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in macrophages, caspase-1 activation by sope and the type iii secretion system-1 of s. typhimurium can proceed in the absence of flagellin.the innate immune system is of vital importance for protection against infectious pathogens. inflammasome mediated caspase-1 activation and subsequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines like il-1beta and il-18 is an important arm of the innate immune system. salmonella enterica subspecies 1 serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium, sl1344) is an enteropathogenic bacterium causing diarrheal diseases. different reports have shown that in macrophages, s. typhimurium may activate caspase-1 by at least ...201020814576
multiple-serotype salmonella gastroenteritis outbreak after a reception --- connecticut, 2009.in september 2009, the connecticut department of public health (dph) identified an outbreak of salmonella gastroenteritis among attendees at a reception. a case-control study and environmental and laboratory investigations were conducted. nine case-patients and 14 control subjects were identified. potato salad consumption was strongly associated with illness (odds ratio [or] = 84.0). during the investigation, food service workers were observed to have bare-handed contact with ready-to-eat food. ...201020814404
a bacterial mrna leader that employs different mechanisms to sense disparate intracellular signals.bacterial mrnas often contain leader sequences that respond to specific metabolites or ions by altering expression of the associated downstream protein-coding sequences. here we report that the leader rna of the mg(2+) transporter gene mgta of salmonella enterica, which was previously known to function as a mg(2+)-sensing riboswitch, harbors an 18 codon proline-rich open reading frame-termed mgtl-that permits intracellular proline to regulate mgta expression. interfering with mgtl translation by ...201020813261
targeting tumor gene by shrna-expressing salmonella-mediated rnai.rna interference (rnai) has been established as an important research tool that carries great potential for gene therapy. however, targeted induction of rnai in vivo has met with significant challenges. in this study, a novel psls plasmid capable of expressing short hairpin rnas (shrnas) was transformed into attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strain 7207 (sl). in vitro infection studies with the transformed s. enterica containing psls (sl-psls-cat) demonstrated that expression of ...201120811467
multi-locus sequence typing of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolates from wild birds in northern england suggests host-adapted strain.recent studies have suggested that salmonella typhimurium strains associated with mortality in uk garden birds are significantly different from strains that cause disease in humans and livestock and that wild bird strains may be host adapted. however, without further genomic characterization of these strains, it is not possible to determine whether they are host adapted. the aim of this study was to characterize a representative sample of salm. typhimurium strains detected in wild garden birds u ...201020809923
a rapid change in virulence gene expression during the transition from the intestinal lumen into tissue promotes systemic dissemination of salmonella.bacterial pathogens causing systemic disease commonly evolve from organisms associated with localized infections but differ from their close relatives in their ability to overcome mucosal barriers by mechanisms that remain incompletely understood. here we investigated whether acquisition of a regulatory gene, tvia, contributed to the ability of salmonella enterica serotype typhi to disseminate from the intestine to systemic sites of infection during typhoid fever. to study the consequences of ac ...201020808848
the phage shock protein pspa facilitates divalent metal transport and is required for virulence of salmonella enterica sv. typhimurium.the phage shock protein (psp) system is induced by extracytoplasmic stress and thought to be important for the maintenance of proton motive force. we investigated the contribution of pspa to salmonella virulence. a pspa deletion mutation significantly attenuates the virulence of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium following intraperitoneal inoculation of c3h/hen (ity(r) ) mice. pspa was found to be specifically required for virulence in mice expressing the natural resistance-associated macro ...201020807201
growth temperature associated protein expression and membrane fatty acid composition profiles of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.total cellular proteins and fatty acid composition profiles of mid-log phase cells of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium grown at 8, 25, 37 or 42 °c were separated by 2d-page and fame analysis. growth temperature associated protein expression can be grouped into 3 thermal classes which include proteins whose expression is: i) optimal at 37 °c, meaning their expression peaked at 37 °c; ii) up-regulated with an increase in growth temperature; iii) down-regulated with increase in growth temper ...201020806250
group b salmonella in lungworms from a harbour porpoise (phocoena phocoena). 201020802194
differential phenotypic diversity among epidemic-spanning salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis isolates from humans or animals.nontyphoidal salmonellae are major causes of food-borne disease worldwide. in uruguay, salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis was the most commonly isolated serovar throughout the last decade, with a marked epidemic period between 1995 and 2004. in a previous study, we conducted comparative genomics of 29 epidemic-spanning s. enteritidis field isolates, and here we evaluated the pathogenic potential of the same set of isolates using several phenotypic assays. the sample included 15 isolates fro ...201020802078
sensitization of microcin j25-resistant strains by a membrane-permeabilizing peptide.microcin j25 (mccj25) is a plasmid-encoded, 21-amino-acid, antibacterial peptide produced by escherichia coli. mccj25 inhibits rna polymerase and the membrane respiratory chain. mccj25 uptake into e. coli-sensitive strains is mediated by the outer membrane receptor fhua and the inner membrane proteins tonb, exbb, exbd, and sbma. this peptide is active on some e. coli, salmonella, and shigella species strains, while other gram-negative bacteria, such as clinical isolates of enterobacter cloacae, ...201020802073
biogenesis of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium membrane vesicles provoked by induction of pagc.gram-negative bacteria ubiquitously release membrane vesicles (mvs) into the extracellular milieu. although mvs are the product of growing bacteria, not of cell lysis or death, the regulatory mechanisms underlying mv formation remained unknown. we have found that mv biogenesis is provoked by the induction of pagc, a salmonella-specific protein whose expression is activated by conditions that mimic acidified macrophage phagosomes. pagc is a major constituent of salmonella mvs, and increased expre ...201020802043
osteomyelitis in adults: an underrecognized clinical entity in immunocompetent hosts. a report of six cases.osteomyelitis is rare in adults and typically occurs in patients with risk factors such as sickle cell disease or immune deficiency. cases in immunocompetent adults without sickle cell disease are extremely rare. the objective of this work was to describe the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological features and the management of long-bone osteomyelitis in immunocompetent adults without sickle cell disease.201120800526
