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study of infection of echinococcus granulosus in yak in spring and its potential role in transmission of cystic echinococcosis in rangtang county of sichuan, china. 201323425806
seroprevalence of bovine tuberculosis infection in yaks (bos grunniens) on the qinghai-tibetan plateau of china.bovine tuberculosis (btb), a chronic disease caused by mycobacterium bovis, has been widely reported in bovines in developing countries, but there is little information on this infection in domestic yaks. seroprevalence of antibodies to m. bovis in yaks from six and three regions of tibet and qinghai plateau, china, respectively, was investigated in 2011 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. a total of 1,244 (tibet 938, qinghai 306) blood samples was collected and the results showed that 24 ...201323338819
babesia bigemina infection in yak (poephagus grunniens l.): molecular detection and characterization.yaks contribute significantly in the himalayan high land economy. specific information on prevalence of babesiosis in yaks is lacking. a fast and reliable pcr assay targeting babesia bigemina small subunit ribosomal rna sequence (ss rrna) was laboratory standardized for molecular detection of b. bigemina in yaks. restriction digestion of the pcr amplified 675 bp target sequence with vsp i confirmed the prevalent species of babesia as b. bigemina. nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis o ...201323298564
altitudinal distributions of pcdd/fs, dioxin-like pcbs and pcns in soil and yak samples from wolong high mountain area, eastern tibet-qinghai plateau, china.topsoil along the altitudinal gradient (2086-4487 m above sea level) and yak samples, collected from wolong high mountain area of sichuan province, western china, were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (pcdd/fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-pcbs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (pcns) using hrgc-hrms. the total concentrations of pcdd/fs, dl-pcbs, and pcns in soils were: 2.48-4.30 pg g(-1) dw (dry weight), 7.6-10.5 pg g(-1) dw, and 13.0-29.0 pg g(-1) dw, ...201323266553
[cell density mediated cellulases synthesis in cellulosilyticum ruminicola].cellulosilyticum ruminicola h1 is an anaerobic cellulolytic bacterium isolated from the rumen content of yak. previously, we found that strain h1 lost growth on filter paper cellulose after several subcultures. the growth on cellulose cannot be restored until a few transfers in the cellobiose-containing medium. this is contrary to the knowledge that microbial cellulases synthesis is induced by the substrate while repressed by the metabolites, e. g. cellobiose, but provides a hint of cell-density ...201223236840
spontaneous cutaneous papillomatosis in yaks and detection and quantification of bovine papillomavirus-1 and -2.seven clinical cases of cutaneous papillomatosis in yaks were studied in arunachal pradesh, india. sporadic, single or a chain of multiple varying size warts appeared around the eyes or on the body. predominant site of warts was around eyes. histopathologically, these cases were diagnosed as fibropapilloma. it was confirmed by the detection of bpv-1 and bpv-2 or their mixed infection by pcr and sequencing. quantitative sybr green real-time pcr detected comparatively lower viral dna copy number i ...201323206264
characterization of dicrocoelium chinensis from domestic yaks in gansu and sichuan provinces, china, using genetic markers in two mitochondrial genes.dicrocoelium chinensis is commonly known as the "lancet fluke" or "small liver fluke" which lives in the bile ducts and gall bladder of domestic and wild ruminants. in this study, we examined sequence variability in two mitochondrial (mt) genes, namely cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and nadh dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) genes, among d. chinensis isolated from domestic yaks in gansu and sichuan provinces, china. a portion of the cox1 (pcox1) and nad1 (pnad1) genes was amplified by pcr se ...201323194108
oocyte extract improves epigenetic reprogramming of yak fibroblast cells and cloned embryo development.the objective was to investigate the effects of bovine oocyte extract (boe) on epigenetic reprogramming of yak fibroblast cells, based on their cell cycle status, histone acetylation, dna methylation, gene expression, and cloned blastocyst formation. permeabilization of yak fibroblasts after treatment with 10 or 50 μl of boe (treated-s and treated-l groups, respectively) for 24 hours increased (p < 0.05) the cell population at the g(0)/g(1) phase (85.2 ± 2.3% and 89.6 ± 1.5%, respectively) compa ...201323186945
establishment and characterization of two fetal fibroblast cell lines from the yak.the objective of this work was to not only establish two fetal fibroblast cell lines from yak lung and ear tissue using a primary explant technique and cell cryogenic preservation technology but also check for their quality and biological characteristics. the cells showed typical morphologic characteristics of fibrous and long spindle appearance. outgrowth of fibroblast-like cells from the lung and ear explants was around 2 and 3 d, and reaching 90% confluence level was in the ninth day and the ...201223161386
combining multiple autosomal introns for studying shallow phylogeny and taxonomy of laurasiatherian mammals: application to the tribe bovini (cetartiodactyla, bovidae).mitochondrial sequences are widely used for species identification and for studying phylogenetic relationships among closely related species or populations of the same species. however, many studies of mammals have shown that the maternal history of the mitochondrial genome can be discordant with the true evolutionary history of the taxa. in such cases, the analyses of multiple nuclear genes can be more powerful for deciphering interspecific relationships. here, we designed primers for amplifyin ...201323159894
the yak genome database: an integrative database for studying yak biology and high-altitude adaption.the yak (bos grunniens) is a long-haired bovine that lives at high altitudes and is an important source of milk, meat, fiber and fuel. the recent sequencing, assembly and annotation of its genome are expected to further our understanding of the means by which it has adapted to life at high altitudes and its ecologically important traits.201223134687
prokaryotic expression and immunogenicity analysis of yak recombinant myostatin.myostatin (mstn) is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth. the objective of the present study was to express yak (bos grunniens) recombinant mstn protein in e. coli and study its characteristics of immunogenicity. cdna encoding yak mstn mature peptide was amplified by reverse-transcription pcr, and cloned into pet28a(+) vector and expressed in e. coli. the expressed recombinant mstn was purified by affinity chromatography and used to prepare rabbit anti yak mstn antibody. the results sh ...201223134305
