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salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium binds to hela cells via fim-mediated reversible adhesion and irreversible type three secretion system 1-mediated docking.the food-borne pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium invades mammalian epithelial cells. this multistep process comprises bacterial binding to the host cell, activation of the salmonella type three secretion system 1 (t1), injection of effector proteins, triggering of host cell actin rearrangements, and s. typhimurium entry. while the latter steps are well understood, much less is known about the initial binding step. earlier work had implicated adhesins (but not t1) or t1 (but not ot ...201020974826
occurrence and distribution of various genetic structures of class 1 and class 2 integrons in salmonella enterica isolates from foodborne disease patients in korea for 16 years.we have investigated the distribution of integrons among 752 multidrug-resistant salmonella isolates from human febrile and/or diarrheal patients during 1992-2007 and analyzed their genetic characteristics. here, we report extensive integron analysis results within human isolates during the last 16 years. the gene or gene cassette(s) in the class 1 integrons found in the isolates were dfra7, dfra12-orff-aada2, aada2, bla(pse1), dfra1-aada1, dfra17-aada5, bla(oxa1)-aada1, aadb-aada1, aada22, aada ...201020973732
salmonella virchow and salmonella weltevreden in a random survey of the asian house gecko, hemidactylus frenatus, in houses in northern australia.abstract background: salmonella enterica serotype virchow is the most common cause of invasive nontyphoid salmonellosis in north queensland, particularly in infants, but the zoonotic source is unknown. this study aimed at determining (i) the prevalence of the introduced asian house gecko, hemidactylus frenatus, in houses in north queensland and (ii) whether they were a potential source of salmonella virchow. methods: asian house geckos were collected in a random survey of houses in townsville, n ...201020973656
growth and virulence properties of biofilm-forming salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium under different acidic conditions.this study was designed to characterize the viability and potential virulence of bofilm-forming salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium under different ph levels, ranging from 5 to 7. the plate count method and real-time reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) were used to evaluate the survival of s. typhimurium grown in trypticase soy broth (tsb) adjusted to ph 5, 6, and 7 (tsb-5, tsb-6, and tsb-7, respectively) at 37°c for 10 days. in tsb-5 and tsb-6, the numbers of viable cells estimated by using ...201020971873
type vi secretion regulation: crosstalk and intracellular communication.pathogens use type vi secretion systems (t6sss) to transport proteins into the environment or host cells in response to external stimuli. t6sss are tightly regulated together with other virulence determinants such as type iii secretion systems, quorum sensing (qs), and flagella synthesis. five pathogens (salmonella enterica, edwardsiella tarda, aeromonas hydrophila, vibrio cholerae, and pseudomonas aeruginosa) are examined for crosstalk proteins (global regulators) that connect t6sss to other vi ...201120971679
molecular subtypes of campylobacter spp., salmonella enterica, and escherichia coli o157:h7 isolated from faecal and surface water samples in the oldman river watershed, alberta, canada.campylobacter spp., salmonella enterica, and escherichia coli o157:h7 isolated from 898 faecal, 43 sewage, and 342 surface water samples from the oldman river were characterized using bacterial subtyping methods in order to investigate potential sources of contamination of the watershed. among these pathogens, campylobacter spp. were the most frequently isolated from faecal, sewage, and surface water samples (266/895, 11/43, and 91/342, respectively), followed by salmonella (67/898, 8/43, and 29 ...201120971491
phylogenetic evaluation of the 'typhimurium' complex of salmonella strains using a seven-gene multi-locus sequence analysis.salmonella enterica comprises over 2500 serovars, many of which are significant foodborne pathogens in humans. the ability to subtype these microbes is difficult due to the highly clonal nature of many salmonella strains and a lack of congruence among traditional typing approaches. this work examines the phylogenetic utility of a multi-locus sequence typing (mlst) approach to discriminate between members of a closely related collection of salmonellae, the salmonella reference collection a (sara) ...201020970525
salmonella newport omphaloarteritis in a stranded killer whale (orcinus orca) neonate.salmonella enterica serovar newport (salmonella newport) was isolated from multiple tissues in a neonate killer whale (orcinus orca) that stranded dead in 2005 along the central coast of california, usa. necrotizing omphaloarteritis and omphalophlebitis was observed on histologic examination suggesting umbilical infection was the route of entry. genetic analysis of skin samples indicated that the neonate had an offshore haplotype. salmonellosis has rarely been identified in free-ranging marine m ...201020966284
fast detection of volatile organic compounds from bacterial cultures by secondary electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry.we propose a novel application of secondary electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (sesi-ms) as a real-time clinical diagnostic tool for bacterial infection. it is known that volatile organic compounds (vocs), produced in different combinations and quantities by bacteria as metabolites, generate characteristic odors for certain bacteria. these vocs comprise a specific metabolic profile that can be used for species or serovar identification, but rapid and sensitive analytical methods are requi ...201020962140
puo-sevr1 is an emergent virulence-resistance complex plasmid of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis. 201020961912
development of multiplex real-time pcr with internal amplification control for simultaneous detection of salmonella and cronobacter in powdered infant formula.contamination of powdered infant formula (pif) by the bacteria cronobacter spp. and salmonella enterica was deemed a matter of great concern by the world health organization and the food and agriculture organization of the united nations in 2004. therefore, we developed a rapid and sensitive multiplex real-time pcr assay for the simultaneous detection of cronobacter and salmonella in pif. in addition, an internal amplification control (iac) was also included for exclusion of false negative resul ...201020961642
different mutations in the oafa gene lead to loss of o5-antigen expression in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.to analyse genetic changes in the oafa gene explaining the loss of o5-antigen expression in salmonella typhimurium and salm. 4,[5],12:i:-.201020961365
phenotypic profile linked to inhibition of the major zn influx system in salmonella enterica: proteomics and ionomics investigations.zinc is required for a wide variety of cellular functions and plays a key role in bacterial metabolism and virulence. however, zn can also be toxic and, therefore, its influx is tightly regulated. the high affinity zinc uptake transporter znuabc is the main zn influx system in salmonella enterica under conditions of zn starvation. it has been shown that deletion of the gene encoding for its periplasmic subunit znua significantly affects s. typhimurium growth rate and virulence, highlighting the ...201020959928
