Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| presence of alpha and a mating types in environmental and clinical collections of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii strains from australia. | cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii lives in association with certain species of eucalyptus trees and is a causative agent of cryptococcosis. it exists as two mating types, matalpha and mata, which is determined by a single-locus, two-allele system. in the closely related c. neoformans var. neoformans, the alpha mating type has been found to outnumber its a counterpart by at least 30:1, but there have been very limited data on the proportions of each mating type in c. neoformans var. gattii. in ... | 1999 | 10449476 |
| synthesis and biological evaluation of [alpha-(1,5-disubstituted 1h-pyrazol-4-yl)benzyl]azoles, analogues of bifonazole. | a series of pyrazole analogues of bifonazole, an antifungal drug used in clinical practice, 2a-h and 4a-h were synthesized and tested in vitro against candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans and aspergillus fumigatus, with no significant results. imidazoles 2a-h were also tested in vivo for antiarrhythmic and antihypertensive activities; two of these compounds showed moderate activity against ventricular fibrillation caused by aconitine in rats. the above compounds were prepared by reaction of ... | 1999 | 10443021 |
| antibodies reactive with the cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan are present in sera from children with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. | antibodies reactive with the cryptococcal polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan (gxm) are present in sera from both human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-uninfected and -infected adults. however, the prevalence of these antibodies in us children is unknown. an antigen-capture elisa was used to determine the presence, serotype specificity, isotype, and igg subclass distribution of antibodies to gxm in sera from 27 hiv-uninfected and 34 hiv-infected children. the children were of similar age and socioec ... | 1999 | 10438394 |
| monoclonal antibody-mediated toxicity in cryptococcus neoformans infection: mechanism and relationship to antibody isotype. | antibody reagents represent an alternative for the therapy of human cryptococcosis, and monoclonal antibody 18b7 (igg1) is a candidate for phase i trial in humans with cryptococcosis. however, antibody administration to mice with established cryptococcus neoformans infection has been reported to produce acute lethal toxicity (alt). the present study confirmed this phenomenon and investigated the mechanism of alt. alt was associated with hemoconcentration, hypotension, and circulatory collapse; h ... | 1999 | 10438368 |
| comparative study of the in vitro antifungal activity of bifonazole, naftifine and sertaconazole against yeasts. | the in vitro activity of three antifungal agents was tested and compared against 151 yeast strains, including ten candida species, cryptococcus neoformans, rhodotorula rubra, and trichosporon cutaneum. minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) were determined by a microdilution technique in shadomy modified liquid medium. the mean mics of sertaconazole (0.34 mg/l) were lower than those of naftifine (16.3 mg/l) and bifonazole (13.2 mg/l). these results suggest that sertaconazole is more active aga ... | 1999 | 10435679 |
| molecular typing of global isolates of cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans by polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting and randomly amplified polymorphic dna-a pilot study to standardize techniques on which to base a detailed epidemiological survey. | a total of 356 clinical isolates of the encapsulated basidiomycetous fungus cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans, obtained from australia, argentina, brazil, india, italy, new zealand, papua new guinea, south africa, thailand and the usa, were analyzed to lay the basis for a comprehensive evaluation of the global genetic structure of c. neoformans. two polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based typing techniques were standardized: pcr fingerprinting using a single primer specific to minisatellite ... | 1999 | 10435451 |
| [non-culture based laboratory diagnosis of sepsis]. | blood culture is clearly the most important diagnostic procedure for sepsis. in the majority of cases, however, it yields negative results when bacterial or fungal sepsis is strongly suspected in view of an excellent response to antibacterial or antifungal medication. this is likely because infecting microbes have already been too seriously damaged in the blood stream to grow in culture media. therefore, various tests have been devised to detect cellular components of pathogens including endotox ... | 1999 | 10434564 |
| cryptococcal peritonitis: report of a case and review of the literature. | we describe a patient diagnosed with aids and cirrhosis who had recently suffered a self-limited and non-specific esophageal ulceration. after this, he was hospitalized because of an oral bleeding with fatal evolution, and cryptococcus neoformans was isolated from ascitic fluid during a routine paracenteses. we have reviewed the literature and, since 1963, only another 10 cases of cryptococcal peritonitis have been reported. a liver disease and not the aids (surprisingly, our case is the only re ... | 1999 | 10430306 |
| a novel injectable water-soluble amphotericin b-arabinogalactan conjugate. | new, stable, highly water-soluble, nontoxic polysaccharide conjugates of amphotericin b (amb) are described. amb was conjugated by a schiff-base reaction with oxidized arabinogalactan (ag). ag is a highly branched natural polysaccharide with unusual water solubility (70% in water). a high yield of active amb was obtained with the conjugates which were similarly highly water soluble and which could be appropriately formulated for injection. they showed comparable mics for candida albicans and cry ... | 1999 | 10428922 |
| heteroresistance to fluconazole and voriconazole in cryptococcus neoformans. | cryptococcus neoformans isolates that exhibited unusual patterns of resistance to fluconazole and voriconazole were isolated from seven isolates from two different geographical regions: one isolate from an israeli non-aids patient and six serial isolates from an italian aids patient who had suffered six recurrent episodes of cryptococcal meningitis. each isolate produced cultures with heterogeneous compositions in which most of the cells were susceptible, but cells highly resistant to fluconazol ... | 1999 | 10428902 |
| microbial transformation of sampangine. | microbial transformation studies of the antifungal alkaloid sampangine (2) have revealed that it is metabolized by a number of microorganisms. using a standard two-stage fermentation technique, beauvaria bassiana (atcc 7159), doratomyces microsporus (atcc 16225), and filobasidiella neoformans (atcc 10226) produced the 4'-o-methyl-beta-glucopyranose conjugate (3), while absidia glauca (atcc 22752), cunninghamella elegans (atcc 9245), cunninghamella species (nrrl 5695), and rhizopus arrhizus (atcc ... | 1999 | 10425122 |
