ml. for cryptococcus neoformans the gm-ic80s were as follows: t-8581, 9.28 micrograms/ml; fluconazole, 4 ... | 1997 | 8980750 |
| priming with ifn-gamma restores deficient il-12 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from hiv-seropositive donors. | production of il-12 is deficient in pbmc from hiv-infected individuals. because of recent studies demonstrating that ifn-gamma priming increases the production of il-12 in normal pbmc, we examined the role of ifn-gamma in the production of il-12 in pbmc from hiv-seropositive donors. in response to staphylococcus aureus, production of ifn-gamma and il-12 was reduced in pbmc from hiv-seropositive compared with that from hiv-seronegative donors. priming with ifn-gamma, through increases in both il- ... | 1997 | 8977223 |
| cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcal glucuronoxylomannan, galactoxylomannan, and mannoprotein induce different levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. | tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) during disseminated infection by cryptococcus neoformans may initiate and amplify the immune response of the host, leading to elimination of the fungus. the ability to induce tnf-alpha in pbmc by four clinical strains of c. neoformans, a laboratory strain (nih 37), and the purified cryptococcal components glucuronoxylomannan (gxm), galactoxylomannan (galxm), and mannoproteins (mp1 and mp2) were investiga ... | 1997 | 8975923 |
| contribution of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) in host defence mechanism against cryptococcus neoformans. | we investigated the role of tnf-alpha in the host defence mechanism against infection with a virulent strain of cryptococcus neoformans. administration of exogenous recombinant human tnf-alpha significantly prolonged the survival time of mice infected by intratracheal instillation of the organism. surprisingly, neutralizing moab to murine tnf-alpha did not shorten their survival time, a finding inconsistent with previous results. to investigate the cause of this inconsistency, we examined the pr ... | 1996 | 8973614 |
| cryptococcus neoformans meningitis in the rat. | the primary clinical manifestation of cryptococcus neoformans infection in humans is meningoencephalitis. to study the defense mechanisms that participate in the host response against c. neoformans infection of the central nervous system (cns), we have developed a new model of cryptococcal meningitis in rats. intracisternal inoculation of c. neoformans produced a granulomatous meningitis with minimal brain parenchymal involvement, resembling cryptococcal meningitis in immunocompetent patients. t ... | 1996 | 8973471 |
| the spectrum of mri findings in cns cryptococcosis in aids. | we retrospectively reviewed the cranial mri appearances of 25 patients with aids and microbiologically proven central nervous system (cns) cryptococcosis. four patients had a normal scan. ten patients had dilated perivascular virchow-robin spaces that were hyperintense on t2-weighted images. nine of these patients developed progressive cryptococcomas, eight in the basal ganglia and one in the cerebral white matter. the cryptococcomas displayed high signal on t2-weighted and intermediate to low s ... | 1996 | 8972648 |
| dominant selection system for use in cryptococcus neoformans. | present transformation systems for cryptococcus neoformans depend on complementation of auxotrophic mutants. we have developed a dominant selection system for transformation of wild-type strains of cryptococci in which resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin b is used as the selectable marker. a heterologous fusion gene construct was created by attaching the putative promoter sequence and start site from a cryptococcal actin gene to a truncated hygromycin b phosphotransferase gene from e. coli. ... | 1996 | 8971627 |
| interferon-gamma reduces the capacity of human alveolar macrophages to inhibit growth of cryptococcus neoformans in vitro. | cytokine stimulation of mouse and rat macrophages has previously been shown to enhance their capacity to phagocytose and inhibit the growth of cryptococcus neoformans. to extend these observations to primary human macrophages, we investigated the anticryptococcal activity of human alveolar macrophages stimulated with interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha), or macrophage-colony stimulating factor (m-csf). neither tnf-alpha nor m-csf had any effect on fungal growth i ... | 1996 | 8969264 |
