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pattern recognition receptors require n-glycosylation to mediate plant immunity.n-glycans attached to the ectodomains of plasma membrane pattern recognition receptors constitute likely initial contact sites between plant cells and invading pathogens. to assess the role of n-glycans in receptor-mediated immune responses, we investigated the functionality of arabidopsis receptor kinases efr and fls2, sensing bacterial translation elongation factor tu (elf18) and flagellin (flg22), respectively, in n-glycosylation mutants. as revealed by binding and responses to elf18 or flg22 ...200920007973
pattern recognition receptors require n-glycosylation to mediate plant immunity.n-glycans attached to the ectodomains of plasma membrane pattern recognition receptors constitute likely initial contact sites between plant cells and invading pathogens. to assess the role of n-glycans in receptor-mediated immune responses, we investigated the functionality of arabidopsis receptor kinases efr and fls2, sensing bacterial translation elongation factor tu (elf18) and flagellin (flg22), respectively, in n-glycosylation mutants. as revealed by binding and responses to elf18 or flg22 ...200920007973
uncoupling of sustained mamp receptor signaling from early outputs in an arabidopsis endoplasmic reticulum glucosidase ii allele.recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps), conserved structures typical of a microbial class, triggers immune responses in eukaryotes. this is accompanied by a diverse set of physiological responses that are thought to enhance defense activity in plants. however, the extent and mechanisms by which mamp-induced events contribute to host immunity are poorly understood. here we reveal arabidopsis priority in sweet life4 (psl4) and psl5 mutants that are insensitive to the bacteria ...200920007779
l-glutamine inhibits beta-aminobutyric acid-induced stress resistance and priming in arabidopsis.the non-protein amino acid beta-aminobutyric acid (baba) enhances arabidopsis resistance to microbial pathogens and abiotic stresses through potentiation of the arabidopsis defence responses. in this study, it is shown that baba induces the stress-induced morphogenic response (simr). simr is observed in plants exposed to sub-lethal stress conditions. anthocyanin, a known modulator of stress signalling, was also found to accumulate in baba-treated arabidopsis. these data and a previous microarray ...201020007686
l-glutamine inhibits beta-aminobutyric acid-induced stress resistance and priming in arabidopsis.the non-protein amino acid beta-aminobutyric acid (baba) enhances arabidopsis resistance to microbial pathogens and abiotic stresses through potentiation of the arabidopsis defence responses. in this study, it is shown that baba induces the stress-induced morphogenic response (simr). simr is observed in plants exposed to sub-lethal stress conditions. anthocyanin, a known modulator of stress signalling, was also found to accumulate in baba-treated arabidopsis. these data and a previous microarray ...201020007686
transcriptional profile of pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola nps3121 in response to tissue extracts from a susceptible phaseolus vulgaris l. cultivar.pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola is a gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacterium that causes "halo blight" disease of beans (phaseolus vulgaris l.). this disease affects both foliage and pods, and is a major problem in temperate areas of the world. although several bacterial genes have been determined as participants in pathogenesis, the overall process still remains poorly understood, mainly because the identity and function of many of the genes are largely unknown. in this work, a genomic l ...200920003402
an arabidopsis flavonoid transporter is required for anther dehiscence and pollen development.flower flavonoid transporter (fft) encodes a multidrug and toxin efflux family transporter in arabidopsis thaliana. fft (atdtx35) is highly transcribed in floral tissues, the transcript being localized to epidermal guard cells, including those of the anthers, stigma, siliques and nectaries. mutant analysis demonstrates that the absence of fft transcript affects flavonoid levels in the plant and that the altered flavonoid metabolism has wide-ranging consequences. root growth, seed development and ...200919995827
an arabidopsis flavonoid transporter is required for anther dehiscence and pollen development.flower flavonoid transporter (fft) encodes a multidrug and toxin efflux family transporter in arabidopsis thaliana. fft (atdtx35) is highly transcribed in floral tissues, the transcript being localized to epidermal guard cells, including those of the anthers, stigma, siliques and nectaries. mutant analysis demonstrates that the absence of fft transcript affects flavonoid levels in the plant and that the altered flavonoid metabolism has wide-ranging consequences. root growth, seed development and ...200919995827
arabidopsis spermidine synthase is targeted by an effector protein of the cyst nematode heterodera schachtii.cyst nematodes are sedentary plant parasites that cause dramatic cellular changes in the plant root to form feeding cells, so-called syncytia. 10a06 is a cyst nematode secretory protein that is most likely secreted as an effector into the developing syncytia during early plant parasitism. a homolog of the uncharacterized soybean cyst nematode (heterodera glycines), 10a06 gene was cloned from the sugar beet cyst nematode (heterodera schachtii), which is able to infect arabidopsis (arabidopsis tha ...201019965964
altering expression of benzoic acid/salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase 1 compromises systemic acquired resistance and pamp-triggered immunity in arabidopsis.methyl salicylate (mesa), which is synthesized in plants from salicylic acid (sa) by methyltransferases, has roles in defense against microbial and insect pests. most of the mesa that accumulates after pathogen attack is synthesized by benzoic acid/sa carboxyl methyltransferase 1 (atbsmt1). to investigate the role of atbsmt1 in plant defense, transgenic arabidopsis with altered atbsmt1 function or expression were assessed for their ability to resist pathogen infection. a knockout mutant (atbsmt1 ...201019958141
the avrm effector from flax rust has a structured c-terminal domain and interacts directly with the m resistance protein.in plant immunity, recognition of pathogen effectors by plant resistance proteins leads to the activation of plant defenses and a localized cell death response. the avrm effector from flax rust is a small secreted protein that is recognized by the m resistance protein in flax. here, we investigate the mechanism of m-avrm recognition and show that these two proteins directly interact in a yeast two-hybrid assay, and that this interaction correlates with the recognition specificity observed for ea ...201019958138
the photobiology of microbial pathogenesis. 200919956669
arabidopsis deadenylases atcaf1a and atcaf1b play overlapping and distinct roles in mediating environmental stress responses.to maintain homeostasis in an ever-changing environment organisms have evolved mechanisms to reprogram gene expression. one central mechanism regulating gene expression is messenger rna (mrna) degradation, which is initiated by poly(a) tail shortening (deadenylation). the carbon catabolite repressor 4-ccr4 associated factor1 (ccr4-caf1) complex is the major enzyme complex that catalyzes mrna deadenylation and is conserved among eukaryotes. however, the components and functions of this global reg ...201019955262