immunological responses induced by asd and wzy/asd mutant strains of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in balb/c mice.attenuated bacteria have long been developed as vaccine candidates but can have some disadvantages, such as the potential for damage to immune organs due to insufficient clearance. to minimize these disadvantages, we generated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium mutants shj2104 (asd::cm) and htsaya (wzy::km, asd::cm). the wzy gene codes for the o-antigen polymerase, which is involved in lipopolysaccharide (lps) biosynthesis, and asd codes for aspartate beta-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, which ...201020799091
purified galactooligosaccharide, derived from a mixture produced by the enzymic activity of bifidobacterium bifidum, reduces salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium adhesion and invasion in vitro and in vivo.the prebiotic bimuno(®) is a mixture containing galactooligosaccharides (goss), produced by the galactosyltransferase activity of bifidobacterium bifidum ncimb 41171 using lactose as the substrate. previous in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrating the efficacy of bimuno(®) in reducing salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) colonization did not ascertain whether or not the protective effects could be attributed to the prebiotic component gos. here we wished to test the hypothe ...201020798214
involvement of tip60 acetyltransferase in intracellular salmonella replication.salmonella enterica is a facultative intracellular pathogen that replicates within a membrane-bound compartment termed salmonella containing vacuole (scv). the biogenesis of scv requires salmonella type iii protein secretion/translocation system and their effector proteins which are translocated into host cells to exploit the vesicle trafficking pathways. ssef is one of these effectors required for scv formation and intracellular salmonella replication through unknown mechanisms.201020796290
improved identification of epidemiologically related strains of salmonella enterica by use of a fusion algorithm based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis.pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (mlva) are used to assess genetic similarity between bacterial strains. there are cases, however, when neither of these methods quantifies genetic variation at a level of resolution that is well suited for studying the molecular epidemiology of bacterial pathogens. to improve estimates based on these methods, we propose a fusion algorithm that combines the information obtained from both pfge and mlv ...201020739482
detection and differentiation of live and heat-treated salmonella enterica serovars inoculated onto chicken breast using fourier transform infrared (ft-ir) spectroscopy.to evaluate fourier transform infrared (ft-ir) techniques for detecting, quantifying, and differentiating viable and heat-treated cells of salmonella enterica serovars from chicken breast.201020738442
isolation of non-typhoidal salmonella from a haematopoietic progenitor cell product. 201020735761
evaluation of quantitative pcr measurement of bacterial colonization of epithelial cells.microbial colonization is an important step in establishing pathogenic or probiotic relations to host cells and in biofilm formation on industrial or medical devices. the aim of this work was to verify the applicability of quantitative pcr (real-time pcr) to measure bacterial colonization of epithelial cells. salmonella enterica and caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell line was used as a model. to verify sensitivity of the assay a competition of the pathogen cells to probiotic microorganism was tes ...201020734752
antimicrobial resistance testing of verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli and first description of tem-52 extended-spectrum β-lactamase in serogroup o26.we have investigated the antimicrobial resistance of verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli (vtec) strains isolated from humans, animals, food, and the environment in belgium. resistance was more frequent in non-o157 strains from humans than in o157 strains from humans or other sources, and among non-o157 vtec strains, intimin-positive strains were more resistant than intimin-negative strains. we also report the first vtec strain producing an inci1 extended-spectrum β-lactamase encoded by plas ...201020733038
efficacy of intracellular activated promoters for generation of salmonella-based vaccines.salmonella enterica is a versatile vaccine carrier for heterologous antigens. one strategy for vaccine antigen delivery is the use of live attenuated s. enterica strains that translocate heterologous antigens into antigen-presenting cells by means of type iii secretion systems (t3ss). the feasibility of this approach has been demonstrated in various experimental vaccination studies. the efficacy of recombinant live vaccines is critically influenced by the optimal level of attenuation and many ot ...201020732994
dynamics of growth and dissemination of salmonella in vivo.the last decade has witnessed increasing research on dissemination of bacterial pathogens in their hosts and on the processes that underlie bacterial spread and growth during organ colonization. here, we discuss work on the mouse model of human typhoid fever caused by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. this has revealed the use of several routes of systemic dissemination that result in colonization and growth within the spleen and liver, the major sites of bacterial proliferation. we also ...201020731667
video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (vats) drainage of salmonella enteritidis empyema and needle-localization for retrieval of a dropped gallstone.spillage of gallstones into the peritoneal cavity (dropped gallstones) is more common in laparoscopic compared with open cholecystectomy. subsequent infectious complications are often delayed, occurring in 0.1% to 2.9% of cases. we present the first reported case of salmonella enterica subphrenic abscess and empyema complicating dropped gallstones, treated with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (vats), and surgical retrieval.201020729699
effect of probiotic-, bacteriophage-, or organic acid-supplemented feeds or fermented soybean meal on the growth performance, acute-phase response, and bacterial shedding of grower pigs challenged with salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium.a 28-d experiment evaluated the growth performance, acute-phase response, and bacterial shedding patterns in pigs (n = 108; initially, 38.7 ± 6.7 kg) fed 6 treatment diets, including a control diet with no antimicrobial agents (con), a positive control diet containing chlortetracycline, 100 mg/kg (ct), a diet containing anti-salmonella typhimurium bacteriophage, 3 × 10(9) plaque-forming units/kg of feed (asb), lactobacillus plantarum cjlp56, 6.5 × 10(8) cfu/kg of feed (lp), 0.2% microencapsulate ...201020729283
estimating the primary etiologic agents in recreational freshwaters impacted by human sources of faecal contamination.epidemiology studies of recreational waters have demonstrated that swimmers exposed to faecally-contaminated recreational waters are at risk of excess gastrointestinal illness. epidemiology studies provide valuable information on the nature and extent of health effects, the magnitude of risks, and how these risks are modified or associated with levels of faecal contamination and other measures of pollution. however, such studies have not provided information about the specific microbial agents t ...201020728915
