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related antimicrobial resistance genes detected in different bacterial species co-isolated from swine fecal samples.a potential factor leading to the spread of antimicrobial resistance (ar) in bacteria is the horizontal transfer of resistance genes between bacteria in animals or their environment. to investigate this, swine fecal samples were collected on-farm and cultured for escherichia coli, salmonella enterica, campylobacter spp., and enterococcus spp. which are all commonly found in swine. forty-nine of the samples from which all four bacteria were recovered were selected yielding a total of 196 isolates ...201121385089
high burden of antimicrobial resistance in asia.antimicrobial resistance is associated with high mortality rates and high medical costs. marked variations in the resistance profiles of bacterial and fungal pathogens as well as the quality of public hygiene have had a considerable impact on the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents in asian countries. in asia, one of the epicentres of antimicrobial drug resistance, there is an alarming number of antibiotic-resistant species, including penicillin- and erythromycin-resistant streptococcus pneumo ...201121382699
optimization of rapid salmonella enterica detection in liquid whole eggs by sybr green i-based real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.eggs and egg products have a high risk of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis contamination leading to gastroenteritis outbreaks in humans. thus, a rapid screening tool for viable salmonella enteritidis cells in the egg industry is needed. our objective was to rapidly and sensitively detect viable salmonella enteritidis from spiked liquid whole eggs (lwes) within 24 h using sybr green i-based real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) targeting the salmonella specific in ...201121381900
absence of pmrab-mediated phosphoethanolamine modifications of citrobacter rodentium lipopolysaccharide affects outer membrane integrity.the pmrab two-component system of enterobacteria regulates a number of genes whose protein products modify lipopolysaccharide (lps). the lps is modified during transport to the bacterial outer membrane (om). a subset of pmrab-mediated lps modifications consists of the addition of phosphoethanolamine (petn) to lipid a by pmrc and to the core by cpta. in salmonella enterica, petn modifications have been associated with resistance to polymyxin b and to excess iron. to investigate putative functions ...201121378194
prevalence, distribution, and diversity of salmonella enterica in a major produce region of california.a survey was initiated to determine the prevalence of salmonella enterica in the environment in and around monterey county, ca, a major agriculture region of the united states. trypticase soy broth enrichment cultures of samples of soil/sediment (n = 617), water (n = 252), wildlife (n = 476), cattle feces (n = 795), and preharvest lettuce and spinach (n = 261) tested originally for the presence of pathogenic escherichia coli were kept in frozen storage and later used to test for the presence of ...201121378057
isolation of lactobacillus salivarius 1077 (nrrl b-50053) and characterization of its bacteriocin, including the antimicrobial activity spectrum.lactobacillus salivarius 1077 (nrrl b-50053) was isolated from poultry intestinal materials, and in vitro anti-campylobacter jejuni activity was demonstrated. the isolate was then used for bacteriocin production and its enrichment. the protein content of the cell-free supernatant from the spent medium was precipitated by ammonium sulfate and dialyzed to produce the crude antimicrobial preparation. a typical bacteriocin-like response of sensitivity to proteolytic enzymes and resistance to lysozym ...201121378051
real-time monitoring of salmonella enterica in free-range geese.free-range geese were sampled longitudinally and salmonella isolates characterized to reveal highly diverging colonization dynamics. one flock was intermittently colonized with one strain of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis from 2 weeks of age, while in another, s. enterica serovar mbandaka appeared after 9 weeks, without dissemination but with multiple serovars appearing at later stages.201121378040
substructure within salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolates from australian wildlife.multilocus sequence typing of 56 salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strains isolated from australian wildlife hosts was performed. the results of population assignment algorithms revealed that the 56 strains could be subdivided into two distinct clades. strains belonging to the two clades were further distinguished phenotypically, genotypically, and with respect to host distribution.201121378038
immunoassay based on carbon nanotubes-enhanced elisa for salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.among the methods used to detect pathogenic bacteria, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) is one of the most widely used techniques in routine sample analysis. for salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium detection, a typical elisa yields a sensitivity of 10(6)-10(7)cfu/ml. to enhance the detection sensitivity, single-walled carbon nanotubes (swcnts) was employed in this study as a labelling platform for antibody and horseradish peroxidase (hrp) co-immobilizing. with high proteins recovery ...201121376561
national outbreak of salmonella serotype saintpaul infections: importance of texas restaurant investigations in implicating jalapeño peppers.in may 2008, pulsenet detected a multistate outbreak of salmonella enterica serotype saintpaul infections. initial investigations identified an epidemiologic association between illness and consumption of raw tomatoes, yet cases continued. in mid-june, we investigated two clusters of outbreak strain infections in texas among patrons of restaurant a and two establishments of restaurant chain b to determine the outbreak's source.201121373185
structural and functional studies of a 50 kda antigenic protein from salmonella enterica serovar typhi.the high typhoid incidence rate in developing and under-developed countries emphasizes the need for a rapid, affordable and accessible diagnostic test for effective therapy and disease management. typhidot®, a rapid dot enzyme immunoassay test for typhoid, was developed from the discovery of a ~50 kda protein specific for salmonella enterica serovar typhi. however, the structure of this antigen remains unknown till today. studies on the structure of this antigen are important to elucidate its fu ...201121371926
detection of novel gyra mutations in nalidixic acid-resistant isolates of salmonella enterica from patients with diarrhoea.the aim of the current study was to detect mutations in the gyra gene of quinolone-resistant salmonella spp. isolates recovered in tehran, iran. between april 2008 and september 2009, 174 salmonella spp. were collected and assayed for quinolone resistance and detection of gyra mutations. isolates identified as salmonella enterica were tested for susceptibility by the disk diffusion method. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification and sequencing of the gyra gene segment encoding the quinolon ...201121371866
