Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| small intestinal involvement in visceral leishmaniasis. | 1990 | 2132554 | |
| [leishmaniasis vectors (diptera, psychodidae) in 3 different environments of western sicily and 2 of the aeolian islands]. | some cases of visceral leishmaniasis in children and in adults have been diagnosed in the last fifteen years in western sicily and an increasing number of cases of canine leishmaniasis has been recorded, mainly in the province of palermo. such a human leishmaniasis recrudescence, after the antimalaria campaign had reduced the transmission, and the increase of canine leishmaniasis in the city of palermo and its suburbs suggest that transmission in urban areas may be possible. using the oiled pape ... | 1990 | 2132442 |
| defect in the tissue cellular immune response: experimental visceral leishmaniasis in euthymic c57bl/6 ep/ep mice. | in balb/c mice, successful defense against visceral leishmaniasis is t cell dependent, expressed by tissue granuloma formation, and probably mediated by macrophages activated by cytokines, including gamma interferon (ifn-gamma). c57bl/6 ep/ep (pale ear) mice, which reportedly exhibit impaired ifn-gamma production, were challenged with leishmania donovani to determine the outcome of infection in a euthymic host with an apparent defect in lymphokine secretion. in balb/c and normal c57bl/6 mice, l. ... | 1990 | 2123825 |
| a soluble factor produced by inoculation of human monocytes with leishmania donovani promastigotes suppresses ifn-gamma-dependent monocyte activation. | whereas human cultured monocytes preactivated with ifn-gamma increase their antileishmanial capacity, monocytes inoculated with leishmania donovani before ifn-gamma treatment fail to respond with an increase of antileishmanial capacity. cell surface expression of class ii mhc products also fails to be increased by ifn-gamma in the infected monocytes, although the accumulation of hla-dr alpha-chain mrna is increased to the same extent in infected and noninfected activated monocytes. this inhibiti ... | 1990 | 2120335 |
| changes in hepatic xenobiotic-metabolising enzymes in mouse liver following infection with leishmania donovani. | infection of mice with leishmania donovani resulted in decreased activities of several liver enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics. microsomal membranes from infected livers contained reduced amounts of cytochromes p450 and b5 and nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase. several cytochrome p450 isoenzymes (p450-pb1, p450-pb3, p450-pcn and p450-ut1) and p450-mediated reactions (aminopyrine demethylase, aniline hydroxylase, benzphentamine demethylase and ethoxycoumarin deethylase) were affecte ... | 1990 | 2117255 |
| modulation of in vitro monocyte cytokine responses to leishmania donovani. interferon-gamma prevents parasite-induced inhibition of interleukin 1 production and primes monocytes to respond to leishmania by producing both tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 1. | cytokines produced by mononuclear cells are important regulatory and effector molecules and evidence has been presented to support a role at least for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) and interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) in host defense against leishmania. in the present study, we examined the production of tnf-alpha and interleukin 1 (il-1) by resting and ifn-gamma-primed peripheral blood monocytes infected in vitro with leishmania donovani. monocytes produced neither il-1 nor tnf-alpha duri ... | 1990 | 2112157 |
| [cell fusion in leishmania (kinetoplastida, trypanosomatidae)]. | cell fusion in leishmania infantum and l. tropica was recorded by means of a camera and a video system. promastigotes were obtained from cultures in both cases. fusion began with attachment of the posterior extremities of two ovoid flagellates. complete fusion, with disappearance of adjacent cell membranes took about five minutes. in parallel, the flagella appear larger and shorter. these observations support the hypothesis of genetic exchanges suggested by analysis of dna and enzymatic proteins ... | 1990 | 2111197 |
| a modified colorimetric assay of macrophage activation for intracellular cytotoxicity against leishmania parasites. | an in vitro method is described which colorimetrically assesses the activation of macrophages for intracellular cytotoxicity against the obligate intracellular parasite leishmania donovani. the assay system uses a highly purified macrophage population derived from 10-day murine bone marrow cultures. these were infected in vitro as a suspension culture with viable l. donovani amastigotes and then exposed to activating agents. after 48 h the intracellular parasites were released by sds lysis of th ... | 1990 | 2108218 |
| in vitro responses to leishmania antigens by lymphocytes from patients with leishmaniasis or chagas' disease. | t cell responses are correlated with recovery from and resistance to leishmaniasis. antigens of leishmania chagasi were evaluated by determining their ability to elicit in vitro proliferation and cytokine production in peripheral blood lymphocytes and in t cell lines and clones from patients with histories of leishmaniasis or chagas' disease. antigens tested were selected by their reactivity with patient antibodies. several of the antigens induced proliferative responses in peripheral blood lymp ... | 1990 | 2107208 |
| invention of anti-leishmania drugs on the basis of the nucleoside structures. | 3'-deoxy-3'-fluoroinosine is a potent inhibitor for the growth of the promastigote form of leishmania tropica and leishmania donovani. in culture, the ec50 values of 3'-deoxy-3'-fluoroinosine are 2.3 x 10(-7) and 1.0 x 10(-6) m for the promastigotes of l. tropica and l. donovani, respectively. it is less toxic towards mouse mammary tumor fm3a cells: the ec50 value is 2.0 x 10(-4) m. 3'-deoxy-3'-fluoroinosine is metabolized by leishmania promastigotes to give 3'-deoxy-3'-fluoroadenosine-5'-tripho ... | 1990 | 2101903 |
| [visceral leishmaniasis epidemic in the state of piauí, brazil, 1980-1986]. | the kala-azar epidemic in the state of piauí 1980-1986 is analyzed on the basis of the data collected by sucam piauí. the outbreak began in towns of central and northern piauí in 1980. in contrast what has happened in endemic periods in which the disease occurred in areas of higher altitude and semi-arid climate, the epidemic developed in humid tropical river valleys in rural zones. the epidemic was worst in the towns. the state capital, teresina, hit in 1981, reached the epidemic peak in 1984 a ... | 1990 | 2101528 |