increasing trend of resistance to nalidixic acid and emerging ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin resistance in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in slovakia, 2005 to 2009.a 5-year survey from 2005 to 2009 revealed an increasing trend of resistance to nalidixic acid (from 0% in 2005 to 11% in 2009) among 858 clinical isolates of salmonella typhimurium. in addition, 10 ceftriaxone-resistant and 3 ciprofloxacin-resistant salmonella typhimurium isolates were detected over the period of study.201020727477
transcriptional autoregulation of the rcscdb phosphorelay system in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.the rcscdb (rcs) phosphorelay system is involved in the regulation of many envelope genes, such as those responsible for capsule synthesis, flagella production and o-antigen chain length, as well as in other cellular activities of several enteric bacteria. the system is composed of three proteins: the sensor rcsc, the response regulator rcsb, and the phospho-transfer intermediary protein rcsd. previously, we reported two important aspects of this system: (a) rcsb gene expression is under the con ...201020724387
[a case of salmonella enterica serovar typhi with decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin].the use of fluoroquinolone (fq) as first line therapy for typhoid fever should be reconsidered because of the emergence of salmonella typhi and paratyphi a strains with decreased susceptibility to fq, mainly from asia. relapse can occur when ciprofloxacin mic is over 0.12 mg/l, as illustrated by our case report. azithromycin can be used successfully for patients infected with reduced ciprofloxacin susceptibility isolates. literature review led us to suggest a new therapeutic strategy for uncompl ...201020724089
salmonella enterica isolates from pasture-raised poultry exhibit antimicrobial resistance and class i integrons.while considerable foodborne pathogen research has been conducted on conventionally produced broilers and turkeys, few studies have focused on free-range (organic) or pastured poultry. the current surveillance study was designed to isolate, identify and genetically characterize salmonella from pastured poultry farm environment and from retail samples.201020722876
the rcs phosphorelay: more than just a two-component pathway.the rcs phosphorelay is a complex signaling pathway found in many, but not all, members of the enterobacteriaceae. the complexity of this pathway is due to the direct involvement of three proteins (rcsc, rcsd and rcsb) in the phosphorelay and the presence of multiple accessory proteins with important roles in modulating the inputs and outputs associated with this signaling pathway. this article will discuss the various inputs and outputs associated with the rcs phosphorelay and also present a mo ...201020722597
nationwide pseudo-outbreak of salmonella enterica subspecies diarizonae, france.abstract to investigate an increased incidence of human cultures growing salmonella enterica subspecies diarizonae serotype 61:k:1,5,7 in france in 2008, we reviewed medical records of case-patients and identified the material used during invasive procedures and for bacterial culture. trace back investigations incriminated culture media containing contaminated sheep blood agar.201020718799
rpoe may promote flagellar gene expression in salmonella enterica serovar typhi under hyperosmotic stress.salmonella enterica serovar typhi z66 positive strain contains a fljba-like operon on a linear plasmid. the operon contains the gene fljb:z66 which encodes the z66 antigen. rpoe is a sigma factor σ(e) that initiates transcription of a series of genes in escherichia and salmonella under environmental stresses. to investigate whether the gene fljb:z66 is regulated by rpoe (σ(e)), a rpoe deletion mutant of s. enterica serovar typhi (δrpoe) was prepared in this study. the defective motility of the δ ...201120717675
seasonal variation, chemical composition, and analgesic and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil from leaves of tetradenia riparia (hochst.) codd in southern brazil.the seasonal variation of the chemical composition of the essential oil from fresh leaves of tetradenia riparia (hochst.) codd grown in southern brazil was analyzed by gc-ms, and the analgesic and antimicrobial activities of this oil were assayed. the yield of essential oil ranged from 0.17% to 0.26%, with the maximum amount in winter and the minimum in spring. the results obtained from principal components analysis (pca) revealed the existence of high chemical variability in the different seaso ...201020714310
humanized nonobese diabetic-scid il2rgammanull mice are susceptible to lethal salmonella typhi infection.salmonella enterica serovar typhi, the cause of typhoid fever, is host-adapted to humans and unable to cause disease in mice. here, we show that s. typhi can replicate in vivo in nonobese diabetic (nod)-scid il2rgamma(null) mice engrafted with human hematopoietic stem cells (hu-src-scid mice) to cause a lethal infection with pathological and inflammatory cytokine responses resembling human typhoid. in contrast, s. typhi does not exhibit net replication or cause illness in nonengrafted or immunoc ...201020713716
a proteomic analysis reveals differential regulation of the σ(s)-dependent ycigfe(katn) locus by yncc and h-ns in salmonella and escherichia coli k-12.the stationary phase sigma factor σ(s) (rpos) controls a regulon required for general stress resistance of the closely related enterobacteria salmonella and escherichia coli. the σ(s)-dependent yncc gene encodes a putative dna binding regulatory protein. application of the surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (seldi-tof) proteinchip technology for proteome profiling of wild-type and mutant strains of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium revealed potential protein target ...201020713450
structure and gene cluster of the o-antigen of salmonella enterica o44.the o-polysaccharide (o-antigen) of salmonella enterica o44 was studied by sugar analysis along with 1d and 2d (1)h and (13)c nmr spectroscopy. the following structure of the pentasaccharide repeating unit containing only common monosaccharides was established: [formula: see text]. the o-antigen gene cluster of s. enterica o44 was sequenced. the gene functions were tentatively assigned by comparison with sequences in the available databases and found to be in full agreement with the s. enterica ...201020709316
isolation of scfv fragments specific to ompd of salmonella typhimurium.pork meat is one of the major sources for human infections with salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovars. further, zoonoses caused by s. enterica subspecies enterica serovars are responsible for substantial economical losses in industrial countries. quick and reliable detection of this infection is urgently needed to improve consumer security. due to its capability to identify infections independent of the species, a competitive elisa is the preferable method for the detection of anti-sa ...201120708859
thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor is degraded by salmonella enterica and yersinia pestis.pathogenic bacteria modulate the host coagulation system to evade immune responses or to facilitate dissemination through extravascular tissues. in particular, the important bacterial pathogens salmonella enterica and yersinia pestis intervene with the plasminogen/fibrinolytic system. thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (tafi) has anti-fibrinolytic properties as the active enzyme (tafia) removes c-terminal lysine residues from fibrin, thereby attenuating accelerated plasmin formation.201020704647