lingonberry (vaccinium vitis-idaea) and european cranberry (vaccinium microcarpon) proanthocyanidins: isolation, identification, and bioactivities.european, small-fruited cranberries (vaccinium microcarpon) and lingonberries (vaccinium vitis-idaea) were characterized for their phenolic compounds and tested for antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiadhesive, and antiinflammatory effects. the main phenolic compounds in both lingonberries and cranberries were proanthocyanidins comprising 63-71% of the total phenolic content, but anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, and flavonols were also found. proanthocyanidins are polymeric ...201121370878
ultrasonographic diagnosis of an endocarditis valvularis in a burmese python (python molurus bivittatus) with pneumonia.an 11-yr-old burmese python (python molurus bivittatus) was presented with a history of respiratory symptoms. computed tomography and an endoscopic examination of the left lung were performed and revealed severe pneumonia. microbiologic examination of a tracheal wash sample and an endoscopy-guided sample from the lung confirmed infection with salmonella enterica ssp. iv, enterobacter cloacae, and klebsiella pneumoniae. computed tomographic examination demonstrated a hyperattenuated structure wit ...201021370657
enterobacteriaceae associated with eggs of podocnemis expansa and podocnemis unifilis (testudines:chelonia) in nonpolluted sites of national park of araguaia plains, brazil.fertile eggs of podocnemis expansa and podocnemis unifilis were investigated for the presence of enterobacteria, as these two endangered species have the potential for conservation measures that include egg transfer. knowledge of normal microflora associated with turtles and turtle eggs would help effectively manage the transfer of these eggs among institutions. thirty eggs of each species were collected, aseptically transferred, cracked inside plastic bags containing tetrathionate broth, and sp ...201021370647
prevalence of salmonella spp. antibodies to toxoplasma gondii, and newcastle disease virus in feral pigeons (columba livia) in the city of jaboticabal, brazil.the rock pigeon (columba livia) may serve as a reservoir for several pathogenic agents that can be transmitted to poultry, wildlife, domesticated pets, and/or humans via excreta, secretions, or dust from feathers. in addition, ingestion of infected pigeons by wild and domestic animals can also transmit these pathogenic agents. the health status of 126 free-living pigeons in an urban area was evaluated by microbiologic culture for salmonella and serologic testing for the presence of antibodies fo ...201021370639
new flagellin gene for salmonella enterica serovar typhi from the east indonesian archipelago.phase variation is a property unique of some salmonella enterica serovar typhi strains from indonesia. salmonella typhi isolates from indonesia have been described that in addition to the phase 1 hd flagellin gene contain a second flagellin gene named z66. s. typhi isolates from indonesia with a mutant hd gene named hj have also been described. here, we have identified another flagellin gene of s. typhi, named ind, showing a closest homology with the flagellin gene of serratia marcescens. the in ...201121363982
pathogen detection using a liquid array technology.low concentrations of microbial pathogens in pure and mixed samples were detected using a bead-based, liquid array technology. a 20-bp sequence in the 23s rrna gene, rrl, was amplified in four microorganisms: bacillus cereus, escherichia coli, salmonella enterica and staphylococcus aureus. pcr products were positively identified with the luminex(®) 100™ system. the system could detect very low amounts of dna and the instrument response was proportional to the input concentration. the lower limit ...201121361936
t cell augments the antitumor activity of tumor-targeting salmonella.systemic administration of salmonella to tumor-bearing mice leads to preferential accumulation within tumor sites and retardation of tumor growth. however, the detailed mechanism of salmonella-induced antitumor immune response via host t cell remains uncertain. herein, we used wild-type, cd4(+) t-cell-deficient, and cd8(+) t-cell-deficient mice to study the role of t cell in the antitumor immune responses induced by salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis (salmonella choleraesuis). when systemi ...201121360146
development and evaluation of dna and rna real-time assays for food analysis using the hila gene of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica.the objective of this study was the development of dna and rna real-time pcr methods for detection of food-borne salmonella sp. as rapid alternatives to the traditional cultural method (iso 6579, 2004) in fresh meat carcasses and processed meat samples. these pcr methods were based on the hila sequence, with primers and hybridisation probes designed against this gene target. the primers and probes were evaluated for their efficiency and dynamic range and subsequently the specificity of the assay ...201021356450
pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) analysis for multidrug resistant salmonella enterica serovar schwarzengrund isolates collected in six years (2000-2005) from retail chicken meat in taiwan.salmonella schwarzengrund is one of the causative agents of human salmonellosis and animal infections. high prevalence of multidrug resistant strains of s. schwarzengrund from chicken meat has been recently reported in taiwan. with an attempt to see if such prevalence in chicken meat was due to the recirculation of s. schwarzengrund strains in traditional marketplaces, a total of 173 s. schwarzengrund strains isolated between 2000 and 2005 from 417 retail chicken meat samples purchased from taip ...201021356444
characterization of the quinolone resistance mechanism in foodborne salmonella isolates with high nalidixic acid resistance.sixteen salmonella strains resistant to nalidixic acid isolated from kimbab, the most popular ready-to-eat (rte) food in korea, and chicken meat were selected for this study. the resistant strains were shown to have high minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) against nalidixic acid (512~4096 µg/ml). among them, 4 salmonella enterica serovar haardt isolates showed multi-drug resistance (mdr) patterns with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolone (0.5 µg/ml of ciprofloxacin mics). the mechanism ...201121354645
five commercial dna extraction systems tested and compared on a stool sample collection.in this study, 5 different commercial dna extraction systems were tested on a stool sample collection containing 81 clinical stool specimens that were culture-positive for diarrheagenic escherichia coli, campylobacter jejuni, salmonella enterica, or clostridium difficile. the purified dnas were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) directed toward the relevant organisms. the results showed that conventional pcr combined with the extraction systems biorobot ez1 (qiagen, hilden, germany), bu ...201121353945
function-specific accelerations in rates of sequence evolution suggest predictable epistatic responses to reduced effective population size.changes in effective population size impinge on patterns of molecular evolution. notably, slightly deleterious mutations are more likely to drift to fixation in smaller populations, which should typically also lead to an overall acceleration in the rates of evolution. this prediction has been validated empirically for several endosymbiont and island taxa. here, we first show that rate accelerations are also evident in bacterial pathogens whose recent shifts in virulence make them prime candidate ...201121349981