| [identification of l. donovani promastigotes from phlebotomus by monoclonal antibody]. | it has been reported by the authors that monoclonal antibody l12g9 produced from target antigens of l. donovani promastigotes, was very useful for detecting promastigotes from artificially infected sandflies. in the present study, detection of promastigotes from artificially infected sandflies by mcab showed that the positive rate correlated with the infection duration of sandflies. 4 days after feeding on infected chinese hamsters, the sandflies were lightly infected with l. donovani promastigo ... | 1990 | 2099257 |
| growth study of a nonpathogenic strain of leishmania donovani with different nutrients. | the studies on growth pattern of a nonpathogenic leishmania donovani, strain ur6, in different media showed that it can be regularly cultivated amd maintained in modified ray's medium (agar) and three other liquid media, namely dme medium, medium 199 and rpmi-1640 which are manufactured in india. the well known n.n.n. medium provided quantitatively poorer growth in comparison to these medium. measurement of l. donovani cell concentration by optical density in a spectrophotometer has been worked ... | 1990 | 2098425 |
| leishmania infantum as a cause of cutaneous leishmaniasis. | 1990 | 2096532 | |
| fine needle aspiration biopsy of spleen in kala-azar. | fine needle aspiration biopsy (fnab) of spleen was done in 88 suspected cases of kala-azar. leishmania donovani (ld) bodies were demonstrated in 56 cases (63.7%) and malarial parasites in 2 (2.3%) while one (1.1%) had picture of chronic myeloid leukemia and another (1.1%) showed acid fast bacilli (afb) on ziehl neelsen staining. thirty two cases (36.4%), where ld bodies were not found, were subjected to bone marrow examination and none showed ld bodies. there were no complications after fnab eve ... | 1990 | 2093676 |
| the laboratory mix-up of leishmania strains. | 1990 | 2091652 | |
| nutritional requirements of wild-type and folate transport-deficient leishmania donovani for pterins and folates. | the nutritional requirements for folates and pterins were assessed for two strains of leishmania donovani promastigotes, a wild-type (d1700) parental strain and a mutant derivative (mtxa5) which possesses a markedly diminished capacity to transport both [3h]folate and [3h]methotrexate (mtx). both l. donovani strains have an absolute growth requirement for an exogenous pterin, since their proliferation could not be sustained in completely defined medium lacking either a pterin or a folate. supple ... | 1990 | 2090944 |
| the trypanothione reductase gene of leishmania donovani. | 1990 | 2083703 | |
| detection of an alkaline peptidase in leishmania amastigotes and promastigotes. | 1990 | 2083699 | |
| detection of trypanosoma cruzi by simplified dot blot with a total genomic dna probe. | 1990 | 2083696 | |
| [immunomodulating effect of lysed immunoactive fractions of selected escherichia coli strains on the macrophage system. an in vitro study]. | the immunomodulator uro-vaxom (an immunoactive fraction of e. coli, fec) is a therapeutic agent used to control bacterial infections. fec was applied to macrophages of c57bl/6 mice to investigate the in vitro activation of these cells of the unspecific immune system. experiments were designed to test the secretory, immuno-regulatory and cytotoxic function of macrophages after application of fec. as presented here, production of interleukin-6 and tumor-necrosis-factor were significantly and dose- ... | 1990 | 2080945 |
| chemotherapeutic agents, xviii: synthesis of pi-deficient pyrimidines and fused pyrimidines as leishmanicidal agents. | synthesis of 6-aryl-5-cyano-2-thiouracils 1a-d from the condensation-cyclization of an aromatic aldehyde, thiourea and ethyl cyanoacetate has been described. alkylation of 1a-d under different reaction conditions with mono- and dihalo-alkanes yielded 2, 3, and 6. interaction of 1 with pocl3 provided halopyrimidines 8a,b. nucleophilic substitution on 8 and 3 with aromatic amines gave 9a-d and 7a-d respectively. 6-chloro-5-nitro-3-methyluracil (11) obtained by nitration of 10 underwent nucleophili ... | 1990 | 2080896 |
| [leishmania infantum mon-1 isolated from phlebotomus perniciosus, in kabylia (algeria)]. | 1990 | 2080833 | |
| lipophosphoglycan masks recognition of the leishmania donovani promastigote surface by human kala-azar serum. | markedly elevated titers of anti-leishmanial antibodies are a hallmark of kala-azar. we investigated the role played by the lipophosphoglycan (lpg) in determining the reactivity of kala-azar serum with the surface of leishmania donovani promastigotes. in assays performed with liver parasites there was negligible agglutination or fluorescent staining of lpg-bearing promastigotes by kala-azar serum, but strong reactivity in both assays with the use of an l. donovani mutant strain (r2d2) that lacks ... | 1991 | 2071901 |
| visceral leishmaniasis in southern sudan. | reports made by médecins sans frontières in khartoum on an outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis among displaced people from the western upper nile prompted an investigation at ler hospital, the second largest in the region. in a 10 d period during april 1989, 100 persons with visceral leishmaniasis were identified. of these, 82% were men; 67% were aged 20 to 39 years. except for the absence of ulcerated skin lesions, the clinical features corresponded to those traditionally described in the sudan. ... | 1991 | 2068759 |
| [application of monoclonal antibodies against leishmania donovani, ii. detection of circulating antigen in sera of visceral leishmaniasis before and after treatment]. | monoclonal antibodies l12f7 against the target antigen of l. donovani promastigotes were used for the detection of circulating antigen (cag) from sera of visceral leishmaniasis patients. the results showed that of 118 serum samples from visceral leishmaniasis tested, 105 were positive (88.9%). 55 normal serum samples were negative. no cross reaction with sera from patients with vivax malaria, schistosomiasis, leprosy and brucellosis, was found. the authors suggested that this assay may be used a ... | 1991 | 2065447 |
| use of in vitro method to assess different brands of anti-leishmanial drugs. | reports in the literature indicate the use of animal models for testing newer anti-leishmanial drugs in vivo. however, in certain established cell lines and macrophages in vitro models have the advantage over the in vivo system of simplicity and speed with which the results can be obtained. a simple in vitro system using peritoneal exudate macrophages of balb/c mice infected with leishmania donovani promastigotes has been tested for its use in determining the efficacy of several new drugs. two w ... | 1991 | 2056963 |