| comparative evaluation of fungitest-, neo-sensitabs- and m27t-nccls broth microdilution methods for antifungal drug susceptibility testing of candida species and cryptococcus neoformans. | two commercial antifungal susceptibility testing systems (fungitest and neo-sensitabs) were compared with the m27t-nccls reference broth microdilution method using one hundred isolates of candida sp. and crptococcus neoformans. six different antifungal drugs were tested: amphotericin b, 5-fluorocytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole and miconazole. the overall agreement between the fungitest and the reference methods was much better than between the neo-sensitabs and the reference met ... | 1999 | 10424089 |
| [controversial points in the treatment of patients with haematologic malignancies complicated with systemic fungal infections]. | prophylaxis and treatments for fungal infections differ with the infection type. however, the eradication of risk factors for outbreak of fungal infections, and the usage of appropriate antifungal agents are universally important to prevent these infections. for infections due to intrinsic fungi such as candida spp., risk factors such as changes in normal flora by aggressive and prolonged broad-spectrum antibiotics therapy should not be permitted to emerge. on the other hand, infections due to e ... | 1999 | 10423582 |
| in vitro effect of lung surfactant on alveolar macrophage defence mechanisms against cryptococcus neoformans. | the effects of a modified natural porcine surfactant (curosurf) on phagocytosis and killing of cryptococcus neoformans by alveolar macrophages and on the production of superoxide anions were investigated in vitro. attachment and ingestion were evaluated separately by a fluorescent quenching technique. the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test was used as an indirect measurement of superoxide anion production. killing was assessed by a colony-forming assay. surfactant induced increased ingestion o ... | 1998 | 10422270 |
| isolation of a human serum protein that inhibits the growth of cryptococcus neoformans. | human serum at 5 to 10% (v/v) in tissue culture medium rpmi-1640, inhibits the growth of cryptococcus neoformans by 80 to 93%. serum fractionated on molecular sieve columns (sephadex g-200) yielded an active protein fraction. this fraction at 100 micrograms protein/ml inhibited the growth of c. neoformans by 54%. when an active g-200 fraction was applied to a dye affinity column (affi-gel blue) the fraction with inhibitory activity was bound by the column and was eluted with 1.4 m nacl in 0.1 m ... | 1998 | 10422267 |
| scanning electron microscopy of encapsulated and non-encapsulated cryptococcus neoformans and the effect of glucose on capsular polysaccharide release. | cryptococcus neoformans has a polysaccharide capsule composed primarily of glucuronoxylomannan (gxm). this study focuses on the morphology of both encapsulated and non-encapsulated organisms in the presence and absence of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) and serum proteins, and the effect of glucose on capsular polysaccharide release. examination of the encapsulated c. neoformans strains 24067 and 34873 by scanning electron microscopy (sem) revealed globular cells covered with a loose fibrillar netw ... | 1999 | 10421858 |
| melanin as a potential cryptococcal defence against microbicidal proteins. | cryptococcus neoformans is an important fungal pathogen that synthesizes melanin when grown in the presence of phenolic substrates. the ability of c. neoformans to produce melanin is associated with virulence, but the specific role of melanin in the pathogenesis of infection is not clear. in this study the ability of c. neoformans melanin to bind proteins and protect against microbicidal peptides was investigated. melanin was shown to bind a variety of proteins of fungal and mammalian origin. me ... | 1999 | 10421849 |
| fungemia during murine cryptococcosis sheds some light on pathophysiology. | we studied fungemia over time in outbred mice infected with cryptococcus neoformans and looked at its relationship with the intravenous (i.v.) inoculum size, tissue burden and survival. fungemia was evaluated by culture of 10 microl of peripheral blood from living mice or by culture of buffy coats from sacrificed animals. for all inoculum sizes studied, fungemia could last several weeks after the i.v. inoculation. individual susceptibility of outbred mice to cryptococcal infection was evidenced ... | 1999 | 10421848 |
| production of nitric oxide by rat alveolar macrophages stimulated by cryptococcus neoformans or aspergillus fumigatus. | cryptococcus neoformans and aspergillus fumigatus are airborne fungi and the alveolar macrophages (am) constitute a first line of host defence against both pathogens. we investigated the ability of rat am to produce nitric oxide (no) when challenged in vitro with c. neoformans, a. fumigatus conidia or inert silica particles alone and together with interferon gamma (ifn-gamma). the role of no in the killing of c. neoformans as well as the relationship between phagocytosis of the yeast or a. fumig ... | 1999 | 10421846 |
| renal lesions associated with aids--an autopsy study. | kidneys from 55 cases (20 with hiv infection and 35 with aids) were studied by routine haematoxylin and eosin stains and special stains (pas, pasm gms, zn, mucicarmine and congo red) to evaluate, glomerular, interstitial and vascular pathology. twenty-four of the 35 (68.6%) cases of aids showed infective aetiology which included 17 cases (48.5%) of tuberculosis, 5 cases (14.4%) of fungal infection (3 cryptococcus neoformans and 2 candida species) and 2 cases (5.7%) of cmv infection. other lesion ... | 1999 | 10420686 |
| [a cryptococcal granuloma of the midbrain]. | the paper describes the most infrequent case of cryptococcal granuloma of the midbrain in a hiv-negative female patient aged 41 years. the patient with midbrain lesion without signs of meningitis was found to have a bulky midbrain opercular formation that was regarded as a nodal glioma. the diagnosis of cryptococcal granuloma was established after removal of the formation (via occipito-transtentorial access with dissection of the lamina tecti) and pathomorphological examination. microbiological ... | 1999 | 10420545 |
| fatal biphasic brainstem and spinal leptomeningitis with cryptococcus neoformans in a non-immunocompromised child. | cryptococcal meningitis is one of the most common life-threatening, invasive fungal infections of the central nervous system in patients with defective t-lymphocyte function. it is, however, unusual in children. we report on a non-immunocompromised 10-y-old boy without evidence of immunological abnormality who developed headache, vomiting, disturbances of consciousness and areflexia. magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and the spinal cord revealed enlargement of the ventricles and high signa ... | 1999 | 10419256 |