evaluation of the taxonomic utility of six-enzyme pulsed-field gel electrophoresis in reconstructing salmonella subspecies phylogeny.pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) remains an important tool in the molecular epidemiological evaluation of strains emerging from disease outbreak clusters. recent studies of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enteritidis have noted marked improvements in the discriminatory power of pfge when combining band profiles from up to six restriction enzyme datasets into a single concatenated analysis. this approach has provided more accurate assignments of genetic relationships among closely ...201020959148
immunological, antioxidative, and morphological response in combined treatment of ofloxacin and lactobacillus fermentum me-3 probiotic in salmonella typhimurium murine model.we aimed to elucidate the immunological (cytokines), biochemical (antioxidative), and patho-morphological responses in the gut and liver evoked by the addition of lactobacillus fermentum me-3 to ofloxacin (ofx) treatment in an experimental infection model of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. after challenge with s. typhimurium and treatment according to different schemes, either with ofx and/or addition of l. fermentum me-3, the mice were killed. blood, liver, spleen, and small intestine ...201020955459
molecular and phenotypic characteristics of cmy-2 β-lactamase-producing salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolated from cattle in japan.isolates of extended-spectrum cephalosporin (esc)-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium obtained from two different farms in fukushima prefecture, japan, in 2007 were characterized in order to determine the genetic basis of resistance. esc resistance in the two isolates was mediated by an ampc β-lactamase encoded by the bla(cmy-2) gene, which is located in a large self-transmissible plasmid in each isolate. the sizes of the bla(cmy-2)-carrying plasmids were different. the replicon ty ...201020953133
contribution of enhanced efflux to reduced susceptibility of salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis to fluoroquinolone and other antimicrobials.we examined antimicrobial susceptibility and efflux systems in laboratory-derived mutants of salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis selected by culture on fluoroquinolone-containing plates. the mutants exhibited decreased susceptibilities to quinolones and several other antimicrobials. mutations in the gyra gene were not always found in the mutants. accumulation assays revealed that intracellular enrofloxacin concentrations were significantly lower in the mutants compared with parent isolates. ...201020953129
detection of changes in the cellular composition of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in the presence of antimicrobial compound(s) of lactobacillus strains using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.it was previously established that lactobacillus fermentum aca-dc 179, lactobacillus plantarum aca-dc 287 and lactobacillus plantarum aca-dc 2350 exhibit antimicrobial activity against salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. in order to further investigate the killing effect of these microorganisms against salmonella cells, we employed fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ft-ir). salmonella cells were incubated with different concentrated lactobacilli supernatants and their ft-ir spectra we ...201020952082
a mouse model for the human pathogen salmonella typhi.salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) causes typhoid fever, a life-threatening human disease. the lack of animal models due to s. typhi's strict human host specificity has hindered its study and vaccine development. we find that immunodeficient rag2(-/-) γc(-/-) mice engrafted with human fetal liver hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells are able to support s. typhi replication and persistent infection. a s. typhi mutant in a gene required for virulence in humans was unable to replicate ...201020951970
probiotic properties of lactobacillus strains isolated from the feces of breast-fed infants and taiwanese pickled cabbage.this study assessed potential probiotic lactobacillus strains isolated from the feces of breast-fed infants and from taiwanese pickled cabbage for their possible use in probiotic fermented foods by evaluating their (i) in vitro adhesive ability, resistance to biotic stress, resistance to pathogenic bacteria, and production of β-galactosidase; (ii) milk technological properties; and (iii) in vivo adhesive ability, intestinal survival and microbial changes during and after treatment. five lactobac ...201020951815
rapid multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeats analysis of shigella spp. using multicolour capillary electrophoresis.the multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeats analysis (mlva) method for genotyping has proven to be a fast and reliable typing tool in several bacterial species. mlva is in our laboratory the routine typing method for salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium, escherichia coli (two assays), listeria monocytogenes and yersinia enterocolitica. the gram-negative invasive enteropathogenic bacterium shigella is the most common cause of bacillary dysentery (shigellosis) worldwide, a ...201020951171
validation of dna and rna real-time assays for food analysis using the hila gene of salmonella enterica serovars.in europe, alternative methods for the detection of food-borne pathogens can be used instead of the standard iso/cen reference protocol, if validated according to the protocol outlined in iso 16140, 2003. in this study, the performance of two novel methods for the detection of salmonella sp. using real-time pcr technology in tandem with an adapted two-step enrichment protocol were assessed and validated against a reference culture method, iso 6579, 2004. the dna and rna real-time pcr assays ampl ...201020951170
salmonella enterica serovar agona european outbreak associated with a food company.summarywe investigated an international outbreak of salmonella agona with a distinct pfge pattern associated with an irish food company (company x) producing pre-cooked meat products sold in various food outlet chains in europe. the outbreak was first detected in ireland. we undertook national and international case-finding, food traceback and microbiological investigation of human, food and environmental samples. we undertook a matched case-control study on irish cases. in total, 163 cases in s ...201020950515
the evolution and distribution of phage st160 within salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium.summarysalmonellosis is an internationally important disease of mammals and birds. unique epidemics in new zealand in the recent past include two salmonella serovars: salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium definitive type (dt) 160 (s. typhimurium dt160) and s. brandenburg. although not a major threat internationally, in new zealand s. typhimurium dt160 has been the most common serovar isolated from humans, and continues to cause significant losses in wildlife. we have identified ...201020950514
outer membrane protein a of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium activates dendritic cells and enhances th1 polarization.typhoid, which is caused by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, remains a major health concern worldwide. multidrug-resistant strains of salmonella have emerged which exhibit increased survivability and virulence, thus leading to increased morbidity. however, little is known about the protective immune response against this microorganism. the outer membrane protein (omp)a of bacteria plays an important role in pathogenesis.201020950448
