Publications

tungiasis in a 3-year-old child.	tungiasis is an infestation of the skin caused by the flea tunga penetrans. it is not rare in western europe because of tourism to tropical and subtropical countries. however, tungiasis has been very rarely reported in children. we describe a case of tungiasis in a 3-year-old child. the infestation was localized to the second toe of the left foot and was characterized by an atypical clinical presentation.	2000	10990579
cutaneous infestation by tunga penetrans.		2000	10809982
[a revision of chiggers in the vulgaris group (trombiculidae: neotrombicula)].	a revision of chigger mites species, being closely related to neotrombicula vulgaris (schluger, 1955), is given. 2 new species are described: n. aideriensis sp. n. from western kopetdagh and n. macrovulgaris sp. n. from western caucasus. n. aideriensis sp. n. differs from all other species of the vulgaris group by presence of single barb on the lateral seta of palpal tibia in most specimens. this species differs also from n. vulgaris by lesser width of scutum, shorter setae of scutum and idiosom ...	1999	10771778
a walk in the woods with tunga penetrans.		1999	10731363
seasonal occurrence of leptotrombidium deliense (acari: trombiculidae) attached to sentinel rodents in an orchard near bangkok, thailand.	leptotrombidium deliense walch that attached to sentinel laboratory mice and the roof rat, rattus rattus (l.), placed in an orchard habitat near bangkok, thailand, were studied between april 1993 and april 1995. a single l. deliense larva was attached to only 1 of 51 laboratory mice placed in the study area between april and september 1993. overall, 89/202 (44.1%) r. rattus had 1 or more l. deliense larvae attached, and orientia tsutsugamushi (hayashi), the etiologic agent for scrub typhus, was ...	1999	10593093
an unusual site of chigger bite in a patient with scrub typhus.	a 70-year-old female farmer was admitted to the hospital because of fever, headache, and diarrhea for 7 days. hypotension, right-sided pleural effusion with respiratory distress and leukocytosis were noted. she was initially treated as systemic bacterial infection by i.v. administration of ampicillin/sulbactam and amikacin. because fever persisted in spite of aggressive treatment, a repeat thorough physical examination was done. an eschar was found over the left-sided labium majus and an enlarge ...	1999	10579097
occurrence of orientia tsutsugamushi in chiggers (acari: trombiculidae) and small animals in an orchard near bangkok, thailand.	the ecology of orientia tsutsugamushi (hayashi) was studied in chiggers and small animals in an orchard near bangkok, thailand. small animals were trapped monthly between july and november 1992 and examined for the presence of o. tsutsugamushi and ectoparasitic chiggers. a total of 40 rattus rattus (l.) and 16 tupaia glis (diard) was trapped. o. tsutsugamushi was isolated from liver and spleen samples of 30.8% of r. rattus and 18.6% of t. glis. antibodies to o. tsutsugamushi were detected in 95% ...	1999	10467771
deployed us army soldiers' knowledge and use of personal protection measures to prevent arthropod-related casualties.	the recommendation to use personal protection measures (ppms) to prevent arthropod-related diseases and nuisance bites is a common element of travel medicine consultation.1-3 prevention of arthropod-related casualties is especially important to the military, given the often intense exposure of service members to biting arthropods and the threat of personnel losses to mission success. in the 1980s, 75% deet (n,n-diethyl-m-toluamide) was the us military-issue insect repellent for use on skin and c ...	1998	9876199
two new species of chiggers (acari: trombiculidae and leeuwenhoekiidae) from iran.	odontacarus khanjani goff & saboori (leeuwenhoekiidae) and neotrombicula iranensis goff & saboori (trombiculidae) were described as new. both species were collected as unengorged larvae on alfalfa plants, medicago sativa, in western iran.	1998	9775621
immunocytochemical methods to study the distribution of orientia tsutsugamushi in leptotrombidium (acari: trombiculidae) chiggers.	immunocytochemical methods were developed and tested for their ability to detect the distribution of orientia tsutsugamushi in paraffin sections of adult chiggers (leptotrombidium imphalum vercammen-grandjean & langston). rickettsial antigen was detected by application of a simple direct or amplified immunocytochemistry procedure and an indirect immunofluorescent procedure. in the direct procedure alkaline phosphatase conjugation to the mouse polyclonal antibody to the karp strain was followed b ...	1998	9701944
a new ecology for scrub typhus associated with a focus of antibiotic resistance in rice farmers in thailand.	following the documentation of chloramphenicol-resistant and doxycycline-resistant strains of orientia tsutsugamushi (hyashi) in northern thailand, we conducted ecological and epidemiological studies near the houses of patients hospitalized with antibiotic-resistant infections. new associations between chiggers, rodents, and o. tsutsugamushi in active rice agriculture areas, an ecological habitat not described previously, are reported. rattus rattus (l.) was the most common species (representing ...	1998	9701943