| azaanthraquinone: an antimicrobial alkaloid from mitracarpus scaber. | an ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of mitracarpus scaber demonstrated good antimicrobial activity. bioassay directed fractionation of this extract led to the isolation of benz[g]isoquinoline-5,10-dione (1) as an active component. compound 1 showed significant in vitro inhibitory activity against the aids-related pathogens. | 1999 | 10418332 |
| molecular analysis of the cryptococcus neoformans ade2 gene, a selectable marker for transformation and gene disruption. | cryptococcus neoformans is an important fungal pathogen of man. the incidence of cryptococcal disease has increased dramatically in patients immunocompromised because of hiv infection, organ transplantation, or treatment with cytotoxic chemotherapy or corticosteroids. this organism is an excellent model for molecular dissection of fungal pathogenesis and virulence factors. here we report the nucleotide sequence of the c. neoformans serotype d genomic ade2 gene, which encodes a phosphoribosylamin ... | 1999 | 10413613 |
| comparative performance of the rapid yeast plus system and the api 20c aux clinical yeast system. | the performance of the rapid yeast plus system (innovative diagnostic systems, norcross, ga.), a 4-h micropanel using single-substrate enzymatic test reactions, was compared with that of the api 20c aux clinical yeast system (biomerieux vitek, hazelwood, mo.), a 48- to 72-h carbohydrate assimilation panel. two hundred twenty-five yeasts, yeast-like fungi, and algae, comprising 28 species and including 30 isolates of cryptococcus neoformans, an important pathogen not tested in appreciable numbers ... | 1999 | 10405424 |
| fluconazole, with or without dexamethasone for experimental cryptococcosis: impact of treatment timing. | the time of initiation of fluconazole treatment with or without dexamethasone, and the impact on mycological outcome and drug pharmacokinetics were assessed in a murine model of disseminated cryptococcosis. non-infected mice and mice with disseminated cryptococcosis were given saline, dexamethasone, or fluconazole +/- dexamethasone, 1 or 8 days after infection. cfus were counted in tissues, and fluconazole concentrations were determined in plasma and tissues by hplc and a bioassay. despite fluco ... | 1999 | 10404321 |
| interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma)-dependent protection and synthesis of chemoattractants for mononuclear leucocytes caused by il-12 in the lungs of mice infected with cryptococcus neoformans. | we have recently demonstrated that il-12 induced cellular inflammatory responses consisting mainly of accumulation of mononuclear leucocytes in the lungs of mice infected with cryptococcus neoformans and protected mice against fulminant infection. we examined the involvement of endogenously synthesized ifn-gamma in such a response by investigating the effects of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against this cytokine. the latter treatment completely abrogated the positive effects of il-12 on su ... | 1999 | 10403924 |
| acquisition, transport, and storage of iron by pathogenic fungi. | iron is required by most living systems. a great variety of means of acquisition, avenues of uptake, and methods of storage are used by pathogenic fungi to ensure a supply of the essential metal. solubilization of insoluble iron polymers is the first step in iron assimilation. the two methods most commonly used by microorganisms for solubilization of iron are reduction and chelation. reduction of ferric iron to ferrous iron by enzymatic or nonenzymatic means is a common mechanism among pathogeni ... | 1999 | 10398672 |
| antibody to capsular polysaccharide enhances the function of neutrophils from patients with aids against cryptococcus neoformans. | to determine the contribution of anti-glucuronoxylomannan monoclonal antibody (mab18b7) to the fungicidal capacity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmnl) from hiv-infected patients towards cryptococcus neoformans. | 1999 | 10397559 |
| synthetic analogues of irlbacholine: a novel antifungal plant metabolite isolated from irlbachia alata. | irlbacholine and a series of related analogues were synthesized and their antifungal activities against candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans, and aspergillus fumigatus were assessed. the natural bisphosphocholine, irlbacholine, was the most potent compound, its 22-carbon chain length appearing to be optimal. | 1999 | 10395496 |
| the green colour effect (gce) of the killer strain cryptococcus laurentii cbs 139 on staib agar. | attention is drawn to the observation that the type strain cryptococcus laurentii cbs 139, producing killer toxins (mycocins) directed at cr. neoformans var. gattii, causes a green colour effect (gce) on staib agar (guizotia abyssinica creatinine agar) in combination with an intense assimilation of creatinine. five (9.6%) out of 52 strains of cr. laurentii of various origin, showed a gce and intense creatinine assimilation. further research must show if all cr. laurentii strains, characterized b ... | 1999 | 10394857 |
| dosage adjustment of fluconazole during continuous renal replacement therapy (cavh, cvvh, cavhd, cvvhd). | continuous arterio-venous haemofiltration (cavh), continuous veno-venous haemofiltration (cvvh), continuous arterio-venous haemodialysis (cavhd) and continuous veno-venous haemodialysis (cvvhd) are increasingly used in patients with acute renal failure (arf). the elimination rate of fluconazole varies considerably depending on the procedure used. (in germany, fluconazole is approved for the treatment of life-threatening fungal infections caused by candida spp. and cryptococcus neoformans at a do ... | 1999 | 10394842 |
| administration of fluconazole in children below 1 year of age. | for this review, 78 studies regarding the use of fluconazole in a total of 726 children below 1 year of age were evaluated. the range of fluconazole dosage was 2-50 mg kg-1 day-1, with 162 days being the maximum duration of treatment. according to current experience, fluconazole seems to be well tolerated and efficacious against systemic candidosis and candidaemia in children below 1 year of age, including neonates and very low-birthweight infants (vlbwis). the recommended daily dosage is 6 mg k ... | 1999 | 10394841 |
| rapid diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis by microscopic examination of centrifuged cerebrospinal fluid sediment. | the classic india ink test is positive in only half of cryptococcal meningitis cases, and reliable, rapid cryptococcal antigen (crag) testing requires technical expertise and facilities not always available. we therefore examined cerebrospinal fluid (csf) sediment using may-giemsa, periodic acid-schiff, and gram stains in 16 patients with cryptococcal meningitis. the india ink test was positive in seven patients (44%), while microscopic examination of sediment revealed cryptococci in 13 (81%); i ... | 1999 | 10385051 |
| [meningitis by cryptococcus neoformans in patients with hiv infection]. | to review a serie of patients with cryptococcal meningitis and immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) treated in our hospital in the last two years. | 1999 | 10377722 |