salmonella pathogenesis and processing of secreted effectors by caspase-3.the enteric pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium causes food poisoning resulting in gastroenteritis. the s. typhimurium effector salmonella invasion protein a (sipa) promotes gastroenteritis by functional motifs that trigger either mechanisms of inflammation or bacterial entry. during infection of intestinal epithelial cells, sipa was found to be responsible for the early activation of caspase-3, an enzyme that is required for sipa cleavage at a specific recognition motif that divide ...201020947770
purification of mbp-envz fusion proteins using an automated system.bacteria use two-component signal transduction systems to detect and respond to environmental changes. these systems have been studied systematically in escherichia coli as a model organism. most of the signal transduction systems present in e. coli are conserved in related pathogenic bacteria; however, differences in regulation by these systems have been reported from one bacterial species to another [oropeza, r., and calva, e. (2009). the cysteine 354 and 277 residues of salmonella enterica se ...201020946843
krüppel-like factor 4, a novel transcription factor regulates microglial activation and subsequent neuroinflammation.activation of microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (cns), is the hallmark of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases and other pathological conditions associated with cns infection. the activation of microglia is often associated with bystander neuronal death. nuclear factor-κb (nf-κb) is one of the important transcription factors known to be associated with microglial activation which upregulates the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos), cycl ...201020946687
chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the essential oils of etlingera elatior and cinnamomum pubescens kochummen.plant essential oils are widely used as fragrances and flavours. therefore, the essential oils from the leaves of cinnamomum pubescens kochummen (cp) and the whole plant of etlingera elatior (ee) were investigated for their antioxidant, antibacterial and phytochemical properties.201020945508
first report of salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi a azithromycin resistance leading to treatment failure.the prevalence of salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi a infection is increasing, and multidrug resistance is a well-recognized problem. resistance to fluoroquinolones is common and leads to more frequent use of newer agents like azithromycin. we report the first case of azithromycin resistance and treatment failure in a patient with s. paratyphi a infection.201020943875
genetic evolution of the spanish multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica 4,5,12:i:- monophasic variant.we analyzed a collection of 60 salmonella enterica 4,5,12:i:- phage type u302 multidrug-resistant monophasic variant strains, isolated in spain between 2000 and 2007. most strains showed resistance to ampicillin (a), chloramphenicol (c), sulfamethoxazole (su), gentamicin (g), streptomycin (s), tetracycline (t), and co-trimoxazole (sxt) (an acsugstsxt resistance pattern). only one pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) type was detected, with 19 subtypes (simpson's index of diversity [sid]=0.89) ...201020943866
flio regulation of flip in the formation of the salmonella enterica flagellum.the type iii secretion system of the salmonella flagellum consists of 6 integral membrane proteins: flha, flhb, flio, flip, fliq, and flir. however, in some other type iii secretion systems, a homologue of flio is apparently absent, suggesting it has a specialized role. deleting the flio gene from the chromosome of a motile strain of salmonella resulted in a drastic decrease of motility. incubation of the δflio mutant strain in motility agar, gave rise to pseudorevertants containing extragenic b ...201020941389
an outbreak of multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serotype oranienburg in michigan dairy calves.the objectives of this study were to report an outbreak of highly drug-resistant salmonella enterica serotype oranienburg in dairy calves, and conduct an epidemiological investigation of oranienburg identified on a dairy herd during a study to determine whether discontinuing feeding medicated milk replacer to preweaned dairy calves resulted in increased antimicrobial susceptibility in enteric bacteria. calf fecal samples and swabs of calf and maternity pens were collected monthly over 18 months. ...201020939741
comparative susceptibility of salmonella typhimurium biofilms of different ages to disinfectants.there is a general consensus that with increasing age a biofilm shows increased resistance to antimicrobials. in this study the susceptibility of 3-, 5- and 7-day-old salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium biofilms to disinfectants was evaluated. it was hypothesized that 7-day-old biofilms would be more resistant to disinfectants compared to 3- and 5-day-old biofilms. biofilms were formed using the mbec™ system and treated with six chemical disinfectants for 1 and 5 min. four disinfectants at t ...201020938850
molecular and phenotypic characteristics of salmonella enterica serovar 4,5,12:i:- isolated from cattle and humans in iwate prefecture, japan.a total of 15 isolates of salmonella enterica serovar 4,5,12:i:- obtained from diseased cows and patients in iwate prefecture, japan, were characterized to clarify the genetic basis of this serovar. s. typhimurium- specific is200 was detected from all the isolates. a 94-kb plasmid and the spvb gene were detected from all but one of the 15 isolates. the results of pcr mapping of the fljab operon and its flanking regions indicate that there are deletions or mutations in this chromosomal region. th ...201020938106
investigation of the mechanisms by which listeria monocytogenes grows in porcine gallbladder bile.the food-borne pathogen listeria monocytogenes is known to colonize the lumen of the gallbladder in infected mice and to grow rapidly in this environment (j. hardy et al., science 303:851-853, 2004). however, relatively little is known about the mechanisms utilized by the pathogen to survive and grow in this location. we utilized gallbladder bile (gb bile) isolated directly from porcine gallbladders as an ex vivo model of gallbladder growth. we demonstrate that gb bile is generally nontoxic for ...201020937762
trans-silac: sorting out the non-cell-autonomous proteome.non-cell-autonomous proteins are incorporated into cells that form tight contacts or are invaded by bacteria, but identifying the full repertoire of transferred proteins has been a challenge. here we introduce a quantitative proteomics approach to sort out non-cell-autonomous proteins synthesized by other cells or intracellular pathogens. our approach combines stable-isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture (silac), high-purity cell sorting and bioinformatics analysis to identify the repe ...201020935649
crl binds to domain 2 of σ(s) and confers a competitive advantage on a natural rpos mutant of salmonella enterica serovar typhi.the rpos sigma factor (σ(s)) is the master regulator of the bacterial response to a variety of stresses. mutants in rpos arise in bacterial populations in the absence of stress, probably as a consequence of a subtle balance between self-preservation and nutritional competence. we characterized here one natural rpos mutant of salmonella enterica serovar typhi (ty19). we show that the rpos allele of ty19 (rpos(ty19)) led to the synthesis of a σ(s)(ty19) protein carrying a single glycine-to-valine ...201020935100