| [cryptococcus neoformans meningitis in patients with aids at the saint thomas hospital]. | the authors studied the clinical histories of 17 patients with aids who were hospitalized with the diagnosis of meningoencephalitis. laboratory studies showed the causative agent to be cryptococcus neoformans. all patients had fever and most had localized headache. some patients had nausea and vomiting, nuchal rigidity and convulsions. one each had blurred vision, photophobia, periods of disorientation, ataxia, lumbar or cervical pain. cell count, chemical analysis, india ink preparation and cul ... | 1996 | 8966238 |
| images in clinical medicine. cryptococcal meningitis. | 1996 | 8960476 | |
| saponins as antimycotic agents: glycosides of medicagenic acid. | the continuous search for new antimycotic drugs is a consequence of the broad use of immunosuppressive drugs and broad-spectrum antibiotics, high number of aids patients, and widespread dermatophyte infections. the concern with increased resistance due to widespread and prolonged antifungal treatment, particularly with azoles, is noteworthy. our efforts were focused on medicagenic acid derivatives isolated from alfalfa and on semisynthetic ones. in general, these materials exhibited potent fungi ... | 1996 | 8957322 |
| possible development of resistance to fluconazole during suppressive therapy for aids-associated cryptococcal meningitis. | 1996 | 8953097 | |
| low-dose fluconazole as primary prophylaxis for cryptococcal infection in aids patients with cd4 cell counts of < or = 100/mm3: demonstration of efficacy in a positive, multicenter trial. | the efficacy of low-dose fluconazole (200 mg orally administered thrice weekly) as primary prophylaxis for cryptococcal infection was prospectively assessed in a multicenter trial involving 218 patients who were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and who had cd4 cell counts of < or = 100/mm3. the median cd4 cell count at baseline was 39/mm3, 58% of the patients had an aids-defining illness or infection prior to enrollment. cryptococcal meningitis occurred in 0.4% (1) of the 218 pat ... | 1996 | 8953072 |
| fluconazole monotherapy for cryptococcosis in non-aids patients. | treatment with 200 to 400 mg/day fluconazole was evaluated in 44 patients without aids who had cryptococcosis (19 with cryptococcal meningitis, 22 with pulmonary cryptococcosis, 3 with other cryptococcal infections). for all patients, the clinical response rate was 89% (48% were clinically cured and 41% clinically improved). of the patients with cryptococcal meningitis, 89% were mycologically cured. these rates are comparable to those obtained in the treatment of aids patients with cryptococcal ... | 1996 | 8950555 |
| tumor necrosis factor-inducing activities of cryptococcus neoformans components. | cryptococcus neoformans-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) production may lead to increased human immunodeficiency virus replication in patients with aids. in order to identify cryptococcal components that are predominantly responsible for stimulating tnf production, various concentrations of glucuronoxylomannan (gxm), galactoxylomannan (galxm), mannoproteins (mp), and alpha(1-3) [corrected] glucan were added to whole-blood cultures. all of the cryptococcal components tested, as wel ... | 1996 | 8945566 |
| exposure to cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii--a seroepidemiological study. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to study prevalence of immunoglobulin g (igg) antibody to non-capsular cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii antigen in a population of healthy papua new guinea (png) controls and patients. patients with acute c. neoformans var. gattii meningitis had elevated levels of igg which declined significantly following treatment (p = 0.034). levels in the sera of convalescent patients were significantly higher than those in png controls (p < 0.001), which ... | 1996 | 8944257 |
| [meningeal cryptococcosis. retrospective study of 7 cases]. | in the analysis of medical records of 7 patients in one neurological service, different clinical aspects of cryptococcal meningitis such as diagnostic criteria, risk factors, clinical features, csf features, and therapeutical features are reviewed. the finding on india ink preparation of cryptococcus neoformans in the cerebrospinal fluid and the distinguishing clinical features of a chronic meningitis were the only diagnostic criteria in these 7 cases. treatment with amphotericine b was the sole ... | 1996 | 8944244 |
| a latex cryptococcal antigen agglutination test for diagnosis and monitoring of therapy for cryptococcosis. | a latex cryptococcal antigen agglutination test (lcat) was performed on sera obtained during the first 14 days of treatment from 58 animals (46 cats, 9 dogs, 2 koalas and 1 long billed corella) with cryptococcosis. the same commercial kit was used for all samples, and most serum samples were treated with pronase before testing. sera from all 58 cases tested positive with the qualitative lcat protocol (using undiluted sera), while sera from all 26 cats without cryptococcosis tested negative. titr ... | 1996 | 8941415 |