| phthalein derivatives as a new tool for selectivity in thymidylate synthase inhibition. | a new set of phthalein derivatives stemming from the lead compound, phenolphthalein, were designed to specifically complement structural features of a bacterial form of thymidylate synthase (lactobacillus casei, lcts) versus the human ts (hts) enzyme. the new compounds were screened for their activity and their specificity against ts enzymes from different species, namely, l. casei (lcts), pneumocystis carinii (pcts), cryptococcus neoformans (cnts), and human thymidylate synthase (hts). apparent ... | 1999 | 10377217 |
| differential regulation of immune responses by highly and weakly virulent cryptococcus neoformans isolates. | early inflammatory responses, delayed-type hypersensitivity (dth) responses, and cytokine profiles were studied in mice infected by the pulmonary route with either a highly virulent isolate (nu-2) or a weakly virulent isolate (184a) of cryptococcus neoformans. after infection, nu-2 remained in the lungs and the capsule became more pronounced during the first 24 h, whereas 184a induced an immediate inflammatory reaction and was rapidly cleared from the lungs. cryptococcal antigen (gxm) appeared i ... | 1999 | 10377145 |
| differential effect of cryptococcus neoformans on the production of il-12p40 and il-10 by murine macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and gamma interferon. | in the present study, we examined the in vitro effect of cryptococcus neoformans on the production of interleukin-12 (il-12) and il-10 by murine macrophages. at a dose of 1 x 10(5), 1 x 10(6) or 1 x 10(7) ml-1, a highly virulent strain of c. neoformans (strain yc-11) suppressed the production of il-12p40 by a murine macrophage cell line, j774.1 stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (lps) and interferon (ifn)-gamma, while the production of il-10 was not inhibited, but rather slightly augmented. the ... | 1999 | 10361712 |
| regiospecific synthesis of pyrido[3,4-b]- and pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole-5,11-dione derivatives. evaluation of their in vitro antifungal or antiprotozoological activities. | hetero diels-alder reactions between 2- or 3-bromocarbazolequinones 1a or 1b and azadiene 5 afford regiospecifically pyrido[3,4-b]- and pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole-3,5,11-triones 6a and 6b. the regiochemistry of the cycloadditions is controlled by the position of the bromine atom at c-2 or c-3 of the bromoquinone. the corresponding n- and o-methyl derivatives 7 and 8 are prepared. structural assignment of the regioisomers is made by 1h-nmr nuclear overhauser effect difference experiments performed on ... | 1999 | 10361697 |
| fever and human immunodeficiency virus infection as sentinels for emerging mycobacterial and fungal bloodstream infections in hospitalized patients >/=15 years old, bangkok. | to determine the etiology of bloodstream infections (bsis) in hospitalized patients >/=15 years old in thailand, prospectively enrolled, consecutive febrile (>/=38 degrees c) patients were admitted to one hospital during february-april 1997. after a patient history was taken and a physical examination was performed, blood was obtained for comprehensive culture and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) testing. of 246 study patients, 119 (48%) had bsis, and 182 (74%) were infected with hiv. the 2 mo ... | 1999 | 10353865 |
| recovery of cryptococcus neoformans from the nasopharynx of aids patients. | nasopharyngeal swabbings, obtained from aids patients, were plated onto niger seed agar containing antibiotics cryptococcus neoformans was isolated from 35 out of 84 patients (41.7%) diagnosed as primary cryptococcal cases before antifungal administration, and 8 out of 86 (9.3%) cryptococcosis patients on antifungal therapy. the fungus could not be isolated from any of 447 samples from 194 aids patients not diagnosed with cryptococcosis. these findings are novel in that the presence of c. neofor ... | 1998 | 10353208 |
| human defenses against cryptococcus neoformans: an update. | cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen, especially in aids patients, and is found world-wide. on the other hand, cryptococcus neoformans var. gatti (cn-g) is restricted to an association with two species of eucalyptus trees. alveolar macrophages (am) constitute the first line of defense to cryptococcus neoformans and offers some resistance. the inflammatory response to cryptococcus neoformans with an influx of neutrophils and monocytes affords a second line o ... | 1998 | 10353206 |
| cryptococcosis of thoracic vertebra simulating tuberculosis: diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration biopsy cytology--a case report. | a rare case of cryptococcosis of sixth thoracic vertebra (t6) along with pulmonary involvement in an old diabetic patient is presented. the infection resulted in lytic lesion of t6 vertebra and girdle pain. a computerized tomographic (ct) guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (fnab) cytology was performed, which showed encapsulated fungal spores of cryptococcus neoformans with granulomatous reaction, later confirmed by fungal culture. | 1999 | 10352914 |
| characterization of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene [correction of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate gene] and the use of its promoter for heterologous expression in cryptococcus neoformans, a human pathogen. | the gpd gene encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was isolated from cryptococcus neoformans, a heterobasidiomycetous yeast that is pathogenic to humans. the gene contains 11 introns, differing from the conserved intron positions found in the gpd genes of basidiomycetes. the predicted amino-acid sequence of this gene is extremely similar to that reported from gpd proteins of other basidiomycetes. the promoter region of the c. neoformans gpd gene was similar to those of other basidiom ... | 1999 | 10352226 |
| [the evaluation of the specific type of capsular polysaccharide of cryptococcus neoformans as an immunogen and positive-control antigen]. | the specific type of capsular polysaccharide of an autochthonous strain of cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans was obtained by using the method of selective precipitation with hexadimethrine bromide. the capsular polysaccharide was matched to lamb's erythrocytes and it was used as an immunogen in rabbits. antibody titres of up to 1:32 were attained. doble serial dilutions of the capsular polysaccharide were evaluated as positive control antigen by contraimmunoelectrophoresis, latex and elisa ... | 1998 | 10349445 |