genetic analysis of the bacterial hook-capping protein flgd responsible for hook assembly.flgd of salmonella enterica is a 232 aa protein that acts as the hook cap to promote assembly of flge into the hook structure. the n-terminal 86 residues (flgd(n)) complement flgd mutants, albeit to a small degree. however, little is known about the role of the c-terminal region of flgd (flgd(c)). here we isolated pseudorevertants from salmonella flge mutants. about half of the extragenic mutations lay within flgd(c) and only one in flgd(n). these suppressor mutations prevented mutant flge subun ...201121349976
salmonella enterica strains belonging to o serogroup 1,3,19 induce chlorosis and wilting of arabidopsis thaliana leaves.the number of outbreaks and illness linked to the consumption of contaminated salad leaves have increased dramatically in the last decade. escherichia coli and salmonella enterica are the most common food-borne pathogens linked to consumption of fresh produce. different serovars of s. enterica subspecies enterica have been shown to bind the surface of salad leaves, to exhibit tropism towards the stomata and to invade leaves and reach the underlying mesophyll. however the consequences of leaf inv ...201121349136
immunity to salmonellosis.salmonella enterica is a genetically broad species harboring isolates that display considerable antigenic heterogeneity and significant differences in virulence potential. salmonella generally exhibit an invasive potential and they can survive for extended periods within cells of the immune system. they cause acute or chronic infections that can be local (e.g. gastroenteritis) or systemic (e.g. typhoid). in vivo salmonella infections are complex with multiple arms of the immune system being enga ...201121349095
cellular aspects of immunity to intracellular salmonella enterica.salmonella enterica is a frequent gastrointestinal pathogen with ability to cause diseases ranging from local gastrointestinal inflammation and diarrhea to life-threatening typhoid fever. salmonella is an invasive, facultative intracellular pathogen that infects various cell types of the host and can survive and proliferate in different populations of immune cells. during pathogenesis, salmonella is confronted with various lines of immune defense. to successfully colonize host organisms, the pat ...201121349094
a mutation in the poxa gene of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium alters protein production, elevates susceptibility to environmental challenges, and decreases swine colonization.control of foodborne salmonella within the farm-retail continuum is a complex issue since over 2500 serovars of salmonella exist, the host range of salmonella spp. varies greatly, and salmonella is environmentally ubiquitous. to identify salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (salmonella typhimurium) genes important for pathogen survival, our research group previously screened a signature-tagged mutagenesis bank in an ex vivo swine stomach content assay. a mutation in the poxa gene, a member of ...201121348575
salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lacking hfq gene confers protective immunity against murine typhoid.salmonella enterica is an important enteric pathogen and its various serovars are involved in causing both systemic and intestinal diseases in humans and domestic animals. the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of salmonella leading to increased morbidity and mortality has further complicated its management. live attenuated vaccines have been proven superior over killed or subunit vaccines due to their ability to induce protective immunity. of the various strategies used for the generation ...201121347426
po157_sal, a novel conjugative plasmid detected in outbreak isolates of escherichia coli o157:h7.in addition to the large virulence plasmid po157, a novel 38-kb conjugative plasmid, po157_sal, was identified and sequenced from an escherichia coli o157:h7 outbreak-associated chinese isolate that shares high similarity with a plasmid in salmonella enterica serovar agona. the plasmid was found in 15 of 326 isolates, 12 of which were of the same pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type.201121346051
a comparison of transmission characteristics of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis between pair-housed and group-housed laying hens.abstract: human cases of bacterial gastro-enteritis are often caused by the consumption of eggs contaminated with salmonella species, mainly salmonella enterica serovar enteriditis (salmonella enteritidis). to reduce human exposure, in several countries worldwide surveillance programmes are implemented to detect colonized layer flocks. the sampling schemes are based on the within-flock prevalence, and, as this changes over time, knowledge of the within-flock dynamics of salmonella enteritidis is ...201121345201
salmonella enterica serotype virchow associated with human infections in switzerland: 2004-2009.salmonellosis is one of the most important foodborne diseases and a major threat to public health. salmonella serotype virchow ranks among the top five serovars in europe.201121345197
identification of a salmonellosis outbreak by means of molecular sequencing. 201121345093
2008 outbreak of salmonella saintpaul infections associated with raw produce.raw produce is an increasingly recognized vehicle for salmonellosis. we investigated a nationwide outbreak that occurred in the united states in 2008.201121345092
macrophage apoptosis associated with salmonella enterica serovar typhi plasmid.the present study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between plasmid isolated from s. enterica serovar typhi (pr(st98)) and macrophage apoptosis. pr(st98) was transferred into an attenuated s. enterica serovar typhimurium strain ria to create a transconjugant prst98/ria. standard s. enterica serovar typhimurium virulence strain sr-11 was used as a positive control, and ria as a negative one. murine macrophage-like cell line (j774a.1) was used as an infectious cell model in vitro. in ...201021341534
effectiveness of chitosan against mature biofilms formed by food related bacteria.chitosan has proven antimicrobial properties against planktonic cell growth. little is known, however, about its effects on already established biofilms. oriented for application in food industry disinfection, the effectiveness of both medium molecular weight (mmw) chitosan and its enzymatically hydrolyzed product was tested against mature biofilms of four pathogenic strains, listeria monocytogenes, bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus and salmonella enterica, and a food spoilage species, pseu ...201121340015
[left-sided endocarditis due to gram-negative bacilli: epidemiology and clinical characteristics].the aim of this study is to describe the epidemiological, clinical characteristics, and outcome of patients with left-side endocarditis caused by gram-negative bacteria.201121334783
growth of salmonella enterica and staphylococcus aureus in no-knead bread dough during prolonged yeast fermentation.a convenient bread making method involving prolonged fermentation of no-knead (nonkneaded) dough has become popular in recent years. in the present study, the microbial safety of no-knead dough made with a 375:325:5:1 weight ratio of flour, water, salt, and bread yeast was investigated. three brands of dehydrated yeast were used for this study. the growth of inoculated salmonella enterica and staphylococcus aureus in no-knead dough during fermentation was significant (p<0.05), regardless of yeas ...201121333150