seroprevalence of bovine viral diarrhea infection in yaks (bos grunniens) on the qinghai-tibetan plateau of china.the seroprevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infection in yaks was investigated in qinghai and tibet of china during the year 2011. a total of 549 (tibet 287, qinghai 262) serum samples was collected from tibet and qinghai and were examined for bvdv p80 antibody by elisa. the results of the experiment showed that 145 (53.65 %) of tibetan samples and 189 (72.14 %) of qinghai's samples were positive for bvdv. the observations of the present study suggest that bovine viral diarrhea is c ...201323111636
maternal phylogeny of a newly-found yak population in china.the jinchuan yak is a new yak population identified in sichuan, china. this population has a special anatomical characteristic: an additional pair of ribs compared with other yak breeds. the genetic structure of this population is unknown. in the present study, we investigated the maternal phylogeny of this special yak population using the mitochondrial dna variation. a total of 23 jinchuan yaks were sequenced for a 823-bp fragment of d-loop control region and three individuals were sequenced fo ...201223109865
comparison of methanogen diversity of yak (bos grunniens) and cattle (bos taurus) from the qinghai-tibetan plateau, china.methane emissions by methanogen from livestock ruminants have significantly contributed to the agricultural greenhouse gas effect. it is worthwhile to compare methanogen from "energy-saving" animal (yak) and normal animal (cattle) in order to investigate the link between methanogen structure and low methane production.201223078429
bos grunniens papillomavirus type 1: a novel deltapapillomavirus associated with fibropapilloma in yak.papillomaviruses (pvs) have been widely identified among vertebrates, but have not yet been reported to infect yaks. we report, for the first time, a novel deltapapillomavirus that was associated with fibropapilloma in yak herds on the qinghai-tibetan plateau. six skin papilloma samples were collected and examined using histopathology, immunohistochemistry and pcr assays. the samples were identified as fibropapilloma and were found to contain pv antigens. sequencing of diagnostic pcr products an ...201323052399
morphological study of the sinus node and its artery in yak.the sinus node of yak has been studied by the histological methods and transmission electron microscopy. the sinus node artery of yak was also determined by the injection-corrosion casting technique, the angiography, and histological methods. the results showed that the sinus node of yak contained an extensive framework of collagen and two main type cells: pacemaker cells (p cells) and transitional cells (t cells). the p cells had a perinuclear clear zone, contained less myofibrils, and appeared ...201223044916
emergence of the virulence plasmid in salmonella onarimon and salmonella blegdam from yak. 201322989517
estimation of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from indian livestock.greenhouse gas (ghg; methane and nitrous oxide) emissions from enteric fermentation and manure management of indian livestock were estimated from the last two indian livestock census datasets (2003 and 2007) using ipcc tier 2 (2006) guidelines. the total annual ghg emissions from indian livestock increased in 2007 compared to the year 2003 with an annual growth rate of 1.52% over this period. the contributions of ghg by dairy cattle, non-dairy cattle, buffaloes, goats, sheep and other animals (y ...201222898933
idiograms of yak (bos grunniens), cattle (bos taurus) and their hybrid. 196922896062
[polymorphisms of inhibin α gene exon 1 in buffalo (bubalus bubalis), gayal (bos frontalis) and yak (bos grunniens)].to elucidate the genetic characteristics of the bovine inhibin α subunit (inha) gene, the polymorphisms in exon 1 of inha and its bilateral sequences were assayed using pcr with direct sequencing in buffalo, gayal and yak. a comparative analysis was conducted by pooled the results in this study with the published data of inha on some mammals including some bovine species together. a synonymous substitution c.73c>a was identified in exon 1 of inha for buffalo, which results in identical encoding ...201222855448
epigenetic reprogramming of yak iscnt embryos after donor cell pre-treatment with oocyte extracts.the treatment of donor cells with oocyte extracts before inter-species somatic cell nuclear transfer (iscnt) is a novel method for cellular reprogramming. this study aims to evaluate the effect of pre-treatment donor cell with oocyte extracts on the early developmental competence of yak iscnt embryos. yak fibroblasts were reversibly permeabilized with streptolysin o, and then treated with yak oocyte extracts (yoe) or bovine oocyte extracts (boe) prior to iscnt. the 8-cell and blastocyst formatio ...201222854438
metagenomic insights into the fibrolytic microbiome in yak rumen.the rumen hosts one of the most efficient microbial systems for degrading plant cell walls, yet the predominant cellulolytic proteins and fibrolytic mechanism(s) remain elusive. here we investigated the cellulolytic microbiome of the yak rumen by using a combination of metagenome-based and bacterial artificial chromosome (bac)-based functional screening approaches. totally 223 fibrolytic bac clones were pyrosequenced and 10,070 orfs were identified. among them 150 were annotated as the glycoside ...201222808161
the yak genome and adaptation to life at high altitude.domestic yaks (bos grunniens) provide meat and other necessities for tibetans living at high altitude on the qinghai-tibetan plateau and in adjacent regions. comparison between yak and the closely related low-altitude cattle (bos taurus) is informative in studying animal adaptation to high altitude. here, we present the draft genome sequence of a female domestic yak generated using illumina-based technology at 65-fold coverage. genomic comparisons between yak and cattle identify an expansion in ...201222751099
studies on "stiffness of extremities disease" in the yak (bos mutus).wild yak (bos mutus) are affected by a disorder known colloquially as "stiffness of extremities disease," characterized by emaciation, lameness, stiffness in the gait, enlargement of the costochondral junctions, and abnormal curvature in the long bones. results from preliminary epidemiologic and clinical observations suggested that this was a local, nutritional and metabolic disease associated with some mineral deficiency. our objective was to determine the possible relationship between this dis ...201222740519
enzymatic characterization of transglutaminase from streptomyces mobaraensis dsm 40587 in high salt and effect of enzymatic cross-linking of yak milk proteins on functional properties of stirred yogurt.streptomyces transglutaminase (tgase) purified from high-salt medium was characterized and applied into yak yogurts. the purified enzyme presented a michaelis constant of 40.47 mmol and a maximum velocity of 44.44 u/mg of protein for n-carboxybenzoyl-l-glutaminyl-glycine in the hydroxamate procedure. the purified tgase exhibited optimum activity at 55°c and ph 6.0. the enzyme was not stable above 50°c and was stable within a ph range of 5.0 to 10.0 at 4°c for 12h and ph 5.0 to 9.0 at 37°c for 30 ...201222720914