| stress tolerance and pathogenic potential of a mannitol mutant of cryptococcus neoformans. | cryptococcus neoformans produces large amounts of the acyclic hexitol mannitol in culture and infected animals, but the functional and pathogenic significance of mannitol production by this fungus is not known. we exposed c. neoformans h99 (cn h99) to uv irradiation (1 x ld50) and screened survivors for mannitol production. a mutant, cn mlp (mannitol low producer), synthesized less mannitol from glucose (2.7 vs 8.2 nmol per 10(8) cells min-1 at 37 degrees c) and contained less intracellular mann ... | 1996 | 8936320 |
| a vitamin-free minimal synthetic medium for cryptococcus neoformans. | the use of a simple synthetic medium is essential for study on the growth and physiology of cryptococcus neoformans. in the present study, a minimal synthetic liquid medium (msm) was tested for the growth of 23 c. neoformans strains. this medium contained a low concentration of glucose, ammonium sulphate and inorganic salts with a ph value of 4.5, but no amino acids or vitamins. the strains were starved for 4 days to eliminate nutrients which might have been carried over from their pre-culture m ... | 1996 | 8927118 |
| enhanced diallyl trisulfide has in vitro synergy with amphotericin b against cryptococcus neoformans. | although amphotericin b remains the drug of choice for systemic fungal infections, its use is limited by considerable side effects. in the peoples' republic of china, commercial allium sativum derived compounds are widely used as an antifungal drug to treat systemic fungal infections. to evaluate the scientific merit of using a. sativum derived compounds as antifungal agents, we studied a chinese commercial preparation, allitridium. this preparation contained mainly diallyl trisulfide as confirm ... | 1996 | 8923805 |
| cryptococcal choroiditis in a patient with aids: case report and review. | 1996 | 8922837 | |
| cryptococcal infections of the central nervous system: an analysis of predisposing factors, laboratory findings and outcome in patients from south india with special reference to hiv infection. | the incidence of cryptococcosis in patients with aids is significant. predisposing factors, laboratory findings and outcome were assessed in 60 patients with cryptococcal infections of the central nervous system over a 17.5-year period (jan. 1978-june 1995). predisposing factors for cryptococcal infection were identified in 36 patients, with hiv infection being the commonest (18). cryptococcal cultures were positive in all patients. india ink staining was positive in 48 patients and cryptococcal ... | 1996 | 8918955 |
| no alui site at position 940-943 of cryptococcal 18s rdna. | 1996 | 8912174 | |
| use of d-proline assimilation and cgb medium for screening brazilian cryptococcus neoformans isolates. | d-proline assimilation and cgb tests were performed on 233 cryptococcus neoformans isolates from brazil. the results disclosed a high sensitivity, d-proline 99-13% and cgb 99.57%, for screening of the varieties. d-proline assimilation test revealed two false negative results for 5.1% of 39 strains of var. gattii, and no false positive results were observed in 194 strains of var. neoformans. no false results and only one doubtful result were found on the cgb medium. | 1996 | 8912173 |
| experimental systemic cryptococcosis in scid mice. | the susceptibility of severe combined immune deficiency (scid) mice to experimental systemic cryptococcosis was studied. scid mice were at least 16-fold more susceptible to lethal infection than were immunocompetent control mice (p < 0.001). histological assessment showed that control mice responded with a granulomatous inflammatory response, whereas scid mice showed no evidence of a cellular host response. in a therapeutic study, 5 mg kg-1 day-1 of fluconazole caused a significant reduction in ... | 1996 | 8912166 |
| determination of ploidy in cryptococcus neoformans by flow cytometry. | we determined the ploidy of cryptococcus neoformans (28 strains) isolated from patients and nature. the cellular dna content of these strains, which stained with propidium iodide in comparison to that of two authentic haploid strains, was determined by flow cytometry. all the strains exhibited diphasic histograms. in case of the authentic haploid strains, the first peak was centred around channel 9, and the second peak around channel 18. most strains exhibited this type of histogram. some strain ... | 1996 | 8912162 |