| [the identification of cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans in cuban clinical isolates]. | 50 strains of cryptococcus neoformans of clinical origin were studied by using the canavanine-glycine-bromothymol blue (cgb) medium. 56% of the strains were isolated from aids patients, and 16% belonged to patients with kidney transplantation. 90% of the samples were obtained from the samples of cerebrospinal fluid, which corresponded to the classical form of presentation of cryptococcosis. all the strains were identified as c. neoformans var. neoformans, coinciding with previous reports made in ... | 1998 | 10349438 |
| in vitro susceptibilities of candida and cryptococcus neoformans isolates from blood cultures of neutropenic patients. | fluconazole-resistant candida albicans and intrinsically fluconazole-resistant candida species have been reported as bloodstream isolates. however, an association between the isolation of fluconazole-resistant candida from the bloodstream and patient risk factors for fungemia has not been established. the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of fluconazole resistance in bloodstream isolates of candida species and cryptococcus neoformans collected from patients with neutropenia, ... | 1999 | 10348771 |
| in vitro antifungal activity of nikkomycin z in combination with fluconazole or itraconazole. | nikkomycins are nucleoside-peptide antibiotics produced by streptomyces species with antifungal activities through the inhibition of chitin synthesis. we investigated the antifungal activities of nikkomycin z alone and in combination with fluconazole and itraconazole. checkerboard synergy studies were carried out by a macrobroth dilution procedure with rpmi 1640 medium at ph 6.0. at least 10 strains of the following fungi were tested: candida albicans, other candida spp., cryptococcus neoformans ... | 1999 | 10348760 |
| mulundocandin, an echinocandin-like lipopeptide antifungal agent: biological activities in vitro. | mulundocandin (mcn) is an antifungal lipopeptide which belongs to the echinocandin class of antimycotic agents. mcn exhibited good in vitro activity against candida albicans and c. glabrata isolates with mic ranges of 0.5-4.0 microg/ml and 2.0-4.0 microg/ml, respectively. mcn also exhibited some activity against c. tropicalis isolates (mic range 1.0-8.0 microg/ml). however, mcn was poorly active against other non-albicans isolates and was inactive against cryptococcus neoformans, aspergillus spe ... | 1999 | 10348047 |
| antifungal jujubogenin saponins from colubrina retusa. | antifungal assay-guided isolation of the 95% ethanol extract of the stems of colubrina retusa yielded jujubogenin 3-o-alpha-l-arabinofuranosyl(1-->2)-[beta-d-glucopyranosyl (1-->3)]-alpha-l-arabinopyranoside (1), which showed modest growth-inhibitory effects against candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans, and aspergillus fumigatus (mics, 50 microg/ml). in addition, two new minor saponins, jujubogenin 3-o-alpha-l-arabinofuranosyl(1-->2)-[2-o-(trans, cis)p-coumaroyl-beta-d-glucopyranosyl(1-->3) ... | 1999 | 10346942 |
| in vitro and in vivo stability of a cryptococcus neoformans [corrected] glucuronoxylomannan epitope that elicits protective antibodies. | the monoclonal antibody (mab) 2h1 defines an epitope in cryptococcus neoformans capsular glucuronoxylomannan (gxm) that can elicit protective antibodies. in murine models of cryptococcosis, mab 2h1 administration prolongs survival and reduces fungal burden but seldom clears the infection. the mechanism by which c. neoformans persists and escape antibody-mediated clearance is not understood. one possibility is that variants that do not bind mab 2h1 emerge in the course of infection. using an aggl ... | 1999 | 10338526 |
| [neurologic cryptococcosis: meningitis of the immunosuppressed patient]. | 1999 | 10333698 | |
| rapamycin antifungal action is mediated via conserved complexes with fkbp12 and tor kinase homologs in cryptococcus neoformans. | cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen that causes meningitis in patients immunocompromised by aids, chemotherapy, organ transplantation, or high-dose steroids. current antifungal drug therapies are limited and suffer from toxic side effects and drug resistance. here, we defined the targets and mechanisms of antifungal action of the immunosuppressant rapamycin in c. neoformans. in the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae and in t cells, rapamycin forms complexes with the fkbp12 prolyl isomerase ... | 1999 | 10330150 |
| in vitro antifungal susceptibilities of candida albicans and other fungal pathogens to polygodial, a sesquiterpene dialdehyde. | in vitro antifungal activities of polygodial were investigated against several fungal pathogens. polygodial showed strong antifungal activity, comparable to amphotericin b, against yeast-like fungi candida albicans, c. utilis, c. krusei, cryptococcus neoformans, saccharomyces cerevisiae and also filamentous fungi including trichophyton mentagrophytes, t. ruburum, and penicillium marneffei. other strains such as aspergillus fumigatus, a. flavus, p. chrysogenum, c. lipolytica, and c. tropicalis sh ... | 1999 | 10232062 |
| inositol acylation of glycosylphosphatidylinositols in the pathogenic fungus cryptococcus neoformans and the model yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. | cryptococcus neoformans, an opportunistic fungus responsible for life-threatening infection in immunocompromised patients, is able to synthesize glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi) structures. radiolabelling experiments in vitro with the use of a cryptococcal cell-free system showed that the pathway begins as in other eukaryotes, with the addition of n-acetylglucosamine to phosphatidylinositol, followed by deacetylation of the sugar residue. the third step, acylation of the inositol ring, seemed ... | 1999 | 10229655 |
| [a case of meningoencephalitis with difficulty in diagnosing]. | 1999 | 10226295 | |
| genetic and physiologic characterization of ferric/cupric reductase constitutive mutants of cryptococcus neoformans. | cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic yeast that causes meningitis in immunocompromised patients. because iron acquisition is critical for growth of a pathogen in a host, we studied the regulation of the ferric reductase and ferrous uptake system of this organism. we isolated 18 mutants, representing four independent loci, with dysregulated ferric reductase. the mutant strains had >10-fold higher than wild-type wt reductase activity in the presence of iron. two of the strains also had >7-fold ... | 1999 | 10225895 |
| antibody response to cryptococcus neoformans proteins in rodents and humans. | the prevalence and specificity of serum antibodies to cryptococcus neoformans proteins was studied in mice and rats with experimental infection, in individuals with or without a history of potential laboratory exposure to c. neoformans, human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive individuals who developed cryptococcosis, in matched samples from hiv-positive individuals who did not develop cryptococcosis, and in hiv-negative individuals. rodents had little or no serum antibody reactive with c. ne ... | 1999 | 10225877 |