complex responses to culture conditions in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 continuous cultures: the role of iron in cell growth and virulence factor induction.the growth of a model plant pathogen, pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000, was investigated using a chemostat culture system to examine environmentally regulated responses. using minimal medium with iron as the limiting nutrient, four different types of responses were obtained in a customized continuous culture system: (1) stable steady state, (2) damped oscillation, (3) normal washout due to high dilution rates exceeding the maximum growth rate, and (4) washout at low dilution rates due to n ...201019953673
copper trafficking in biology: an nmr approach.copper ions are essential for living organisms because they are involved in several fundamental biological processes. biomolecules interacting with copper ions have to be characterized as such, when bound to the metal ion, and when they interact with other biomolecules or substrates. the characterization is both structural and dynamic. in this context, nmr is a preferred tool of investigation because it allows shedding light on what happens in solution. here, the nmr contribution to the copper t ...200919949444
distribution of cepacian biosynthesis genes among environmental and clinical burkholderia strains and role of cepacian exopolysaccharide in resistance to stress conditions.the genus burkholderia includes strains pathogenic to animals and plants, bioremediators, or plant growth promoters. genome sequence analyses of representative burkholderia cepacia complex (bcc) and non-bcc strains for the presence of the bce-i gene cluster, directing the biosynthesis of the exopolysaccharide (eps) cepacian, further extended this previously described cluster by another 9 genes. the genes in the bce-ii cluster were named bcem to bceu and encode products putatively involved in nuc ...201019948863
distribution of cepacian biosynthesis genes among environmental and clinical burkholderia strains and role of cepacian exopolysaccharide in resistance to stress conditions.the genus burkholderia includes strains pathogenic to animals and plants, bioremediators, or plant growth promoters. genome sequence analyses of representative burkholderia cepacia complex (bcc) and non-bcc strains for the presence of the bce-i gene cluster, directing the biosynthesis of the exopolysaccharide (eps) cepacian, further extended this previously described cluster by another 9 genes. the genes in the bce-ii cluster were named bcem to bceu and encode products putatively involved in nuc ...201019948863
biological diversity of prokaryotic type iv secretion systems.type iv secretion systems (t4ss) translocate dna and protein substrates across prokaryotic cell envelopes generally by a mechanism requiring direct contact with a target cell. three types of t4ss have been described: (i) conjugation systems, operationally defined as machines that translocate dna substrates intercellularly by a contact-dependent process; (ii) effector translocator systems, functioning to deliver proteins or other macromolecules to eukaryotic target cells; and (iii) dna release/up ...200919946141
thiopurine s-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: functional characterization of a novel rapidly degraded variant allozyme.a novel human thiopurine s-methyltransferase (tpmt) variant allele, (319 t>g, 107tyr>asp, *27), was identified in a thai renal transplantation recipient with reduced erythrocyte tpmt activity. the tpmt*27 variant allozyme showed a striking decrease in both immunoreactive protein level and enzyme activity after transient expression in a mammalian cell line. we set out to explore the mechanism(s) responsible for decreased expression of this novel variant of an important drug-metabolizing enzyme. w ...201019945438
thiopurine s-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: functional characterization of a novel rapidly degraded variant allozyme.a novel human thiopurine s-methyltransferase (tpmt) variant allele, (319 t>g, 107tyr>asp, *27), was identified in a thai renal transplantation recipient with reduced erythrocyte tpmt activity. the tpmt*27 variant allozyme showed a striking decrease in both immunoreactive protein level and enzyme activity after transient expression in a mammalian cell line. we set out to explore the mechanism(s) responsible for decreased expression of this novel variant of an important drug-metabolizing enzyme. w ...201019945438
a cold-active heat-labile t-rna modification gtpase from a psychrophilic bacterium pseudomonas syringae (lz4w).a cold-active heat-labile t-rna modification gtpase (trme) from psychrophilic bacterium pseudomonas syringae (lz4w) has been purified and characterized. the purified trme is a 53 kda protein, has gtpase activity and hydrolyses only the oxy and deoxy forms of gtp but not the other nucleotide triphosphates. the enzyme exhibits optimal activity at 12-18 degrees c and retains 65% of its optimal activity at 4 degrees c, indicating that it is a cold-active enzyme. the enzyme is also heat-labile and lo ...201019944148
oligonucleotide recombination in gram-negative bacteria.this report describes several key aspects of a novel form of reca-independent homologous recombination. we found that synthetic single-stranded dna oligonucleotides (oligos) introduced into bacteria by transformation can site-specifically recombine with bacterial chromosomes in the absence of any additional phage-encoded functions. oligo recombination was tested in four genera of gram-negative bacteria and in all cases evidence for recombination was apparent. the experiments presented here were ...200919943907
oligonucleotide recombination in gram-negative bacteria.this report describes several key aspects of a novel form of reca-independent homologous recombination. we found that synthetic single-stranded dna oligonucleotides (oligos) introduced into bacteria by transformation can site-specifically recombine with bacterial chromosomes in the absence of any additional phage-encoded functions. oligo recombination was tested in four genera of gram-negative bacteria and in all cases evidence for recombination was apparent. the experiments presented here were ...200919943907
novel tn4371-ice like element in ralstonia pickettii and genome mining for comparative elements.integrative conjugative elements (ices) are important factors in the plasticity of microbial genomes. an element related to the ice tn4371 was discovered during a bioinformatic search of the ralstonia pickettii 12j genome. this element was analysed and further searches carried out for additional elements.a pcr method was designed to detect and characterise new elements of this type based on this scaffold and a culture collection of fifty-eight ralstonia pickettii and ralstonia insidiosa strains ...200919941653
the pepper 9-lipoxygenase gene calox1 functions in defense and cell death responses to microbial pathogens.lipoxygenases (loxs) are crucial for lipid peroxidation processes during plant defense responses to pathogen infection. a pepper (capsicum annuum) 9-lox gene, calox1, which encodes a 9-specific lipoxygenase, was isolated from pepper leaves. recombinant calox1 protein expressed in escherichia coli catalyzed the hydroperoxidation of linoleic acid, with a k(m) value of 113. 9 mum. expression of calox1 was differentially induced in pepper leaves not only during xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria ...201019939946