bites and stings of the arthropod kind. treating reactions that can range from annoying to menacing.	bites and stings from arthropods are largely inevitable because of the number of offending species and their distribution throughout our environment. wasps, bees, ants, mosquitoes, gnats, chiggers, and fleas are found all across the united states. thus far, africanized honeybees are limited to southwestern states and fire ants to southern states. brown recluse spiders are found most often in the midwest and south central region, but the black widow spider is found in all 48 contiguous states. th ...	1998	9633544
tungiasis among five communities in south-western trinidad, west indies.	the prevalences of tunga penetrans linn. within the five townships of granville, fullerton, icacos, coromandel and cedros in south-western trinidad, west indies, as determined by physical examination of all inhabitants present during the survey, were 17.0% (38/223 subjects), 15.7% (36/237), 31.4% (102/325), 17.4% (42/242) and 17.9% (50/280), respectively. the rate in icacos was significantly higher than in the other four sites (p < 0.001). not only were males more likely to be infected than fema ...	1998	9614460
the summer penile syndrome: seasonal acute hypersensitivity reaction caused by chigger bites on the penis.	to describe the seasonal acute hypersensitivity reaction of the penis due to chigger bites, known as the summer penile syndrome.	1998	9583392
[new data on fauna and systematics chiggers of the autumnalis group (trombiculidae: neotrombicula)].	the study of the species group autumnalis in genus neotrombicula is carried out. composition of the group and diagnoses of species are changed, data on variability are reported. a new species, n. oculata sp. n., is described. the new species is similar to n. turkestanica kudryashova, 1993 and differs from it by disproportionaly large eyes, a little more numerous setae of idiosoma (ndv = 66-78 against 58-69) and their lesser lengths (dm = 41-46 against 45-49), a lesser width of scutum (aw = 71 ag ...	2007	9541936
[the hydrachnidae water mites of southwestern siberia in relation to their participation in arbovirus circulation].	the phenomenon of hydrachnidae association with the tick-borne encephalitic viruses complex has been found out during the study of the role of the hydrachnidae in the arboviruses circulation. we investigated the fauna, studied the quantity variation and trophic relations of these arthropods and blood-sucking diptera. it was revealed no trophic relations between blood-sucking diptera and mite species, where tbe strains were isolated from. on the basis of faunistic and virological study we suppose ...	2007	9479384
u.s. army soldiers' perceptions of arthropod pests and their effects on military missions.	a survey was conducted to determine the effects of biting and stinging arthropods on military personnel, operations, and training. nearly 70% of respondents reported experiencing problems attributable to arthropods. arthropods obstructed movement and field position, prevented concealment and cover, disrupted maneuvers, and caused panic. twenty percent of respondents reported attendance at sick call for treatment of bites or stings, and 4% were hospitalized or assigned to quarters. median lost ti ...	1997	9433086
geographical distribution of vectors and sero-strains of tsutsugamushi disease at mid-south inland of korea.	studies of geographical distributions and relative population densities of the vector mites of tsutsugamushi disease were carried out in october 1996 at 12 locations of the mid-south inland of the korean peninsula, where chigger mites have been never studied. of 177 field rodents and insectivores collected, 154 (87.0%) were apodemus agrarius. total 25,707 chigger mites were collected and 14 species were identified, of which leptotrombidium pallidum was predominant (79.8%) and l. palpale the next ...	1997	9335182
the role of leptotrombidium scutellare in the transmission of human diseases.	to investigate the role of leptotrombidium (l.) scutellare in the transmission of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) and tsutsugamushi disease of autumn-type.	1996	9275333
dermatitis in young florida sandhill cranes (grus canadensis pratensis) due to infestation by the chigger, blankaartia sinnamaryi.		1997	9267428
ectoparasite fauna of the eastern woodrat, neotoma floridana: composition, origin, and comparison with ectoparasite faunas of western woodrat species.	we collected ectoparasites from eastern woodrats, neotoma floridana, from 3 sites in the southeastern united states: coastal south carolina, southeast georgia, and south-central georgia. twelve ectoparasite species were recovered from 47 woodrats in south carolina (5 ticks, 5 mites, 2 fleas), 13 from 35 woodrats in south-central georgia (1 tick, 10 mites, 2 fleas), and 4 from a small host sample (7) in southeast georgia (2 ticks, 1 mite, 1 flea). new state records are established for the listrop ...	1997	9194815