| asymptomatic solitary pulmonary nodules due to cryptococcus neoformans in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. | we report the cases of three hiv-positive patients with solitary pulmonary nodules caused by cryptococcus neoformans. although human infection with c. neoformans occurs via the respiratory tract, isolated pulmonary infection in hiv-positive patients, in contrast with hiv-negative patients, has been thought to be relatively rare. when isolated pulmonary disease in hiv-infected patients, has been described, most of the patients have been symptomatic (symptoms have included fever, cough, and dyspne ... | 1996 | 8909849 |
| effect of media on growth rate and susceptibility testing of cryptococcus neoformans. | the effect of four media or media combinations on the growth and the in vitro susceptibility to amphotericin b, 5-fluorocytosine, fluconazole and itraconazole of 51 isolates of cr. neoformans was studied. the drug concentration producing a 50% decrease in od405 (ic50) was determined in microtiter format. the following mops buffered media or media combinations (antifungal drug diluent/inoculum diluent) were used: rpmi 1640 (rpmi)/rpmi, yeast nitrogen base (ynb)/ynb, rpmi/ynb and rpmi/high resolut ... | 1996 | 8909030 |
| cryptococcal meningitis--a case report. | two cases of cryptococcal meningitis were encountered in the recent past. history of predisposing factors was available in both the patients. the diagnosis of these patients was made on the basis of smear, culture and animal pathogenicity tests. | 1995 | 8906963 |
| afferent phase production of tnf-alpha is required for the development of protective t cell immunity to cryptococcus neoformans. | the development of t cell immunity is required to clear a pulmonary cryptococcus neoformans infection (via the recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells). the objective of our studies was to determine whether tnf-alpha is required during the afferent phase of the response. the levels of tnf-alpha mrna and protein in the lungs increased following intratracheal inoculation of cba/j mice with c. neoformans 52 and preceded the development of an inflammatory response in the lungs. administrati ... | 1996 | 8906831 |
| isolates of cryptococcus neoformans serotype a or d from cerebrospinal fluid resistant to 5-fluorocytosine. | 1995 | 8904119 | |
| bacteriology and sensitivity patterns of pyogenic meningitis at kenyatta national hospital, nairobi, kenya. | a descriptive cross sectional study on bacteriology and sensitivity patterns of laboratory-proven pyogenic meningitis was carried out over a six month period. a total of 92 patients (52 adults, 40 children) were studied. in 75 (82%) of the cases, the cerebrospinal fluid cultures were bacteriologically positive. common isolates included streptococcus pneumoniae (45%), neisseria meningitidis (14%) and haemophilus influenzae (12%). other isolates included cryptococcus neoformans from four (4.3%) ad ... | 1995 | 8904047 |
| structure of the o-deacetylated glucuronoxylomannan from cryptococcus neoformans cap70 as determined by 2d nmr spectroscopy. | cryptococcus neoformans, an opportunistic pathogen, is the fourth leading cause of death among aids patients. the yeast's capsule is a major virulence factor, and serotype is related to the chemical structure of glucuronoxylomannan (gxm), its capsular polysaccharide. the gxm from cap70, a hypocapsular mutant of serotype d isolate b-3501, was investigated by chemical analysis and 2d nmr spectroscopy. the assignment of 1h and 13c chemical shifts for the o-deacetylated polysaccharide was accomplish ... | 1996 | 8901265 |
| cryptococcus neoformans: paradigm for the role of antibody immunity against fungi? | cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated fungus that is a frequent cause of life-threatening infections in patients with aids. c. neoformans has many similarities with encapsulated bacteria such as s. pneumoniae and h. influenzae for which antibody immunity is important in protection. however the role of antibody immunity in protection against c. neoformans has been controversial. experiments with polyclonal sera have produced conflicting evidence for and against the importance of antibody imm ... | 1996 | 8899968 |
| detection of cryptococcus neoformans gene in patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis. | pulmonary cryptococcosis was diagnosed by nested pcr. extraction of dna was performed by mechanical destruction of the capsules of cryptococcus neoformans by the glass bead technique. nested pcr was positive for 4 of 5 culture-positive specimens but negative for 1 culture-positive specimen, 10 culture-negative specimens, and 1 specimen with undetermined culture results. | 1996 | 8897191 |