characterization of tetracycline resistance in salmonella enterica strains recovered from irrigation water in the culiacan valley, mexico.the increase of salmonella enterica strains showing resistance against antibiotics has resulted in limiting the effective treatment of human infections. the present study characterized the resistance to tetracycline in s. enterica serovar typhimurium strains, recovered from irrigation water in distinct regions in the culiacan valley, an important agricultural region in mexico for horticultural crops that are exported to the united states. analysis of the genomic diversity by pulse-field gel elec ...201020704512
development of an anti-salmonella phage cocktail with increased host range.salmonella shedding in many livestock species can increase significantly after transport and lairage. preprocessing increases in shedding can amplify the amount of salmonella that enters the processing facility and the likelihood of end-product contamination. we previously produced an anti-salmonella phage cocktail that reduced colonization in swine when the pigs were exposed to an environment heavily contaminated with salmonella, similar to what might be seen in a transport trailer or processin ...201020704510
foodborne proportion of gastrointestinal illness: estimates from a canadian expert elicitation survey.the study used a structured expert elicitation survey to derive estimates of the foodborne attributable proportion for nine illnesses caused by enteric pathogens in canada. it was based on a similar study conducted in the united states and focused on campylobacter, escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, nontyphoidal salmonella enterica, shigella spp., vibrio spp., yersinia enterocolitica, cryptosporidium parvum, and norwalk-like virus. for each pathogen, experts were asked to provide ...201020704505
erythema nodosum and bilateral breast abscesses due to salmonella enterica serotype poona.a woman presented with erythema nodosum followed by bilateral breast abscesses without a gastrointestinal manifestation, due to a rare serotype of salmonella, namely, salmonella enterica serotype poona. this is the first reported case of erythema nodosum presumably associated with salmonella infection without a gastrointestinal manifestation.201020702664
transposons related to tn1696 in inchi2 plasmids in multiply antibiotic resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium from australian animals.conjugative inchi2 plasmids carrying tetracycline, trimethoprim, and sulphonamide resistance genes were recovered from two multiply antibiotic resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolates from australian food-producing animals. transposons related to the mercury resistance transposon tn1696 were identified in both inchi2 plasmids. these transposons contained an in4-type class 1 integron that carried a dfra5 trimethoprim resistance gene cassette and the sul1 sulfonamide resistance g ...201020701539
srnascanner: a computational tool for intergenic small rna detection in bacterial genomes.bacterial non-coding small rnas (srnas) have attracted considerable attention due to their ubiquitous nature and contribution to numerous cellular processes including survival, adaptation and pathogenesis. existing computational approaches for identifying bacterial srnas demonstrate varying levels of success and there remains considerable room for improvement.201020700540
correction: the role of coupled positive feedback in the expression of the spi1 type three secretion system in salmonella.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a common food-borne pathogen that induces inflammatory diarrhea and invades intestinal epithelial cells using a type three secretion system (t3ss) encoded within salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi1). the genes encoding the spi1 t3ss are tightly regulated by a network of interacting transcriptional regulators involving three coupled positive feedback loops. while the core architecture of the spi1 gene circuit has been determined, the relative roles o ...201020700452
novel restriction enzyme ssii for the detection of mutation in gyra gene of salmonella enterica serovar typhi.enteric fever is an ongoing problem in the developing nations. resistance and reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin narrows the therapeutic options in enteric fever. the present study was carried out with the objective of determining molecular basis of resistance to fluoroquinolone among the clinical isolates of salmonella enterica serovar typhi from different parts of india.201020699513
[typhoid fever in lebanon: epidemiological study].typhoid fever is a major public health problem, especially in developing countries. from 2000 through 2008, the infectious disease surveillance unit at the lebanese ministry of public health received 6148 reports of typhoid cases. a case is considered positive for typhoid or paratyphoid fever when fever of at least 38 degrees c persists for three days, and salmonella enterica serovar typhi or paratyphi is isolated from blood, bone marrow, or stool. statistical analysis was performed with stata v ...201020696646
quantification of enteric viruses, pathogen indicators, and salmonella bacteria in class b anaerobically digested biosolids by culture and molecular methods.the most common class b biosolids in the united states are generated by mesophilic anaerobic digestion (mad), and mad biosolids have been used for land application. however, the pathogen levels in mad biosolids are still unclear, especially with respect to enteric viruses. in this study, we determined the occurrence and the quantitative levels of enteric viruses and indicators in 12 mad biosolid samples and of salmonella enterica in 6 mad biosolid samples. three dewatered biosolid samples were a ...201020693452
prevalence of cole1-like plasmids and kanamycin resistance genes in salmonella enterica serovars.multi-antimicrobial-resistant salmonella enterica strains frequently carry resistance genes on plasmids. recent studies focus heavily on large conjugative plasmids, and the role that small plasmids play in resistance gene transfer is largely unknown. to expand our previous studies in assessing the prevalence of the isolates harboring cole1-like plasmids carrying the aph gene responsible for kanamycin resistance (kan(r)) phenotypes, 102 kan(r) salmonella isolates collected through the national an ...201020693446
[report on salmonella isolates in livestock, food and feed, received at the german national reference laboratory for salmonella during 2004-2008].the german national reference laboratory for salmonella receives salmonella isolates from diverse laboratories in germany. most of the salmonella strains originated from livestock and food.this report summarizes the studies of the german national reference laboratory on the prevalence of salmonella ssp. in livestock, food and feed for the years 2004-2008. in the past five years, the national reference laboratory received 23,949 salmonella isolates with s. enterica serovar typhimurium and s. ente ...201020690538
salmonella enterica subsp. enterica in cattle egret (bubulcus ibis) chicks from central texas: prevalence, serotypes, pathogenicity, and epizootic potential.cattle egrets have a worldwide distribution, feed in proximity to cattle and other domestic animals, and often nest in large colonies in urban woodlots. over a 3-yr period, nestlings from five cattle egret colonies from central texas, usa, were surveyed for salmonellosis. prevalence of infection ranged from 29% to 95%. seventeen salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotypes were isolated, of which the 4,5,12:i-monophasic serotype predominated in cultures of both the digestive tract and pooled sp ...201020688631