fliz induces a kinetic switch in flagellar gene expression.fliz is an activator of class 2 flagellar gene expression in salmonella enterica. to understand its role in flagellar assembly, we investigated how fliz affects gene expression dynamics. we demonstrate that fliz participates in a positive-feedback loop that induces a kinetic switch in class 2 gene expression.201020935096
evolution and population structure of salmonella enterica serovar newport.salmonellosis caused by salmonella enterica serovar newport is a major global public health concern, particularly because s. newport isolates that are resistant to multiple drugs (mdr), including third-generation cephalosporins (mdr-ampc phenotype), have been commonly isolated from food animals. we analyzed 384 s. newport isolates from various sources by a multilocus sequence typing (mlst) scheme to study the evolution and population structure of the serovar. these were compared to the populatio ...201020935094
effect of chlorine dioxide gas on salmonella enterica inoculated on navel orange surfaces and its impact on the quality attributes of treated oranges.microorganisms, including pathogens of public health significance, have been shown to contaminate orange juice during the mechanical extraction of juice. the problem gets exacerbated when washed oranges have high initial microbial load, due to an insufficient postharvest treatment. the objective of this study was to investigate the reduction of salmonella enterica on orange surfaces using clo₂ gas treatments to achieve a 5 log reduction, consistent with the recommendations of the u.s. department ...201020932090
viable but nonculturable state of foodborne pathogens in grapefruit juice: a study of laboratory.several foodborne human pathogens, when exposed to harsh conditions, enter viable but nonculturable (vbnc) state; however, still open is the question whether vbnc pathogens could be a risk for public health, because, potentially, they can resuscitate. moreover, cultural methods for food safety control were not able to detect vbnc forms of foodborne bacteria. particularly, it has not been established whether food chemophysical characteristics can induce vbnc state in contaminating pathogen bacter ...201020932087
selective testing of ß-galactosidase activity in the laboratory identification of salmonella and shigella species.salmonella and shigella species are pathogens of great medical and public health importance. however, laboratory identification of these organisms is time consuming. using current standard laboratory algorithms, the vast majority of organisms submitted for serological typing with salmonella-specific and shigella-specific antisera are not clinically significant.201020924038
proteomic analysis of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis following propionate adaptation.salmonella enteritidis is a highly prevalent and persistent foodborne pathogen and is therefore a leading cause of nontyphoidal gastrointestinal disease worldwide. a variety of stresses are endured throughout its infection cycle, including high concentrations of propionate (pa) within food processing systems and within the gut of infected hosts. prolonged pa exposure experienced in such milieus may have a drastic effect on the proteome of salmonella enteritidis subjected to this stress.201020920181
evaluation of the pathogenicity and virulence of three strains of salmonella organisms in calves and pigs.to assess in pigs the pathogenicity and virulence of 3 strains of salmonella spp capable of causing atypical salmonellosis in cattle.201020919903
inactivation and recovery of listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica and staphylococcus aureus after high hydrostatic pressure treatments up to 900 mpa.high hydrostatic pressure (hp) processing is used in the food industry to enhance the safety and extend the shelf-life of food. although a drastic decrease in microbial viability is achieved immediately after the application of hp treatments, under favorable conditions the injured bacteria can recover. the present study evaluated the inactivation and recovery of five strains of listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica and staphylococcus aureus subjected to pressures of 400, 600, and 900 mpa u ...201020890844
control by fur of the nitrate respiration regulators narp and narl in salmonella enterica.anaerobic metabolism is controlled by several transcriptional regulators, including arca, fnr, narp, and narl, with the fnr and arca proteins sensitive to the cell's redox status. specifically, the two-component arcab system is activated in response to the oxidation state of membrane-bound quinones, which are the central electron carriers of respiration. fnr, by contrast, directly senses cellular oxidation status through the [4fe-4s] cluster present in its own structure. in this study, a third a ...201020890837
effect of salmonella vaccination of breeder chickens on contamination of broiler chicken carcasses in integrated poultry operations.while measures to control carcass contamination with salmonella at the processing plant have been implemented with some success, on-farm interventions that reduce salmonella prevalence in meat birds entering the processing plant have not translated well on a commercial scale. we determined the impact of salmonella vaccination on commercial poultry operations by monitoring four vaccinated and four nonvaccinated breeder (parental) chicken flocks and comparing salmonella prevalences in these flocks ...201020889797
biologically active isoforms of cobb sirtuin deacetylase in salmonella enterica and erwinia amylovora.sirtuins are nad(+)-dependent protein deacylases that are conserved in all domains of life and are involved in diverse cellular processes, including control of gene expression and central metabolism. eukaryotic sirtuins have n-terminal extensions that have been linked to protein multimerization and cellular localization. here the first evidence of sirtuin isoforms in bacteria is reported. the enterobacterium salmonella enterica synthesizes two isoforms of cobb sirtuin, a shorter 236-amino-acid i ...201020889757
fliz regulates expression of the salmonella pathogenicity island 1 invasion locus by controlling hild protein activity in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.a prerequisite for salmonella enterica to cause both intestinal and systemic disease is the direct injection of effector proteins into host intestinal epithelial cells via a type three secretion system (t3ss); the t3ss genes are carried on salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi1). these effector proteins induce inflammatory diarrhea and bacterial invasion. expression of the spi1 t3ss is tightly regulated in response to environmental signals through a variety of global regulatory systems. we have ...201020889744
evaluation of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis pathogenicity island-1 proteins as vaccine candidates against s. enteritidis challenge in chickens.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) is a major cause of gastrointestinal disease in humans worldwide, which mainly results from the consumption of contaminated poultry meat and eggs. vaccination of chickens is an important strategy to lower the prevalence of salmonella in poultry flocks. the s. enteritidis type 3 secretion system (t3ss) encoded on salmonella pathogenicity island-1 (spi-1) is an important virulence factor that plays a role in invasion and systemic spread in c ...201020888713