| synthesis and antileishmanial activity of some 1- or 2-(dihydroxyalkyl) and 3-(dihydroxyalkoxy)pyrazolo [3,4-d] pyrimidines. | several new derivatives of 4-amino-, 4,6-diamino- and 4-hydrazino-[3,4-d]pyrimidine dihydroxyalkyl substituted in the 1 or 2 positions, or dihydroxyalkoxy substituted in the 3 position have been synthesized. some of these compounds were evaluated for their activity against leishmania infantum in mice. the highest degree of antileishmanial activity was displayed by the 4-amino-1-(dihydroxyalkyl) derivatives which yielded parasite inhibition values nearly comparable with that of glucantime in a st ... | 1991 | 2054043 |
| chemostat cultures of leishmania donovani promastigotes and trypanosoma brucei procyclic trypomastigotes. | 1991 | 2052036 | |
| antigen processing and presentation: modelling with leishmania. | most foreign antigens are "processed" by apc into a form in which they can bind mhc molecules and be recognised by the tcr. functional and immuno-gold labelling studies have been used to determine the putative sites of mhc-ag interaction following uptake of leishmania donovani into a phagolysosome. during infection with this parasite in vivo, upregulation of class ii occurs. based on studies using scid mice, nk cells appear to contribute little to this process. during chronic infection, however, ... | 1991 | 2049030 |
| involvement of membrane-associated tnf in the killing of leishmania donovani parasites by macrophages. | a killing process is described where macrophages destroy 3h thymidine prelabeled leishmania parasites during the process of phagocytosis. this phagocytosis associated killing may represent a first line of defense and reduces drastically the amount of parasites homing in the macrophages. treatment of the macrophages with anti-tnf antibody inhibited the phagocytosis associated killing. soluble tnf had no effect on leishmania parasites. macrophages performed the killing process in the complete abse ... | 1991 | 2049029 |
| promastigote infectivity in leishmania infantum. | different clones and subpopulations of clones of leishmania infantum were analyzed for their infective potential in vitro. infectivity for macrophage-like cells (p388d1) and the response to a challenge with normal human serum enabled a clear differentiation between infective and non/low-infective populations. the results were confirmed by determination of parasite burdens in the spleens of infected golden hamsters. long-term cultivation assays in vitro were used to test the influence of differen ... | 1991 | 2047365 |
| renal involvement in canine leishmaniasis. a light-microscopic, immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic study. | in a prospective survey in the isle of elba, 413 dogs affected by naturally acquired leishmania infantum infection were identified out of a controlled population of 1,500 resident mongrel dogs. in all the 34 randomly selected dogs of different breed, age, and duration of disease, the presence of glomerular lesions which defined mainly two categories of glomerulonephritis (gn) was observed. the first group was characterized by mesangial-cell proliferation either with focal features (11 dogs), or ... | 1991 | 2046828 |
| leishmania donovani in hamsters: stimulation of non-specific resistance by some novel glycopeptides and impact on therapeutic efficacy. | several glycopeptides structurally related to muramyl dipeptide (mdp) have been synthesized and evaluated for their ability to stimulate the non-specific resistance of hamsters against l. donovani infection. these compounds have been named cdri compounds. the synthetic procedure used for compounds 86/448 and 84/212 is described. mdp and its synthetic congeners were administered as immunostimulants at a prophylactic dose of 3 mg/kg at two weeks interval. the challenge infection (1 x 10(7) amastig ... | 1991 | 2044704 |
| hydrolysis of carcinogen--dna adducts by three classes of deoxyribonucleosidase to their corresponding bases. | we have investigated three different enzymes, each of which splits the glycosidic bonds of normal deoxyribonucleosides, for their ability to cleave acid-sensitive carcinogen-dna adducts: leishmania donovani purine deoxyribonucleosidase; lactobacillus helveticus trans-n-deoxyribosylase; and purine nucleoside phosphorylase. twenty-eight substrates were assayed using one or more of the enzymes, monitoring free base formation by reverse-phase hplc and a diode array detector. products were characteri ... | 1991 | 2044194 |
| metacyclogenesis of leishmania spp: species-specific in vitro transformation, complement resistance, and cell surface carbohydrate and protein profiles. | metacyclic (stationary) and logarithmic (log) forms of promastigotes of leishmania donovani and leishmania major were characterized in several ways. the highly active metacyclic forms were larger with more protein and less carbohydrate. the flagellum increased in length 2.4 times in l. major as compared to 1.8 times in l. donovani. resistance to complement-mediated lysis by normal human serum of in vitro grown leishmania promastigotes was related to the species, the growth phase in culture, and ... | 1991 | 2040953 |
| antigenic specificity of the 72-kilodalton major surface glycoprotein of leishmania braziliensis braziliensis. | we examined the expression and the antigenicity of the major surface polypeptides of leishmania braziliensis braziliensis and leishmania donovani chagasi, parasites which commonly coexist in the same endemic areas of bolivia. sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein profiles from surface-iodinated promastigotes showed the presence of a unique iodinatable polypeptide of 72 kda on the l. b. braziliensis surface and of two major components of 65 and 50 kda exposed at the su ... | 1991 | 2037677 |
| a rapid and simple diagnostic test for active visceral leishmaniasis. | we have developed an immunodot assay for the serodiagnosis of active visceral leishmaniasis (avl) which utilizes protein a colloidal gold as the visualizing agent. the test is simple, requires few reagents, and can be completed in two hours. it is sensitive and specific for active visceral leishmaniasis, and generally correlates with the elisa. either whole blood or sera in minute quantities may be used as test antibody. in addition, the use of the protein a gold immunodot is shown to detect ant ... | 1991 | 2035748 |
| leishmania donovani: characterization of a 38-kda membrane protein that cross-reacts with the mammalian g-protein transducin. | we investigated the presence in leishmania donovani promastigotes of proteins with homology to the g-proteins known to mediate signal transduction in other organisms. [alpha 32p]gtp binding experiments revealed the presence in the promastigote membrane of gtp-binding sites with high affinity and specificity. experiments with antisera directed against mammalian g-proteins showed that the promastigotes possess a 38-kda protein (p38) which strongly reacts with an antiserum directed against a decape ... | 1991 | 2026215 |