| hiv combination therapy: immune restitution causing cryptococcal lymphadenitis dramatically improved by anti-inflammatory therapy. | two patients with aids developed microscopically verified focal cryptococcal lymphadenitis while treated with highly active anti-retroviral therapy for 8 and 15 months. both were treated with fluconazole as a secondary prophylaxis for prior cryptococcal meningitis. cryptococcus neoformans did not grow. amphotericin was ineffective. anti-inflammatory drugs had a dramatic effect. | 1998 | 10225395 |
| identification of medically significant fungal genera by polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction enzyme analysis. | rapid non-culture-dependent assays for identification of fungi quicken diagnosis and prompt treatment of invasive fungal disease. fungal dna extracts from pure cultures of the most frequently isolated fungal pathogens belonging to the genera aspergillus, candida and cryptococcus along with less common pathogenic genera were amplified with the general fungal primer pair internal transcribed spacer-1/4. subsequently, the amplicon was digested with the restriction endonucleases mspi, haeiii, hinfi ... | 1999 | 10225290 |
| topoisomerase i is essential in cryptococcus neoformans: role in pathobiology and as an antifungal target. | topisomerase i is the target of several toxins and chemotherapy agents, and the enzyme is essential for viability in some organisms, including mice and drosophila. we have cloned the top1 gene encoding topoisomerase i from the opportunistic fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans. the c. neoformans topoisomerase i contains a fungal insert also found in topoisomerase i from candida albicans and saccharomyces cerevisiae that is not present in the mammalian enzyme. we were unable to disrupt the top ... | 1999 | 10224251 |
| in vitro susceptibilities of clinical yeast isolates to the new antifungal eberconazole compared with their susceptibilities to clotrimazole and ketoconazole. | the antifungal activity of eberconazole, a new imidazole derivative, against 124 clinical isolates of candida comprising eight different species and to 34 isolates of cryptococcus neoformans was compared to those of clotrimazole and ketoconazole. mics of eberconazole, determined by the national committee for clinical laboratory standards standardized microbroth method, were equal to or lower than those of other azoles, especially for candida krusei and candida glabrata, which are usually resista ... | 1999 | 10223946 |
| probing the n-5 region of the indoloquinoline alkaloid, cryptolepine for anticryptococcal activity. | n-5 alkylated analogues of cryptolepine were synthesized and tested for anticryptococcal activity. evidence provided in this study suggests that the active form of cryptolepine consists of the flat tetracyclic aromatic ring with the methyl group on the n-5 atom. it was also found that changes in the electronic density around the n-5 atom do not appear to affect activity. steric hindrance of the n-5 substituents seems to decrease activity. through systematic modification of the n-5 alkyl groups, ... | 1999 | 10218827 |
| aetiological study of the presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome in the netherlands. | to investigate whether presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome in the netherlands is caused by histoplasma capsulatum and whether other risk factors might play a role in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. | 1999 | 10216050 |
| [neurologic manifestations associated with hiv infections at the bobo-dioulasso hospital center (burkina faso)]. | neurological manifestations of hiv infection are frequent and diverse. diagnosis is often difficult due to geographical factors. 686 of the 3409 patients admitted to the internal medicine ward of bobo-dioulasso in 1995-1996 were hiv seropositive. this represents a prevalence of 20.1%. the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of 101 patients with neurological problems during the study period are reported in this paper. this case series represents 14% of the hiv-positive admissions. the m ... | 1999 | 10214515 |
| bartonella spp infection as a possible cause of uveitis in a cat. | a 6-year-old castrated mixed-breed cat was evaluated because of unilateral anterior uveitis. the cat was seronegative for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii, coronaviruses, and feline immunodeficiency virus, and antigens for felv p27 and cryptococcus neoformans. antibodies to bartonella spp were detected in serum and aqueous humor. the antibody coefficient (c value) for igg antibodies to bartonella spp in the aqueous humor was 4.42; values > 1 suggest ocular production of antibodies and supports a ... | 1999 | 10212684 |
| optically active antifungal azoles. viii. synthesis and antifungal activity of 1-[(1r,2r)-2-(2,4-difluoro- and 2-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-(1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl]- 3-(4-substituted phenyl)-2(1h,3h)-imidazolones and 2-imidazolidinones. | new optically active antifungal azoles, 1-[(1r,2r)-2-(2,4-difluoro- and 2-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-(1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl ]-3-(4- substituted phenyl)-2(1h,3h)-imidazolones (1,2) and 2-imidazolidinones (3,4), were prepared in a stereocontrolled manner from (1s)-1-[(2r)-2-(2,4- difluoro- and 2-fluorophenyl)-2-oxiranyl]ethanols (15, 16). compounds 1-4 showed potent antifungal activity against candida albicans in vitro and in vivo, as well as a broad antifungal spectrum for various ... | 1999 | 10212385 |
| granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and fluconazole enhance anti-cryptococcal activity of monocytes from aids patients. | to investigate the effect of human recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hrgm-csf) and fluconazole on anti-cryptococcal activity of monocytes from aids patients and normal subjects. | 1999 | 10207544 |
| pathogenicity of basidiospores of filobasidiella neoformans var. neoformans. | basidiospores of filobasidiella neoformans var. neoformans (progeny of cryptococcus neoformans mt 100.1 x vr 45980) were able to induce cryptococcosis in swiss albino mice if inoculated by intraperitoneal injection, nasal instillation or nasal spraying. the latter method, with the aid of a jet nebulizer, was first adopted to imitate the natural entrance of infectious particles. using this method the small number of basidiospores (7 x 10(3)) could induce cryptococcosis in mice, while the higher n ... | 1998 | 10206753 |
| isolation of cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans from pigeon droppings collected throughout turkey. | the six hundred and thirty-four samples of pigeon droppings were collected throughout turkey, from 54 of 80 provinces. cryptococcus neoformans was isolated from 29 (4.6%, overall) of 634 samples and 29 isolates were from 18 provinces. interestingly, 16 (88.9%) of these provinces occur on the three different coastlines of turkey, therefore the ecological role of a humid climate was speculated. almost all isolates [28/29] were recovered from samples collected from roofs (n=14) and dovecotes (n=14) ... | 1998 | 10206749 |