evaluation of commonly-used farm disinfectants in wet and dry models of salmonella farm contamination.two experimental models of salmonella contamination were used in an attempt to mimic the conditions of disinfectant use on farms. a wet model, for conditions such as boot dips, used disinfectant application to a slurry of poultry faeces inoculated with salmonella enteritidis or salmonella typhimurium. a dry model, for disinfectant application to surfaces and equipment with adherent or residual organic material, used salmonella-inoculated poultry faeces that were air-dried onto wooden dowels, imm ...201121331946
salmonella typhi sense host neuroendocrine stress hormones and release the toxin haemolysin e.salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) causes typhoid fever. we show that exposure of s. typhi to neuroendocrine stress hormones results in haemolysis, which is associated with the release of haemolysin e in membrane vesicles. this effect is attributed to increased expression of the small rna mica and rna chaperone hfq, with concomitant downregulation of outer membrane protein a. deletion of mica or the two-component signal-transduction system, cpxar, abolishes the phenotype. the hormone r ...201121331094
rapid identification of salmonella enterica serovars, typhimurium, choleraesuis, infantis, hadar, enteritidis, dublin and gallinarum, by multiplex pcr.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica poses a threat to both human and animal health, with more than 2500 serovars having been reported to date. salmonella serovars are identified by slide and tube agglutination tests using o and h antigen-specific anti-sera, although this procedure is both labor intensive and time consuming. establishment of a method for rapid screening of the major salmonella serovars is therefore required. we have established multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-pcr) assays f ...201121329737
emergence and properties of fluoroquinolone resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhi strains isolated from nepal in 2002 and 2003.a total of 171 salmonella enterica serovar typhi strains isolated from nepal, mostly from patients with typhoid fever in 2002-2003, were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by disk diffusion assay. selected s. enterica serovar typhi isolates were tested for mics by e-test for ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. mutations of dna gyrase gyra and gyrb and topoisomerase iv parc and pare were identified by sequencing of pcr amplicons. by disk diffusion assay, 75/171 s. enterica serovar typh ...201021329318
serotypes and antimicrobial resistance of salmonella enterica ssp in central thailand, 2001-2006.this study was carried out to elucidate the epidemiological trends and antimicrobial susceptibilities against salmonella serovars among thai patients and asymptomatic carriers during 2001-2006 in central thailand. a total of 1,401 human and 260 non-human isolates from various sources were included. the isolates were characterized using serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. the most common serovars in patients submitting stool samples were s. weltevreden, s. stanley, s. anatum, and ...201021329317
salmonella's iron armor for battling the host and its microbiota.most salmonella enterica serotypes are associated with acute intestinal inflammation and diarrhea in humans. while the mechanisms triggering intestinal inflammation are well studied, relatively little is known about how the pathogen benefits from causing disease. recent work has provided first insights into the genetic design that enables s. enterica to benefit from the host response by outgrowing the microbiota in the gut. the pathogen gained an edge over its competitors by acquiring genes conf ...201021327120
the damx protein of escherichia coli and salmonella enterica.we recently showed that disruption of damx causes bile sensitivity in salmonella enterica. the damx gene is part of an operon that contains genes with heterogeneous functions: dna adenine methylation, biosynthesis of aromatic compounds, carbohydrate metabolism, and trna charging. the damx gene encodes a protein with a predicted size of 46 kda. in salmonella, damx is found in the inner membrane of both dividing and non-dividing cells. the damx protein contains a peptidoglycan-binding spor domain, ...201021327035
effect of lactic acid bacteria probiotic culture for the treatment of salmonella enterica serovar heidelberg in neonatal broiler chickens and turkey poults.in the present study, a series of experiments was conducted to evaluate the ability of a commercial probiotic culture (floramax, ivs-wynco llc, springdale, ar) to reduce salmonella enterica serovar heidelberg (sh) in chicks and turkey poults. in experiments 1 and 2, chicks were randomly assigned to treatment groups and then challenged via oral gavage with sh. chicks were treated 1 h following sh challenge with the probiotic culture via oral gavage. at 24 and 72 h posttreatment, cecal tonsils and ...201121325226
sequence analysis of a group of low molecular-weight plasmids carrying multiple is903 elements flanking a kanamycin resistance aph gene in salmonella enterica serovars.a group of low molecular-weight cole1-like plasmids carrying the aph sequence type aph(ii) from three different salmonella serovars were sequenced. these plasmids carry two or more copies of is903 elements, with up to 21bp sequence differences to one another, two of which flank the aph gene. this group of plasmids did not appear to carry any known mobilization genes and instead carry three open reading frames encoding hypothetical proteins of unknown function possibly organized in an operon. the ...201121324339
efficacy of european starling control to reduce salmonella enterica contamination in a concentrated animal feeding operation in the texas panhandle.european starlings (sturnus vulgaris) are an invasive bird species known to cause damage to plant and animal agriculture. new evidence suggests starlings may also contribute to the maintenance and spread of diseases within livestock facilities. identifying and mitigating the risk pathways that contribute to disease in livestock is necessary to reduce production losses and contamination of human food products. to better understand the impact starlings have on disease transmission to cattle we ass ...201121324202
a flagellin-producing lactococcus strain: interactions with mucin and enteropathogens.bacillus cereus ch is a probiotic strain used in human nutrition whose adhesion to mucin is dependent on its surface-associated flagellin. flagellins from the surface of several probiotic bacillus strains were efficiently extracted with 5 m licl and identified by peptide fingerprinting. based on the proteomic analysis, cloning of the gene coding for the flagellin of b. cereus ch was performed in the lactococcal vector pnz8110 under the control of a nisin-inducible promoter. the resulting strain, ...201121323981
human igg isotypes and activating fc? receptors in the interaction of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium with phagocytic cells.several classes and multiple subclasses of immunoglobulins are produced towards protein and polysaccharide antigens in response to salmonella infection and play a key role in protection against systemic disease. the targeting of salmonella to fc receptors (fcr) on phagocytes is a key step in the antibody-mediated antibacterial functions of host cells. we wished to compare the relative efficiency of different human igg subclasses, which targeted the salmonella enterica ompa surface protein in mod ...201121323662