| the purine-2-deoxyribonucleosidase from crithidia luciliae. purification and trans-n-deoxyribosylase activity. | crude extracts of crithidia luciliae catalysed a deoxyribosyl transfer from purine deoxynucleosides to free purine bases. fractionation of a 0-80% (nh4)2so4 fraction from c. luciliae on deae-cellulose resulted in the separation of three nucleosidase activities. two of these were ribonucleosidases, one specific for inosine, uridine and xanthosine and the other for inosine and guanosine, whereas the third activity was specific for purine deoxyribonucleosides. this pattern is similar to that found ... | 1991 | 2026165 |
| inhibition of human seminal fluid and leishmania donovani phosphatases by molybdate heteropolyanions. | inhibition of a tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (acp) from leishmania donovani and the tartrate-sensitive acp from human seminal fluid (prostatic acp) was examined using a series of 13 molybdate-containing heteropolyanions. the heteropolyanions were divided into four groups based on the number of molybdenum atoms they contain: group i, mo4; group ii, mo6-8; group iii, mo12; group iv, mo18. two of the four groups, those consisting of compounds that contain either an mo4 unit or an mo18 unit w ... | 1991 | 1995614 |
| experimental transmission of leishmania infantum by the bite of phlebotomus perniciosus from switzerland. | the possible role of the sandfly phlebotomus perniciosus in the transmission of leishmania infantum in southern switzerland was investigated. it was found that the syrian golden hamster (mesocricetus auratus) could be infected by the bite of experimentally infected p. perniciosus females from canton ticino, in southern switzerland. this showed that this sandfly species could indeed be a vector for l. infantum in this area. however, as the population density of p. perniciosus is relatively low in ... | 1990 | 1973022 |
| interclonal variations in molecular karyotype in leishmania infantum imply a 'mosaic' strain structure. | the molecular karyotypes of 36 clones derived from 8 strains of leishmania infantum were examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. although there appeared to be a high degree of genetic relatedness between the clones and the parent strain, a limited degree of polymorphism was noted in 50% of the clones, expressed mainly as the presence of an additional chromosome or as a chromosome size modification. repeated subcloning in one strain showed that chromosomal rearrangements could occur during ... | 1990 | 1971914 |
| interactions between the human monocytic leukaemia thp-1 cell line and old and new world species of leishmania. | the human promyelocytic thp-1 cell line has been found to support the growth of leishmania parasites. thp-1 cells, differentiated with retinoic acid, cease replication while remaining in suspension. 72 +/- 8% of thp-1 cells became infected after inoculation with promastigotes of several old and new world leishmania species. the resulting amastigotes (19 +/- 5 per infected cell) were easy to harvest, capable of reinfecting cultures of normal human cells and, in the case of l. major and l. infantu ... | 1990 | 1971494 |
| a genetic map of mouse chromosome 1 near the lsh-ity-bcg disease resistance locus. | isozyme and restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analyses of backcross progeny, recombinant inbred strains, and congenic strains of mice positioned eight genetic markers with respect to the lsh-ity-bcg disease resistance locus. allelic isoforms of idh-1 and pep-3 and rflps detected by southern hybridization for myl-1, cryg, vil, achrg, bcl-2, and ren-1,2, between balb/canpt and dba/2npt mice, were utilized to examine the cosegregation of these markers with the lsh-ity-bcg resistance p ... | 1990 | 1970800 |
| tricyclic drugs reduce proton motive force in leishmania donovani promastigotes. | tricyclic compounds have been suggested as potential anti-leishmanial drugs. we have studied the effect of tricyclic drugs on several cellular functions in l. donovani promastigotes. imipramine inhibits proline transport and reduces delta ph and cellular atp at relatively high concentrations (ic50 = 50-80 microm). high concentrations of imipramine are also required to kill l. donovani promastigotes (ld50 greater than 50 microm). the presence of a chlorine atom in the side ring of either imiprami ... | 1990 | 1968745 |
| a simple method for cryopreservation of leishmania donovani promastigotes. | cryopreservation of promastigotes of l. donovani in nnn and tobie's media was attempted. the media containing the promastigotes were kept directly at -80 degrees c. the cryopreserved media were examined for living promastigotes after 9, 12, 15, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32, 42, 56, 65 and 126 days after the culture tubes were brought directly from -80 degrees c to room temperature and examined after 30 min. all tubes showed living promastigotes which were used for further growth with no apparent morpholog ... | 1991 | 1959955 |
| an experimental model for canine visceral leishmaniasis. | seven mixed-breed dogs were challenged with either promastigotes or amastigotes of leishmania donovani infantum strains recently isolated from naturally infected dogs. different routes and numbers of parasites were utilized and each dog was monitored for at least 1 year post-infection. anti-parasite specific antibody levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbence, immunofluorescence, crossed-immune electrophoresis and western blotting on crude antigen. western blotting on two pure parasite ... | 1991 | 1956700 |
| evidence of subjects sensitized to leishmania infantum on the french mediterranean coast: differences in gamma interferon production between this population and visceral leishmaniasis patients. | the marseilles region is an endemic area for visceral mediterranean leishmaniasis, but although the number of dog cases, the parasite's main host, is very high, only a few people develop the disease. we looked for sensitized healthy subjects among 25 healthy individuals living in this area by studying their in vitro lymphoproliferative response to leishmania infantum antigens and gamma interferon synthesis. we found that 65% of tested subjects were sensitized against l. infantum. we compared the ... | 1991 | 1956699 |
| a leishmania infantum enzymatic variant, causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in north tunisia. | 1991 | 1949140 | |
| nucleotide sequence of the leishmania donovani medrna gene. | 1991 | 1945857 | |
| gelatinous transformation of the bone marrow and leishmania donovani infection. | to the best of our knowledge, gelatinous transformation of the marrow has not been described in association with leishmania donovani infection. here we report one such case. | 1991 | 1942208 |