isolation and identification of cultivable lactic acid bacteria in traditional yak milk products of gansu province in china.various traditional fermented yak milk and raw milk foods could be considered as an abundant resource for obtaining novel lactic acid bacteria (lab) with unique properties. eighty-eight samples of yak milk products were collected from gansu province in china. three hundred and nineteen strains of lab isolated from these samples were identified by phenotypic methods, 16s rrna gene sequence analysis and pcr-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (pcr-dgge) technology. among the isolates, one hund ...201222688240
differences in mitochondrial gene expression profiles, enzyme activities and myosin heavy chain types in yak versus bovine skeletal muscles.hypoxia can affect energy metabolism. we examined gene expression and enzyme activity related to mitochondrial energy metabolism, as well as myosin heavy chain (myhc) types in yaks (bos grunniens) living at high altitudes. real-time quantitative pcr assays indicated that the yak has significantly lower levels of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (cpt) mrna in the biceps femoris and lower levels of uncoupling protein 3 (ucp3) mrna in both biceps femoris and longissimus dorsi than in yellow cattle. n ...201222653670
genetic variation in the β-lactoglobulin of chinese yak (bos grunniens). 201222552344
alternative splicing of testis-specific lactate dehydrogenase c gene in mammals and pigeon.the objective of the present study was to confirm the widespread existence of alternative splicing of lactate dehydrogenase c (ldhc) gene in mammals. rt-pcr was employed to amplify cdnas of ldhc from testes of mammals including pig, dog, rabbit, cat, rat, and mouse, as well as pigeon. two to six kinds of splice variants of ldhc were observed in the seven species as a result of deletion of one or more exons or insertion of partial sequence of an intron in the mature mrna. the deleted exons occur ...201222537060
differential mrna expression and promoter methylation status of sycp3 gene in testes of yaks and cattle-yaks.synaptonemal complex protein 3 (sycp3) is a dna-binding protein located on the lateral elements of the synaptonemal complex. this protein plays an important role in homologous chromosome pairing and is necessary for male meiosis of spermatogenesis. to further understand the sycp3 gene function and its relationship to cattle-yak male sterility, we investigated the characteristics of the bovine sycp3 (bsycp3) gene as well as its transcription level and epigenetic modification status. the bsycp3 ge ...201222497622
development of real-time polymerase chain reaction for detection of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in china.universal primers and probes were selected on the basis of the 16s rrna gene sequence of borrelia burgdorferi in genbank®, and a real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method for detection of b. burgdorferi was established. the results showed that this method could specifically detect the b31 strain (borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto), the bo23 strain (borrelia afzelii), and the sz strain (borrelia garinii), without cross-reaction with genome dna of theileria (t. luwenshuni, t. uilenbergi, t ...201222448677
tracking of wisent-bison-yak mitochondrial evolution.one of the most informative sources which allow the drawing of far-reaching conclusions about the origins and phylogenetics of many species, including domestic animals and humans, is mitochondrial dna (mtdna). one of the important research targets should include the identification of similarities between wild and domestic species. the analysis involved the nucleotide sequences of mtdna of wisent, auroch, bison, yak, bovine reference sequence (brs) t3, t3a, t3b, t1, t1a, t1'2'3, t2, t3, t4, t5, q ...201222415349
polymorphic but highly conserved bogr-dra gene in yak (bos grunniens). 201222404363
isolation of metallothionein genes and in silico structural characterization of their proteins using molecular modeling from yak (bos grunniens).yak metallothioneins (bgmts) are cysteine-rich metal-chelating proteins with highly conserved cysteine residues in their amino acid sequences. the 3d structures of the cd(7)-bgmts reconstructed by molecular modeling included two domains: the β-domain with m(3)(s(cys))(9) metal-thiolate clusters and the α-domain with m(4)(s(cys))(11) metal-thiolate clusters. an unusual variant was found at position 30 (cys30→ser30) in bgmt-iii, which is usually conserved in the mammalian mt-i/-ii (cys29) and mt-i ...201222399135
isolation and characteristics of the melanocortin 1 receptor gene (mc1r) in the chinese yakow (bos grunniens×bos taurus).the chinese yakow is the offspring of yak (bos grunniens) and yellow cattle (bos taurus). the melanocortin 1receptor gene (mc1r) plays a crucial role in determining coat colour of mammals. to investigate the relationship of polymorphism of the mc1r with coat colour in the chinese yakow, the coding sequence (cds) and the flanking region of mc1r were sequenced from 84 chinese yakow samples and compared with the sequences of the mc1r from other bovid species. a fragment of 1134 base pair (bp) seque ...201222391095
enzymatic characteristics of crude feruloyl and acetyl esterases of rumen fungus neocallimastix sp. yak11 isolated from yak (bos grunniens).rumen fungus neocallimastix sp. yak11 was isolated from yak (bos grunniens), and three consecutive 10-day pure cultures were anaerobically performed at 39 °c in 20-ml hungate's tubes to explore ferulic acid esterase (fae) and acetyl esterase (ae) activity profiles of the fungus grown on whole hay fraction of chinese wildrye grass (leymus chinensis) (whocw , n = 4) and its neutral detergent fibre fraction (ndfcw , n = 4), respectively. an aliquot of 0.7-ml culture was sampled daily using a steril ...201322369648
identification of lactic acid bacteria in traditional fermented yak milk and evaluation of their application in fermented milk products.in this study, 53 strains of lactic acid bacteria (lab) isolated from xueo, a traditional fermented yak milk in the western sichuan plateau of china, were identified and their use in fermented milk was evaluated. all gram-positive and catalase-negative strains were divided into 6 groups at the level of 87% similarity using amplified ribosomal dna restriction analysis. these groups were identified as 6 species using 16s rdna sequence analysis and atpa gene analysis. the dominant lab strains in xu ...201222365191
a survey of the bacterial composition of kurut from tibet using a culture-independent approach.kurut (fermented yak milk) made by natural fermentation is a very important dairy food for the local people in tibet (china). it is important to fully understand the bacterial composition of kurut for quality improvement and industrial production. because more than 99% of prokaryotes cannot be cultured and identified by methods currently used in taxonomy, we applied a culture-independent approach to explore the microbial biodiversity of this traditional food. in this study, a bacterial 16s rrna ...201222365190