characterization of orientia tsutsugamushi isolated in taiwan by immunofluorescence and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses.	a total of 10 strains of orientia tsutsugamushi were isolated from field rodents and chiggers in taiwan, and characterized by immunofluorescence analysis with monoclonal antibodies and by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the 56-kilodalton (kda) protein gene. the isolates were divided into two groups consisting of 1 and 9 strains which showed some relation to gilliam and karp type strains, respectively. however, all these isolates possessed characteristics distinct not only fr ...	1997	9170266
insect repellents: an overview.	the optimal management of arthropod bites is prevention, and many over-the-counter insect repellents are available. since first marketed in 1956, deet has remained the most effective repellent against mosquitoes, biting fleas, gnats, and chiggers. permethrin is applied to clothing rather than to skin, and it is a better repellent against ticks than deet. the risk of serious side effects with the use of deet is slight; nevertheless, the lowest effective concentration should be used. the current, ...	1997	9039177
new records of human tungiasis in mexico (siphonaptera:tungidae).	human cases of tungiasis were recorded in mexico until 1948. here we report 3 new cases of infection by chigoe, tunga penetrans (l.), with 2 from hidalgo state and the 3rd, although acquired in mexico city, was associated with the other 2 cases. this is the 1st record of this species in hidalgo state and indicates a reappearance of this parasite in mexico.	1996	8961652
ectoparasites (acari, mallophaga, anoplura, diptera) of white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus, from southern florida.	during a 7-yr period (1984-1990), 300 white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus (zimmermann), from 7 localities in collier, dade, and monroe counties in southern florida were examined for ectoparasites. eight species were identified: 4 ticks [ixodes scapularis say, i. affinis neumann, amblyomma maculatum (koch), and dermacentor variabilis (say)], 1 chigger mite [eutrombicula splendens (ewing)], 1 ked (lipoptena mazamae rondani), 1 chewing louse [tricholipeurus lipeuroides (megnin)], and 1 suckin ...	1996	8906911
a case of tungiasis.	tunga penetrans is a burrowing flea that is prevalent in central and south america, the caribbean, tropical africa, india, and pakistan, and rarely is imported to the united states. tungiasis results from the cutaneous infestation of humans by the gravid female flea, t. penetrans. we report a case of tungiasis in a female who had been on a missionary expedition along the brazilian amazon river. the clinical presentation, life cycle, differential diagnosis, military and historical aspects, and tr ...	1996	8857229
[population density of chigger mites, the vector of tsutsugamushi disease in chollanam-do, korea].	the geographical distribution and population density of rodents and chigger mites at six localities of chollanam-do were investigated from october to december in 1993. among total 142 field rodents collected by the modified chemla wooden traps, 131 rodents were apodemus agrarius (92.3%) and 11 were crocidura lasiura (7.7%). out of 142 field rodents, 92 were parasitized by chiggers, showing 69.0% of the infestation rate and 74.2 of the chigger index. infestation rate and chigger index of a. agrar ...	1996	8820739
papular urticaria in children.	papular urticaria is a common pruritic hypersensitivity reaction to the bites of insects of many different types, including fleas, mosquitoes, chiggers, and, more rarely, avian or rodent mites. which particular insect is the cause varies with geographic location. in san francisco, children with papular urticaria due to flea bites are part of dermatologic practice year round. with its relatively warm winters and wet, foggy summers, san francisco is an environment where fleas thrive, and their bit ...	2009	8806128
a case of imported tungiasis in scotland initially mimicking verrucae vulgaris.	a case is described of tunga penetrans infection in the feet of a tourist returning from south america to scotland. the condition had initially mimicked verrucae vulgaris, but microscopic examination of the lesions together with the travel history allowed the diagnosis of tungiasis to be made. this is the first case reported in scotland.	1994	8778973
[detection antigen of rickettsia tsutsugamushi by using monoclonal antibody].	dot-elisa was used with hrp-labelled monoclonal antibodies kp3 (iggi) and kp4-6 (igm) against antigen of the karp strain of rickettsia tsutsugamushi to detect the antigen of r. tsutsugamushi. the positive rate of sera of 56 acute scrub typhus patients and 37 wild rats caught from the countryside of the endemic area as well as 29 batches of chiggers collected from the wild rats were 92.9%, 100% and 89.7%, respectively. no cross reaction was found with antigens of other rickettsia groups such as r ...	1993	8504454
duration of attachment of the chigger, eutrombicula lipovskyana (trombiculidae) in mite pockets of yarrow's spiny lizard, sceloporus jarrovii (phrynosomatidae) from arizona.	duration of attachment was determined for the chigger, eutrombicula lipovskyana in mite pockets of the phrynosomatid lizard, sceloporus jarrovii from arizona. eutrombicula lipovskyana remained attached in mite pockets for as long as 52 days. infestations in other body areas were of shorter duration. the mite geckobiella texana was also found to infest s. jarrovii.	1993	8445776