presence of salmonella pathogenicity island 2 genes in seafood-associated salmonella serovars and the role of the ssec gene in survival of salmonella enterica serovar weltevreden in epithelial cells.the type iii secretion system encoded by the salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (spi-2) has a central role in the pathogenesis of systemic infections by salmonella. sixteen genes (ssau, ssab, ssar, ssaq, ssao, ssas, ssap, ssat, sscb, ssef, sseg, ssee, ssed, ssec, ssad and ssca) of spi-2 were targeted for pcr amplification in 57 seafood-associated serovars of salmonella. the ssec gene of spi-2 was found to be absent in two isolates of salmonella enterica serovar weltevreden, sw13 and sw39. absence ...201020884689
characterization of antimicrobial resistance in salmonella enterica food and animal isolates from colombia: identification of a qnrb19-mediated quinolone resistance marker in two novel serovars.ninety-three salmonella isolates recovered from commercial foods and exotic animals in colombia were studied. the serotypes, resistance profiles and where applicable the quinolone resistance genes were determined. salmonella anatum (n=14), uganda (19), braenderup (10) and newport (10) were the most prevalent serovars, and resistance to tetracycline (18.3%), ampicillin (17.2%) and nalidixic acid (14%) was most common. nalidixic acid-resistant isolates displayed minimum inhibitory concentrations r ...201020883500
[salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection presenting as a retrocecal mass in an 8-year-old child].minor salmonellosis is due to gram-negative bacilli, which usually cause enterocolitis with potentially severe complications. we report on a case of a clinically uncommon presentation of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection in an 8-year-old child who presented with acute abdominal pain. we discuss clinically uncommon presentations of salmonella disease in children, as well as its pathology and radiology.201020880679
the protective effect of bdellovibrio-and-like organisms (balo) on tilapia fish fillets against salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar typhimurium.to characterize freshwater bdellovibrio-and-like organisms (balo) isolated in china and examine their potential in controlling growth of salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar typhimurium on tilapia fillets.201020880363
a multi-pronged search for a common structural motif in the secretion signal of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium type iii effector proteins.many pathogenic gram-negative bacteria use a type iii secretion system (t3ss) to deliver effector proteins into the host cell where they reprogram host defenses and facilitate pathogenesis. the first 20-30 n-terminal residues usually contain the 'secretion signal' that targets effector proteins for translocation, however, a consensus sequence motif has never been discerned. recent machine-learning approaches, such as support vector machine (svm)-based identification and evaluation of virulence e ...201020877914
dissemination of invasive salmonella via bacterial-induced extrusion of mucosal epithelia.salmonella enterica is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that resides and proliferates within a membrane-bound vacuole in epithelial cells of the gut and gallbladder. although essential to disease, how salmonella escapes from its intracellular niche and spreads to secondary cells within the same host, or to a new host, is not known. here, we demonstrate that a subpopulation of salmonella hyperreplicating in the cytosol of epithelial cells serves as a reservoir for dissemination. these bacteria ...201020876119
influence of rpos mutations on the response of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium to solar radiation.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is an important pathogen, and exhibits considerable resistance to the lethal effects of solar radiation. to evaluate the involvement of the rpos transcription factor in the defense mechanisms of this organism, the sunlight response of a wild type strain (atcc14028) was compared with that of an rpos mutant, which exhibited increased sensitivity. kinetics of cell death was complex in both strains, probably due to the presence of a variety of targets for the ...201020875749
molecular epidemiological investigation of a typhoid fever outbreak in south africa, 2005: the relationship to a previous epidemic in 1993.summaryin 2005, over 600 clinically diagnosed typhoid fever cases occurred in south africa, where an outbreak had been previously described in 1993. case-control and molecular investigations, including salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) isolates from that area from 1993, 2005 and later, were undertaken. controls were significantly older than cases (p=0·003), possibly due to immunity from previous infection, and a significantly larger proportion had attended a gathering (p=0·035). expos ...201020875199
mutant prevention concentration (mpc) of ciprofloxacin against salmonella enterica of epidemic and poultry origin.salmonella isolates resistant or with reduced susceptibility to quinolones increased in recent years. the mutant prevention concentration (mpc) is a new alternative that can prevent the selection and multiplication of resistant salmonella spp. strains. the mpc of ciprofloxacin (cipmpc) was evaluated for 312 salmonella enterica strains of epidemic and poultry origin susceptible and resistant to nalidixic acid (nal). the cipmpc for nal-susceptible strains were in the range from 0.002 to 4 μg/ml an ...201020872005
analogies and homologies in lipopolysaccharide and glycoprotein biosynthesis in bacteria.bacteria generate and attach countless glycan structures to diverse macromolecules. despite this diversity, the mechanisms of glycoconjugate biosynthesis are often surprisingly similar. the focus of this review is on the commonalities between lipopolysaccharide (lps) and glycoprotein assembly pathways and their evolutionary relationship. three steps that are essential for both pathways are completed by membrane proteins. these include the initiation of glycan assembly through the attachment of a ...201020871101
fitness effects of replichore imbalance in salmonella enterica.a fitness cost due to imbalanced replichores has been proposed to provoke chromosome rearrangements in salmonella enterica serovars. to determine the impact of replichore imbalance on fitness, the relative fitness of isogenic salmonella strains containing transposon-held duplications of various sizes and at various chromosomal locations was determined. although duplication of certain genes influenced fitness, a replichore imbalance of up to 16° did not affect fitness.201020870772
structural insight into the mechanisms of transport across the salmonella enterica pdu microcompartment shell.bacterial microcompartments are a functionally diverse group of proteinaceous organelles that confine specific reaction pathways in the cell within a thin protein-based shell. the propanediol utilizing (pdu) microcompartment contains the reactions for metabolizing 1,2-propanediol in certain enteric bacteria, including salmonella. the pdu shell is assembled from a few thousand protein subunits of several different types. here we report the crystal structures of two key shell proteins, pdua and pd ...201020870711