| virulence factors of medically important fungi. | human fungal pathogens have become an increasingly important medical problem with the explosion in the number of immunocompromised patients as a result of cancer, steroid therapy, chemotherapy, and aids. additionally, the globalization of travel and expansion of humankind into previously undisturbed habitats have led to the reemergence of old fungi and new exposure to previously undescribed fungi. until recently, relatively little was known about virulence factors for the medically important fun ... | 1996 | 8894347 |
| role of cytokines in t cell immunity to a pulmonary cryptococcus neoformans infection. | the objective of these studies was to present an overview of our studies of the cytokine network and cellular interactions responsible for the t-cell-mediated inflammatory response in the lungs following infection by cryptococcus neoformans. in a resistant strain of mice, moderately virulent cryptococci were progressively cleared from the lungs after week 1. characterization of mitogen-induced cytokine production demonstrated that the t cells in the lungs during the first 3 weeks of infection re ... | 1996 | 8891197 |
| microdilution antifungal susceptibility testing of candida albicans and cryptococcus neoformans with and without agitation: an eight-center collaborative study. | the growth patterns observed in the trailing wells when fluconazole is being tested may give rise to readings that suggest resistance or increased mics for known susceptible strains. we conducted a multicenter study to evaluate the intralaboratory and interlaboratory reproducibilities of a method that uses agitation to disperse these types of growth. ten strains of candida albicans and five strains of cryptococcus neoformans were tested against fluconazole, flucytosine, and amphotericin b by usi ... | 1996 | 8891149 |
| efficacy of er-30346, a novel oral triazole antifungal agent, in experimental models of aspergillosis, candidiasis, and cryptococcosis. | er-30346 is a novel oral triazole with a broad spectrum of potent activity against a wide range of fungi. in the present study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of oral er-30346 on experimental local infections caused by aspergillus fumigatus, candida albicans, and cryptococcus neoformans and compared them with those of itraconazole and fluconazole. in experimental murine models of pulmonary aspergillosis, candidiasis, and cryptococcosis, er-30346 reduced the numbers of cfu in the lungs s ... | 1996 | 8891122 |
| in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of er-30346, a novel oral triazole with a broad antifungal spectrum. | er-30346 is a novel oral triazole with a broad spectrum of potent activity against a wide range of fungi. er-30346, with mics at which 90% of the strains tested are inhibited (mic90s) ranging from 0.025 to 0.78 microgram/ml, was 4 to 32 times more active than itraconazole, fluconazole, and amphotericin b against candida albicans, candida parapsilosis, and candida glabrata. against candida tropicalis, er-30346, with an mic90 of 12.5 micrograms/ml, was 2 to > 8 times more active than itraconazole ... | 1996 | 8891121 |
| enhancement of elisas for screening peptides in epitope phage display libraries. | the complete analysis of epitope phage display libraries requires sensitive assays capable of detecting peptides expressed on phage that have a wide range of affinities for antibody. we have compared two elisas, a 'direct' assay where the phage is captured by an anti-phage antibody and the peptide detected by the antibody used for screening, and a 'reverse' assay where the antibody used for screening is first coated on the well and the binding of phage detected by the anti-phage antibody. we dem ... | 1996 | 8890904 |
| [recent progress in molecular diagnostic technology in clinical mycology]. | diagnosing deep-seated mycoses continues to be a major challenge for the clinician. the non-culture-dependent laboratory assay with high sensitivity and specificity are needed for rapid diagnosis of deep-seated mycoses. the most promising methodology that has this potential is the detection of fungus-specific dna. over the last five years, increasing numbers of papers were published which document the molecular biological assays feasible to detect fungus-specific dna sequences in clinical specim ... | 1996 | 8890598 |
| proteins in the cell wall and membrane of cryptococcus neoformans stimulate lymphocytes from both adults and fetal cord blood to proliferate. | cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast that infects patients who have defective cell-mediated immunity, including aids, but rarely infects individuals who have intact cell-mediated immunity. studies of the immune response to c. neoformans have been hampered by a paucity of defined t-lymphocyte antigens, and hence, the understanding of the t-cell response is incomplete. the goal of this study was to separate c. neoformans into its component parts, determine whether those components stim ... | 1996 | 8890243 |