distribution and seasonal and diurnal activity patterns of eutrombicula alfreddugesi (acari: trombiculidae) in a forest edge ecosystem.	microclimatic and vegetative effects on the population size and activity patterns of larval eutrombicula alfreddugesi oudemans, 1910 (acari: trombiculidae), were investigated in nebraska between latitude 40 degrees 0'0" n and 40 degrees 1'21" n. larval population densities along a forest edge were greatest in areas of high relative humidity, moderate temperature, low incident sunlight, and increasing substrate vegetation. although chigger populations existed throughout the forest edge, larger po ...	1993	8433345
laboratory evaluation of two commercial repellants against leptotrombidium fletcheri (acari: trombiculidae).	two commercial repellants were evaluated in the laboratory against leptotrombidium fletcheri chiggers. the active ingredient in one was deet and in the other was citrus oil. excito-toxicity effect was studied and it was determined by the time ("escape time") chiggers took to move off filter papers treated with the repellants. all chiggers exposed on filter papers treated with deet died and did not move off the treated papers. none of the chiggers that were placed on papers treated with citrus oi ...	1993	8362291
[seasonal distribution of chigger mites in the kanghwa island and yongjong island].	seasonal distribution of chigger mites in the kangwha island and yongjong island was studied during the period of october 1992-august 1993. from 42 field rodents collected, 1,290 chiggers were obtained and 8 species of 4 genera were identified. in the kanghwa island, leptotrombidium pallidum was the predominant species through all seasons with the percentage of 93.0%. whereas, in the yongjong island, l. palpale was the predominant species with the percentage of 38.4% and l. pallidum was not foun ...	1993	8297891
rickettsia tsutsugamushi in chiggers (acari: trombiculidae) associated with rodents in central thailand.	chiggers were collected from rodents trapped at two military bases located 10 km apart in central thailand. one site was swampy and nearly treeless and the other site was well-drained and partially wooded. although 13 species of chiggers were collected, only three species were found to be positive for rickettsia tsutsugamushi (hayashi) ogata using a direct fluorescent antibody test: blankaartia acuscutellaris walch (7.3% infected), leptotrombidium delinese walch (3.1% infected), and an undescrib ...	1994	8189414
failed vertical transmission of rickettsia tsutsugamushi (rickettsiales: rickettsiaceae) acquired from rickettsemic mice by leptotrombidium pallidum (acari: trombiculidae).	larvae of leptotrombidium pallidum (nagayo, miyagawa, mitamura & tamiya) from uninfected laboratory colonies were fed on mice infected with rickettsia tsutsugamushi (hayashi) ogata. infection of the chiggers with r. tsutsugamushi was determined by passage of chigger exudates into ddy mice. the passage method was modified so that an inoculum was considered to be positive when r. tsutsugamushi or anti-r. tsutsugamushi antibody, or both, were detected in mice up to the third blind passage. r. tsuts ...	1994	8189412
[detection of rickettsia tsutsugamushi dna from chiggers by polymerase chain reaction].	polymerase chain reaction was employed to detect rickettsia tsutsugamushi dna from chiggers for the first time. both adults and larvae were tested. the positive rate of experimentally infected adults was 92.9%. it suggests that pcr is a rapid and sensitive assay for epidemiological study of scrub typhus.	1993	8137416
[leptotrombidium (l.) scutellare as the transmitting vector of tsutsugamushi disease of autumn-winter type in jiangsu province].	in 1986, epidemic of tsutsugamushi disease of autumn-winter type was found in jiangsu province. to clarify the vector of this disease, we carried out a series of studies in 1986-1992. leptotrombidium (l.) scutellare was found to be a dominant species of chigger mite on rats in the endemic areas and its seasonal distribution was correlated with the incidence of tsutsugamushi disease in inhabitants. this mite could naturally be infected by rickettsia tsutsugamushi, and r. tsutsugamushi could be tr ...	1994	8069730
chigger mites (acarina: leeuwenhoekiidae) from cuba.	the present paper comprises a systematic survey of the chigger mites (acarina: leeuwenhoekiidae) collected from bats and bat guano in cuban caves in 1965-1985. wagenaaria similis is recorded for the first time in cuba. the first hosts known for ischnothrombium diploctenum are noted. antrohoekia inexpectata, g.n., sp. n., a parasite of bats, is described.	1994	8050757
lesions associated with infestation of a yellow-footed rock wallaby (petrogale xanthopus xanthopus) with larvae of odontacarus (leogonius) adelaideae (womersley) (acarina: trombiculidae) in south australia.	dermatitis associated with natural infestation of a yellow-footed rock wallaby (petrogale xanthopus xanthopus) with larvae of the chigger mite, odontacarus (leogonius) adelaideae is described. this record extends the known host range of o. adelaideae and is the first from a native animal in southern australia.	1994	8028112