[phytopathogenic bacteria of couch-grass in the crops of wheat].bacterialdiseases of weeds in the crops of wheat on the fields of kyiv and vinnytsya regions of ukraine elytrigia repens (l.) nevski agropyrum repens l. were revealed. the following symptoms of bacterial affections: the leaves wither, oval or hatched necrotic spots on green leaves, necroses on the stalks, empty-ears, partial blackening of the ear axes, awns, caryopsises, scales, water-soaked or dark brown with violet shade spots on the rhizomes were found. during the vegetation period bacteria w ...200919938603
[synthesis of surfactants by pseudomonas syringae pv. coronafaciens and psedomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens strains].pseudomonas syringae pv. coronafaciens, p. syringae pv. atrofaciens and p. syringae pv syringae strains produce very weakly biosurfactants in comparison with p. fluorescens 8573. it is detected, that supernatant of cultural fluid of p. fluorescens has a surface-tension 27 micron/m and emulsification index--50%; for phytopathogenic pseudomonads these parameters are 50-54 micron/m and 0.8-1.3%, accordingly. the coronafaciens and atrofaciens pathovars strains do not differ between themselves in abi ...200919938599
trichoderma biocontrol: signal transduction pathways involved in host sensing and mycoparasitism.fungi of the genus trichoderma are used as biocontrol agents against several plant pathogenic fungi like rhizoctonia spp., pythium spp., botrytis cinerea and fusarium spp. which cause both soil-borne and leaf- or flower-borne diseases of agricultural plants. plant disease control by trichoderma is based on complex interactions between trichoderma, the plant pathogen and the plant. until now, two main components of biocontrol have been identified: direct activity of trichoderma against the plant ...200719936091
the role and regulation of receptor-like kinases in plant defense.receptor-like kinases (rlks) in plants are a large superfamily of proteins that are structurally similar. rlks are involved in a diverse array of plant responses including development, growth, hormone perception and the response to pathogens. current studies have focused attention on plant receptor-like kinases as an important class of sentinels acting in plant defense responses. rlks have been identified that act in both broad-spectrum, elicitor-initiated defense responses and as dominant resis ...200719936086
developing a systems biology approach to study disease progression caused by heterodera glycines in glycine max. 200719936075
cotranslocation of methyl parathion hydrolase to the periplasm and of organophosphorus hydrolase to the cell surface of escherichia coli by the tat pathway and ice nucleation protein display system.a genetically engineered escherichia coli strain coexpressing organophosphorus hydrolase (oph) and methyl parathion hydrolase (mph) was constructed for the first time by cotransforming two compatible plasmids. since these two enzymes have different substrate specificities, the coexpression strain showed a broader substrate range than strains expressing either one of the hydrolases. to reduce the mass transport limitation of organophosphates (ops) across the cell membrane, mph and oph were simult ...201019933341
cotranslocation of methyl parathion hydrolase to the periplasm and of organophosphorus hydrolase to the cell surface of escherichia coli by the tat pathway and ice nucleation protein display system.a genetically engineered escherichia coli strain coexpressing organophosphorus hydrolase (oph) and methyl parathion hydrolase (mph) was constructed for the first time by cotransforming two compatible plasmids. since these two enzymes have different substrate specificities, the coexpression strain showed a broader substrate range than strains expressing either one of the hydrolases. to reduce the mass transport limitation of organophosphates (ops) across the cell membrane, mph and oph were simult ...201019933341
proteins with an euonymus lectin-like domain are ubiquitous in embryophyta.cloning of the euonymus lectin led to the discovery of a novel domain that also occurs in some stress-induced plant proteins. the distribution and the diversity of proteins with an euonymus lectin (eul) domain were investigated using detailed analysis of sequences in publicly accessible genome and transcriptome databases.200919930663
parameterizations for ice nucleation in biological and atmospheric systems.ice nucleation is an important process in numerous environmental systems such as atmospheric aerosol droplets or biological tissues. here we analyze two widely used approaches for describing homogeneous ice nucleation in aqueous solutions with respect to their applicability to heterogeneous ice nucleation processes: the lambda approach and the water-activity-based approach. we study experimentally the heterogeneous ice nucleation behaviour of mineral dust particles and biological ice nuclei (sno ...200919924318
ustilago maydis infection strongly alters organic nitrogen allocation in maize and stimulates productivity of systemic source leaves.the basidiomycete ustilago maydis is the causal agent of corn smut disease and induces tumor formation during biotrophic growth in its host maize (zea mays). we have conducted a combined metabolome and transcriptome survey of infected leaves between 1 d post infection (dpi) and 8 dpi, representing infected leaf primordia and fully developed tumors, respectively. at 4 and 8 dpi, we observed a substantial increase in contents of the nitrogen-rich amino acids glutamine and asparagine, while the act ...201019923237
the atp-binding cassette transporter cbc (choline/betaine/carnitine) recruits multiple substrate-binding proteins with strong specificity for distinct quaternary ammonium compounds.we identified a choline, betaine and carnitine transporter, designated cbc, from pseudomonas syringae and pseudomonas aeruginosa that is unusual among members of the atp-binding cassette (abc) transporter family in its use of multiple periplasmic substrate-binding proteins (sbps) that are highly specific for their substrates. the sbp encoded by the cbcxwv operon, cbcx, binds choline with a high affinity (k(m), 2.6 microm) and, although it also binds betaine (k(m), 24.2 microm), cbcxwv-mediated b ...201019919675
prf immune complexes of tomato are oligomeric and contain multiple pto-like kinases that diversify effector recognition.cytoplasmic recognition of pathogen virulence effectors by plant nb-lrr proteins leads to strong induction of defence responses termed effector triggered immunity (eti). in tomato, a protein complex containing the nb-lrr protein prf and the protein kinase pto confers recognition of the pseudomonas syringae effectors avrpto and avrptob. although structurally unrelated, avrpto and avrptob interact with similar residues in the pto catalytic cleft to activate eti via an unknown mechanism. here we sh ...201019919571
sober1 phospholipase activity suppresses phosphatidic acid accumulation and plant immunity in response to bacterial effector avrbst.arabidopsis thaliana ecotype pi-0 is resistant to pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato (pst) strain dc3000 expressing the t3s effector protein avrbst. resistance is due to a loss of function mutation (sober1-1) in a conserved alpha/beta hydrolase, sober1 (suppressor of avrbst elicited resistance1). members of this superfamily possess phospholipase and carboxylesterase activity with diverse substrate specificity. the nature of sober1 enzymatic activity and substrate specificity was not known. sob ...200919918071