| community-acquired fungal pneumonia in children. | pediatric fungal pulmonary infections are being seen with increasing frequency. the dimorphic fungi histoplasma capsulatum. blastomyces dermatitidis, coccidioides immitis, and cryptococcus neoformans frequently cause infections that are asymptomatic. however, patients may suffer pneumonia and disseminated disease. diagnosis can be made definitively by isolation of the causative organism, but serology or skin testing is often necessary when this is not successful. severe or life threatening infec ... | 1996 | 8883177 |
| comparison of the murex c. albicans, albicans-sure, and bacticard candida test kits with the germ tube test for presumptive identification of candida albicans. | the murex c. albicans (mc)(murex diagnostics), albicans-sure (as) (clinical standards laboratories), and bacticard candida (bc) (remel) test kits were compared with the germ tube (gt) test for the rapid, presumptive identification of candida albicans. all three test kits detect the enzymes l-proline aminopeptidase and beta-galactosaminidase in yeast cells grown on culture media and are based on the principle that c. albicans produces both enzymes whereas other yeasts produce only one or neither ... | 1996 | 8880535 |
| evaluation of an extended blood culture protocol to isolate fastidious organisms from patients with aids. | recent reports of fastidious pathogens suggest the need for special blood cultures for immunocompromised patients. blood cultures from 45 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with unexplained fever (> or = 38.0 degrees c) and cd4 counts of < 125 cells per mm3 were collected into a vacuum tube with sodium polyanetholsulfonate, an isolator tube, and bactec aerobic and anaerobic bottles. blood from the sodium polyanethosulfonate tube was inoculated into bactec 13a bottles, which wer ... | 1996 | 8880497 |
| effect of fluconazole on fungicidal activity of flucytosine in murine cryptococcal meningitis. | both animal and in vitro studies have demonstrated that combinations of flucytosine with amphotericin b and with fluconazole have significantly improved activity against cryptococcal meningitis compared with the activity of each drug used alone. however, very few dose levels of these agents have been tested in combination. this study evaluated the efficacy of fluconazole plus flucytosine in a murine model of cryptococcal meningitis over a broad range of dose combinations (fluconazole, 0 to 40 mi ... | 1996 | 8878602 |
| risk factors of invasive candida and non-candida fungal infections after liver transplantation. | fungal infections are associated with a high mortality rate after liver transplantation. to describe risk factors for fungal infections, 405 consecutive liver transplant recipients were analyzed. forty-five patients (11%) developed invasive fungal infection. median posttransplantation time to the first episode was 60 days. pathogens were candida species (spp) (n=24, 53%), cryptococcus neoformans (n=10, 22%), aspergillus spp (n=6, 13%), rhizopus spp (n=l), and others (n=4). presentations of infec ... | 1996 | 8878386 |
| cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. | cryptococcosis is a common opportunistic infection in adults with aids. few cases of cryptococcosis complicating pediatric aids have been reported. to our knowledge there are no studies that describe the epidemiology, clinical manifestations and outcome of cryptococcosis in a large population of hiv-infected children. | 1996 | 8878224 |
| extracellular proteinase activity of cryptococcus neoformans. | extracellular proteinase activity was studied for eight strains of cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans and two strains of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. proteinase activity was measured by protein agar clearance, azoalbumin hydrolysis, gelatin liquefaction, and protein substrate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. all strains of c. neoformans produced extracellular proteolytic activity. maximal extracellular proteinase activity in supernatants of c. neoformans cultures was associated w ... | 1996 | 8877137 |
| deep mycotic infections in cats. | a review of deep mycotic infections assessed incidence, signalment, clinical presentation, and outcome in 571 feline cases. pertinent findings included a predisposition in young, male cats for sporothrix schenckii and blastomyces dermatitidis. there was an increased incidence of feline leukemia virus infection in cases with histoplasmosis and of feline panleukopenia virus infection in cases with either aspergillosis or mucoralosis. few other predisposing conditions were identified. cryptococcosi ... | 1996 | 8875352 |