serological survey of toxoplasma gondii in tibetan mastiffs (canis lupus familiaris) and yaks (bos grunniens) in qinghai, china.toxoplasma gondii is an amphixenosis which has extensive hosts. in recent years, the prevalence of t. gondii in china has been reported, while little is known on the survey of t. gondii infection in northwest china, especially in yaks (bos grunniens) and tibetan mastiffs (canis lupus familiaris). the current study survey the infection of t. gondii in tibetan mastiffs and yaks in qinghai province, china.201222330277
nucleotide diversity of the melanocortin 1 receptor gene (mc1r) in the gayal (bos frontalis).the melanocortin 1 receptor gene (mc1r) plays a crucial role in determining coat colour of mammals. to investigate the relationship of polymorphism of the mc1r with coat colour in gayal, the coding sequence (cds), and the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions (utr) of the mc1r were sequenced from 63 samples from the gayal and compared with the sequences of the mc1r from other ruminant species. a sequence of 1,136 bp including the whole cds (954 bp) and parts of the 5'- and 3'-utr (164 and 18 bp, respe ...201222307797
[analysis of xylanases derived from the metagenomic bac clone library of yak rumen].the diversity of rumen microbial xylanases and their degradation characteristics were studied and the resources of new xylanases genes and enzymes were provided.201122233058
characterization of shiga toxin producing (stec) and enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) in raw yak (poephagus grunniens) milk and milk products.thirty-one shiga toxin-producing (stec) and 6 enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) were isolated from 87 raw yak milk and 63 'churpi' samples. of 18 stx(1) positive isolates (48.6%), 14 carried stx(1c) (77.7%). subtyping of 28 stx(2) positive isolates (75.7%) revealed the presence of stx(2c) (9, 32.1%), stx(2d) (3, 10.7%), stx(2e) (1, 3.57%) and stx(2f) (3, 10.7%) variants. furthermore, intimin (eaea), enterohaemolysin (ehxa), autoagglutinating adhesin (saa), iha (adherence conferring protei ...201222226073
anesthesia of tibetan yak (bos grunniens) using thiafentanil - xylazine and carfentanil - xylazine.the use of 0.025 +/- 0.012 mg/kg (median +/- interquartile range) thiafentanil with 0.15 +/- 0.03 mg/kg xylazine (tx) and 0.011 +/- 0.0015 mg/kg carfentanil with 0.25 +/- 0.093 mg/kg xylazine (cx), with dosages based on estimated bodyweight, was used in the anesthesia of 37 tibetan yak (bos grunniens) housed within a drive-through animal park setting. the median time to lateral recumbency was 5 and 7 min for each group, respectively. with the addition of propofol in 8 cx animals and 17 tx animal ...201122204068
Molecular characterization, mRNA expression of prolactin receptor (PRLR) gene during pregnancy, nonpregnancy in the yak (Bos grunniens).Prolactin (PRL) plays central roles in a wide range of body functions in mammals, and the actions are mediated by the specific cell surface receptor, the prolactin receptor (PRLR). To better understand the role of PRL in the yak (Bos grunniens), in the present study, we first cloned yak PRLR cDNA, and compared its mRNA expression in several tissues with cattle (Bos taurus). By reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) strategy, we obtained full-length of yak PRLR cDNA sequence com ...201122197210
characterizations of particle-bound trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) within tibetan tents of south tibetan plateau, china.exposure to trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) adsorbed on particulates is of a serious health concern. levels of some trace metals in total suspended particulate and 13 pahs of fine particulate matter were measured from nomadic tents in the southern tibetan plateau in summer 2010.201222139300
beta-xylosidase activity of a gh3 glucosidase/xylosidase from yak rumen metagenome promotes the enzymatic degradation of hemicellulosic xylans.aims:  to characterize the duel activities of a glycosyl hydrolase family 3 β-glucosidase/xylosidase from rumen bacterial metagenome and to investigate the capabilities of its β-d-xylosidase activities for saccharification of hemicellulosic xylans. methods and results:  a β-glucosidase/xylosidase gene rubgx1 was cloned from yak (bos grunniens) rumen using the metagenomic technology. recombinant rubgx1, expressed in escherichia coli, demonstrated high hydrolytic activities on both p-nitrophenyl-β ...201122085266
Composition of milk from minor dairy animals and buffalo breeds: a biodiversity perspective.A comprehensive review is presented of the nutrient composition for buffalo, mare, and dromedary camel milks at the level of breed, and species-level data for yak, mithun, musk ox, donkey, Bactrian camel, llama, alpaca, reindeer and moose milks. Average values of nutrients were calculated and compared. Interspecies values (g 100 g(-1) ) were 0.7-16.1 for total fat, 1.6-10.5 for protein, 2.6-6.6 for lactose, and 67.9-90.8 for water. Reindeer and moose milks had the highest fat and protein concent ...201122083874
Safety evaluation in vitro of Enterococcus durans from Tibetan traditional fermented yak milk.Despite its ubiquity in fermented dairy products, the safety of lactic acid enterococcal bacteria remains controversial. In this study, five Enterococcus durans strains - A1, A2, B1, B2, and C1 - were isolated from traditional fermented yak milk from Tibet. To evaluate the strains' safety, biogenic amine production, antibiotic resistance and presence of known virulence determinants were investigated. Strain A1 can produce biogenic amines for histamine, spermine, and spermidine (mean values: 8.64 ...201122068487
establishment and application of a polymerase chain reaction for the identification of beef.a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) based method for the identification of beef by amplification of bovine 1.709 satellite dna was established. the method not only was able to amplify raw beef dna, but also cooked or autoclaved meat dna. the sequence selected for amplification consisted of a 218 bp dna fragment lying in the 1.709 satellite dna of bovine. a pair of synthetic oligonucleotides flanking this sequence were used as printers, and genomic dna extracted from beef samples employed as templa ...199922061857
sequence analysis of mitochondrial 12s rrna gene can identify meat species.in this study, sequence analysis of mitochondrial 12s rrna has been applied for meat species identification. the procedure involves polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of a fragment of mitochondrial (mt) 12s rrna gene and sequencing of amplicons. amplified product of mt 12s rrna gene was 456 bp in size. species sequenced include cattle (bos indicus), buffalo (bubalus bubalis), sheep (ovis aries), goat (capra hircus) and mithun (bos frontalis). sequences were compared with the reported ...200422060864
cloning and characterization of two β-glucosidase/xylosidase enzymes from yak rumen metagenome.two β-glucosidase/xylosidase genes, rubg3a and rubg3b, were cloned from yak rumen uncultured microorganisms by metagenome method and function-based screening. recombinant rubg3a and rubg3b purified from escherichia coli were characterized for enzymatic properties, and they exhibited activity against 4-nitrophenyl-β-d: -glucopyranoside and 4-nitrophenyl-β-d: -xylopyranoside, suggesting bifunctional β-glucosidase/xylosidase activity. chromatography analysis showed that they could effectively hydro ...201122020745