distribution patterns of tunga penetrans within a community in trinidad, west indies.	this paper describes patterns of infection with tunga penetrans within the town of icacos, trinidad, west indies, assessed by the number of persons infected and the extent of the chigoe flea burden by physical examination. the overall prevalence of infection was 31.4% (102 infected persons) of the 325 persons examined (41% of males and 23% of females). both measures showed a significant difference among the different age groups with peak chigoe burden found in the 5-9, 10-14 and > 55 age-groups, ...	1994	8007057
detection and characterization of rickettsia tsutsugamushi (rickettsiales: rickettsiaceae) in infected leptotrombidium (leptotrombidium) fletcheri chiggers (acari: trombiculidae) with the polymerase chain reaction.	we developed a method for detecting and characterizing the dna of rickettsia tsutsugamushi in chiggers (larval trombiculid mites) by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). three procedures for extracting dna from frozen chiggers were compared by evaluating the yield of pcr amplicand obtained with nine oligonucleotide primer pairs derived from the rickettsial 22 kd, 47 kd, groesl, 56 kd, and 110 kd antigen genes. although extracts and primer pairs differed in amplification efficiency, r. tsutsugamushi ...	1994	7966172
response of a chigger, eutrombicula hirsti (acari: trombiculidae) to repellent and toxicant compounds in the laboratory.	laboratory tests were conducted to compare the response of eutrombicula hirsti (sambon) larvae to the compounds dibutylphthalate (dbp), dimethylphthalate (dmp), diethyl methylbenzamide (deet), benzyl benzoate (bb), and permethrin. the ed50 for e. hirsti of these compounds when applied to filter paper were 0.17 mg/cm2 for dmp, 0.24 mg/cm2 for permethrin, 0.26 mg/cm2 for deet, 1.42 mg/cm2 for bb, and > 7.21 mg/cm2 for dbp. when impregnated in cloth, dmp, deet, and bb were highly toxic to larvae at ...	1994	7932612
ectoparasites of opossums and raccoons in southeastern georgia.	twelve species of ectoparasites (four fleas, three ticks, three chiggers, one macronyssid mite, and one atopomelid mite) were recovered from 42 opossums, didelphis virginiana kerr, live-trapped from september 1992 through april 1994 in southeastern georgia. the fleas, ctenocephalides felis (bouché) (prevalence = 19%) and polygenis gwyni (c. fox) (36%); the ticks, dermacentor variabilis (say) (40%) and ixodes scapularis say (19%); and the macronyssid mite, ornithonyssus wernecki (fonseca) (21%), ...	1994	7815408
comparative epidemiological studies on vector/reservoir animals of tsutsugamushi disease between high and low endemic areas in korea.	comparative epidemiological studies on vector reservoir animals of tsutsugamushi disease were carried out in between south coast (the highest endemic) areas and east coast (low endemic) areas in october 1993. fauna of field rodents and their population densities were not different between two areas. antibody positive rate of apodemus agrarius sera was higher in east coast (43.2% in south coast and 63.6% in east coast). high correlation (r = 0.87) was shown between antibody positive rate of a. ag ...	1995	7735783
cutaneous infection with tunga penetrans.	a 23-year-old man presented with a small black lesion at the distal margin of the right great toenail. he had returned from the ivory coast 1 month previously, having spent 6 weeks there. histopathological examination of material extruded from the lesion showed a variety of arthropod internal organs, allowing a definitive diagnosis of infection with the ectoparasitic flea tunga penetrans. curettage of the lesion revealed a gravid adult female flea.	1995	7669623
new genus and six new species of chiggers (acari: trombiculidae and leeuwenhoekiidae) collected from small mammals in argentina.	argentinacarus. n. gen., is proposed with argentinacarus expansus, n. sp., off irenomys tarsalis and akodon longipilis, as type species. quadraseta akodonica, off akodon longipilis and auliscomys micropus, colicus sinpretarsus, off histiotus montanus, parasecia argentinensis off phyllotis xanthopygus, parasecia neuquenensis, off akodon longipilis, and andalgalomacarus xanthopyga, off phyllois xanthopygus and eligmodontia morgani, are described as new. all specimens were collected in argentina.	1995	7650704
jigger infestation in children in a rural area of rivers state of nigeria.	during a survey in april 1991 to determine the immunisation status of 218 children resident in a rural riverine community, 49 (22.48) were found to have been infested with tunga penetrans. itching and ulceration were the commonest symptoms. the feet were infested in all children, none of whom was taken to a health facility. 42.86% of infested children received complete doses of dpt. parents reported no complications of infestation. tungiasis is an important infestation in rural dwellers. the nee ...	1995	7626535