high-throughput universal probe salmonella serotyping (upss) by nanopcr.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar identification is of great importance with respect to outbreak monitoring and case verification. therefore rapid, sensitive and cost efficient detection of salmonella spp. is indispensable within microbiology labs. to amalgamate single tube isolate identification with salmonella typing, we developed the high-throughput universal probe salmonella serotyping (upss) technique based on nano liter pcr. in comparison to the classical approach, where o- and h ...201020869995
tetrabutylammonium phosphate-assisted separation of multiplex polymerase chain reaction products in non-gel sieving capillary electrophoresis.a method based on non-gel sieving capillary electrophoresis (ngs-ce) with ultraviolet (uv) detection has been developed for the separation of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) products of three pathogenic bacteria in which hydroxypropylmethylcellulose was used as the sieving medium and dynamic capillary coating. in the method, an ion pair reagent, tetrabutylammonium phosphate (tbap), was first used in ngs-ce to improve the detection sensitivities and resolutions of dna fragments. the int ...201020868644
compact disk (cd)-shaped device for single cell isolation and pcr of a specific gene in the isolated cell.for immediate discrimination among isolated cells we propose a novel device and technique for isolation of cells and sequential detection of specific gene(s) within them by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). in this study, we isolated salmonella enterica cells and detected the salmonella-specific inva gene from isolated cells by pcr on a compact disk (cd)-shaped device. this device enabled liquid flow by centrifugal force without a micro pump, and was fabricated from silicon wafer and glass to avo ...201020865405
gut inflammation provides a respiratory electron acceptor for salmonella.salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium (s. typhimurium) causes acute gut inflammation by using its virulence factors to invade the intestinal epithelium and survive in mucosal macrophages. the inflammatory response enhances the transmission success of s. typhimurium by promoting its outgrowth in the gut lumen through unknown mechanisms. here we show that reactive oxygen species generated during inflammation react with endogenous, luminal sulphur compounds (thiosulphate) to form a new respirato ...201020864996
carbohydrate binding of salmonella phage p22 tailspike protein and its role during host cell infection.tsps (tailspike proteins) are essential infection organelles of bacteriophage p22. upon infection, p22tsp binds to and cleaves the o-antigen moiety of the lps (lipopolysaccharide) of its salmonella host. to elucidate the role of tsp during infection, we have studied binding to oligosaccharides and polysaccharides of salmonella enterica typhimurium and enteritidis in vitro. p22tsp is a trimeric β-helical protein with a carbohydrate-binding site on each subunit. octasaccharide o-antigen fragments ...201020863318
analysis and construction of pathogenicity island regulatory pathways in salmonella enterica serovar typhi.signal transduction through protein-protein interactions and protein modifications are the main mechanisms controlling many biological processes. here we described the implementation of medscan information extraction technology and pathway studio software (ariadne genomics inc.) to create a salmonella specific molecular interaction database. using the database, we have constructed several signal transduction pathways in salmonella enterica serovar typhi which causes typhoid fever, a major health ...201020861532
improved detection of five major gastrointestinal pathogens by use of a molecular screening approach.the detection of bacterial and parasitic gastrointestinal pathogens through culture and microscopy is laborious and time-consuming. we evaluated a molecular screening approach (msa) for the detection of five major enteric pathogens: salmonella enterica, campylobacter jejuni, giardia lamblia, shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec), and shigella spp./enteroinvasive e. coli (eiec), for use in the daily practice of a clinical microbiology laboratory. the msa consists of prescreening of stool ...201020861334
optical genetic mapping defines regions of chromosomal variation in serovars of s. enterica subsp. enterica of concern for human and animal health.summaryinfections involving salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars have serious animal and human health implications; causing gastroenteritis in humans and clinical symptoms, such as diarrhoea and abortion, in livestock. in this study an optical genetic mapping technique was used to screen 20 field isolate strains from four serovars implicated in disease outbreaks. the technique was able to distinguish between the serovars and the available sequenced strains and group them in agreement wit ...201020860874
macrorestriction analysis and antimicrobial susceptibility profiling of salmonella enterica at a university teaching hospital, kuala lumpur.the genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance rates of clinical salmonella isolates (2007-2008) at the university of malaya medical centre, kuala lumpur, were investigated and the genetic diversity of the isolates was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and repetitive extragenic palindromic (rep)-pcr. xbai-pfge analysis generated 57 profiles (dice coefficient, f=0.08-1.00), whereas rep-pcr using the rep primer generated only 35 (f=0.34-1.00). pfge was therefore the more di ...201020858996
potent antilisterial cell-free supernatants produced by complex red-smear cheese microbial consortia.the microbial surface ripening consortia of 49 soft cheeses were investigated with respect to their inhibition of listeria monocytogenes. when l. monocytogenes egde (serovar 1/2a) was cultivated in cell-free supernatants obtained from consortia grown for 8 h in liquid medium, a strong bactericidal activity was observed in several cases. the cell-free supernatants of 2 of these consortia (i and ii) reduced an initial l. monocytogenes inoculum of 5 × 10(7) cfu/ml to zero after 24 h of incubation. ...201020854983
occurrence of purulent arthritis broilers vertically infected with salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in korea.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (salmonella enteritidis) has been associated with morbidity and mortality in broiler chickens worldwide. the present study described purulent arthritis of broilers infected with salmonella enteritidis and investigated antibiograms and genetic characteristics of salmonella enteritidis isolates from epidemiologically related properties such as a hatchery and breeder farm in an attempt to elucidate the source of contamination. clinical disease and mortality w ...201020852102
salmonella enterica in commercial swine feed and subsequent isolation of phenotypically and genotypically related strains from fecal samples.the purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence and genotypic relatedness of salmonella enterica isolates recovered from feed and fecal samples in commercial swine production units. of 275 feed samples, salmonella was detected in 10 feed samples that originated from 8 of 36 (22.2%) barns, with a prevalence of 3.6% (10/275 samples). in fecal samples, a prevalence of 17.2% was found at the early finishing stage (1,180/6,880 samples), with a significant reduction in prevalence (7.4%) when ...201020851969