induced er chaperones regulate a receptor-like kinase to mediate antiviral innate immune response in plants.mounting an effective innate immune response against pathogens requires the rapid and global reprogramming of host cellular processes. here we employed complementary proteomic methods to identify differentially regulated proteins early during a plant's defense response. besides defense-related proteins, constituents of the largest category of upregulated proteins were cytoplasmic- and er-residing molecular chaperones. investigating the significance of upregulated er chaperones, we find that sile ...200919917500
gene cluster involved in the biosynthesis of griseobactin, a catechol-peptide siderophore of streptomyces sp. atcc 700974.the main siderophores produced by streptomycetes are desferrioxamines. here we show that streptomyces sp. atcc 700974 and several streptomyces griseus strains, in addition, synthesize a hitherto unknown siderophore with a catechol-peptide structure, named griseobactin. the production is repressed by iron. we sequenced a 26-kb dna region comprising a siderophore biosynthetic gene cluster encoding proteins similar to dhbabcefg, which are involved in the biosynthesis of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate (dhba) ...201019915026
gene cluster involved in the biosynthesis of griseobactin, a catechol-peptide siderophore of streptomyces sp. atcc 700974.the main siderophores produced by streptomycetes are desferrioxamines. here we show that streptomyces sp. atcc 700974 and several streptomyces griseus strains, in addition, synthesize a hitherto unknown siderophore with a catechol-peptide structure, named griseobactin. the production is repressed by iron. we sequenced a 26-kb dna region comprising a siderophore biosynthetic gene cluster encoding proteins similar to dhbabcefg, which are involved in the biosynthesis of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate (dhba) ...201019915026
a virus-induced gene silencing screen identifies a role for thylakoid formation1 in pseudomonas syringae pv tomato symptom development in tomato and arabidopsis.pseudomonas syringae pv tomato dc3000 (pst dc3000), which causes disease in tomato (solanum lycopersicum) and arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), produces coronatine (cor), a non-host-specific phytotoxin. cor, which functions as a jasmonate mimic, is required for full virulence of pst dc3000 and for the induction of chlorosis in host plants. previous genetic screens based on insensitivity to cor and/or methyl jasmonate identified several potential targets for cor and methyl jasmonate. in this st ...201019915014
bioinformatic and systems biology tools to generate testable models of signaling pathways and their targets. 201019915012
computational models in plant-pathogen interactions: the case of phytophthora infestans.phytophthora infestans is a devastating oomycete pathogen of potato production worldwide. this review explores the use of computational models for studying the molecular interactions between p. infestans and one of its hosts, solanum tuberosum.200919909526
prgdb: a bioinformatics platform for plant resistance gene analysis.prgdb is a web accessible open-source (http://www.prgdb.org) database that represents the first bioinformatic resource providing a comprehensive overview of resistance genes (r-genes) in plants. prgdb holds more than 16,000 known and putative r-genes belonging to 192 plant species challenged by 115 different pathogens and linked with useful biological information. the complete database includes a set of 73 manually curated reference r-genes, 6308 putative r-genes collected from ncbi and 10463 co ...200919906694
prgdb: a bioinformatics platform for plant resistance gene analysis.prgdb is a web accessible open-source (http://www.prgdb.org) database that represents the first bioinformatic resource providing a comprehensive overview of resistance genes (r-genes) in plants. prgdb holds more than 16,000 known and putative r-genes belonging to 192 plant species challenged by 115 different pathogens and linked with useful biological information. the complete database includes a set of 73 manually curated reference r-genes, 6308 putative r-genes collected from ncbi and 10463 co ...200919906694
metabolic engineering of fungal strains for conversion of d-galacturonate to meso-galactarate.d-galacturonic acid can be obtained by hydrolyzing pectin, which is an abundant and low value raw material. by means of metabolic engineering, we constructed fungal strains for the conversion of d-galacturonate to meso-galactarate (mucate). galactarate has applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals and as a platform chemical. in fungi d-galacturonate is catabolized through a reductive pathway with a d-galacturonate reductase as the first enzyme. deleting the corresponding gene in the f ...201019897761
metabolic engineering of fungal strains for conversion of d-galacturonate to meso-galactarate.d-galacturonic acid can be obtained by hydrolyzing pectin, which is an abundant and low value raw material. by means of metabolic engineering, we constructed fungal strains for the conversion of d-galacturonate to meso-galactarate (mucate). galactarate has applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals and as a platform chemical. in fungi d-galacturonate is catabolized through a reductive pathway with a d-galacturonate reductase as the first enzyme. deleting the corresponding gene in the f ...201019897761
functional analyses of the clavata2-like proteins and their domains that contribute to clavata2 specificity.the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) clavata2 (clv2) gene encodes a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein (rlp) that is involved in controlling the stem cell population size in the shoot apical meristem. our previous genome-wide functional analysis of 57 atrlp genes revealed only a few phenotypes for mutant alleles, despite screening a wide range of growth and developmental stages and assaying sensitivity to various stress responses, including susceptibility toward pathogens. to gain furth ...201019897604
jasmonic acid does not mediate root growth responses to wounding in arabidopsis thaliana.jasmonic acid (ja) is a crucial plant defence signalling substance that has recently been shown to mediate herbivory-induced root growth reduction in the ecological model species nicotiana attenuata. to clarify whether ja-induced reduction of root growth might be a general response increasing plant fitness under biotic stress, a suite of experiments was performed with the model plant arabidopsis thaliana. ja bursts were elicited in leaves of a. thaliana in different ways. root growth reduction w ...201019895400
e unibus plurum: genomic analysis of an experimentally evolved polymorphism in escherichia coli.microbial populations founded by a single clone and propagated under resource limitation can become polymorphic. we sought to elucidate genetic mechanisms whereby a polymorphism evolved in escherichia coli under glucose limitation and persisted because of cross-feeding among multiple adaptive clones. apart from a 29 kb deletion in the dominant clone, no large-scale genomic changes distinguished evolved clones from their common ancestor. using transcriptional profiling on co-evolved clones cultur ...200919893610