| the leishmania donovani lipophosphoglycan t lymphocyte-reactive component is a tightly associated protein complex. | lymphocytes from mice immunized with leishmania donovani (lpg) were specifically stimulated to proliferate in vitro by purified lpg or its delipidated congener, phosphoglycan. the response was dose dependent and required prior immunization with either lpg or phosphoglycan. proliferation was eliminated by specific depletion of thy-1+ cells with antisera and c and the proliferating t cell subset was shown to be cd4+cd8-. tests of various lpg fragments indicated that the t cell stimulation was asso ... | 1991 | 1940354 |
| leishmanin skin test in clinical and subclinical kala-azar cases. | leishmanin skin test was done on 25 active kala-azar (ka) patients, 41 healthy persons residing with ka patients and 14 treated cases of ka. all active cases of ka were leishmanin test negative. nine out of 41 (21.9 per cent) healthy household members gave positive reaction to leishmanin antigen. these persons were previously exposed to leishmania donovani infection which was overcome by developing cell mediated immunity. the infection in these persons remained subclinical or asymptomatic. this ... | 1991 | 1940219 |
| serodiagnosis of indian kala-azar: evaluation of ifa, elisa and ciep tests. | the sensitivity and specificity of three serological tests viz. indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (ifat), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (ciep) for the diagnosis of indian kala-azar were evaluated. of the 209 patients in whom leishmania donovani parasite could be demonstrated in bone marrow, 207 (99.04 per cent) could be diagnosed with ifat, 203 (96.6 per cent) with ciep and 208 (99.5 per cent) with elisa. none of these serological tests was pos ... | 1991 | 1940218 |
| gamma interferon-activated human macrophages and toxoplasma gondii, chlamydia psittaci, and leishmania donovani: antimicrobial role of limiting intracellular iron. | iron-saturated transferrin did not reverse the intracellular killing or inhibition of toxoplasma gondii, chlamydia psittaci, or leishmania donovani by gamma interferon-activated human macrophages. deferoxamine, an iron chelator, also did not impair replication within unstimulated macrophages. limiting the availability of intracellular iron is an unlikely mechanism in human macrophage activity against these three diverse pathogens. | 1991 | 1937829 |
| role of inorganic nitrogen oxides and tumor necrosis factor alpha in killing leishmania donovani amastigotes in gamma interferon-lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages from lshs and lshr congenic mouse strains. | the capacity of mature bone-marrow-derived macrophages and resident peritoneal macrophages from lshr versus lshs congenic mice to kill intracellular leishmania donovani amastigotes when activated by recombinant gamma interferon-lipopolysaccharide (rifn-gamma-lps) was examined. ifn-gamma alone in doses up to 100 u/ml was unable to activate macrophages to kill l. donovani amastigotes in vitro; lps was a necessary secondary stimulus. similarly, lps alone in doses up to 100 ng/ml produced no leishma ... | 1991 | 1937752 |
| epidemiology of kala-azar in rural bihar (india) using village as a component unit of study. | it is assumed that some features like intra-macrophage habitat of the leishmania parasites, rare availability of infected macrophages in peripheral blood for vector sandflies to suck in, short flight range of sandflies, non-availability of an animal reservoir encountered in visceral leishmaniasis indicate slow and limited transmission potential and even so epidemics occur every 15 to 20 yr. to verify if these assumptions are true, the natural history of kala-azar was studied, using an endemic vi ... | 1991 | 1937592 |
| development of leishmania donovani in phlebotomus argentipes & ph. papatasi fed on kala-azar patients in bihar. | a total of 258 laboratory bred ph. argentipes was fed on untreated parasitologically confirmed kala-azar patients. successful development of parasites was noted in 0.54 per cent ph. argentipes fed during the day and 5.33 per cent fed during the night. however, none of the 245 laboratory bred ph. papatasi fed on the same patients, was found positive for successful development of l. donovani in the foregut. | 1991 | 1937591 |
| generation of cytokines in human visceral leishmaniasis: dissociation of endogenous tnf-alpha and il-1 beta production. | the role of tnf-alpha in visceral leishmaniasis is ambivalent, the eventual outcome of this infection, cure or generalization, being determined by the relative amounts of cytokines produced in vivo. since release, by monocytes/macrophages, of tnf-alpha and interleukins 1 beta (il-1 beta) and il-6 is important in both the induction and effector phases of the immune responses, these mediators were determined in sera and cell culture supernatants of seventeen l. donovani infected patients in brazil ... | 1991 | 1937561 |
| suppression of leishmania donovani by oral administration of a bis(benzyl)polyamine analog. | we reported previously that intraperitoneal administration of a bis(benzyl)polyamine analog, mdl 27,695, suppressed both pentavalent antimony (sbv)-susceptible and -resistant leishmania donovani in vivo. the present studies were performed to optimize parasite suppression by parenteral administration and to evaluate the efficacy of oral treatment with mdl 27,695. l. donovani infections in balb/c mice were suppressed greater than 99% after intraperitoneal dosing for 20 days with a total dose of 15 ... | 1991 | 1929300 |
| concurrent infection with leishmania donovani and leishmania major in a kenyan patient: clinical description and parasite characterization. | leishmania isolates aspirated a few months apart from the spleen of an indigenous adult male kala-azar patient from baringo district, kenya, were biochemically characterized and compared. the patient lived within a dual focus of l. donovani kalazar and l. major cutaneous leishmaniasis. a primary leishmania isolate from splenic aspirates was cryopreserved (nlb-294). the patient was treated with sodium stibogluconate for kala-azar and discharged. three months later, he had clinical relapse and ret ... | 1991 | 1928563 |
| secreted acid phosphatase of leishmania mexicana: a filamentous phosphoglycoprotein polymer. | in the promastigote, or insect stage, most species of the parasitic protozoan leishmania secrete an acid phosphatase. the enzyme purified from the culture medium of leishmania mexicana is shown to be a complex [13.3% (wt/wt) protein, 74.4% (wt/wt) carbohydrate, and 12.3% (wt/wt) phosphate] composed of a predominant phosphorylated glycoprotein with a relative molecular mass of 100 kda and noncovalently associated high molecular mass (proteo)phosphoglycans. electron microscopy discloses long filam ... | 1991 | 1924338 |