targeting tumors with salmonella typhimurium- potential for therapy.when one considers the organism salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium (s. typhimurium), one usually thinks of the gram-negative enteric pathogen that causes the severe food borne illness, gastroentertitis. in this context, the idea of salmonella being exploited as a cancer therapeutic seems pretty remote. however, there has been an escalating interest in the development of tumor-therapeutic bacteria for use in the treatment of a variety of cancers. this strategy takes advantage of the remarka ...201021321381
impact of salmonella infection on host hormone metabolism revealed by metabolomics.the interplay between pathogens and their hosts has been studied for decades using targeted approaches, such as the analysis of mutants and host immunological responses. although much has been learned from such studies, they focus on individual pathways and fail to reveal the global effects of infection on the host. to alleviate this issue, high-throughput methods, such as transcriptomics and proteomics, have been used to study host-pathogen interactions. recently, metabolomics was established a ...201121321075
the genetics and structure of the o-specific polysaccharide of yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype o:10 and its relationship with escherichia coli o111 and salmonella enterica o35.the o-specific polysaccharide (ops) is a variable constituent of the lipopolysaccharide of gram-negative bacteria. the polymorphic nature of opss within a species is usually first defined serologically, and the current serotyping scheme for yersinia pseudotuberculosis consists of 21 o serotypes of which 15 have been characterized genetically and structurally. here, we present the structure and dna sequence of y. pseudotuberculosis o:10 ops. the o unit consists of one residue each of d-galactopyr ...201121321053
detection of low numbers of healthy and sub-lethally injured salmonella enterica in chocolate.the capacity to detect low levels of healthy and sub-lethally injured salmonella enterica cells in chocolate by two alternative rapid detection methods iq-check(tm)salmonella ii real-time pcr (bio-rad) and vidas® easy slm (biomérieux) was assessed and compared with iso 6579:2005. chocolate, a low moisture food known to support the survival of salmonella, was challenged as food matrix. buffered peptone water (bpw) did not support the recovery of low levels of sub-lethally injured s. enterica inde ...201121320732
biological and virulence characteristics of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium following deletion of glucose-inhibited division (gida) gene.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a frequent cause of enteric disease due to the consumption of contaminated food. identification and characterization of bacterial factors involved in salmonella pathogenesis would help develop effective strategies for controlling salmonellosis. to investigate the role of glucose-inhibited division gene (gida) in salmonella virulence, we constructed a salmonella mutant strain in which gida was deleted. deletion of gida rendered salmonella deficient in th ...201121320585
specific detection of salmonella enterica and escherichia coli strains by using elisa with bacteriophages as recognition agents.the use of bacteriophages, instead of antibodies, in the elisa-based detection of bacterial strains was tested. this procedure appeared to be efficient, and specific strains of salmonella enterica and escherichia coli could be detected. the sensitivity of the assay was about 10(5) bacterial cells/well (10(6)/ml), which is comparable with or outperforms other elisa tests detecting intact bacterial cells without an enrichment step. the specificity of the assay depends on the kind of bacteriophage ...201121318732
a murine model to study the antibacterial effect of copper on infectivity of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.this study investigated the effect of copper as an antibacterial agent on the infectivity of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. mice were infected orally with a standardized dose of unstressed salmonella typhimurium and copper-stressed cells of salmonella typhimurium. bacterial counts in ileum, blood, liver and spleen were observed up to 168 h under normal aerobic conditions. serum sensitivity, phagocytosis, malondialdehyde levels and histopathology were studied for both set of animals. a ...201021318012
expanding the nucleotide and sugar 1-phosphate promiscuity of nucleotidyltransferase rmla via directed evolution.directed evolution is a valuable technique to improve enzyme activity in the absence of a priori structural knowledge, which can be typically enhanced via structure-guided strategies. in this study, a combination of both whole-gene error-prone polymerase chain reaction and site-saturation mutagenesis enabled the rapid identification of mutations that improved rmla activity toward non-native substrates. these mutations have been shown to improve activities over 10-fold for several targeted substr ...201121317292
inhibitory spectra and modes of antimicrobial action of gallotannins from mango kernels (mangifera indica l.).this study investigated the antimicrobial activities and modes of action of penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, and deca-o-galloylglucose (gallotannins) isolated from mango kernels. the mics and minimum bactericidal concentrations (mbcs) against food-borne bacteria and fungi were determined using a critical dilution assay. gram-positive bacteria were generally more susceptible to gallotannins than were gram-negative bacteria. the mics of gallotannins against bacillus subtilis, bacillus cereus, ...201121317249
spi-1-encoded type iii secretion system of salmonella enterica is required for the suppression of porcine alveolar macrophage cytokine expression.abstract: genes localized at salmonella pathogenicity island-1 (spi-1) are involved in salmonella enterica invasion of host non-professional phagocytes. interestingly, in macrophages, spi-1-encoded proteins, in addition to invasion, induce cell death via activation of caspase-1 which also cleaves proil-1ß and proil-18, precursors of 2 proinflammatory cytokines. in this study we were therefore interested in whether spi-1-encoded type iii secretion system (t3ss) may influence proinflammatory respo ...201121314975
influence of infection route and virulence factors on colonization of solid tumors by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.administration of facultative anaerobic bacteria such as salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium as anticancer treatment holds a great therapeutic potential. here, we tested different routes of application of s. typhimurium with regard to tumor colonization and therapeutic efficacy. no differences between intravenous and intraperitoneal infection were observed, often leading to a complete tumor clearance. in contrast, after oral application, tumor colonization was inefficient and delayed. no the ...201121314734
presence of arsenic resistance in salmonella enterica serovar kentucky and other serovars isolated from poultry.a collection of 125 salmonella enterica poultry isolates (71 serovar kentucky isolates, and the remainder belonging to serovars alachua, enteritidis, hadar, heidelberg, montevideo, mbandaka, senftenberg, typhimurium, and worthington) were tested for the ability to grow on tryptic soy agar containing sodium arsenite [as(iii)] or arsenate [as(v)]. all serovar kentucky isolates and 18 of the non-kentucky isolates were able to grow in the presence of 0.1 mm as(iii), and 69 grew in the presence of 1 ...201021313837