[the present status of the conquest of tropical africa by pulex irritans linnaeus, 1758].	owing to human parasites, two fleas, namely pulex irritans linné, 1758 and tunga penetrans (l., 1758) were brought from america to intertropical africa. the conquest of africa by pulex irritans, was really effective since the fifties, evidently by european strains. some examples selected in occidental and oriental africa show the reality of this fact. accordingly, the epidemiological modalities in plague's african foci can be strongly changed.	1993	7507371
[morphofunctional characteristics of the larval mouth apparatus of the chigger, neotrombicula pomeranzevi (trombiculidae)].	gnathostoma of larvae of the chigger mite n. pomeranzevi is situated terminally on the trunk. the base of the gnathostoma is gnathocoxa represented by conglutinated coxae of pedipalps. gnathocoxa narrows apically and passes into hypostome protruding up to the cheliceral blades. lateral borders of the hypostome are bent dorsally thus forming a groove in which cheliceral blades are located. the cheliceral blades have a small groove in their internal surface. larval chelicerea are free because thei ...	1981	7465244
tungiasis: imported disease.	a case of importation of the sandflea tunga penetrans is reported. if this species were to become established in australia, there could be medical and socioeconomic repercussions.	1980	7464622
rodent and scrub typhus survey in a ricefield at kramat tunngak area, tanjung priok, jakarta, indonesia.	trapping of small mammals in a ricefield at kramat tunggak around tanjung priok in jakarta city, was carried out from july 1977 through june 1978. of three species of rodents, r.argentiventer was found to be the predominant species in the ricefield. r.r.diardii was an intermittent resident, and the presence of r.norvegicus was interesting observation. s.murinus, a house shrew, was also present. r.argentiventer was the dominant species during the periods when the rice grains were available as a s ...	1980	7434074
scrub typhus survey of biak and owi islands: ectoparasites of small mammals and rickettsial isolations.	a survey of smnall mammals and their ectoparasites was conducted on the islands of biak and owi, indonesia, in august 1976. two species of chiggers known to serve as vectors of scrub typhus were found: leptotrombidium (leptotrombidium) deliense from rattus exulans, r. ruber, and r. r. septicus; l. (l.) flectcheri from r. exulans, r. leucopus and r. r. septicus. rickettsia tsutsugamushi was isolated from the spleens of r. exulans and r. r. septicus. the favored ecotype of the chigger and rat host ...	1980	7434073
a study of small mammals in the ciloto field station area, west java, indonesia, with special reference to vectors of plague and scrub typhus.	from june 1977 to june 1978 a study of smal mammals was carried out in the ciloto field station area, west java, indonesia by the who vector biology and control research unit-ii. the objectives of the investigations were to determine the diversity and density of rodent species, to find potential plague and scrub typhus vectors and to study their host-parasite relationships. in the 13 month period a total of 6 species of murids were identified; two species of campestral rats (r. tiomanicus and r. ...	1980	7403957
tungiasis in north america.	tungiasis, a condition rarely seen in the united states, is an infestation of the gravid female chigoe flea, tunga penetrans. the presenting lesion is an asymptomatic, noninflammatory, translucent nodule with a central dark spot. complications include severe itching, pain, inflammatory reaction leading to autoamputation of digits, pyoderma (cellulitis) and tetanus. therapy consists of removal of the organism and protection against pyoderma and tetanus.	1980	7379594
infestation by tunga penetrans.	infestation by the flea tunga penetrans, although quite prevalent in central america, south america, and africa, is rarely recognized or reported in north america. this report describes a case of tungiasis occurring in a new york resident who acquired the disease in africa. the patient manifested characteristic lesions of white papules with central black pits on the dorsa of her toes. treatment consisted of removal of the offending parasites.	1980	7352768
variation in populations of chigger vectors of scrub typhus in developing oil palm areas of different ages.	the populations of scrub typhus vector chiggers were compared in two developing oil palm areas, one 5 years old and the other 7 years old at the inception of the study. both areas were located within the same oil palm scheme in central peninsular malaysia. leptotrombidium (l.) deliense, a principal vector of scrub typhus in malaysia, was found in reduced numbers in the older oil palm habitat. this reduction is attributed to changes in the microhabitat, specifically the elimination of grasses bet ...	1980	7300038
two new species of chiggers (acari: trombiculidae) from the philippine islands.		1981	7288831
five new species of chiggers (acari: trombiculidae) from papua new guinea.		1981	7288827
[tungiasis - "vacation dermatitis"].	the symptoms of infestation by tunga penetrans (chigoe flea or jigger) are demonstrated on a patient recently returned from tanzania. the epidemiology and a description of the flea's development cycle are given.	1981	7263246