identification of volatile components in yak butter using safe, sde and hs-spme-gc/ms.the volatile components of yak butter were isolated by solvent-assisted flavour evaporation (safe), simultaneous distillation extraction (sde; dichloromethane and diethyl ether as solvent, respectively) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (hs-spme; car/pdms, pdms/dvb and dvb/car/pdms fibre extraction, respectively) and were analysed by gc/ms. a total of 83 volatile components were identified under six different conditions, including 28 acids, 12 esters, 11 ketones, 10 lactones, 10 alcohols ...201222017678
the expression of fas/fasl and apoptosis in yak placentomes.to clarify the status and distribution of fas and fas-ligand (fasl) in yak's placentomes, immunohistochemistry (ihc) was carried out to analyze the expression and location of fas and fasl in paraffin embedded sections. the area of positive stained sites was selected and measured using image analyses software (image pro-plus 6.0). so the positive index (pi) was calculated to estimate the intensity of protein expression according to the percentage of positive area in corresponding compartment of t ...201122014664
the chemical composition and nitrogen distribution of chinese yak (maiwa) milk.the paper surveyed the chemical composition and nitrogen distribution of maiwa yak milk, and compared the results with reference composition of cow milk. compared to cow milk, yak milk was richer in protein (especially whey protein), essential amino acids, fat, lactose and minerals (except phosphorus). the contents of some nutrients (total protein, lactose, essential amino acids and casein) were higher in the warm season than in the cold season. higher ratios of total essential amino acids/total ...201121954332
the cranial cervical ganglion and its branches in the white yak (bos grunniens).the heads of 12 white yaks (four castrated, four male and four female, 3-8 years old) were dissected to study the shape, location and branches of the cranial cervical ganglion macroscopically. the ganglion was a greyish arciform structure, with a mean length of 17.3 mm, a width of 8.0 mm and a thickness of 3.9 mm, located on the rostrolateral surface of m. longus capitis. approximately 5% of the ganglion was covered laterally by the tympanic bulla and the rest by the m. stylohyoideus. the branch ...201121923896
[genetic characterization of the brucella melitensis isolates from mongolia, russia, and azerbaijan].the goal of this work was to provide comparative genetic characterization of the human and animal brucella melitensis isolates from mongolia, russia and azerbaijan using current molecular-genetic typing methods.201121786630
[indoor air pollution in the nam co and ando regions in the tibetan plateau].concentrations and variations of fine particulate matter (pm2.5) and carbon monoxide (co) within tents from the nam co and ando regions were observed at summer 2009, in order to understand the concentrations and variations of pm2.5 and co in these tents (or in rooms) and their main affect factors, as well as the exposure of different residents. the result indicates that the twenty-four hour average concentrations of pm2.5 and co (v/v) in the tents without chimney are 1.272 mg x m(-3) and 5.035 x ...201121780573
sequence characterization of s100a8 gene reveals structural differences of protein and transcriptional factor binding sites in water buffalo and yak.the present study was undertaken to characterize the structure of s100a8 gene and its promoter in water buffalo and yak. sequence data of 2.067 kb, 2.071 kb, and 2.052 kb with respect to complete s100a8 gene including 5' flanking region was generated in river buffalo, swamp buffalo, and yak, respectively. blast analysis of coding dna sequences (cds) of s100a8 gene revealed 95% homology of buffalo sequence with cattle, 85% with pig and horse, 83% with dog, 72-73% with murines, and around 79% with ...201121774620
comparative analysis on mrna expression level and methylation status of dazl gene between cattle-yaks and their parents.the autosomal gene deleted in azoospermia like (dazl) is essential for spermatogenesis. the absence of dazl gene will lead to meiotic arrest, spermatogenetic failure and male infertility, and so it was usually considered as a candidate gene for male infertility in cattle-yaks. to study the regulatory mechanism of dazl expression in cattle-yaks, dazl mrna expression and dazl gene methylation patterns in testes of cattle, yaks and cattle-yaks were examined using real-time pcr and bisulfite sequenc ...201121724343
molecular characterization and expression analysis of osteopontin cdna from lactating mammary gland in yak (bos grunniens).osteopontin (opn) is a secreted phosphorylated glycoprotein. it has an important role in mammary gland development and lactation, as well as, is thought to be a potential candidate gene for lactation traits. in the present work, we isolated and characterized a full-length open reading frame (orf) of yak opn cdna from lactating mammary tissue, and examined its expression pattern in mammary gland during different stages of lactation, as well as, the recombinant opn protein of yak was expressed suc ...201121720759
diversity of lactic acid bacteria associated with traditional fermented dairy products in mongolia.spontaneous milk fermentation has a long history in mongolia, and beneficial microorganisms have been handed down from one generation to the next for use in fermented dairy products. the objective of this study was to investigate the diversity of lactic acid bacteria (lab) communities in fermented yak, mare, goat, and cow milk products by analyzing 189 samples collected from 13 different regions in mongolia. the lab counts in these samples varied from 3.41 to 9.03 log cfu/ml. fermented yak and m ...201121700007
withanolides from the rhizomes of dioscorea japonica and their cytotoxicity.edible yams are tropical crops that serve as important staple foods in many parts of the world. the rhizome of dioscorea japonica , well-known as "japanese yam", is a food and medicinal source known as "san yak" in korea. bioassay-guided fractionation and chemical investigation of the extract of this yam resulted in the identification of two new withanolides, named dioscorolide a (1) and dioscorolide b (2). the structures of these new compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods, including ...201121661726
variation in the yak dectin-1 gene (clec7a).c-type lectin domain family 7, member a (clec7a, dectin-1) plays an important role in antifungal immunity and belongs to the family of c-type lectin receptors. variation in the extended exon 4-6 region of the yak dectin-1 gene (clec7a), which encodes the β-glucan recognition domain, was investigated using polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformational polymorphism (pcr-sscp). three and two variant sequences were identified in exons 4 and 5, respectively, and no variation was found in exo ...201121612412