the analysis of groel gene in salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhimurium isolated from avians by pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism method.salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhimurium causes food-borne outbreaks and systemic diseases in humans and animals. groel gene (also known as mopa gene in s. typhimurium), possessing conserved sequence, plays an important role in invasion of bacteria. the purpose of present study was to identify the polymorphism of groel gene among different avians in different regions by pcr-rflp method. fifty two s. typhimurium isolates (broiler (n = 13), layer (n = 12), duck (n = 5), goose (n ...201121312060
coregulation of gene expression by sigma factors rpoe and rpos in salmonella enterica serovar typhi during hyperosmotic stress.salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) is the cause of typhoid fever, a food-borne disease that is prevalent worldwide, most particularly in developing countries. rna polymerase sigma factors rpoe (s(e)) and rpos (s(s)) govern transcription initiation of two sets of genes in escherichia and salmonella. it was previously suggested that some genes might be coregulated by rpoe and rpos in salmonella under conditions of environmental stress, but experimental evidence has been lacking. we there ...201121311887
detection of salmonella typhi agglutinins in sera of patients with other febrile illnesses and healthy individuals.widal test is frequently applied for the detection of salmonella agglutinins to diagnose salmonella enterica serotype typhi infection. there are however a number of controversies challenging the diagnostic utility of this test. this study was performed to determine the prevalence of salmonella agglutinins in patients with other febrile illnesses and healthy blood donors.201121311155
prediction of protein-protein interactions between human host and a pathogen and its application to three pathogenic bacteria.molecular understanding of disease processes can be accelerated if all interactions between the host and pathogen are known. the unavailability of experimental methods for large-scale detection of interactions across host and pathogen organisms hinders this process. here we apply a simple method to predict protein-protein interactions across a host and pathogen organisms. we use homology detection approaches against the protein-protein interaction databases, dip and ipfam in order to predict int ...201121310175
needleless vaccine delivery using micro-shock waves.shock waves are one of the most efficient mechanisms of energy dissipation observed in nature. in this study, utilizing the instantaneous mechanical impulse generated behind a micro-shock wave during a controlled explosion, a novel nonintrusive needleless vaccine delivery system has been developed. it is well-known that antigens in the epidermis are efficiently presented by resident langerhans cells, eliciting the requisite immune response, making them a good target for vaccine delivery. unfortu ...201121307276
in salmonella enterica, the sirtuin-dependent protein acylation/deacylation system (sdpads) maintains energy homeostasis during growth on low concentrations of acetate.acetyl-coenzyme a synthetase (acs) activates acetate into acetyl-coenzyme a (ac-coa) in most cells. in salmonella enterica, acs expression and acs activity are controlled. it is unclear why the sirtuin-dependent protein acylation/deacylation system (sdpads) controls the activity of acs. here we show that, during growth on 10 mm acetate, acs(+) induction in a s. enterica strain that cannot acetylate (i.e. inactivate) acs leads to growth arrest, a condition that correlates with a drop in energy ch ...201121306440
improving salmonella vector with rec mutation to stabilize the dna cargoes.salmonella has been employed to deliver therapeutic molecules against cancer and infectious diseases. as the carrier for target gene(s), the cargo plasmid should be stable in the bacterial vector. plasmid recombination has been reduced in e. coli by mutating several genes including the reca, rece, recf and recj. however, to our knowledge, there have been no published studies of the effect of these or any other genes that play a role in plasmid recombination in salmonella enterica.201121303535
the dilemma of widal test - which brand to use? a study of four different widal brands: a cross sectional comparative study.serodiagnosis of typhoid fever by widal test based on demonstrating the presence of agglutinins (antibodies) in the serum of an infected patient, against the h (flagellar) and o (somatic) antigens of salmonella enterica serotype typhi has been associated with many debates. this is why the aim of this study was to: (i) compare the diagnostic accuracy of four different commercial kits used to perform widal test (remel, biosystems, dialab and biotec). (ii) compare the sensitivity and specificity of ...201121303511
an adhesion protein of salmonella enterica serovar typhi is required for pathogenesis and potential target for vaccine development.more than half of all salmonella enterica serovar typhi genes still remain unannotated. although pathogenesis of s. typhi is incompletely understood, treatment of typhoid fever is complicated by the emergence of drug resistance. effectiveness of the currently available vaccines is also limited. in search of novel virulence proteins, we have identified several putative adhesins of s. typhi through computational approaches. our experiment shows that a 27-kda outer membrane protein (t2544) plays a ...201121300870
influence of the lipopolysaccharide structure of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis on interactions with pig neutrophils.the key process for immune response development is the recognition of bacteria by the immune system of the host based on the sensing of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamp). one of the most important pamp is the lipopolysaccharide (lps) molecule, a complex molecule present in the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria. in this study we were interested in how different parts of the lps of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis are recognized by porcine neutrophils. to this aim, we con ...201121300486
room temperature stabilization of oral, live attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhi-vectored vaccines.foam drying, a modified freeze drying process, was utilized to produce a heat-stable, live attenuated salmonella typhi 'ty21a' bacterial vaccine. ty21a vaccine was formulated with pharmaceutically approved stabilizers, including sugars, plasticizers, amino acids, and proteins. growth media and harvesting conditions of the bacteria were also studied to enhance resistance to desiccation stress encountered during processing as well as subsequent storage at elevated temperatures. the optimized ty21a ...201121300096
expression of acrb and rama in fluoroquinolone resistant mutants from multi-drug resistant salmonella enterica serovar haardt.to identify the effect of elevation of resistance in multi-drug resistant salmonella enterica serovar haardt with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, a parental strain sal59-fc-kf04 was exposed to fluoroquinolone. sequence of quinolone resistance determining region (qrdr) was analysed and expression level of efflux pump related genes was compared between the parental strain and the derived mutants.201121299579