| long-range restriction maps of size-variable homologous chromosomes in leishmania infantum. | in order to clarify the interpretation of molecular karyotype polymorphisms in leishmania, the three smallest chromosomes from five cloned strains of leishmania infantum were identified by chromosome-specific anonymous dna probes. the presence in the same clone of homologous chromosomes of a different size was demonstrated. the chromosome size polymorphism appeared even more dramatic, with size variations affecting up to 20% of the chromosome, and the two smallest bands in one strain being equiv ... | 1991 | 1922200 |
| [autoantibodies and leishmania infection]. | 1991 | 1921552 | |
| immunotherapy of murine visceral leishmaniasis with murine recombinant interferon-gamma and mtp-pe encapsulated in liposomes. | the efficiency of immunotherapy with murine recombinant interferon-gamma (rifn-gamma) in mouse visceral leishmaniasis caused by leishmania donovani was examined. to avoid the side effects encountered after the in vivo administration of high dosages of free ifn-gamma, this lymphokine and muramyltripeptide (mtp-pe) were encapsulated into multilamellar liposomes. we established that a combination of 5 x 10(3) u of ifn-gamma and 6 micrograms of mtp-pe, encapsulated in liposomes and given i.v. in c56 ... | 1991 | 1919076 |
| gastric localization of systemic leishmaniasis in a patient with aids. | 1991 | 1916693 | |
| a seroepidemiological survey on leishmania infantum infection. | findings from a seroepidemiological survey of leishmania infantum (li) infection are presented. among residents in the province of rome, 2.7% (4.4% in the city of rome and 1% in the suburbs) of 374 adults were positive for specific li antibodies in indirect haemoagglutination studies. among 217 adult residents of caltanissetta province (sicily), 4.1% were positive for li antibodies (4.2% in caltanissetta city and 4% in the suburbs). serological tests for li antibodies were also carried out on st ... | 1991 | 1915791 |
| leishmania donovani: use of two different, commercially available, chemically defined media for the continuous in vitro cultivation of promastigotes. | 1991 | 1915754 | |
| leishmania donovani: characteristics of adenosine and inosine transporters in promastigotes of two different strains. | the nucleoside transport characteristics of two strains of leishmania donovani promastigotes were studied. strain s1, growing in fully defined medium, and strain s2 (mhom/et/67/ha3) both transported adenosine and inosine, but only strain s1 transported uridine and thymidine. competition studies in the presence of 100 microm of unlabeled adenosine, inosine, guanosine, 2'-deoxyadenosine, tubercidin, formycin b, 3'-deoxyinosine as well as uridine, thymidine and cytidine, with either 1 microm [3h]ad ... | 1991 | 1915751 |
| leishmania donovani: long-term culture of axenic amastigotes at 37 degrees c. | l. donovani promastigotes were subjected to heat treatment yielding an axenic amastigote stage which was long-term cultured at 37 degrees c. no differences were observed between the growth rates of axenic amastigotes and promastigotes. flow cytometry-derived dna histograms of axenic amastigotes and promastigotes were typical of exponentially growing cell populations. moreover, axenic amastigotes were metabolically active as evidenced by the release of an immunoprecipitable extracellular acid pho ... | 1991 | 1915747 |
| human recombinant migration inhibitory factor activates human macrophages to kill leishmania donovani. | a recombinant form of the first lymphokine to be discovered, migration inhibitory factor (rmif) was obtained from cos-1 cells transfected with a cdna library from a human t cell hybridoma (6). rmif has an amino acid sequence unrelated to that of any known protein. to learn more about the biology of mif, we tested its ability to effect the survival of leishmania donovani in macrophages. we found that rmif activates blood monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro to suppress the growth of and kill the ... | 1991 | 1909737 |
| stable dna transfection of a wide range of trypanosomatids. | we have shown that the leishmania major transfection vector pr-neo (or derivatives thereof) can be introduced and stably maintained in four species complexes of pathogenic leishmania (l. tropica, l. mexicana, l. donovani, l. braziliensis), and the genera endotrypanum and crithidia; transfection of trypanosoma cruzi or trypanosoma brucei was not successful. quantitative plating assays showed that the transfection efficiencies were high in l. major and leishmania amazonensis (5x10(-5)/cell) and ab ... | 1991 | 1906580 |
| role of ca2+ ion on leishmania-macrophage attachment. | leishmania donovani, the etiological agent for the disease visceral leishmaniasis, attach themselves to the macrophages for initiation of the disease. the attachment process has been found to be regulated by ca2+ ions. verapamil, a ca(2+)-channel blocker inhibits leishmania-macrophage attachment. the inhibitory effect is increased with time. nifedipine, another ca(2+)-channel blocker exhibits the same effect. the attachment process is stimulated by ca(2+)-ionophore alone. the inhibitory effects ... | 1991 | 1904982 |
| cell-free biosynthesis of lipophosphoglycan from leishmania donovani. characterization of microsomal galactosyltransferase and mannosyltransferase activities. | incubation of microsomal preparations from leishmania donovani parasites with udp-[3h]galactose or gdp-[14c]mannose resulted in incorporation of radiolabel into an endogenous product that exhibited the chemical and chromatographic characteristics of the parasite's major surface glycoconjugate, lipophosphoglycan. the [3h]galactose- or [14c]mannose-labeled product was (i) cleaved by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c; (ii) deaminated by nitrous acid; and (iii) degraded into radioactive, ... | 1991 | 1904057 |
| differential production of th1- and th2-derived cytokines does not determine the genetically controlled or vaccine-induced rate of cure in murine visceral leishmaniasis. | recent studies with models of cutaneous leishmaniasis have provoked much interest in the role of cd4+ t cell subsets in determining the outcome of infectious disease. in leishmania major infections, cure vs progressive disease correlates with the expansion of th1-like or th2-like cd4+ populations, respectively. we have investigated whether similar responses are associated with the differential patterns of infection seen in models of visceral leishmaniasis, caused by l. donovani. splenic lymphocy ... | 1991 | 1901883 |