zinc-binding capacity of yak casein hydrolysate and the zinc-releasing characteristics of casein hydrolysate-zinc complexes.many factors affect the bioavailability of dietary zn, which leads to its low availability in some food systems and zn nutrient deficiency. however, some proteins or peptides can form complexes with zn and increase its absorption and bioavailability in intestinal conditions. the purpose of this work was to determine the zn-binding activity of yak casein hydrolysate (ych) and examine its stability, solubility, and dialyzability in a simulated intestinal environment. the zn-binding activity of ych ...201121605742
[peculiarities of respiratory function in elderly patients with ulcerative colitis].this article presents a comparative analysis of the frequency and types of violations of respiratory function (rf) in ulcerative colitis (uc) in 29 elderly patients and in 108 patients younger than 60 years. pulmonary function was studied by spirometry and record the flow curve--forced expiratory volume ("eton-1"). prescribe a higher rate of airflow obstruction in older compared with patients younger than 60 years (from 65.5 and 39.8% respectively, p < 0.05), which increased with the duration of ...201021560623
substitutes for endangered medicinal animal horns and shells exposed by antithrombotic and anticoagulation effects.cornu saigae tataricae (antelope horn), manis squama (pangolin scale), cornu cervi pantotrichum (velvet antler) and cornu bovis grunniens (yak horn) are valuable medicinal animal horns and shells (mahs). as the major source of biological agents and ethnodrugs, mahs show pretty good bioactivities. however, with the increased demand for mahs, some of the medicinal resources are endangered, and there has been a concomitant increase in the prevalence of adulterated or impostor mahs. it is of great s ...201121549826
a novel single nucleotide polymorphism in exon 7 of lpl gene and its association with carcass traits and visceral fat deposition in yak (bos grunniens) steers.lipoprotein lipase (lpl) is considered as a key enzyme in the lipid deposition and metabolism in tissues. it is assumed to be a major candidate gene for genetic markers in lipid deposition. therefore, the polymorphisms of the lpl gene and associations with carcass traits and viscera fat content were examined in 398 individuals from five yak (bos grunniens) breeds using pcr-sscp analysis and dna sequencing. a novel nucleotide polymorphism (snp)-c→t (nt19913) was identified located in exon 7 in th ...201221547365
preliminary study of metal in yak (bos grunniens) milk from qilian of the qinghai plateau.63 samples of yak milk were analyzed by the method of icp-aes of metal elements for aluminum, cadmium, silver and chromium which can reveal the exposed level around yak farm. the metal elements of yak milk were compared to reference data for cow milk, sheep milk, buffalo milk and goat milk. in addition, the concentration was compared to ptwi (provisional tolerable weekly intake) established by the jecfa (who/fao) for metal intake/body weight per week of cadmium, aluminum, and chromium level was ...201121516296
complete genome sequence of lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus strain nd02.lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus strain nd02 is a chinese commercial dairy starter used for the manufacture of yoghurt. it was isolated from the naturally fermented yak milk in qinghai, china. here, we report the main genome features of nd02 and several differences with two other published genomes of lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus strains.201121515763
characterization of a bifunctional xylanase/endoglucanase from yak rumen microorganisms.a new gene, rucela, encoding a bifunctional xylanase/endoglucanase, was cloned from a metagenomic library of yak rumen microorganisms. rucela showed activity against xylan and carboxymethylcellulose (cmc), suggesting bifunctional xylanase/endoglucanase activity. the optimal conditions for xylanase and endoglucanase activities were 65°c, ph 7.0 and 50°c, ph 5.0, respectively. in addition, the presence of co(+) and co(2+) can greatly improve rucela's endoglucanase activity, while inhibits its xyla ...201121455595
fatty acid profile of yak milk from the qinghai-tibetan plateau in different seasons and for different parities.yaks are the most important grazing livestock for milk production on the qinghai-tibetan plateau because these animals are adapted to the high elevations and extremes of cold and can graze throughout the year. in the present study, 30 yaks were selected and the fatty acid (fa) profile of yak milk at different seasons and parities was investigated using gas chromatography. the concentrations of cis-9 c18:1, cis-11 c18:1, cis-9,trans-11 c18:2, and c18:3 n-3 in yak milk were higher in summer (25.26 ...201121426960
furostanol saponins from the rhizomes of dioscorea japonica and their effects on ngf induction.the rhizome of dioscorea japonica is a food and medicinal source known as 'san yak' in korea. two new furostanol saponins, coreajaponins a (1) and b (2), together with 10 known compounds (3-12) were isolated from the rhizomes of d. japonica. their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods, including 1d and 2d nmr techniques, hrms, and chemical methods. nerve growth factor (ngf), a crucial factor for neuronal survival and differentiation, can potentially improve neurodegenerative diseas ...201121353549
detection of bovine herpesvirus 1 sequences in yaks (bos grunniens) with keratoconjunctivitis, using a highly sensitive nested polymerase chain reaction.thirty-seven yaks (bos grunniens) with keratoconjunctivitis and 22 healthy yaks were used to investigate the role of bovine herpesvirus 1 (bohv-1) in keratoconjunctivitis in yaks. nucleic acid sequences of bohv-1 glycoproteins b and e were detected in conjunctival swabs from all yaks with keratoconjunctivitis using a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr). in 21 yaks, bohv-1 sequences were detected along with moraxella bovis (m. bovis) and neisseria spp. the amplified bohv-1 sequences were ident ...201021309468
flavor evaluation of yak butter in tsinghai-tibet plateau and isolation of microorganisms contributing flavor.yak butter in tsinghai-tibet plateau possesses the characters of high energy, abundant alimentation and a special flavor with certain medical and health care functions. in this paper the organoleptic flavor of yak butter was estimated, and 28 kinds of substance with different flavors were identified with the technique of coupling gas chromatography to mass spectroscopy (gc-ms). the results showed that there are many microorganisms in yak butter with natural inoculation, which contribute to the f ...201021269370
analysis of active components of rhinoceros, water buffalo and yak horns using two-dimensional electrophoresis and ethnopharmacological evaluation.cornu rhinoceri asiatici (rhinoceros horn, rh), cornu bubali (water buffalo horn, wbh), and cornu bovis grunniens (yak horn, yh) are traditional chinese medicine (tcm), and have been used in china for thousands of years. in this study, ethnopharmacological experiments were used to evaluate and verify the traditional efficacies of horns. area under curve (auc) was used to quantify the pharmacological efficacy strength of three horns. two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-de) was used to analyze the ...201121268260