| discordant regulation of phenoloxidase and capsular polysaccharide in cryptococcus neoformans. | we examined the regulation of two fungal virulence factors, phenoloxidase and capsular polysaccharide, in an ex-type strain of the fungal pathogen, cryptococcus neoformans. both were made during the stationary phase of cultural growth. exogenous iron increased phenoloxidase activity three-fold (from 8.7 to 27.7 units mg-1, p < 0.05) but decreased capsular polysaccharide three-fold (from 9.0 to 3.4% packed cell volume, p < 0.01). a temperature shift from 25 to 37 degrees c decreased phenoloxidase ... | 1996 | 8873890 |
| assessment of a pcr technique for the detection and identification of cryptococcus neoformans. | the 18s ribosomal rna gene of cryptococcus neoformans was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the primers cpl1 and cpr4 were tested for their ability to amplify dna from 30 strains of c. neoformans and 27 specimens of cerebrospinal fluid (csf) from patients with cryptococcal meningitis. a 343 bp product was obtained and its specificity confirmed by southern hybridization with an internal sequence (insr4) probe. the sensitivity was 100 fg by southern analysis and 1 pg using the pcr. nei ... | 1996 | 8873884 |
| modified india ink preparation for cryptococcus neoformans in cerebrospinal fluid specimens. | a novel modified india ink technique for the diagnosis of cryptococcus neoformans in cerebrospinal fluid specimens is described. it employs 2% chromium mercury and india ink. this technique allows a clear identification of some external and internal structures of the organism. three layers from the outer capsule that have previously been discerned only by electron microscopy are distinguished. | 1996 | 8862601 |
| cryptococcosis associated with hiv negative indian patients and hiv positive indian blood donors. | cryptococcosis, particularly cryptococcal meningitis (cm), has become an increasing problem globally in the aids era. in the present investigation we have made an effort for the first time to study indian cases (100) both hiv-positive (23 cases, male, mostly indian professional blood donors, pbds') confirmed by an elisa test and western blot but asymptomatic for cm and hiv-negative (77:49 male and 28 female) asymptomatic or symptomatic. these subjects were patients from the lucknow hospitals adm ... | 1996 | 8861875 |
| amphotericin b in a lipid emulsion for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in aids patients. | we determined the safety and efficacy of deoxycholate-amphotericin b (d-amb) mixed with intralipid (il) as the initial treatment of aids-associated cryptococcal meningitis in a phase ii, multicentre, non-comparative open study, assessing two dosages of ild-amb: 1 mg/kg (group a, n = 9) and 1.5 mg/kg (group b, n = 6). patients were treated daily for 2 weeks, then three times weekly for 4 weeks. the ild-amb dosage was decreased due to toxicity in three patients in each group. serum creatinine incr ... | 1996 | 8858463 |
| pulmonary infections in hiv infected patients. | we retrospectively reviewed causes, clinical presentations and chest radiographs of pulmonary infections in symptomatic hiv infected patients diagnosed in srinagarind hospital from february 1992 to 1994. we found 95 episodes of pulmonary infections in 88 hiv infected patients enrolled in our review. the three most common pathogens were mycobacterium tuberculosis (37.2%), pneumocystis carinii (23.8%), and cryptococcus (15.2%). coexistent pulmonary infections were seen in 10.5 per cent, mostly due ... | 1996 | 8855629 |
| in vitro susceptibilities of clinical and environmental isolates of cryptococcus neoformans to five antifungal drugs. | a total of 53 cryptococcus neoformans strains, including clinical and environmental brazilian isolates, were tested for their susceptibilities to amphotericin b, 5-flucytosine, ketoconazole, fluconazole, and itraconazole. the tests were performed according to the national committee of clinical laboratory standards recommendations (document m27-p). in general, there was a remarkable homogeneity of results for all strains, and comparable mics were found for environmental and clinical isolates. thi ... | 1996 | 8851624 |
| susceptibility of melanized and nonmelanized cryptococcus neoformans to the melanin-binding compounds trifluoperazine and chloroquine. | cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen which becomes heavily melanized in the presence of phenolic substrates such as l-dopa. various drugs are known to bind to melanin with high affinity, including the antipsychotic agent trifluoperazine and the antimalarial agent chloroquine. we hypothesized that drugs which bind melanin may have different toxicities for melanized and nonmelanized c. neoformans cells. the effects of trifluoperazine and chloroquine or c. neoformans were det ... | 1996 | 8851567 |