| response to chemotherapy in experimental visceral leishmaniasis: t cell-dependent but interferon-gamma- and interleukin-2-independent. | the capacity of leishmania donovani-infected balb/c mice to respond to conventional chemotherapy with pentavalent antimony (sb) is t cell dependent and, in nude mice, can be restored in part by treatment with the t cell lymphokines, interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) or interleukin-2 (il-2). to document the presumed role of endogenous ifn-gamma and il-2 in responsiveness to antileishmanial chemotherapy in the t cell-intact host, l. donovani-infected euthymic balb/c mice were treated with anti-ifn-gamm ... | 1991 | 1899875 |
| saponins of the ivy plant, hedera helix, and their leishmanicidic activity. | antileishmanial activity is reported for the first time for saponins of ivy, hedera helix l., in vitro on promastigote and amastigote forms of leishmania infantum and leishmania tropica. the compounds tested were an extract containing 60% of saponic complex (cs 60), the bidesmosides hederasaponin b, c, and d (saponin k10), their corresponding monodesmosides alpha-, beta-, and delta-hederin, and hederagenin. cs 60 and bidesmosides have shown no effect. monodesmosides were found to be as effective ... | 1991 | 1896525 |
| synthesis and biological activity of sinefungin analogues. | a series of nucleosides (2-4) that derive from adenosine by chain extension at the 5'-end have been synthesized starting from the known phosphonate 7. the latter was first combined with 4-pentenal to give 8, which underwent chemical manipulations to provide triacetate 11, which was found suitable for the adenylation step. further transformations, among them the hofmann degradation of the amide group of compound 13, and final deprotection gave nucleosides 2-4. they were considered as analogues of ... | 1991 | 1895298 |
| direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: a simple immunoassay using leishmania donovani promastigote for diagnosis of kala-azar. | for immunodiagnosis of kala-azar enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and immunofluorescence testing (ifat) are commonly used. in ifat, whole parasite antigen and in elisa the soluble antigen have been used. preparation of elisa antigen has certain inherent difficulties. we have developed a simple, specific, and quantitative immunoassay, "direct elisa" for diagnosis of kala-azar. intact formalinized promastigote suspension has been used to combine with the antibodies of the patient sera. th ... | 1991 | 1890544 |
| isoenzyme characterization of leishmania from man, dog and sandflies in the maltese islands. | as a part of a general survey on leishmaniases and sandflies of the maltese islands, 22 leishmania stocks were isolated from human visceral (1) and cutaneous (1) cases, dogs (16) and sandflies (4). they were characterized by the analysis of 15 enzymes. the commonest mediterranean l. infantum zymodeme, mon 1, was found to cause human and canine visceral leishmaniasis; l. infantum mon 78, which has so far been isolated only in malta, was the agent of human cutaneous leishmaniasis. both zymodemes w ... | 1991 | 1887474 |
| immunoblot analysis of the humoral immune response to leishmania donovani infantum polypeptides in human visceral leishmaniasis. | using the immunoblot technique, we have compared the reactions of leishmania donovani infantum polypeptides with the immunoglobulin g of human sera from patients with parasitologically proven l. d. infantum infection, with suspected visceral leishmaniasis, and with other leishmaniases, protozoiases, helminthiases, and fungal or bacterial diseases. a 94-kda component reacted with all l. d. infantum-infected sera and with 75% of sera from patients with clinical and serological but no parasitologic ... | 1991 | 1885738 |
| liposomes and nanoparticles as vehicles for antibiotics. | colloidal drug carriers such as liposomes and nanoparticles are easily taken up by phagocytic cells and accumulate in the organs of the reticuloendothelial system. therefore, they hold promise as carriers for the treatment of intracellular infections with antibiotics that would normally not find easy access to intracellular sites. consequently, in in vitro and in vivo experiments the therapeutic efficacy of substances such as amphotericin b, dihydrostreptomycin, amikacin, ampicillin, stiboglucon ... | 1991 | 1879957 |
| malaria and leishmania parasites share the knob-associated histidine-rich protein gene sequences. | 1. the main coding region of the knob-associated histidine-rich protein (kahrp) gene of plasmodium falciparum hydridized with genomic dna of leishmania donovani. 2. a total of five ecori fragments of various sizes (7.5, 5.5, 3.2, 0.75 and 0.56 kb) were recognized by this probe, under lower stringent conditions. however, under a higher stringency of washing, two of the smallest fragments were washed away. 3. out of these ecori fragments, the 5.5 kb band showed a maximum homology with the probe wh ... | 1991 | 1868683 |
| newly documented antimicrobial activity of quinolones. | the improved antimicrobial activity of newer fluoroquinolones and novel applications recently found for the drugs already marketed are reviewed. several new compounds are more active against gram-positive bacteria than the presently marketed fluoroquinolones. win 57273, the most potent compound in vitro on a weight basis, is 16 to 128 times more active than ciprofloxacin against various staphylococci, streptococci, enterococcus spp., corynebacterium spp., listeria monocytogenes and bacillus spp. ... | 1991 | 1864284 |
| antiprotozoal activity of 3'-deoxyinosine. inverse correlation to cleavage of the glycosidic bond. | two nucleosides related to the known antiprotozoal agent 1-(beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-1,5-dihydro-4h-pyrazolo-[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4-one (allopurinol riboside, 1) were prepared and evaluated against leishmania donovani, trypanosoma cruzi, and trypanosoma gambiense. 3'-deoxyinosine (2) exhibited potent antiprotozoal activity against the three protozoal pathogens with minimal toxicity for host cells. it was found to be especially effective against the columbia strain of t. cruzi reported to be resistant ... | 1991 | 1859443 |
| down-regulation of mannose receptors on macrophages after infection with leishmania donovani. | macrophages express a mannose-specific endocytosis receptor that binds and internalizes mannose-terminated glycoproteins. infection of mouse peritoneal macrophages with leishmania donovani resulted in a decrease in mannose-receptor activity. with 125i-labelled beta-glucuronidase as ligand, a 2-fold decrease in uptake rate was observed in infected cells, with no change in kuptake. cell-surface binding of 125i-mannose-bsa was diminished 2.5-fold after infection. the decrease in ligand binding appe ... | 1991 | 1859373 |