| role of tnf-alpha in the induction of fungicidal activity of mouse peritoneal exudate cells against cryptococcus neoformans by il-12 and il-18. | we have recently demonstrated that two ifn-gamma-inducing cytokines, interleukin (il)-12 and il-18, synergistically induced the fungicidal activity of mouse peritoneal exudate cells (pec) against cryptococcus neoformans through nk cell production of interferon (ifn)-gamma and nitric oxide (no) synthesis. in the present study, we further dissected these effects by examining the involvement of tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha in the induction of il-12/il-18-stimulated pec fungicidal activity. the ... | 1999 | 10202108 |
| role of the c-c chemokine, tca3, in the protective anticryptococcal cell-mediated immune response. | activated t lymphocytes play a crucial role in orchestrating cellular infiltration during a cell-mediated immune (cmi) reaction. tca3, a c-c chemokine, is produced by ag-activated t cells and is chemotactic for neutrophils and macrophages, two cell types in a murine cmi reaction. using a gelatin sponge model for delayed-type hypersensitivity (dth), we show that tca3 is a component of the expression phase of an anticryptococcal cmi response in mice. tca3 mrna levels are augmented in anticryptococ ... | 1999 | 10202026 |
| [hepatic cryptococcosis]. | 1999 | 10201224 | |
| [pulmonary cryptococcosis]. | 1999 | 10201223 | |
| [central nervous system cryptococcosis]. | 1999 | 10201222 | |
| [disseminated cryptococcosis]. | 1999 | 10201221 | |
| molecular cloning of a second phospholipase b gene, caplb2 from candida albicans. | accumulating evidence suggests that phospholipase b, secreted by pathogenic fungi such as candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans and aspergillus fumigatus, functions as one of the virulence factors. in the present study, we have attempted to clone phospholipase b gene from c. albicans. by rt-pcr analysis with degenerate primers based on conserved regions of phospholipase b from saccharomyces cerevisiae, penicillium notatum and torulaspora delbrueckii two similar but different cdna fragments w ... | 1999 | 10200936 |
| serum antibody response to cryptococcus neoformans in cats, dogs and koalas with and without active infection. | anti-cryptococcal antibodies were measured in normal cats, dogs, horses and koalas, and cats, dogs and koalas with cryptococcosis using an enzyme immunoassay. antibody levels were expressed as absorbance readings. over 80% of cats and dogs with cryptococcal infection had elevated antibody levels at the time of diagnosis, during or after successful therapy. antibody levels in these patients either remained elevated or declined slowly after treatment. for cats, anti-cryptococcal antibody levels we ... | 1999 | 10200933 |
| visual loss due to cryptococcal meningitis in aids patients. | 1999 | 10197388 | |
| heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) as a major target of the antibody response in patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis. | cryptococcus neoformans causes infection in individuals with defective t cell function, such as aids, as well as without underlying disease. it has been suggested that humoral as well as cellular immunity might play an important role in the immune response to c. neoformans infection. we have recently shown, using immunoblotting, that the 70-kd hsp family of c. neoformans was the major target molecule of the humoral response in murine pulmonary cryptococcosis. in this study we also used immunoblo ... | 1999 | 10193422 |
| hepatobiliary dysfunction as the initial manifestation of disseminated cryptococcosis. | a case of hepatobiliary dysfunction as the initial manifestation of disseminated cryptococcosis is described. the patient was admitted with symptoms of hepatitis with cholestatic jaundice. antibody tests for hepatitis b and c and human immunodeficiency virus were negative. the patient continued to deteriorate clinically. eventually, the patient succumbed to hepatic failure. autopsy disclosed systemic cryptococcosis that caused extensive necrosis of the liver. in review of the literature, only ni ... | 1999 | 10192623 |
| dissemination of c. neoformans to the central nervous system: role of chemokines, th1 immunity and leukocyte recruitment. | cryptococcus neoformans is a fungus that possesses two properties unique for yeast: (1) production of a polysaccharide capsule and (2) neurotropism. the natural route of infection by c. neoformans is the respiratory tract; thus, factors that regulate the development and recruitment of memory th1 cells and monocytes into the brain are critical for an effective response against disseminated c. neoformans infection. production of tnfalpha prior to day 7 is required to prevent colonization of the ce ... | 1999 | 10190693 |
| [meningitis in subjects with human immunodeficiency virus infection]. | neurological complications are frequently observed in hiv-1 patients. lumbar puncture (lp) and lsf analysis are two key diagnostic procedures. | 1999 | 10100421 |
| [clinical course of cryptococcosis in hiv infection]. | cryptococcosis was detected in 17% of examines with aids. the disease was caused by fungus cryptococcus neoformans. most frequently cryptococcosis affected cns (meningitis and encephalitis). the symptoms were scare and nonspecific, e.g. positive meningitis indicators occurred only in 9% of the patients. cryptococcosis tends to hematogenic spread with severe dissemination. the diagnosis was made primarily basing on the results of mycological investigations of the biosubstrates, i.e. discovery of ... | 1999 | 10097505 |
| labeling of proteins with [35s]methionine and/or [35s]cysteine in the absence of cells. | incubation of [35s]methionine and [35s]cysteine with bovine albumin, globulin, catalase, hemoglobin, or human globulin resulted in incorporation of the 35s label into each of these proteins. trichloroacetic acid (tca) precipitation revealed that the percentage of label incorporated ranged from 1 to 15%. the 35s labeling was resistant to dissociation by reducing sds-page, prolonged dialysis against 4 m urea, heating, tca precipitation, and dilution by gel filtration. the labeling effect was more ... | 1999 | 10094791 |
| current approaches to diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections in children infected with human immuno deficiency virus. | the prolonged survival of profoundly immunocompromised patients has revealed mucosal and invasive fungal infections to be major causes of morbidity and mortality in advanced hiv disease in children of all age groups. antifungal resistance has become a clinically relevant problem. paediatricians caring for hiv-infected children need to be aware of these increasingly frequent and often life-threatening infectious complications. this article reviews what is currently known about epidemiology, clini ... | 1999 | 10094436 |