ectopic expression of ptarhe1, encoding a poplar ring-h2 protein with e3 ligase activity, alters plant development and induces defence-related responses.ring (really interesting new gene)-h2 domain-containing proteins are widely represented in plants and play important roles in the regulation of many developmental processes as well as in plant-environment interactions. in the present report, experiments were performed to unravel the role of the poplar gene ptarhe1, coding for a ring-h2 protein. in vitro ubiquitination assays indicate a functional e3 ligase activity for ptarhe1 with the specific e2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme ubch5a. the overexp ...201019892745
ectopic expression of ptarhe1, encoding a poplar ring-h2 protein with e3 ligase activity, alters plant development and induces defence-related responses.ring (really interesting new gene)-h2 domain-containing proteins are widely represented in plants and play important roles in the regulation of many developmental processes as well as in plant-environment interactions. in the present report, experiments were performed to unravel the role of the poplar gene ptarhe1, coding for a ring-h2 protein. in vitro ubiquitination assays indicate a functional e3 ligase activity for ptarhe1 with the specific e2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme ubch5a. the overexp ...201019892745
stringency of the 2-his-1-asp active-site motif in prolyl 4-hydroxylase.the non-heme iron(ii) dioxygenase family of enzymes contain a common 2-his-1-carboxylate iron-binding motif. these enzymes catalyze a wide variety of oxidative reactions, such as the hydroxylation of aliphatic c-h bonds. prolyl 4-hydroxylase (p4h) is an alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent iron(ii) dioxygenase that catalyzes the post-translational hydroxylation of proline residues in protocollagen strands, stabilizing the ensuing triple helix. human p4h residues his412, asp414, and his483 have been ide ...200919890397
disruption of poly(adp-ribosyl)ation mechanisms alters responses of arabidopsis to biotic stress.poly(adp-ribosyl)ation is a posttranslational protein modification in which adp-ribose (adp-rib) units derived from nad(+) are attached to proteins by poly(adp-rib) polymerase (parp) enzymes. adp-rib groups are removed from these polymer chains by the enzyme poly(adp-rib) glycohydrolase (parg). in animals, poly(adp-ribosyl)ation is associated with dna damage responses and programmed cell death. previously, we hypothesized a role for poly(adp-ribosyl)ation in plant defense responses when we detec ...201019889874
the rap1 gene confers effective, race-specific resistance to the pea aphid in medicago truncatula independent of the hypersensitive reaction.plant resistance to pathogens is commonly associated with a hypersensitive response (hr), but the degree to which the hr is responsible for incompatibility is subject to debate. resistance to aphids is likely to share features with resistance to pathogens but is less well understood. here, we report effective resistance to the pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum in medicago truncatula. aphids lost weight and died rapidly (within two days) on the resistant genotype jemalong, which developed necrotic le ...200919888829
effectors, effectors et encore des effectors: the xiv international congress on molecular-plant microbe interactions, quebec. 200919888813
simple and rapid capillary zone electrophoresis method for the detection of coronamic acid, a precursor to the pseudomonas syringae phytotoxin coronatine.the phytotoxin coronatine (cor) is produced by various pathovars of the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae, which infects a wide variety of crops. cor consists of two distinct moieties, coronafacic acid (cfa) and coronamic acid (cma), which are derived from a modified polyketide pathway and isoleucine, respectively. mutants defective in the cma or cfa structural gene clusters have been used to study cor biosynthesis, and these mutants are commonly characterized using high-performance liquid chr ...200919886659
a kiss of death--proteasome-mediated membrane fusion and programmed cell death in plant defense against bacterial infection.eukaryotes have evolved various means for controlled and organized cellular destruction, known as programmed cell death (pcd). in plants, pcd is a crucial regulatory mechanism in multiple physiological processes, including terminal differentiation, senescence, and disease resistance. in this issue of genes & development, hatsugai and colleagues (pp. 2496-2506) demonstrate a novel plant defense strategy to trigger bacteria-induced pcd, involving proteasome-dependent tonoplast and plasma membrane ...200919884251
modified vacuole phenotype1 is an arabidopsis myrosinase-associated protein involved in endomembrane protein trafficking.we identified an arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) ethyl methanesulfonate mutant, modified vacuole phenotype1-1 (mvp1-1), in a fluorescent confocal microscopy screen for plants with mislocalization of a green fluorescent protein-delta tonoplast intrinsic protein fusion. the mvp1-1 mutant displayed static perinuclear aggregates of the reporter protein. mvp1 mutants also exhibited a number of vacuole-related phenotypes, as demonstrated by defects in growth, utilization of stored carbon, gravitrop ...201019880612
metabolic response of tomato leaves upon different plant-pathogen interactions.plants utilise various defence mechanisms against their potential biotic stressing agents such as viroids, viruses, bacteria or fungi and abiotic environmental challenges. among them metabolic alteration is a common response in both compatible and incompatible plant-pathogen interactions. however, the identification of metabolic changes associated with defence response is not an easy task due to the complexity of the metabolome and the plant response. to address the problem of metabolic complexi ...201019866456
trehalose metabolism: from osmoprotection to signaling.trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide formed by two glucose molecules. it is widely distributed in nature and has been isolated from certain species of bacteria, fungi, invertebrates and plants, which are capable of surviving in a dehydrated state for months or years and subsequently being revived after a few hours of being in contact with water. this disaccharide has many biotechnological applications, as its physicochemical properties allow it to be used to preserve foods, enzymes, vaccines ...200919865519
biosynthesis of the proteasome inhibitor syringolin a: the ureido group joining two amino acids originates from bicarbonate.syringolin a, an important virulence factor in the interaction of the phytopathogenic bacterium pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae b728a with its host plant phaseolus vulgaris (bean), was recently shown to irreversibly inhibit eukaryotic proteasomes by a novel mechanism. syringolin a is synthesized by a mixed non-ribosomal peptide synthetase/polyketide synthetase and consists of a tripeptide part including a twelve-membered ring with an n-terminal valine that is joined to a second valine via a ve ...200919863801