removal of salmonella enteritidis from commercial unpasteurized liquid egg white using pilot scale cross flow tangential microfiltration.effectiveness of a cross flow microfiltration (mf) process for removal of a cocktail of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis species from commercial unpasteurized liquid egg white (lew) from a local egg breaking plant, while maintaining its functional properties was evaluated. to facilitate mf, lew was wedge screened, homogenized and then diluted (1:2 w/w) with distilled water containing 0.5% sodium chloride. diluted unpasteurized lew was inoculated with five strains of s. enteritidis (atcc 4 ...201020688406
comparison of phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial profiles in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica from the same dairy cattle farms.transmission of antimicrobial drug resistance from resistant bacteria to non-resistant strains is an important public health issue. in this study, we have examined the possibility of multiple resistance gene transfer between escherichia coli and salmonella in the natural setting. bacteria isolated from calves concurrently shedding e. coli and salmonella showed similar antimicrobial drug resistance patterns as measured by a broth dilution method. however, microarray analysis of the antibiotic res ...201020688154
potentiating effect of morphine on oral salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection is μ-opioid receptor-dependent.previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that mice treated with morphine pellets are sensitized to salmonella enterica, serovar typhimurium infection. however, the opioid receptor antagonist, naltrexone, only partially blocked the effect of morphine, raising the possibility that the opioid might have some of its effects through a nonopioid receptor. to further clarify whether sensitization to infection is an opioid receptor-dependent phenomenon, μ-opioid receptor knockout (morko) mice w ...201020688146
hemolysin e (hlye, clya, shea) and related toxins.certain strains of escherichia coli, salmonella enterica and shigella flexneri produce a pore-forming toxin hemolysin e (hlye), also known as cytolysin a (clya) and silent hemolysin, locus a (shea). hlye lyses erythrocytes and mammalian cells, forming transmembrane pores with a minimum internal diameter of-25 a. we review the current knowledge of hlye structure and function in its solution and pore forms, models for membrane insertion, its potential use in biotechnology applications and its rela ...201020687485
the role of coupled positive feedback in the expression of the spi1 type three secretion system in salmonella.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a common food-borne pathogen that induces inflammatory diarrhea and invades intestinal epithelial cells using a type three secretion system (t3ss) encoded within salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi1). the genes encoding the spi1 t3ss are tightly regulated by a network of interacting transcriptional regulators involving three coupled positive feedback loops. while the core architecture of the spi1 gene circuit has been determined, the relative roles o ...201020686667
salmonella transcriptional signature in tetrahymena phagosomes and role of acid tolerance in passage through the protist.salmonella enterica typhimurium remains undigested in the food vacuoles of the common protist, tetrahymena. contrary to its interaction with acanthamoeba spp., s. typhimurium is not cytotoxic to tetrahymena and is egested as viable cells in its fecal pellets. through microarray gene expression profiling we investigated the factors in s. typhimurium that are involved in its resistance to digestion by tetrahymena. the transcriptome of s. typhimurium in tetrahymena phagosomes showed that 989 and 12 ...201120686510
emergence of an inciγ plasmid encoding cmy-2 ß-lactamase associated with the international st19 oxa-30-producing ß-lactamase salmonella typhimurium multidrug-resistant clone.to analyse the genetic environment of the bla(cmy-2) gene in a multidrug-resistant isolate belonging to the oxa-30-producing salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium clone widespread in european countries.201020685754
antimicrobial resistance and molecular analysis of non-typhoidal salmonella isolates from human in tunisia.during the period from 2006 to 2007, a total of 32 clinical isolates of salmonella enterica were isolated from diarrheagenic stool samples and further examined for their susceptibility to various antibiotics. sixteen of the human isolates were from the capital tunis, 11 were from sousse, four were from nabeul and one was from mahdia, tunisia. the isolates were serotyped and identified at the national centre of enteropathogenic bacteria, pasteur institute, tunis (centre national de salmonella, sh ...201020685046
a report from the 20th european congress of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases (april 10-13, 2010 - vienna, austria).effective antimicrobials currently in use in europe and throughout the world are fast losing ground as many pathogens acquire resistance to newly introduced drugs. multidrug and panresistance have now been identified in many pathogens, as iteratively discussed throughout this year's meeting of the european congress of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases (eccmid). as extensively discussed in an oral session entitled worldwide dissemination of resistances by 10 specialists from across eu ...201020683506
morphology, size distribution, and aggregate structure of lipopolysaccharide and lipid a dispersions from enterobacterial origin.lipopolysaccharides (lpss) from gram-negative bacteria are strong elicitors of the human immune systems. there is strong evidence that aggregates and not monomers of lps play a decisive role at least in the initial stages of cell activation of immune cells such as mononuclear cells. in previous reports, it was shown that the biologically most active part of enterobacterial lps, hexa-acyl bisphosphorylated lipid a, adopts a particular supramolecular conformation, a cubic aggregate structure. howe ...201020682588
prevalence of a host-adapted group b salmonella enterica in harbour porpoises (phocoena phocoena) from the south-west coast of england.a monophasic group b salmonella enterica 4,12:a:- was first isolated in harbour porpoises (phocoena phocoena) in scotland in 1991. this paper reports the isolation of the same group b s enterica from harbour porpoise carcases found stranded along the cornwall and devon coastlines. between 1991 and 2002, 80 harbour porpoises were submitted for postmortem examination and subjected to bacteriological examination under the uk cetacean strandings investigation programme. a total of 28 salmonella isol ...201020675627
tlr and b cell receptor signals to b cells differentially program primary and memory th1 responses to salmonella enterica.protective th1 responses to salmonella enterica do not develop in the absence of b cells. using chimeric mice, we dissect the early (innate) and late (cognate) contributions of b cells to th programming. b cell-intrinsic myd88 signaling is required for primary effector th1 development, whereas ag-specific bcr-mediated ag presentation is necessary for the development of memory th1 populations. programming of the primary t cell response is bcr/b cell mhc ii independent, but requires myd88-dependen ...201020675594