abrogation of the twin arginine transport system in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium leads to colonization defects during infection.tatc (stm3975) is a highly conserved component of the twin arginine transport (tat) systems that is required for transport of folded proteins across the inner membrane in gram-negative bacteria. we previously identified a ?tatc mutant as defective in competitive infections with wild type atcc14028 during systemic infection of salmonella-susceptible balb/c mice. here we confirm these results and show that the ?tatc mutant is internalized poorly by cultured j774-a.1 mouse macrophages a phenotype t ...201121298091
genome of a european fresh-vegetable food safety outbreak strain of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar weltevreden.the genome of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar weltevreden strain 2007-60-3289-1 was sequenced. the genome sequence of this fresh-vegetable isolate from scandinavia will be useful for the elucidation of plant host factors in comparison to other serovars of s. enterica subsp. enterica.201121296964
antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of zinc oxide nanoparticles against campylobacter jejuni.the antibacterial effect of zinc oxide (zno) nanoparticles on campylobacter jejuni was investigated for inhibition and inactivation of cell growth. the results showed that c. jejuni was extremely sensitive to treatment with zno nanoparticles. the mic of zno nanoparticles for c. jejuni was determined to be 0.05 to 0.025 mg/ml, which is 8- to 16-fold lower than that for salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis and escherichia coli o157:h7 (0.4 mg/ml). the action of zno nanoparticles against c. jeju ...201121296935
altering the composition of caseicins a and b as a means of determining the contribution of specific residues to antimicrobial activity.caseicin a (ikhqglpqe) and caseicin b (vlnenllr) are antimicrobial peptides generated through the bacterial fermentation of sodium caseinate, and on the basis of this and previous studies, they are active against many gram-negative pathogens (cronobacter sakazakii, cronobacter muytjensii, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, and pseudomonas fluorescens) as well as the gram-positive organism staphylococcus aureus. here we describe further studies with ...201121296933
the ferritin-like protein dps protects salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis from the fenton-mediated killing mechanism of bactericidal antibiotics.dps is a ferritin-like protein with dna-binding properties that is capable of affording protection during oxidative stress and during times of nutritional deprivation. here we present evidence that in exponentially growing salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis, dps is vital for protection against the common killing mechanism of bactericidal antibiotics, a mechanism manifested by hydroxyl radical production via the fenton reaction. a dps deletion mutant ('dps mutant') was hypersensitive to the ...201121295952
class 1 integrons and virulence genes in salmonella enterica isolates from pork and humans.in this study, 183 salmonella enterica isolates were characterised for integrons and virulence genes. among the isolates, 46% were positive for inti1, but no isolates carried inti2 or inti3. eighteen class 1 integrons (21%) contained resistance gene cassettes (i.e. dfra1-orfc, dfra12-aada2, bla(pse-1) and aada2) and five class 1 integrons with the dfra12-aada2 array were conjugally transferable. two salmonella pork isolates of serotypes albany and kedougou possessed salmonella genomic island 1 v ...201121295950
a sorting platform determines the order of protein secretion in bacterial type iii systems.bacterial type iii protein secretion systems deliver effector proteins into eukaryotic cells in order to modulate cellular processes. central to the function of these protein-delivery machines is their ability to recognize and secrete substrates in a defined order. here, we describe a mechanism by which a type iii secretion system from the bacterial enteropathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium can sort its substrates before secretion. this mechanism involves a cytoplasmic sorting platf ...201121292939
cell invasion of poultry-associated salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis isolates is associated with pathogenicity, motility and proteins secreted by the type iii secretion system.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) is a major cause of food-borne gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. poultry and poultry products are considered the major vehicles of transmission to humans. using cell invasiveness as a surrogate marker for pathogenicity, we tested the invasiveness of 53 poultry-associated isolates of s. enteritidis in a well-differentiated intestinal epithelial cell model (caco-2). the method allowed classification of the isolates into low (n?=?7), mediu ...201121292746
rapid and simple detection of the inva gene in salmonella spp. by isothermal target and probe amplification (itpa).salmonella spp. are an important cause of food-borne infections throughout world, and the availability of rapid and simple detection techniques is critical for the food industry. salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis and typhimurium cause the majority of human gastroenteritis infections, and there are a reported 40,000 cases of salmonellosis in the united states each year.201121291479
a conserved surface loop in type i dehydroquinate dehydratases positions an active site arginine and functions in substrate binding.dehydroquinate dehydratase (dhqd) catalyzes the third step in the biosynthetic shikimate pathway. we present three crystal structures of the salmonella enterica type i dhqd that address the functionality of a surface loop that is observed to close over the active site following substrate binding. two wild-type structures with differing loop conformations and kinetic and structural studies of a mutant provide evidence of both direct and indirect mechanisms of involvement of the loop in substrate ...201121291284
glycomimicry: display of fucosylation on the lipo-oligosaccharide of recombinant escherichia coli k12.we recently described the design of escherichia coli k12 and salmonella enterica sv typhimurium to display the gangliomannoside 3 (gm3) antigen on the cell surface. we report here the fucosylation of modified lipooligosaccharide in a recombinant e.coli strain with a truncated lipid a core due to deletion of the core glycosyltransferases genes waao and waab. this truncated structure was used as a scaffold to assemble the lewis y motif by consequent action of the heterologously expressed ß-1,4 gal ...201121286806
common architecture of the flagellar type iii protein export apparatus and f- and v-type atpases.the proteins that form the bacterial flagellum are translocated to its distal end through the central channel of the growing flagellum by the flagellar-specific protein export apparatus, a family of the type iii protein secretion system. flii and flij are soluble components of this apparatus. flii is an atpase that has extensive structural similarity to the +¦ and +¦ subunits of f(o)f(1)-atp synthase. flij is essential for export, but its function remains obscure. here we show that the structure ...201121278755