| substrate-dependent ph optima of gp63 purified from seven strains of leishmania. | the major surface glycoprotein of leishmania, gp63, is a membrane-bound metalloprotease. contradictory data supporting a neutral or acidic nature of this enzyme have been presented. seven strains of old and new world leishmania, including leishmania donovani complex (leishmania infantum and l. donovani), leishmania major, leishmania tropica and leishmania mexicana amazonensis were used for the purification and comparative study of gp63. the protein was extracted from promastigotes by phase separ ... | 1991 | 1857388 |
| purification and characterization of the 3'-nucleotidase/nuclease from promastigotes of leishmania donovani. | the surface membrane-associated 3'-nucleotidase/nuclease (3'-n'ase) of leishmania donovani has been purified from detergent extracted promastigotes by anion and cation exchange, lectin affinity and gel filtration chromatography. sds-page analysis of the purified enzyme preparation revealed a 43-kda polypeptide as well as faster migrating bands. these bands co-migrated, following both one- and two-dimensional electrophoretic analyses, with enzyme activity as determined by an in situ 3'-nucleotida ... | 1991 | 1857379 |
| purification and characterization of a membrane-bound acid phosphatase of leishmania mexicana. | as defined by the reaction with monoclonal antibodies, leishmania mexicana promastigotes contain two acid phosphatases which together comprise about 90% of the cellular activity. a first enzyme recognized by monoclonal antibody ap4 is largely membrane-bound. the protein has an apparent molecular weight of 70,000-72,000, carries about seven n-linked glycan chains and is present in approximately 16,000 copies per cell. the protein is also expressed in the amastigote stage. a second enzyme reactive ... | 1991 | 1857378 |
| a killing disease epidemic among displaced sudanese population identified as visceral leishmaniasis. | a fatal disease epidemic affected the bentiu area in southern sudan and led to a mass migration of the nuer tribe searching for treatment. the initially available information revealed a high mortality rate due to a possible occurrence of tuberculosis, malaria, enteric fever or visceral leishmaniasis (vl). serological screening of 53 of the most severely affected patients in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) or an improved direct agglutination test (dat) revealed positivity for vl. in ... | 1991 | 1852133 |
| [effect of high temperature on promastigotes of 2 species of leishmania]. | a morphological and chemical transformation of the protozoon leishmania results during the shift from sand fly vector to mammalian host. this is due to the increase in temperature from about 26 degrees to about 35 degrees c. we evaluated the modifications induced by 37 degrees c on stationary phase promastigotes of two different leishmania species (l. major and l. infantum). l. infantum changed to amastigote-like forms in a greater and quicker way than l. major; this fact could relate with the m ... | 1991 | 1844918 |
| [entomological survey of sandflies (diptera, psychodidae) in the province of l'aquila (abruzzo)]. | a survey on phlebotomine sandflies (diptera, psychodidae) was carried out in the province of l'aquila, abruzzo region (italy). ten collecting sites at altitudes between 700 and 1,070 m a.s.l., produced a total of 324 specimens (81.1% males), 72.86% being phlebotomus perniciosus, 3.08% p. mascittii, 0.30% p. papatasi and 23.76% sergentomyia minuta. the collecting sites at 1,070, 950 and 775 m a.s.l. are the highest levels recorded in italy for p. perniciosus, p. mascittii and p. papatasi, respect ... | 1991 | 1844502 |
| in-vitro maintenance of leishmania donovani promastigotes in a cheap, serum-free, hemin-based, autoclavable culture medium. | 1991 | 1842810 | |
| differences between leishmania (leishmania) chagasi, l. (l.) infantum and l. (l.) donovani as shown by dna fingerprinting. | 1991 | 1842444 | |
| the sandflies of algeria. | twenty-two species of sandflies are known to be present in algeria: 12 phlebotomus and 10 sergentomyia. each species has its own ecological distribution except in the mountains of the central sahara where both mediterranean species and species of the ethiopian zoo-geographical area occur together. phlebotomus perniciosus and p. papatasi are the proven vectors of leishmania infantum visceral leishmaniasis and l. major cutaneous leishmaniasis respectively. | 1991 | 1841261 |
| the phlebotomine sandflies of portugal. v. observations on the ecology of the vectors of leishmaniasis in the alto douro region. | in a survey carried out in the kala-azar endemic region of the alto douro, a total of 4,903 sandflies was caught, as follows: ph. ariasi 3,166 (64.6%), ph. perniciosus 1,533 (31.3%) and s. minuta 204 (4.1%). ph. ariasi was most abundant in september, when the greatest level of infection was observed (1.03%) while perniciosus was more abundant in july. in any case, both species coexist during great part of the year. no sandflies were found from november to april. | 1991 | 1841258 |
| a review of investigations on leishmaniasis vectors in kenya. | investigations on vectors of leishmaniases in kenya started only in the last 35 years when the visceral leishmaniasis assumed importance as a result of a major disease epidemic outbreak. since then detailed investigations on vectors of visceral leishmaniasis as well as vectors of newly found species causing cutaneous leishmaniasis have resulted in identification of their main vectors. synphlebotomus complex were shown to be the main vectors in kitui focus while in the other foci phlebotomus mart ... | 1991 | 1841244 |
| experimental infections of a phlebotomus perniciosus colony using different procedures. | flies of two colonies of phlebotomus perniciosus established in italy and spain respectively, were infected with a leishmania infantum isolate from spain. only p. perniciosus from spain was completely found susceptible to the infection. experimental infections of p. perniciosus from spain with the same l. infantum isolate were carried out using rpmi or pbs as infective feeding mediums. the results demonstrate that using pbs it is possible to re-feed a great quantity of infected flies. | 1991 | 1841239 |
| a survey of phlebotomine sandflies (diptera: psychodidae) in hubei province, china. | from june to august, 1987 a survey of phlebotomine sandflies was carried out by means of aspirator and light-sticky traps in nine counties viz., yunxi, wudangshan, snennongjia, zigui, yichang, lichuan, laifeng, hongan and yangxin, hubei province. a total of nine species had been identified: phlebotomus chinensis, p. kiangsuensis, p. mongolensis, sergentomyia anhuiensis, s. koloshanensis, s. nankingensis, s. squamirostris, s. zhengjiani and s. barraudi. their distribution was summarized in a map. | 1991 | 1841231 |