the pseudomonas syringae type iii effector hopg1 targets mitochondria, alters plant development and suppresses plant innate immunity.the bacterial plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae uses a type iii protein secretion system to inject type iii effectors into plant cells. primary targets of these effectors appear to be effector-triggered immunity (eti) and pathogen-associated molecular pattern (pamp)-triggered immunity (pti). the type iii effector hopg1 is a suppressor of eti that is broadly conserved in bacterial plant pathogens. here we show that hopg1 from p. syringae pv. tomato dc3000 also suppresses pti. interestingly, hop ...201019863557
the pseudomonas syringae type iii effector hopg1 targets mitochondria, alters plant development and suppresses plant innate immunity.the bacterial plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae uses a type iii protein secretion system to inject type iii effectors into plant cells. primary targets of these effectors appear to be effector-triggered immunity (eti) and pathogen-associated molecular pattern (pamp)-triggered immunity (pti). the type iii effector hopg1 is a suppressor of eti that is broadly conserved in bacterial plant pathogens. here we show that hopg1 from p. syringae pv. tomato dc3000 also suppresses pti. interestingly, hop ...201019863557
rin4 causes hybrid necrosis and race-specific resistance in an interspecific lettuce hybrid.some inter- and intraspecific crosses may result in reduced viability or sterility in the offspring, often due to genetic incompatibilities resulting from interactions between two or more loci. hybrid necrosis is a postzygotic genetic incompatibility that is phenotypically manifested as necrotic lesions on the plant. we observed hybrid necrosis in interspecific lettuce (lactuca sativa and lactuca saligna) hybrids that correlated with resistance to downy mildew. segregation analysis revealed a sp ...200919855048
the siderophore pyoverdine of pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 6605 is an intrinsic virulence factor in host tobacco infection.to investigate the role of iron uptake mediated by the siderophore pyoverdine in the virulence of the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 6605, three predicted pyoverdine synthesis-related genes, pvdj, pvdl, and fpva, were mutated. the pvdj, pvdl, and fpva genes encode the pyoverdine side chain peptide synthetase iii l-thr-l-ser component, the pyoverdine chromophore synthetase, and the tonb-dependent ferripyoverdine receptor, respectively. the delta pvdj and delta pvdl mutants were un ...201019854904
the siderophore pyoverdine of pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 6605 is an intrinsic virulence factor in host tobacco infection.to investigate the role of iron uptake mediated by the siderophore pyoverdine in the virulence of the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 6605, three predicted pyoverdine synthesis-related genes, pvdj, pvdl, and fpva, were mutated. the pvdj, pvdl, and fpva genes encode the pyoverdine side chain peptide synthetase iii l-thr-l-ser component, the pyoverdine chromophore synthetase, and the tonb-dependent ferripyoverdine receptor, respectively. the delta pvdj and delta pvdl mutants were un ...201019854904
pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae b728a hydrolyses indole-3-acetonitrile to the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid.nitrilase enzymes catalyse the hydrolysis of nitrile compounds to the corresponding carboxylic acid and ammonia, and have been identified in plants, bacteria and fungi. there is mounting evidence to support a role for nitrilases in plant-microbe interactions, but the activity of these enzymes in plant pathogenic bacteria remains unexplored. the genomes of the plant pathogenic bacteria pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae b728a and pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 contain nitrilase genes with ...200919849791
contributions of the effector gene hopq1-1 to differences in host range between pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola and p. syringae pv. tabaci.to study the role of type iii-secreted effectors in the host adaptation of the tobacco (nicotiana sp.) pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci, a selection of seven strains was first characterized by multilocus sequence typing (mlst) to determine their phylogenetic affinity. mlst revealed that all strains represented a tight phylogenetic group and that the most closely related strain with a completely sequenced genome was the bean (phaseolus vulgaris) pathogen p. syringae pv. phaseolicola 1448a ...200919849789
roadmap for future research on plant pathogen effectors.bacterial and eukaryotic plant pathogens deliver effector proteins into plant cells to promote pathogenesis. bacterial pathogens containing type iii protein secretion systems are known to inject many of these effectors into plant cells. more recently, oomycete pathogens have been shown to possess a large family of effectors containing the rxlr motif, and many effectors are also being discovered in fungal pathogens. although effector activities are largely unknown, at least a subset suppress plan ...200919849786
advances in experimental methods for the elucidation of pseudomonas syringae effector function with a focus on avrptob.pseudomonas syringae infects a wide range of plant species through the use of a type iii secretion system. the effector proteins injected into the plant cell through this molecular syringe serve as promoters of disease by subverting the plant immune response to the benefit of the bacteria in the intercellular space. the targets and activities of a subset of effectors have been elucidated recently. in this article, we focus on the experimental approaches that have proved most successful in probin ...200919849784
the evolution of pseudomonas syringae host specificity and type iii effector repertoires.the discovery 45 years ago that many pseudomonas syringae pathovars elicit the hypersensitive response in plant species other than their hosts fostered the use of these bacteria as experimental models. however, the basis for host specificity and the corresponding resistance of nonhosts remain unclear. pseudomonas syringae is now known to inject into the host cytoplasm, via the type iii secretion system, effector proteins that suppress basal innate immunity, but may be recognized by cognate resis ...200919849783
from bacterial avirulence genes to effector functions via the hrp delivery system: an overview of 25 years of progress in our understanding of plant innate immunity.cloning the first avirulence (avr) gene has led not only to a deeper understanding of gene-for-gene interactions in plant disease, but also to fundamental insights into the suppression of basal defences against microbial attack. this article (focusing on pseudomonas syringae) charts the development of ideas and research progress over the 25 years following the breakthrough achieved by staskawicz and coworkers. advances in gene cloning technology underpinned the identification of both avr and hrp ...200919849780
first insights into the genes that control plant-bacterial interactions.the events leading up to the cloning of the first bacterial avirulence gene, avra, from pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea are described. the cloning of this gene marked the beginning of the molecular analyses of bacterial effectors and has paved the way for determining of the role of bacterial effectors in pathogen virulence and the triggering of plant innate immunity.200919849779