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in yaks (bos grunniens) in northwestern china.the seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in yaks (bos grunniens) was surveyed in qinghai province, northwestern china in may and june 2010. a total of 650 serum samples were collected from six counties and assayed for t. gondii antibodies by an indirect hemagglutination test. antibodies to t. gondii were found in 35.08% (228/650) with the highest rate of 55.34% in chengduo county. the results of the present survey indicated that infection with t. gondii in cattle is widely spread in chi ...201121222225
[food habits and hunting patterns of tibetan brown bear during warm seasons in kekexili region on qinghai-tibetan plateau].tibetan brown bear (ursus arctos pruinosus) is an endemic subspecies of brown bear on the qinghai-tibetan plateau. we once reported a preliminary study on the summer food habit of tibetan brown bear from july to august, 2005 in the kekexili (hoh xil).. however, the hunting modes of the tibetan brawn bear have not been reported. from july to august, 2009, we collected additional data on food habits and hunting patterns of tibetan brown bear in the kekexili region. we found tibetan brown bears are ...201021174359
domestication relaxed selective constraints on the yak mitochondrial genome.wild yaks roaming in the high-altitude qinghai-tibetan plateau have to maintain high metabolic efficiency. however, domestic yaks do not require such high efficiency because of their limited activity. hence, domestication may have caused the relaxation of selective constraints on the yak mitochondrial genome because mitochondrial mutations are extremely sensitive to energy-related selective pressures. we have tested this hypothesis by analyzing the mitochondrial genomes of 51 domestic yaks and 2 ...201021156878
dominant bacterial communities in the rumen of gayals (bos frontalis), yaks (bos grunniens) and yunnan yellow cattle (bos taurs) revealed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis.the dominant rumen bacteria in gayals, yaks and yunnan yellow cattle were investigated using pcr-dgge approach. the analysis of dgge profiles, identification of dominant bands and phylogenetic analysis 16s rdna sequences in dgge profiles were combined to reveal the dominant bacterial communities and compared the differences between those cattle species. dgge profiles revealed that gayals had the most abundant dominant bacteria and the lowest similarity of intraspecies between individuals than ot ...201021140219
complete genome sequence of streptococcus thermophilus strain nd03.streptococcus thermophilus strain nd03 is a chinese commercial dairy starter used for the manufacture of yogurt. it was isolated from naturally fermented yak milk in qinghai, china. we present here the complete genome sequence of nd03 and compare it to three other published genomes of streptococcus thermophilus strains.201021131489
species authentication of commercial beef jerky based on pcr-rflp analysis of the mitochondrial 12s rrna gene.in this study, we determined species-specific variations by analyzing the mitochondrial 12s rrna gene sequence variation (∼440 bp) in 17 newly obtained sequences and 90 published cattle, yak, buffalo, goat, and pig sequences, which represent 62 breeds and 17 geographic regions. based on the defined species-specific variations, two endonucleases, alu i and bfa i, were selected for species authentication using raw meat/tissue samples and the pcr-rflp method. goat and pig were identified using the ...201021115170
genetic and antigenic characterization of bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 2 isolated from cattle in india.previous studies have shown that bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1 (bvdv-1) subtype b is predominantly circulating in indian cattle. during testing for exotic pestiviruses between 2007 and 2010, bvdv-2 was identified by real time rt-pcr in two of 1446 cattle blood samples originating from thirteen states of india. the genetic analysis of the isolated virus in 5' utr, n(pro), entire structural genes (c, e(rns), e1 and e2), nonstructural genes ns2-3 besides 3' utr demonstrated that the nucleotid ...201021112633
16s ribosomal dna analysis and characterization of lactic acid bacteria associated with traditional tibetan qula cheese made from yak milk.twenty strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated from six traditional tibetan qula cheese made from yak which were collected from northwest china, including tibet, qinghai and gansu province. these isolates were subjected to phenotypic and genetic analyses. all isolates were gram-positive and catalase-negative cocci that produced gas from glucose and formed d(-) isomer of lactate. most isolates were able to grow in de man, rogosa and sharpe (mrs) broth at ph values 3.0-9.0 and in 6.5% nacl ( ...201021108692
molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a yak (bos grunniens) κ-casein cdna from lactating mammary gland.κ-casein is one of the major proteins in the milk of mammals. it plays an important role in determining the size and specific function of milk micelles. we have previously identified and characterized a genetic variant of yak κ-casein by evaluating genomic dna. here, we isolate and characterize a yak κ-casein cdna harboring the full-length open reading frame (orf) from lactating mammary gland. total rna was extracted from mammary tissue of lactating female yak, and the κ-casein cdna were synthes ...201021104027
abundant variations of mc4r gene revealed by phylogenies of yak (bos grunniens) and other mammals.mc4r gene was proved to play important roles in body weight regulation in many mammals and exhibit higher homology among different species. the mutations mc4r significantly correlated to the restricted feeding weight, fat deposition and energy balance. in this work, orf sequences of mc4r gene of bos grunniens were cloned and phylogenetic relationships of yak and other mammals were analyzed on the basis of mc4r genes. totally 290 variable sites were examined in 25 sequences from 22 different mamm ...201021088906
seroprevalence of brucella infection in yaks (bos grunniens) on the qinghai-tibet plateau of china.the seroprevalence of brucella infection in yaks was surveyed on the qinghai-tibet plateau of china in 2010. a total of 621 serum samples was collected from six counties and were tested by serum agglutination test. the results showed that 56 (9%) of the samples were positive for brucella. the results of the present investigation indicate that brucellosis is common in yaks on the qinghai-tibet plateau of china.201021082247
yaks and yak-cattle hybrids in asia. 194620995081