eal domain protein ydiv acts as an anti-flhd4c2 factor responsible for nutritional control of the flagellar regulon in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.flagellar operons are divided into three classes with respect to their transcriptional hierarchy in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. the class 1 gene products flhd and flhc act together in an flhd(4)c(2) heterohexamer, which binds upstream of the class 2 promoters to facilitate binding of rna polymerase. in this study, we showed that flagellar expression was much reduced in the cells grown in poor medium compared to those grown in rich medium. this nutritional control was shown to be exe ...201121278297
novel virulence gene and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (crispr) multilocus sequence typing scheme for subtyping of the major serovars of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica is the leading cause of bacterial food-borne disease in the united states. molecular subtyping methods are powerful tools for tracking the farm-to-fork spread of food-borne pathogens during outbreaks. in order to develop a novel multilocus sequence typing (mlst) scheme for subtyping the major serovars of s. enterica subsp. enterica, the virulence genes ssel and fimh and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (crispr) loci were sequenced from ...201121278266
prevalence of multiple drug resistance and screening of enterotoxin (stn) gene in salmonella enterica serovars from water sources in lagos, nigeria.to determine the prevalence, antibiotic resistance and carriage of enterotoxin (stn) gene among strains of salmonella isolated from water sources in lagos.201121277605
kinetic model-based prediction of the persistence of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium under tropical agricultural field conditions.aim: present a kinetic model-based approach for using isothermal data to predict the survival of manure-borne enteric bacteria under dynamic conditions in an agricultural environment. methods and results: a model to predict the survival of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium under dynamic temperature conditions in soil in the field was developed. the working hypothesis was that the inactivation phenomena associated with the survival kinetics of an organism in an agricultural matrix under d ...201121276148
survival of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in manure and manure-amended soil under tropical climatic conditions in sub-saharan africa.aims:  to establish the fate of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella typhimurium in manure and manure-amended agricultural soils under tropical conditions in sub-saharan africa. methods and results:  survival of nonvirulent e. coli o157:h7 and salm. typhimurium at 4 and 7 log cfu g(-1) in manure and manure-amended soil maintained at ≥80% r.h. or exposed to exclusive field or screen house conditions was determined in the central agro-ecological zone of uganda. maintaining the matrices at high ...201121276146
dna supercoiling is differentially regulated by environmental factors and fis in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica.although escherichia coli and salmonella enterica inhabit similar niches and employ similar genetic regulatory programmes, we find that they differ significantly in their dna supercoiling responses to environmental and antibiotic challenges. whereas e. coli demonstrates large dynamic transitions in supercoiling in response to growth phase, osmotic pressure and novobiocin treatment, supercoiling levels are much less variable in s. enterica. the fis protein is a global regulator of supercoiling in ...201121276095
robustness of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction for diagnostic applications.we evaluated the robustness of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) of dna for bacterial diagnostic applications. salmonella enterica serovar typhi was used as the target organism and compared with a real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) for testing assay performance and reproducibly, as well as the impact of ph and temperature stability. this isothermal amplification method appeared to be particularly robust across 2 ph units (7.3-9.3) and temperature values (57-67 °c). the detection limit ...201121276085
geographical and temporal dissemination of salmonellae isolated from domestic animal hosts in the culiacan valley, mexico.the prevalence and diversity of salmonellae from domestic animal hosts were investigated in the culiacan valley, mexico. a total of 240 farm animal feces (cows, chicken, and sheep) were evaluated for salmonella spp. presence from july 2008 to june 2009. salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strains were isolated from 76 samples (31.7%), and 20 serotypes were identified being salmonella oranienburg (25%), salmonella give (14%), salmonella saintpaul (12%), and salmonella minnesota (11%) the most fre ...201121274525
host specific differences alter the requirement for certain salmonella genes during swine colonization.the pathogenic potential of salmonella is determined during the complex interaction between pathogen and host, requiring optimal regulation of multiple bacterial genetic systems within variable in vivo environments. the mouse model of systemic disease has been an extremely productive model to investigate the pathogenesis of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium). although the mouse model is a widely used paradigm for studying the pathogenesis of systemic disease caused by salmo ...201121273009
salmonella enterica serotype gambia with ctx-m-3 and arma resistance markers: nosocomial infections with a fatal outcome.we report two cases of bacteremia caused by the salmonella enterica serotype gambia in our children's hospital, with one fatal outcome. the isolates showed indistinguishable genotypes and infrequent resistance markers: ctx-m-3 extended-spectrum ß-lactamase and arma methyltransferase. this is the first report of s. gambia exhibiting ctx-m-3 and arma markers involved in serious infections.201121270227
transfer and internalisation of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in cabbage cultivated on contaminated manure-amended soil under tropical field conditions in sub-saharan africa.surface contamination and internalisation of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella typhimurium in cabbage leaf tissues at harvest (120 days post-transplantation) following amendment of contaminated bovine manure to soil at different times during crop cultivation were investigated under tropical field conditions in the central agro-ecological zone of uganda. fresh bovine manure inoculated with rifampicin-resistant derivatives of non-virulent strains of e. coli o157:h7 and s. typhimurium was inc ...201121269720
change in attachment of salmonella typhimurium, yersinia enterocolitica, and listeria monocytogenes to pork skin and muscle after hot water and lactic acid decontamination.the attachment of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium, yersinia enterocolitica, and listeria monocytogenes to pig skin and muscle tissue decontaminated with 80 °c water or 55 °c, 1% lactic acid for 5 and 15s was investigated. attachment properties differed between skin and muscle surfaces. a significantly higher number of firmly attached bacteria was found on the decontaminated skin surface compared to the non-treated skin surface, both on hot water (p<0.0001) and on lactic a ...201021269717
[cloning and identification of ipaj gene in salmonella pullorum].cloning of ipaj gene from salmonella pullorum c79-13, and identification of expressed ipaj protein as an immunogen of the pathogen.201021268902
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