antimicrobial peptides activate the rcs regulon through the outer membrane lipoprotein rcsf.salmonella enterica species are exposed to envelope stresses due to their environmental and infectious lifestyles. such stresses include amphipathic cationic antimicrobial peptides (camps), and resistance to these peptides is an important property for microbial virulence for animals. bacterial mechanisms used to sense and respond to camp-induced envelope stress include the rcsfcdb phosphorelay, which contributes to survival from polymyxin b exposure. the rcs phosphorelay includes two inner membr ...201020675476
iceec2, a new integrative and conjugative element belonging to the pklc102/pagi-2 family, identified in escherichia coli strain ben374.the diversity of the escherichia coli species is in part due to the large number of mobile genetic elements that are exchanged between strains. we report here the identification of a new integrative and conjugative element (ice) of the pklc102/pagi-2 family located downstream of the trna gene pheu in the e. coli strain ben374. indeed, this new region, which we called iceec2, can be transferred by conjugation from strain ben374 to the e. coli strain c600. we were also able to transfer this region ...201020675467
salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium ruvb mutant can confer protection against salmonellosis in mice.salmonella enterica is an important pathogen that causes a variety of infectious diseases in animals and humans. live attenuated vaccines generally confer better protection than killed or subunit vaccines; however, the former are limited by their inherent toxicity. we evaluated the potential of a novel candidate salmonella vaccine strain that lacks the ruvb gene. the ruvb gene encodes a holliday junction helicase that is required to resolve junctions that arise during the repair of non-arresting ...201020670908
poxa, yjek, and elongation factor p coordinately modulate virulence and drug resistance in salmonella enterica.we report an interaction between poxa, encoding a paralog of lysyl trna-synthetase, and the closely linked yjek gene, encoding a putative 2,3-beta-lysine aminomutase, that is critical for virulence and stress resistance in salmonella enterica. salmonella poxa and yjek mutants share extensive phenotypic pleiotropy, including attenuated virulence in mice, an increased ability to respire under nutrient-limiting conditions, hypersusceptibility to a variety of diverse growth inhibitors, and altered e ...201020670890
microarray analysis of response of salmonella during infection of hla-b27- transfected human macrophage-like u937 cells.human leukocyte antigen (hla)-b27 is strongly associated with the development of reactive arthritis (rea) in humans after salmonellosis. human monocytic u937 cells transfected with hla-b27 are less able to eliminate intracellular salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis than those transfected with control hla antigens (e.g. hla-a2). to investigate further the mechanisms by which hla-b27-transfected cells allow increased replication of these bacteria, a dna-based microarray was used for comparativ ...201020670450
structural and functional characterization of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium ycbl: an unusual type ii glyoxalase.ycbl has been annotated as either a metallo-β-lactamase or glyoxalase ii (glx2), both members of the zinc metallohydrolase superfamily, that contains many enzymes with a diverse range of activities. here, we report crystallographic and biochemical data for salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium ycbl that establishes it as glx2, which differs in certain structural and functional properties compared with previously known examples. these features include the insertion of an α-helix after residue 8 ...201020669241
a randomised trial evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of the novel single oral dose typhoid vaccine m01zh09 in healthy vietnamese children.the emergence of drug resistant typhoid fever is a major public health problem, especially in asia. an oral single dose typhoid vaccine would have major advantages. m01zh09 is a live oral single dose candidate typhoid vaccine containing salmonella enterica serovar typhi (ty2 aroc(-)ssav(-)) zh9 with two independently attenuating deletions. studies in healthy adults demonstrated immunogenicity and an acceptable safety profile.201020668668
single nucleotide polymorphism typing of global salmonella enterica serovar typhi isolates by use of a hairpin primer real-time pcr assay.salmonella enterica serovar typhi is highly homogeneous. single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) have been shown to be valuable markers for molecular typing of s. enterica serovar typhi. here, we used a hairpin primer real-time pcr assay for snp typing of s. enterica serovar typhi isolates. forty-two snps were selected from a comparison of 19 published s. enterica serovar typhi genomes and sequences from other studies. the snps were used to type 71 global s. enterica serovar typhi isolates and di ...201020668124
the virulence protein sopd2 regulates membrane dynamics of salmonella-containing vacuoles.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a gram-negative bacterial pathogen causing gastroenteritis in humans and a systemic typhoid-like illness in mice. the capacity of salmonella to cause diseases relies on the establishment of its intracellular replication niche, a membrane-bound compartment named the salmonella-containing vacuole (scv). this requires the translocation of bacterial effector proteins into the host cell by type three secretion systems. among these effectors, sifa is required ...201020664790
comparison of commercial rna extraction kits for preparation of dna-free total rna from salmonella cells.abstract:201020663210
contribution of the type vi secretion system encoded in spi-19 to chicken colonization by salmonella enterica serotypes gallinarum and enteritidis.salmonella gallinarum is a pathogen with a host range specific to poultry, while salmonella enteritidis is a broad host range pathogen that colonizes poultry sub-clinically but is a leading cause of gastrointestinal salmonellosis in humans and many other species. despite recent advances in our understanding of the complex interplay between salmonella and their hosts, the molecular basis of host range restriction and unique pathobiology of gallinarum remain largely unknown. type vi secretion syst ...201020661437
redox sensor ssrb cys203 enhances salmonella fitness against nitric oxide generated in the host immune response to oral infection.we show herein that the salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (spi2) response regulator ssrb undergoes s-nitrosylation upon exposure of salmonella to acidified nitrite, a signal encountered by this enteropathogen in phagosomes of macrophages. mutational analysis has identified cys(203) in the c-terminal dimerization domain of ssrb as the redox-active residue responding to nitric oxide (no) congeners generated in the acidification of nitrite. peroxynitrite and products of the autooxidation of no in t ...201020660761
ex vivo kinetics of early and long-term multifunctional human leukocyte antigen e-specific cd8+ cells in volunteers immunized with the ty21a typhoid vaccine.t cells are likely to play an important role in the host defense against salmonella enterica serovar typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever. we have shown that hla-e can function as a restriction element for s. typhi-specific cd8(+) t cells. because of the potential importance of hla-e-restricted cd8(+) responses in resistance to salmonella infection, we characterized these responses and investigated their kinetics of appearance and persistence in volunteers immunized orally with the licens ...201020660136