| pulmonary surfactant protein a binds to cryptococcus neoformans without promoting phagocytosis. | evidence is accumulating that the alveolar collecting surfactant protein a (sp-a) plays an important role in the first line of defence against infiltrating pathogenic micro-organisms and viruses. the ability of sp-a to facilitate the binding and uptake of acapsular cryptococcus neoformans by monocyte-derived macrophages, human alveolar macrophages, monocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes was investigated. | 1999 | 10092994 |
| cryptococcus meningoencephalitis in aids: parenchymal and meningeal forms. | ct and mri in one case of cryptococcus neoformans infection showed contrast-enhancing parenchymal lesions resembling granulomata or abscesses. after an initial phase without contrast enhancement, the full extent of the lesions was visible within 2 weeks of presentation. the enhancing masses were assumed to represent intracerebral cryptococcomas. despite evidence of massive meningeal infection on cerebrospinal fluid (csf) examination, no radiological signs of meningitis, invasion of the virchow-r ... | 1999 | 10090606 |
| cryptococcus neoformans differential gene expression detected in vitro and in vivo with green fluorescent protein. | synthetic green fluorescent protein (gfp) was used as a reporter to detect differential gene expression in the pathogenic fungus cryptococcus neoformans. promoters from the c. neoformans actin, gal7, or mating-type alpha pheromone (mfalpha1) genes were fused to gfp, and the resulting reporter genes were used to assess gene expression in serotype a c. neoformans. yeast cells containing an integrated pact::gfp construct demonstrated that the actin promoter was expressed during vegetative growth on ... | 1999 | 10085022 |
| pulmonary cryptococcosis in patients without hiv infection. | to further elucidate the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis who are not hiv-infected. | 1999 | 10084485 |
| cryptococcal lung disease in patients without hiv infection. | 1999 | 10084461 | |
| involvement of nitric oxide in protecting mechanism during experimental cryptococcosis. | in the present study we investigated the role of nitric oxide (no) in the effector mechanisms of host defense against cryptococcus neoformans in vivo. our results showed an increase of no produced by the peritoneal macrophages from 14-days infected rats compared with normal rats. these cells were capable of killing c. neoformans to a greater extent than macrophages from noninfected rats (80% vs 20%, respectively). the killing of c. neoformans by infected cells was efficiently inhibited (80% to 3 ... | 1999 | 10080838 |
| first isolation of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, serotype c, from the environment in colombia. | the natural habitat of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, serotype b in the environment was established by australian investigators who demonstrated its association with species of eucalyptus. the aim of the present study was to search for the habitat of this variety in a city of colombia, where clinical cases due to this variety occur with great frequency. for a period of 5 months detritus, vegetable material and air samples in and around 68 almond trees (terminalia catappa) located in the ci ... | 1998 | 10075505 |
| cryptococcus neoformans isolated from human dwellings in rio de janeiro, brazil: an analysis of the domestic environment of aids patients with and without cryptococcosis. | one hundred and fifty-four human dwellings in the metropolitan area of rio de janeiro, brazil were studied. a total of 824 samples of indoor dust, outdoor soil and avian droppings were collected. cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans was isolated from 20 (13%) dwellings, comprising five (15.6%) of 32 dwellings of patients with aids-associated cryptococcosis; four (8.9%) of 45 dwellings of patients with aids but without cryptococcosis; and 11 (14.3%) of 77 dwellings of apparently healthy indivi ... | 1998 | 10075500 |
| characterization of antimicrobial agents extracted from asterina pectinifera. | the extracts from the starfish asterina pectinifera obtained using various organic solvents and distilled water were tested for their antimicrobial activities against fungi and yeasts. the methanol and water extracts were found to be the most active and aspergillus spp. and cryptococcus neoformans proved to be sensitive species. the extracts are polar, stable to a wide range of ph and a high temperature, and possess a very distinctive uv spectrum. the colour reactions for functional groups of an ... | 1999 | 10075280 |
| serotyping of cryptococcus neoformans isolates from clinical and environmental sources in spain. | we determined biovars and serotypes of 154 isolates of cryptococcus neoformans from clinical and environmental sources from different areas of spain. all clinical isolates belonged to c. neoformans var. neoformans. serotypes showed an irregular distribution. c. neoformans var. gattii serotype b was isolated from necropsy specimens from goats with pulmonary disease. | 1999 | 10074545 |
| detection of cell wall mannoprotein mp1p in culture supernatants of penicillium marneffei and in sera of penicilliosis patients. | mannoproteins are important and abundant structural components of fungal cell walls. the mp1 gene encodes a cell wall mannoprotein of the pathogenic fungus penicillium marneffei. in the present study, we show that mp1p is secreted into the cell culture supernatant at a level that can be detected by western blotting. a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) developed with antibodies against mp1p was capable of detecting this protein from the cell culture supernatant of p. marneffei a ... | 1999 | 10074513 |
| urokinase is required for t lymphocyte proliferation and activation in vitro. | we have previously demonstrated that urokinase-deficient (upa-/-) mice do not increase lung t lymphocyte number and fail to mount protective immune responses during pulmonary cryptococcus neoformans infection. these observations suggest a previously unconsidered role for urokinase-type plasminogen activator (upa) in t lymphocyte-mediated immune responses. accordingly, we sought to determine whether upa is required for t cell receptor-mediated (tcr-mediated) lymphocyte proliferation and activatio ... | 1999 | 10072260 |
| variants of a cryptococcus neoformans strain elicit different inflammatory responses in mice. | the virulence of cryptococcus neoformans isolates with high and low extracellular proteolytic activity was investigated in mice. no consistent relationship between proteolytic activity and virulence was observed, but isolates derived from one strain were shown to elicit different inflammatory responses. | 1999 | 10066665 |
| gene disruption to evaluate the role of fungal candidate virulence genes. | gene disruption is a powerful genetic tool that can define pathogenic or virulence factors. in the past two years gene disruption approaches have been used to identify fungal virulence genes. the capsule genes, an alpha subunit of g protein and certain kinases of cryptococcus neoformans have clearly been demonstrated to be associated with pathogenicity. in candida albicans at least four genes involved in hyphal formation have been disrupted and tested for virulence. in other fungi, such as histo ... | 1998 | 10066511 |