chigger mites: efficacy of control with two pyrethroids.		1980	7229189
[dermatologic entomology. 21. trombiculidae/chigger].		1981	7220491
a glossary of chigger terminology (acari: trombiculidae).		1982	7120301
permethrin as a clothing treatment for personal protection against chigger mites (acarina: trombiculidae).	a study was done to evaluate the personal protection afforded by uniforms treated with permethrin (0.125 mg/cm2) against natural infestations of chigger mites, trombicula spp. the study utilized human test subjects taking part in a military field training exercise. at the end of the 3-day period, there was 74.2% increase in protection provided by the treated uniforms compared to an untreated uniform and the use of repellent. the increased protection amounted to ca 60 fewer mite attachments per t ...	1982	7081549
population indices of chiggers (leptotrombidium deliense) and incidence of scrub typhus in chinese military personnel, pescadores islands of taiwan, 1976-77.	larval leptotrombidium deliense were recovered from live-trapped suncus murinus, rattus rattus and r. norvegicus captured in the pescadores islands of taiwan during 1976 and 1977. weekly and monthly indices of chigger infestation expressed as a percentage of hosts infested and the number of chiggers per host for s. murinus and rattus spp. were calculated. close correlations were observed between monthly indices of l. deliense measured for s. murinus and rattus spp. and the number of laboratory-c ...	1982	7080163
[tunga penetrans: a tropical surprise in a dutch toe].		1983	6888594
doxycycline propylaxis for human scrub typhus.	the use of doxycycline, as a prophylactic antibiotic against scrub typhus was investigated in a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. twenty volunteers were divided into two similar groups. beginning three days before exposure to leptotrombidium fletcheri chiggers infected with rickettsia tsutsugamushi, and continuing for six weeks after exposure, one group received weekly 200-mg oral doses of doxycycline and the other group received a placebo. nine of 10 doxycycline-treated subjects rema ...	1982	6815282
serological analysis of rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolates from north queensland.	fifty-two rickettsia tsutsugamushi isolates from humans, rodents and chiggers in north queensland were serologically characterized by the direct immunofluorescence test. a majority (71%) of the isolates was a mixture of two or more strains. the most frequently detected strains in the 52 isolates were ta716 (84%), ta763 (42%), ta686 (33%), and karp (31%). the gilliam strain was detected in only 4% of the isolates.	1982	6810861
transmission of scrub typhus to human volunteers by laboratory-reared chiggers.	laboratory-reared, rickettsia tsutsugamushi-infected leptotrombidium arenicola and l. fletcheri chiggers were fed on 1 and 2 human volunteers respectively. all subjects developed typical clinical signs and symptoms of scrub typhus beginning days 8-10 post chigger attachment (pca); these included fever, severe headache, myalgia, regional lymphadenopathy, and eschar. the two l. fletcheri subjects developed a transient generalized rash on days 3-4 after the onset of fever, and these two individuals ...	1982	6808205
a survey of scrub and murine typhus in the ancol section of jakarta, indonesia.	rickettsia tsutsugamushi was isolated from l. (l.) arenicola chiggers and three species of rats in an area of scrub and sedge along the bay of jakarta. this is the only finding in indonesia of a cycle of the agent of scrub typhus associated with l. (l.) arenicola. a serologic survey of nearly 300 persons living in two kampungs near the site at which rickettsiae were recovered revealed one individual with antibodies to r. tsutsugamushi. murine typhus, with a seropositivity rate of 6.5%, may be en ...	1981	6806914
serological classification of rickettsia tsutsugamushi organisms found in chiggers (acarina: trombiculidae) collected in peninsular malaysia.		1981	6798724
rickettsia tsutsugamushi strains found in chiggers collected in thailand.	r. tsutsugamushi strains found in chiggers collected from 3 different sites throughout thailand were antigenically characterized. monotypic infections were observed in 76.7% of the chiggers. karp was the most predominant strain, followed by ta716, ta763, ta686 and kato. this study represents the first confirmed report of r. tsutsugamushi infection in 8 different chigger species in thailand.	1981	6789455
a small collection of chiggers (acari: trombiculidae) from mammals collected in paraguay.		1984	6748009
a new genus of trombiculine chiggers (acari: trombiculidae) from western north america.		1984	6748000
three new species and new records of chiggers (acari: trombiculidae) from the northwestern hawaiian islands.		1984	6747999
tunga penetrans in south florida.	we have described a 25-year-old man with infestation of the feet by the burrowing flea tunga penetrans, acquired in brazil. we have also presented the microscopic characteristics of the flea and the histologic differential diagnosis.	1983	6648617