role of auxin-responsive genes in biotic stress responses.although the phytohormone auxin has been implicated primarily in developmental processes, some recent studies suggest its involvement in stress/defense responses as well. recently, we identified auxin-responsive genes and reported their comprehensive transcript profiling during various stages of development and abiotic stress responses in crop plant rice. the analysis revealed tissue-specific and overlapping expression profiles of auxin-responsive genes during various stages of reproductive deve ...200919847104
the crystal structure of a tir domain from arabidopsis thaliana reveals a conserved helical region unique to plants.plants use a highly evolved immune system to exhibit defense response against microbial infections. the plant tir domain, together with the nucleotide-binding (nb) domain and/or a lrr region, forms a type of molecule, named resistance (r) proteins, that interact with microbial effector proteins and elicit hypersensitive responses against infection. here, we report the first crystal structure of a plant tir domain from arabidopsis thaliana (attir) solved at a resolution of 2.0 a. the structure co ...201019845004
the crystal structure of a tir domain from arabidopsis thaliana reveals a conserved helical region unique to plants.plants use a highly evolved immune system to exhibit defense response against microbial infections. the plant tir domain, together with the nucleotide-binding (nb) domain and/or a lrr region, forms a type of molecule, named resistance (r) proteins, that interact with microbial effector proteins and elicit hypersensitive responses against infection. here, we report the first crystal structure of a plant tir domain from arabidopsis thaliana (attir) solved at a resolution of 2.0 a. the structure co ...201019845004
confinement regulates complex biochemical networks: initiation of blood clotting by "diffusion acting".this study shows that environmental confinement strongly affects the activation of nonlinear reaction networks, such as blood coagulation (clotting), by small quantities of activators. blood coagulation is sensitive to the local concentration of soluble activators, initiating only when the activators surpass a threshold concentration, and therefore is regulated by mass transport phenomena such as flow and diffusion. here, diffusion was limited by decreasing the size of microfluidic chambers, and ...200919843446
a protein phosphatase 2c, responsive to the bacterial effector avrrpm1 but not to the avrb effector, regulates defense responses in arabidopsis.using a proteomics approach, a pp2c-type phosphatase (renamed pia1, for pp2c induced by avrrpm1) was identified that accumulates following infection by pseudomonas syringae expressing the type iii effector avrrpm1, and subsequent activation of the corresponding plant nb-lrr disease resistance protein rpm1. no accumulation of pia1 protein was seen following infection with p. syringae expressing avrb, another type iii effector that also activates rpm1, although pia transcripts were observed. accor ...201019843314
do pathogen-specific defense mechanisms contribute to wound-induced resistance in tomato?a network of shared intermediates/components and/or common molecular outputs in biotic and abiotic stress signaling has long been known, but the possibility of effective influence between differently triggered stresses (co-protection) is less studied. recent observations show that wounding induces transient protection in tomato (solanum lycopersicum l.) to four pathogens with a range of lifestyles, locally and systemically. the contribution of ethylene (et) in basal but also in wound-induced res ...200819841665
[analysis of cdna library of cucumis sativus l. challenged by pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans].a cdna library was constructed from the leaves of the disease-resistant cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) cultivar 'd0462' challenged by pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans for 48 h. the inserted fragment sizes ranged from 0.45 to 2.1 kb and the average inserted size was 1 kb. sequencing analysis showed that 2 352 tuts (tentative unique transcripts), 282 contigs, and 2 070 singlets were identified in the 2 966 ests derived from the cdna library. the result of the blastx analysis indicated that there ...200919840927
specific domain structures control abscisic acid-, salicylic acid-, and stress-mediated siz1 phenotypes.siz1 (for yeast sap and miz1) encodes the sole ortholog of mammalian pias (for protein inhibitor of activated stat) and yeast siz sumo (for small ubiquitin-related modifier) e3 ligases in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). four conserved motifs in siz1 include sap (for scaffold attachment factor a/b/acinus/pias domain), pinit (for proline-isoleucine-asparagine-isoleucine-threonine), sp-ring (for siz/pias-ring), and sxs (for serine-x-serine, where x is any amino acid) motifs. siz1 contains, in a ...200919837819
large scale single nucleotide polymorphism discovery in unsequenced genomes using second generation high throughput sequencing technology: applied to turkey.the development of second generation sequencing methods has enabled large scale dna variation studies at moderate cost. for the high throughput discovery of single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in species lacking a sequenced reference genome, we set-up an analysis pipeline based on a short read de novo sequence assembler and a program designed to identify variation within short reads. to illustrate the potential of this technique, we present the results obtained with a randomly sheared, enzyma ...200919835600
a novel membrane fusion-mediated plant immunity against bacterial pathogens.plants have developed their own defense strategies because they have no immune cells. a common plant defense strategy involves programmed cell death (pcd) at the infection site, but how the pcd-associated cell-autonomous immunity is executed in plants is not fully understood. here we provide a novel mechanism underlying cell-autonomous immunity, which involves the fusion of membranes of a large central vacuole with the plasma membrane, resulting in the discharge of vacuolar antibacterial protein ...200919833761
extracellular and intracellular polyphenol oxidases cause opposite effects on sensitivity of streptomyces to phenolics: a case of double-edged sword.many but not all species of streptomyces species harbour a bicistronic melc operon, in which melc2 encodes an extracellular tyrosinase (a polyphenol oxidase) and melc1 encodes a helper protein. on the other hand, a melc-homologous operon (meld) is present in all sequenced streptomyces chromosomes and could be isolated by pcr from six other species tested. bioinformatic analysis showed that melc and meld have divergently evolved toward different functions. meld2, unlike tyrosinase (melc2), is not ...200919826489
a dual resistance gene system prevents infection by three distinct pathogens.colletotrichum higginsianum causes typical anthracnose lesions on the leaves, petioles, and stems of cruciferous plants. inoculation of arabidopsis thaliana ecotype columbia leaves with c. higginsianum results in fungal growth and disease symptoms reminiscent of those induced in other cruciferous plants. we performed map-based cloning and natural variation analysis of 19 a. thaliana ecotypes to identify a dominant resistance locus against c. higginsianum. we found that the a. thaliana rch2 (for ...200919826224