the maltose atp-binding cassette transporter in the 21st century--towards a structural dynamic perspective on its mode of action.the maltose/maltodextrin transport system of escherichia coli/salmonella, composed of periplasmic maltose-binding protein, male, the pore-forming subunits malf and malg, and a homodimer of the nucleotide-binding subunit, malk, serves as a model for canonical atp-binding cassette importers in general. the wealth of knowledge accumulated on the maltose transporter in more than three decades by genetic, molecular genetic and biochemical means was complemented more recently by crystal structures of ...201020659291
protection of epithelial cells from salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis invasion by antibodies against the spi-1 type iii secretion system.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (salmonella enteritidis) is one of the major causes of bacterial food-borne illness in humans. during the course of infection, salmonella enteritidis uses 2 type iii secretion systems (t3ss), one of which is encoded on salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi-1). spi-1 plays a major role in the invasion process. in the present study, we evaluated the effect of sera against the spi-1 t3ss components on invasion in vitro using polarized human intestinal epithe ...201020657623
detection of the class 1 integrons and sgi1 among salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium dt104, u302, dt120, dt193, and nontypable human isolates.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains of particular phage types, such as dt104, u302, dt120, dt193, and nontypable strains, are often characterized by resistance to multiple antibiotics. this antibiotic resistance can be caused by the presence of the integrons, transposons, salmonella genomic island 1 (sgi1), or conjugative plasmids. in this study we were interested in the relative contribution of integrons and sgi1 to the antibiotic resistance of the four mentioned phage types and non ...201020657074
use of saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on growth performance and microbiota of weaned pigs during salmonella infection.anaerobically fermented yeast products are a rich source of nutritional metabolites, mannanoligosaccharides, and β-glucans that may optimize gut health and immunity, which can translate into better growth performance and a reduced risk of foodborne pathogens. the objective of this study was to quantify the effects of saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (diamond v original xpc) inclusion in nursery diets on pig performance and gastrointestinal microbial ecology before, during, and after ...201020656973
characterization of the pdus cobalamin reductase of salmonella enterica and its role in the pdu microcompartment.salmonella enterica degrades 1,2-propanediol (1,2-pd) in a coenzyme b12 (adenosylcobalamin, adocbl)-dependent fashion. salmonella obtains adocbl by assimilation of complex precursors, such as vitamin b12 and hydroxocobalamin. assimilation of these compounds requires reduction of their central cobalt atom from co3+ to co2+ to co+, followed by adenosylation to adocbl. in this work, the his6-tagged pdus cobalamin reductase from s. enterica was produced at high levels in escherichia coli, purified, ...201020656910
l-glutamine as a nitrogen source for corynebacterium glutamicum: derepression of the amtr regulon and implications for nitrogen sensing.corynebacterium glutamicum, a gram-positive soil bacterium employed in the industrial production of various amino acids, is able to use a number of different nitrogen sources, such as ammonium, urea or creatinine. this study shows that l-glutamine serves as an excellent nitrogen source for c. glutamicum and allows similar growth rates in glucose minimal medium to those in ammonium. a transcriptome comparison revealed that the nitrogen starvation response was elicited when glutamine served as the ...201020656783
role of two-component sensory systems of salmonella enterica serovar dublin in the pathogenesis of systemic salmonellosis in cattle.salmonella enterica serovar dublin (s. dublin) is associated with enteritis, typhoid and abortion in cattle. infections are acquired by the oral route, and the bacteria transit through varied anatomical and cellular niches to elicit systemic disease. s. dublin must therefore sense and respond to diverse extrinsic stimuli to control gene expression in a spatial and temporal manner. two-component systems (tcss) play key roles in such processes, and typically contain a membrane-associated sensor ki ...201020656781
association between phylogeny, virulence potential and serovars of salmonella enterica.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica is one of the leading causes of zoonotic food-borne disease worldwide. the consequence of these infections is a serious impact on economics of the society in the form of lost productivity and expenses for medical care. the objective of this study was to analyze the difference in genomic content between selected serovars, especially the content of pathogenicity genes and this was done with a dna microarray. furthermore, we investigated the phylogenetic relation ...201020656064
on-farm multi-contamination of pigs by food-borne bacterial zoonotic hazards: an exploratory study.application of risk analysis to control pork-borne zoonoses on farms is a major aim of the current european food safety legislation. the prevalence, levels of contamination and variations in pig contaminations according to herds and batches must therefore be studied to define relevant methods for control of zoonoses. the aims of this exploratory study were to provide information on the prevalence and levels of infection of finisher/fattening pigs by campylobacter spp., clostridium perfringens, l ...201120655671
investigation of the chaperone function of the small heat shock protein-agsa.a small heat shock protein agsa was originally isolated from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. we previously demonstrated that agsa was an effective chaperone that could reduce the amount of heat-aggregated proteins in an escherichia coli rpoh mutant. agsa appeared to promote survival at lethal temperatures by cooperating with other chaperones in vivo. to investigate the aggregation prevention mechanisms of agsa, we constructed n- or c-terminal truncated mutants and compared their propert ...201020653971
development of stable reporter system cloning luxcdabe genes into chromosome of salmonella enterica serotypes using tn7 transposon.salmonellosis may be a food safety problem when raw food products are mishandled and not fully cooked. in previous work, we developed bioluminescent salmonella enterica serotypes using a plasmid-based reporting system that can be used for real-time monitoring of the pathogen's growth on food products in short term studies. in this study, we report the use of a tn7-based transposon system for subcloning of luxcdabe genes into the chromosome of eleven salmonella enterica serotypes isolated from th ...201020653968