parasites, diseases, and health status of sympatric populations of sika deer and white-tailed deer in maryland and virginia.	in july 1981, investigations on parasites, diseases, and herd health status were conducted on sympatric populations of sika deer (cervus nippon) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from blackwater national wildlife refuge (maryland) and chincoteague national wildlife refuge (virginia) on the delmarva peninsula. five adult deer of each species were collected from each location and subjected to thorough necropsy examinations and laboratory tests. white-tailed deer at both locations harb ...	1983	6644934
studies on papua new guinea chiggers (acari: trombiculidae). xii. a new species of gahrliepia from the long-footed melomys.		1984	6502611
species distribution of trombiculid mites on murine rodents in rangoon, burma.	ectoparasite collections from over 12,000 commensal rodents and shrews in rangoon were examined. rattus rattus, r. norvegicus, r. exulans and bandicota bengalensis were found to host 12 species of trombiculid mites. ascoschoengastia indica was the most abundant trombiculid found representing 84% of the total sample of 15,000 chiggers. this species (a. indica) may be of considerable significance as a vector of murine typhus.	1980	6449738
[occurrence of ticks and chigger mites in urban areas (author's transl)].		1980	6446416
scrub typhus and chiggers in northern thailand.	it was reconfirmed that l. deliense was the most dominant chigger during the rainy season in northern thailand. overall prevalence of igg antibody against r. tsutsugamushi among the rural villagers in the northern most part of thailand was nearly 60% at the level over 1 : 10 by an indirect immunofluorescent test. the level of igg and igm antibody titers was considerably high as greater than or equal to 1 : 2560 in some sera, but did not markedly vary by age groups or sexes. based on detection of ...	1984	6441267
the prevalence of sand flea (tunga penetrans) among primary and post-primary school pupils in choba area of the niger delta.		1984	6334329
occupational dermatitis associated with straw itch mites (pyemotes ventricosus).	a 1981 outbreak of dermatitis in austin, tex, was traced to occupational exposure to wheat infested with the straw itch mite, pyemotes ventricosus; the wheat was being sold for decorative purposes by an imported-goods store located on the second floor of a large, modern, shopping mall complex. in addition to an extensive varicelliform skin eruption, one employee also had chills, fever, malaise, diarrhea, and anorexia associated with her exposure to these mites. the straw itch mite has been assoc ...	1982	6210784
characterization of rickettsia tsutsugamushi strains in two species of naturally infected, laboratory-reared chiggers.	the strains of rickettsia tsutsugamushi found in naturally infected, laboratory-reared leptotrombidium (leptotrombidium) arenicola and l. (l.) fletcheri chiggers were characterized by direct immunofluorescence (fa) and by mouse and monkey virulence tests. the strains existing in the l. (l.) arenicola chiggers consisted of different combinations of ta716, ta763, ta686, karp, and kato. in addition to these five strains, gilliam was found in the l. (l.) fletcheri chiggers. results indicate that ind ...	1982	6176132
new species of chiggers of the subgenus leptotrombidium from the mountains of west pakistan (acarina: trombiculidae).		1967	6074031
otorhinophila, a new genus of chiggers (acarina, trombiculidae) from western north america.		1967	6046357
endoparasitic chiggers: 3. euschoengastia velata, n. sp. (acarina), an intradermal parasite of boreal rodents in montana.		1966	5986755
notes on chiggers of the genus microtrombicula ewing, 1950 (acarina, trombiculidae), from pakistan and india, with descriptions of five new species.		1966	5986750
some chiggers of the subgenus leptotrombidium from thailand, with descriptions of new species (acarina, trombiculidae).		1966	5986747
new records of chiggers (acarina: trombiculidae) from baja california and islands of the gulf of california.		1966	5969122
descriptions of two new and unusual chiggers from west pakistan (acarina, trombiculidae).		1966	5951622
seven new species of chiggers from central india, with a redescription of leptotrombidium (l.) pelta (womersley, 1952) (acarina: trombiculidae).		1966	5941569
a new genus of chigger (acarina: trombiculidae) from western mexico.		1966	5941567
revision of the bat-infesting chiggers of chiroptella vercammen-grandjean (acarina: trombiculidae), with descriptions of two new larval species and a nymph.		1966	5941560
protection from ticks, fleas, chiggers, and leeches.		1966	5900692
four new species of bat chiggers from new guinea (acarina: trombiculidae).		1965	5891042
watkins sg: vatacarus (iguanacarus) intermedius, a third chigger mite from the nasal fossae of the marine iguana in the galapagos islands (acarins: trombiculidae).		1965	5890927
iguanacarus, a new subgenus of chigger mites from nasal fossae of the marine iguana in the galapagos islands, with a revision of the genus vatacarus southcott (acarina, trombiculidae).		1965	5890926
[survival of chiggers trombicula zachvatkini schlug., 1948 at low temperatures].		2017	5869248
a small collection of chiggers (acarina: trombiculidae) from the north central pacific.		1965	5857293