changes in ultrastructure and fourier transform infrared spectrum of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium cells after exposure to stress conditions.the effect of exposure to acid (ph 2.5), alkaline (ph 11.0), heat (55°c), and oxidative (40 mm h₂o₂) lethal conditions on the ultrastructure and global chemical composition of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium cect 443 cells was studied using transmission electron microscopy and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ft-ir) combined with multivariate statistical methods (hierarchical cluster analysis and factor analysis). infrared spectra exhibited marked differences in the five spectral ...201020851964
oral delivery of a dna vaccine against tuberculosis using operator-repressor titration in a salmonella enterica vector.attenuated salmonella enterica offers a vaccine delivery route that has the benefits of enhanced immunogenicity and oral delivery. the majority of immunization studies have been conducted to deliver recombinant proteins, expressed from a gene that is either chromosomally integrated or carried on a low- or medium-copy number plasmid. there are, however, an increasing number of reports demonstrating the delivery of dna vaccines, but the high-copy number plasmids that are preferentially used for th ...201020851079
systematic review of animal models of post-infectious/post-inflammatory irritable bowel syndrome.post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (pi-ibs) is a subset of ibs which occurs after an episode of acute gastrointestinal infections. the mechanisms of pi-ibs are not fully understood. currently, numerous animal models have been used in the study of pi-ibs. this article reviews the strengths and weaknesses of these models.201120848144
stimulation of human dendritic cells by wild-type and m protein mutant vesicular stomatitis viruses engineered to express bacterial flagellin.vesicular stomatitis viruses (vsvs) containing wild-type (wt) or mutant matrix (m) proteins are being developed as candidate vaccine vectors due to their ability to induce innate and adaptive immunity. viruses with wt m protein, such as recombinant wild-type (rwt) virus, stimulate maturation of dendritic cells (dc) through toll-like receptor 7 (tlr7) and its adaptor molecule myd88. however, m protein mutant viruses, such as rm51r-m virus, stimulate both tlr7-positive and tlr7-negative dc subsets ...201020844045
suitable disk antimicrobial susceptibility breakpoints defining salmonella enterica serovar typhi isolates with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones.infections with salmonella enterica serovar typhi isolates that have reduced susceptibility to ofloxacin (mic ≥ 0.25 μg/ml) or ciprofloxacin (mic ≥ 0.125 μg/ml) have been associated with a delayed response or clinical failure following treatment with these antimicrobials. these isolates are not detected as resistant using current disk susceptibility breakpoints. we examined 816 isolates of s. typhi from seven asian countries. screening for nalidixic acid resistance (mic ≥ 16 μg/ml) identified is ...201020837759
role of cross talk in regulating the dynamic expression of the flagellar salmonella pathogenicity island 1 and type 1 fimbrial genes.salmonella enterica, a common food-borne pathogen, differentially regulates the expression of multiple genes during the infection cycle. these genes encode systems related to motility, adhesion, invasion, and intestinal persistence. key among them is a type three secretion system (t3ss) encoded within salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi1). in addition to the spi1 t3ss, other systems, including flagella and type 1 fimbriae, have been implicated in salmonella pathogenesis. in this study, we inv ...201020833811
latency of the lipid a deacylase pagl is involved in producing a robust permeation barrier in the outer membrane of salmonella enterica.lipid a deacylase pagl, which detoxifies endotoxin, is latent in salmonella enterica. this study determined the biological significance of this latency. pagl latency was beneficial for bacteria in producing a robust permeation barrier through lipid a modifications under host-mimetic conditions that induced the modification enzymes, including pagl.201020833808
the effects of x-ray radiation on escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica and shigella flexneri inoculated on whole roma tomatoes.in the last two decades several foodborne disease outbreaks associated with produce were reported. tomatoes, in particular, have been associated with several multi-state salmonella outbreaks. inactivation of inoculated escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica and shigella flexneri on whole roma tomato surfaces by x-ray at 0.1, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.5 kgy was studied. the main purpose of this study was to achieve a 5 log reduction in consistent with the recommendation ...201020832685
use of high-concentration-short-time chlorine dioxide gas treatments for the inactivation of salmonella enterica spp. inoculated onto roma tomatoes.salmonella outbreaks have been recently linked to the consumption of fresh tomatoes. thus, there is a need to develop systems that reduce the risk of microbial contamination to increase product shelf-life and keep fresh fruit attributes. the objectives of this study were to evaluate high-concentration-short-time chlorine dioxide gas treatments effects on salmonella-inoculated roma tomatoes and determine the optimal treatment conditions for microbial inactivation and shelf-life extension. effects ...201020832678
occurrence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of salmonella species in retail meat products.in the present study, a total of 225 retail meat products (poultry meat, ground beef, and beef samples) were tested for the prevalence of salmonella. of these, 50 (22.2%) were positive for salmonella. overall, the pathogen was detected in 22 (29.3%) samples of poultry meat (n = 75), 16 (21.3%) samples of ground beef (n = 75), and 12 (16%) samples of beef (n = 75). the most common isolate was salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (9.8%), followed by s. bongori species (8.9%) and s. enterica sub ...201020828466
effect of temperature and time of storage on protein stability and anti-salmonella activity of egg white.hen egg white contains numerous molecules of interest for human health, including antimicrobial proteins. little information is available concerning changes in the antimicrobial activity of egg white during storage; therefore, we analyzed the potential of egg white to inhibit growth of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis following storage at 4, 20, or 37°c for 30 days prior to inoculation. egg white displayed higher anti-salmonella activity after a few days of storage at 20 and 37°c. the rat ...201020828465
bacteraemia with pleural effusions complicating typhoid fever caused by high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant salmonella enterica serotype typhi.an unusual case of bacteraemia with bilateral pleural effusion caused by salmonella enterica serotype typhi in a 10-year-old previously healthy girl is reported. the organism was isolated from pleural fluid aspirate and from blood, and exhibited high-level ciprofloxacin resistance (mic 16 μg/ml) associated with triple mutations in the qrdrs of the gyra and parc genes leading to the amino-acid changes ser83→phe and asp87→asn in gyra and ser80→ile in parc. the patient was successfully treated with ...201020828458