milk protein polymorphisms in cattle (bos indicus), mithun (bos frontalis) and yak (bos grunniens) breeds and their hybrids indigenous to bhutan.in the current study, milk protein variation was examined in cattle (bos indicus), mithun (bos frontalis), yak (bos grunniens) and their hybrid populations in bhutan to estimate genetic variability, conduct genetic characterization and assess the possibility of gene flow between mithun and cattle. isoelectric focusing of 372 milk samples from 11 populations detected four molecular types of β-lactoglobulin (a, b, e and m), five molecular types of α(s1) -casein (a, b, c, e and x) and three molecul ...201020887304
snp discovery and haplotype analysis in the bovine prkaa2 gene.the evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase, amp-activated protein kinase (ampk), functions as a cellular fuel gauge that regulates metabolic pathways in glucose and fatty acid metabolism and protein synthesis, and recent data demonstrate that it also plays a critical role in systemic energy balance. prkaa2, the gene that encodes the α2 catalytic subunit of ampk, showed be involved in the glucose and lipid metabolism. to date, genetic variants in human prkaa2 have been shown association ...201120842448
morphometric analysis of yak placentomes during gestation.to study the morphological characteristics of placentomes during gestation, thirty-one yaks were used to determine anatomical and histological data of placentomes by morphometric method. the results showed that there were no significant changes in the total number of yak placentomes during gestation, but remarkably fewer placentomes in the non-pregnant horn compared with the pregnant horn. the mean size of placentomes increased significantly from <61 days to 181-210 days and decreased in 211+ da ...201020830763
morphological study on microvasculature of left ventricular wall in infant and adult yaks.observations on the microvasculature in the left ventricular wall of infant and adult yaks under light and scanning electron microscope (sem) were presented. moreover, the diameter of different microvasculature and the density of the capillaries in three layers of the ventricular myocardium were measured using image pro-plus 5.0. the results showed that the average luminal diameter of arterioles and precapillary arterioles in adult yak's hearts were, in most cases, larger than those in infant ya ...201020652942
histochemical and ultrastructural observations of respiratory epithelium and gland in yak (bos grunniens).submucous glands and epithelial mucous cells of yak (bos grunniens) respiratory tract have been studied by a variety of histochemical methods and transmission electron microscopy for differentiating and characterizing serous and mucous cells. by light microscopy, the distribution, numbers of mucous cells, volume of mucous glands (reid index), and the ratio of mucous cell to serous cell in the bronchial tree were measured with different staining. histochemically, a majority of mucous cells, prese ...201020583266
[about spatial orientation of flying staff in air].were learned peculiarities of spatial orientation by altitude of pilots and students in conditions of flying over a sea and on link trainer yak-40, were educed psychophysiological and psychological mechanisms of perception of altitude. was effectuated a valuation of existing and possible methods of teaching of effective orientation in air. was shown, that pilots with different professional rate make faults as well in visual flying as visual detecting of the altitude. were made conclusions about ...201020536051
genetic diversity in farm animals--a review.domestication of livestock species and a long history of migrations, selection and adaptation have created an enormous variety of breeds. conservation of these genetic resources relies on demographic characterization, recording of production environments and effective data management. in addition, molecular genetic studies allow a comparison of genetic diversity within and across breeds and a reconstruction of the history of breeds and ancestral populations. this has been summarized for cattle, ...201020500753
serological evidence of antibodies against chlamydophila abortus in free-ranging yak (poephagus grunniens) in arunachal pradesh, india.serum samples were randomly collected from 172 free-ranging yak (poephagus grunniens, presently bos grunniens) from six different yak tracts of arunachal pradesh, india, and subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect the presence of specific antibodies against chlamydophila abortus. the overall prevalence of this disease in yak was 35%. the prevalence of cp. abortus-specific antibodies was significantly higher in yak cows (41%) than among bulls (25%). the highest prevalence (39%: 9 ...200920462163
a serological survey of antibodies against bovine herpesvirus-1 in yak (poephagus grunniens) in arunachal pradesh in india.serum samples were collected from 254 yak (poephagus grunniens, presently bos grunniens) in different yak tracts of india. these samples were then screened by virus neutralisation test (vnt) and avidin-biotin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ab-elisa) to study the seroprevalence of antibodies against bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1). the overall seroprevalence in yak was found to be 41% (105) by vnt and ab-elisa. the sex of the animal, whether it was on a farm or free-ranging and the location ...200920462162
microbiological studies of ethnic meat products of the eastern himalayas.native microorganisms from some ethnic meat products of the eastern himalayas such as lang kargyong, yak kargyong, faak kargyong, lang satchu, yak satchu and suka ko masu were isolated and characterized. the bacterial isolates included lactobacillus sake, lactobacillus curvatus, lactobacillus divergens, lactobacillus carnis, lactobacillus sanfrancisco, lactobacillus plantarum, lactobacillus casei, lactobacillus brevis, enterococcus faecium, leuconostoc mesenteroides, pediococcus pentosaceous, ba ...201020416835
development of an assay for rapid identification of meat from yak and cattle using polymerase chain reaction technique.yak meat is of good quality with fine texture, high protein and low fat content, and rich in amino acids compared with that of cattle, and it lacks anabolic steroids or other drugs. in general terms, however, the meat yield of yak is relatively low compared with that of the cattle. in order to prevent possible adulteration of yak meat with cattle meat, based on the sequence of mitochondrial 12s rrna gene, a multiplex pcr-based approach was proposed for rapid identification of the meat from yak a ...200920416705
cellulosilyticum ruminicola, a newly described rumen bacterium that possesses redundant fibrolytic-protein-encoding genes and degrades lignocellulose with multiple carbohydrate- borne fibrolytic enzymes.cellulosilyticum ruminicola h1 is a newly described bacterium isolated from yak (bos grunniens) rumen and is characterized by its ability to grow on a variety of hemicelluloses and degrade cellulosic materials. in this study, we performed the whole-genome sequencing of c. ruminicola h1 and observed a comprehensive set of genes encoding the enzymes essential for hydrolyzing plant cell wall. the corresponding enzymatic activities were also determined in strain h1; these included endoglucanases, ce ...201020400560
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