protein tyrosine nitration: a new challenge in plants.nitric oxide metabolism in plant cells has a relative short history. nitration is a chemical process which consists of introducing a nitro group (-no(2)) into a chemical compound. in biological systems, this process has been found in different molecules such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids that can affect its function. this mini-review offers an overview of this process with special emphasis on protein tyrosine nitration in plants and its involvement in the process of nitrosative stress.200919826215
arabidopsis extra large g-protein 2 (xlg2) interacts with the gbeta subunit of heterotrimeric g protein and functions in disease resistance.heterotrimeric gtp-binding proteins, which consist of galpha, gbeta, and ggamma subunits, play important roles in transducing extracellular signals perceived by cell surface receptors into intracellular physiological responses. in addition to a single prototypical galpha protein (gpa1), arabidopsis has three unique galpha-like proteins, known as xlg1, xlg2, and xlg3, that have been found to be localized in nuclei, although their functions and mode of action remain largely unknown. through a tran ...200919825634
kunitz trypsin inhibitor: an antagonist of cell death triggered by phytopathogens and fumonisin b1 in arabidopsis.programmed cell death (pcd) is a central regulatory process in both plant development and in plant responses to pathogens. pcd requires a coordinate activation of pro-apoptotic factors such as proteases and suppressors inhibiting and modulating these processes. in plants, various caspase-like cysteine proteases as well as serine proteases have been implicated in pcd. here, we show that a serine protease (kunitz trypsin) inhibitor (kti1) of arabidopsis acts as a functional kti when produced in ba ...200819825555
stress- and pathogen-induced arabidopsis wrky48 is a transcriptional activator that represses plant basal defense.plant wrky transcription factors can function as either positive or negative regulators of plant basal disease resistance. arabidopsis wrky48 is induced by mechanical and/or osmotic stress due to infiltration and pathogen infection and, therefore, may play a role in plant defense responses. wrky48 is localized to the nucleus, recognizes the ttgacc w-box sequence with a high affinity in vitro and functions in plant cells as a strong transcriptional activator. to determine the biological functions ...200819825553
activation of defense response pathways by ogs and flg22 elicitors in arabidopsis seedlings.we carried out transcriptional profiling analysis in 10-d-old arabidopsis thaliana seedlings treated with oligogalacturonides (ogs), oligosaccharides derived from the plant cell wall, or the bacterial flagellin peptide flg22, general elicitors of the basal defense response in plants. although detected by different receptors, both ogs and flg22 trigger a fast and transient response that is both similar and comprehensive, and characterized by activation of early stages of multiple defense signalin ...200819825551
structural biology of copper trafficking. 200919824702
scorched earth strategy: grim reaper saves the plant.programmed cell death is a common feature of developmental processes and responses to environmental cues in many multicellular organisms. examples of programmed cell death in plants are leaf abscission in autumn and the hypersensitive response during pathogen attack. reactive oxygen species (ros) have been implicated in the regulation of various types of cell death. however, the precise mechanics of the involvement of ros in the processes leading to initiation of cell death and subsequent contai ...200919820355
phytohormones in plant root-piriformospora indica mutualism.piriformospora indica is a mutualistic root-colonising basidiomycete that tranfers various benefits to colonized host plants including growth promotion, yield increases as well as abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. the fungus is characterized by a broad host spectrum encompassing various monocots and dicots. our recent microarray-based studies indicate a general plant defense suppression by p. indica and significant changes in the ga biosynthesis pathway. furthermore, barley plants impaired in ...200919820343
a chemical-genetic approach for functional analysis of plant protein kinases.plant genomes encode hundreds of protein kinases, yet only for a small fraction of them precise functions and phosphorylation targets have been identified. recently, we applied a chemical-genetic approach to sensitize the tomato serine/threonine kinase pto to analogs of pp1, an atp-competitive and cell-permeable small-molecule inhibitor. the pto kinase confers resistance to pst bacteria by activating immune responses upon specific recognition of bacterial effectors. by using pp1 analogs in combi ...200919820342
the role of microbial signals in plant growth and development.plant growth and development involves a tight coordination of the spatial and temporal organization of cell division, cell expansion and cell differentiation. orchestration of these events requires the exchange of signaling molecules between the root and shoot, which can be affected by both biotic and abiotic factors. the interactions that occur between plants and their associated microorganisms have long been of interest, as knowledge of these processes could lead to the development of novel ag ...200919820333
biphasic ethylene production during the hypersensitive response in arabidopsis: a window into defense priming mechanisms?the hypersensitive response (hr) is a cell death phenomenon associated with localized resistance to pathogens. biphasic patterns in the generation of h(2)o(2), salicylic acid and ethylene have been observed in tobacco during the early stages of the hr. these biphasic models reflect an initial elicitation by pathogen-associated molecular patterns followed by a second phase, induced by pathogen-encoded avirulence gene products. the first phase has been proposed to potentiate the second, to increas ...200919820330
dissection of salicylic acid-mediated defense signaling networks.the small phenolic molecule salicylic acid (sa) plays a key role in plant defense. significant progress has been made recently in understanding sa-mediated defense signaling networks. functional analysis of a large number of genes involved in sa biosynthesis and regulation of sa accumulation and signal transduction has revealed distinct but interconnecting pathways that orchestrate the control of plant defense. further studies utilizing combinatorial approaches in genetics, molecular biology, bi ...200919820324
endogenous, tissue-specific short interfering rnas silence the chalcone synthase gene family in glycine max seed coats.two dominant alleles of the i locus in glycine max silence nine chalcone synthase (chs) genes to inhibit function of the flavonoid pathway in the seed coat. we describe here the intricacies of this naturally occurring silencing mechanism based on results from small rna gel blots and high-throughput sequencing of small rna populations. the two dominant alleles of the i locus encompass a 27-kb region containing two perfectly repeated and inverted clusters of three chalcone synthase genes (chs1, ch ...200919820189
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