genetic diversity among offspring from archived salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar typhimurium (demerec collection): in search of survival strategies.extensive phenotypic and genomic diversity was detected among offspring of salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar typhimurium lt2 (nonmutator) and lt7 (mutator, mutl) strains after decades of storage in sealed nutrient agar stabs. in addition to numerous losses in carbon and nitrogen metabolism, the acquired new metabolites indicated that alternate pathways were established. particularly striking was the array of phage types when this phenotype was expected to be a stable feature. evidence is ...201020825350
specific responses of salmonella enterica to tomato varieties and fruit ripeness identified by in vivo expression technology.recent outbreaks of vegetable-associated gastroenteritis suggest that enteric pathogens colonize, multiply and persist in plants for extended periods of time, eventually infecting people. genetic and physiological pathways, by which enterics colonize plants, are still poorly understood.201020824208
interactions of the transmembrane polymeric rings of the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium type iii secretion system.the type iii secretion system (t3ss) is an interspecies protein transport machine that plays a major role in interactions of gram-negative bacteria with animals and plants by delivering bacterial effector proteins into host cells. t3sss span both membranes of gram-negative bacteria by forming a structure of connected oligomeric rings termed the needle complex (nc). here, the localization of subunits in the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium t3ss nc were probed via mass spectrometry-assisted ...201020824104
molecular and virulence characteristics of multi-drug resistant salmonella enteritidis strains isolated from poultry.forty-six salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) strains were isolated from chicken meat, faeces, and eggshells collected from hatcheries throughout korea. the strains were examined for the presence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes. all 46 isolates were resistant to at least one of 21 antibiotics used in this study, 30 (65.2%) were resistant to three or more antimicrobials, and a single remarkable isolate was resistant to 15 antimicrobials. th ...201020822940
multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis for discriminating within salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium definitive types and investigation of outbreaks.summarythe discriminatory power of multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (mlva) needs to be evaluated for all salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) phage types so that the power of this methodology is understood and results can be interpreted correctly during outbreak investigations. we evaluated the ability of mlva to characterize four definitive phage types (dt) problematic in new zealand. mlva discriminated between dt104 isolates although ...201020822575
the friedreich's ataxia protein frataxin modulates dna base excision repair in prokaryotes and mammals.dna-repair mechanisms enable cells to maintain their genetic information by protecting it from mutations that may cause malignant growth. recent evidence suggests that specific dna-repair enzymes contain iscs (iron-sulfur clusters). the nuclearencoded protein frataxin is essential for the mitochondrial biosynthesis of iscs. frataxin deficiency causes a neurodegenerative disorder named friedreich's ataxia in humans. various types of cancer occurring at young age are associated with this disease, ...201020819074
joint effects of topoisomerase alterations and plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistant determinants in salmonella enterica typhimurium.alterations in topoisomerases and plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistant (pmqr) determinants have been identified as main quinolone-resistant mechanisms in salmonella enterica typhimurium. but the joint effects of these mechanisms have not been thoroughly characterized in homologous salmonella typhimurium strains. in this study, isogenic topoisomerase mutants were constructed using phage λ red recombinase system and phage transduction. and the joint effects of topoisomerase mutations (gyra [s83f], ...201120818995
plasmid profile and drug resistance pattern of zoonotic salmonella isolates from indian buffaloes.buffalo is the major source of animal protein in south-east asia, including india; therefore, the presence of multiple drug resistance in salmonella strains of buffalo meat and milk products is of immense public health concern.201020818099
selection and characterization of a multivalent salmonella phage and its production in a nonpathogenic escherichia coli strain.we report the selection and amplification of the broad-host-range salmonella phage phi pvp-se1 in an alternative nonpathogenic host. the lytic spectrum and the phage dna restriction profile were not modified upon replication in escherichia coli bl21, suggesting the possibility of producing this phage in a nonpathogenic host, contributing to the safety and easier approval of a product based on this salmonella biocontrol agent.201020817806
a conserved acetyl esterase domain targets diverse bacteriophages to the vi capsular receptor of salmonella enterica serovar typhi.a number of bacteriophages have been identified that target the vi capsular antigen of salmonella enterica serovar typhi. here we show that these vi phages represent a remarkably diverse set of phages belonging to three phage families, including podoviridae and myoviridae. genome analysis facilitated the further classification of these phages and highlighted aspects of their independent evolution. significantly, a conserved protein domain carrying an acetyl esterase was found to be associated wi ...201020817773
members of the yjgf/yer057c/uk114 family of proteins inhibit phosphoribosylamine synthesis in vitro.the yjgf/yer057c/uk114 family of proteins is highly conserved across all three domains of life and currently lacks a consensus biochemical function. analysis of salmonella enterica strains lacking yjgf has led to a working model in which yjgf functions to remove potentially toxic secondary products of cellular enzymes. strains lacking yjgf synthesize the thiamine precursor phosphoribosylamine (pra) by a trpd-dependent mechanism that is not present in wild-type strains. here, pra synthesis was re ...201020817725
intracellular survival of salmonella enterica serovar typhi in human macrophages is independent of salmonella pathogenicity island (spi)-2.for successful infection, salmonella enterica secretes and injects effector proteins into host cells by two distinct type three secretion systems (t3sss) located on salmonella pathogenicity islands (spis)-1 and -2. the spi-2 t3ss is involved in intracellular survival of s. enterica serovar typhimurium and systemic disease. as little is known regarding the function of the spi-2 t3ss from s. enterica serovar typhi, the aetiological agent of typhoid fever, we investigated its role for survival in h ...201020817644
deep sequencing of the innate immune transcriptomic response of zebrafish embryos to salmonella infection.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) bacteria cause an inflammatory and lethal infection in zebrafish embryos. to characterize the embryonic innate host response at the transcriptome level, we have extended and validated previous microarray data by illumina next-generation sequencing analysis. we obtained 10 million sequence reads from control and salmonella-infected zebrafish embryos using a tag-based sequencing method (dge or tag-seq) and 15 million reads using whole transc ...201020816807
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