the o28 antigen gene clusters of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar dakar and serovar pomona are different.a 10 kb o-antigen gene cluster was sequenced from a salmonella enterica subsp. enterica dakar o28 reference strain and from two s. pomona serogroup o28 isolates. the two s. pomona o antigen gene clusters showed only moderate identity with the s. dakar o28 gene cluster, suggesting that the o antigen oligosaccharides may contain one or more sugars conferring the o28 epitope but may otherwise be different. these novel findings are absolutely critical for the correct interpretation of molecular sero ...201020652070
a multipathogen selective enrichment broth for simultaneous growth of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, staphylococcus aureus, and listeria monocytogenes.a selective enrichment broth (ssl) was formulated to allow concurrent growth of 3 prominent food-borne pathogens: salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, staphylococcus aureus, and listeria monocytogenes. nalidixic acid, lithium chloride, and potassium tellurite were added as the selective agents, while sodium pyruvate and mannitol were employed as the supplemented elements. in the individual growth trial, the target pathogens were capable of growing in ssl to as high as 7-8 log(10) colony-form ...201020651858
enteropathogenic escherichia coli, samonella, shigella and yersinia: cellular aspects of host-bacteria interactions in enteric diseases.abstract: a successful infection of the human intestine by enteropathogenic bacteria depends on the ability of bacteria to attach and colonize the intestinal epithelium and, in some cases, to invade the host cell, survive intracellularly and disseminate from cell to cell. to accomplish these processes bacteria have evolved an arsenal of molecules that are mostly secreted by dedicated type iii secretion systems, and that interact with the host, subverting normal cellular functions. here we overvi ...201020649986
retrospective study on the incidence of salmonella isolations in animals in south africa, 1996 to 2006.a retrospective study that involves the analysis of laboratory diagnostic data collected during the period 1996-2006 was conducted. a total of 3417 salmonella isolations involving 183 different serotypes was recorded from 1999-2006, inclusive, at the onderstepoort veterinary institute, agricultural research council, south africa. the most common serotypes were salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhimurium (917 incidents), salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar dublin (248 ...201020649153
recognition and prevention of hospital-associated enteric infections in the intensive care unit.the objectives of this article were to review the causes and extent of hospital-associated infectious diarrhea and associated risks in the general hospital ward and intensive care unit (icu), to compare microorganisms with similar symptoms to aid in recognition that will lead to timely and appropriate treatment and control measures, and to propose infection prevention protocols that could decrease human process errors in the icu. this literature review describes epidemiology, comparison of micro ...201020647790
evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the methylene chloride extract of miconia ligustroides, isolated triterpene acids, and ursolic acid derivatives.the methylene chloride extract of miconia ligustroides (dc.) naudin (melastomataceae), the isolated compounds ursolic and oleanolic acids and a mixture of these acids, and ursolic acid derivatives were evaluated against the following microorganisms: bacillus cereus (atcc 14579), vibrio cholerae (atcc 9458), salmonella choleraesuis (atcc 10708), klebsiella pneumoniae (atcc 10031), and streptococcus pneumoniae (atcc 6305). the microdilution method was used for determination of the minimum inhibito ...201020645834
antibacterial activity of extracts from plants of central argentina--isolation of an active principle from achyrocline satureioides.the great increase in bacterial infections is fueling interest in the search for antibacterial products of plant origin. extracts obtained from 51 native and naturalized plants from central argentina were therefore evaluated for their in vitro inhibitory activity on pathogenic bacteria with the aim of selecting the most active ones as new sources of effective antibiotics. the susceptibility of reference and clinical strains of enterococcus faecalis, escherichia coli, proteus mirabilis, pseudomon ...201120645245
inci1 plasmid carrying extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase gene blactx-m-1 in salmonella enterica isolates from poultry and humans in france, 2003 to 2008.we report the dissemination of a conjugative inci1 plasmid carrying bla(ctx-m-1), conferring resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, in salmonella enterica isolates from poultry and humans in france from 2003 to 2008. by inci1 plasmid subtyping, this plasmid was shown to be genetically related to that found in escherichia coli isolates from healthy poultry in france.201020643895
role for neutrophils in host immune responses and genetic factors that modulate resistance to salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in the inbred mouse strain spret/ei.infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a complex disease in which the host-bacterium interactions are strongly influenced by genetic factors of the host. we demonstrate that spret/ei, an inbred mouse strain derived from mus spretus, is resistant to s. typhimurium infections. the kinetics of bacterial proliferation, as well as histological examinations of tissue sections, suggest that spret/ei mice can control bacterial multiplication and spreading despite significant attenuati ...201020643856
comparative antimicrobial susceptibility of biofilm versus planktonic forms of salmonella enterica strains isolated from children with gastroenteritis.in the present study, 194 salmonella enterica strains, isolated from infected children and belonging to various serotypes, were investigated for their ability to form biofilms and the biofilm forms of the isolated strains were compared to their corresponding planktonic forms with respect to the antimicrobial susceptibility. for the biofilm-forming strains, the minimum inhibitory concentration for bacterial regrowth (micbr) from the biofilm of nine clinically applicable antimicrobial agents was d ...201020640867
response of porcine intestinal in vitro organ culture tissues following exposure to lactobacillus plantarum jc1 and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium sl1344.the development of novel intervention strategies for the control of zoonoses caused by bacteria such as salmonella spp. in livestock requires appropriate experimental models to assess their suitability. here, a novel porcine intestinal in vitro organ culture (ivoc) model utilizing cell crown (cc) technology (ccivoc) (scaffdex) was developed. the ccivoc model was employed to investigate the characteristics of association of s. enterica serovar typhimurium strain sl1344 with porcine intestinal tis ...201020639369
the prevalence of multidrug resistance is higher among bovine than human salmonella enterica serotype newport, typhimurium, and 4,5,12:i:- isolates in the united states but differs by serotype and geographic region.salmonella represents an important zoonotic pathogen worldwide, but the transmission dynamics between humans and animals as well as within animal populations are incompletely understood. we characterized salmonella isolates from cattle and humans in two geographic regions of the united states, the pacific northwest and the northeast, using three common subtyping methods (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [pfge], multilocus variable number of tandem repeat analysis [mlva], and multilocus sequence ...201020639364
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