Publications

structural polypeptides of hazara virus.	four structural polypeptides of hazara virus, an agent closely related to the crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (c-chf) viruses, were resolved by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. three glycoproteins were identified (mol. wt. 84,000, 45,000 and 30,000) and were found to be associated with the virion envelope. a fourth polypeptide (mol. wt. 52,000) was non-glycosylated and associated with the nucleocapsid. the structural proteins of hazara virus differ markedly from those reported for other ...	1981	7276913
radioimmune assays and molecular studies that place anopheles b and turlock serogroup viruses in the bunyavirus genus (bunyaviridae).	molecular analyses indicate that turlock virus (tur, turlock serogroup) and boraceia virus (bor, anopheles b serogroup) have virion rna species and polypeptides comparable in size to those of members of the bunyavirus genus and unlike those of members of the newly defined phlebovirus, nairovirus, or uukuvirus genera (bunyaviridae). the 11 terminal 3' end nucleotides of the three virion rna species of both bor and tur viruses (houcaucacaug...) are identical in sequence to the 3' end sequences of ...	1981	7258499
formation of reassortant bunyaviruses in dually infected mosquitoes.		1981	7245612
attenuation of virulence of a bunyavirus involving an l rna defect and isolation of lac/ssh/lac and lac/ssh/ssh reassortants.		1981	7233829
analyses of patois group bunyaviruses: evidence for naturally occurring recombinant bunyaviruses and existence of immune precipitable and nonprecipitable nonvirion proteins induced in burnyavirus-infected cells.		1981	7222477
characterization of the oligosaccharides of inkoo virus envelope glycoproteins.	inkoo virus (a bunyavirus) was grown in bhk-21 cells and labelled with [35s]methionine or [3h]mannose. [35s]methionine labelled the two envelope glycoproteins g1 (mr = 125000) and g2 (mr = 35000), as well as the nucleocapsid protein n (mr = 25000). only g1 and g2 were labelled with the sugar precursor. the [3h]mannose-labelled virus was solubilized with detergent and digested with pronase. the structure of the labelled glycopeptides originating from the mixture of g1 and g2 was studied by degrad ...	1982	7153764
panhandles and hairpin structures at the termini of germiston virus rnas (bunyavirus).		1982	7135833
the 3' terminal rna sequences of bunyaviruses and nairoviruses (bunyaviridae): evidence of end sequence generic differences within the virus family.	the 3' terminal nucleotide sequences of the three virus rna species of viruses representing eight serogroups of bunyaviruses (genus bunyavirus, bunyaviridae) and six serogroups of nairoviruses (genus nairovirus, bunyaviridae) have been characterized. members of the bunyavirus genus have conserved 3' end sequences (generally, 3' ucaucacauga...) that differ from the conserved 3' end sequences of members of the nairovirus genus (generally, 3' agaguuucu...).	1982	7119754
characterization of monoclonal antibodies against the g1 and n proteins of lacrosse and tahyna, two california serogroup bunyaviruses.		1982	7101727
mutant identifying a third recombination group in a bunyavirus.	only two recombination groups have been reported in genetic analyses of ts mutants of 10 different bunyaviruses from the bunyamwera and california encephalitis serogroups, although three groups are expected from the tripartite structure of the genome of all members of the family bunyaviridae. we describe now a ts mutant of maguari virus, magts23(iii), which recombined in both vertebrate (bhk-21) and invertebrate (aedes albopictus) cells with mutants representing recombination groups i and ii of ...	1982	7097862
electron microscopic study of bluegill virus.	bluegill virus (bgv) grown in bf-2 cells was studied by negative staining and ultrathin sections of infected cells. although bgv resembles bunyaviruses in gross physical appearance, it differs from this group in several important aspects. thus, bgv cannot be classified as a member of the bunyaviridae family and could be a representative of a novel family of enveloped rna viruses.	1982	7093819
nucleotide sequence analyses and predicted coding of bunyavirus genome rna species.	we performed 3' rna sequence analyses of [(32)p]pcp-end-labeled la crosse (lac) virus, alternate lac virus isolate l74, and snowshoe hare bunyavirus large (l), medium (m), and small (s) negative-stranded viral rna species to determine the coding capabilities of these species. these analyses were confirmed by dideoxy primer extension studies in which we used a synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide primer complementary to the conserved 3'-terminal decanucleotide of the three viral rna species (clerx-van ...	1982	7086954
identification of virus-coded nonstructural polypeptides in bunyavirus-infected cells.	analyses of bunyavirus-infected cell extracts identified at least two virus-induced nonstructural polypeptides. with snowshoe hare (ssh), la crosse (lac), and six ssh-lac reassortant viruses, it was shown that one of these nonstructural polypeptides (nss, approximate molecular weight, 7.4 x 10(3)) is coded by the ssh small (s)-size viral rna species. this nonstructural polypeptide was not detected (at least in the same relative abundancies) in lac virus-infected cells or in cells infected with r ...	1982	7077749
the complete sequence and coding content of snowshoe hare bunyavirus small (s) viral rna species.	the complete sequence of the small (s) viral rna species of snowshoe hare (ssh) bunyavirus has been determined, principally from a dna copy of the rna cloned in the e.coli plasmid pbr322. the viral s rna (negative sense strand) is 982 nucleotides long (3.3 x 10(5) daltons) with complementary 5' and 3' end sequences. it has a base composition of 30.5%u, 25.8%a, 24.9%c and 18.7%g. in the viral complementary (plus sense) strand there are two overlapping open reading frames initiated by methionine c ...	1982	7050911
recombination and gene coding assignments of bunyaviruses and arenaviruses.		1980	7013623
molecular basis of bunyavirus per os infection of mosquitoes: role of the middle-sized rna segment.	the molecular basis of bunyavirus per os infection of mosquitoes was determined; la crosse (lac), snowshoe hare (ssh), and lac-ssh reassortment viruses were compared for their ability to infect aedes triseriatus, the natural vector of the lac virus. the viruses were comparable in their ability to infect midgut cells; 115 of 117 (98%) mosquitoes ingesting viruses containing the lac middle-sized rna segment and 92/100 (92%) of mosquitoes ingesting viruses containing the ssh middle-sized rna segmen ...	1982	6951175
relationship between glycoproteins of the viral envelope of bunyaviruses and antibody-dependent plaque enhancement.	hamster antisera against three parental bunyaviruses, batai, bunyamwera and maguari viruses, and six recombinant viruses which carried the nucleocapsid protein of one parent and the glycoproteins of the other, have been tested for their interaction with each of the nine viruses under study by two assays, plaque reduction neutralization and antibody-dependent plaque enhancement. neutralization was clearly related to the specificity of the parental glycoproteins rather than the nucleoprotein, but ...	1982	6890986
multiple leader rnas and messenger rnas are transcribed from the la crosse virus small genome segment.	nucleotide sequencing has demonstrated that the small genome segment of bunyaviruses contains the genetic information for two viral proteins (n and nss) in overlapping reading frames (akashi and bishop, 1983; cabradilla et al., in press). using 3' end-labeled genome probes, la crosse virus (lac) infected cells were shown to contain three leader rnas, which start at position 1 and terminate at approximate positions 74, 95, and 115 from the 3' end of the genome. primer extension and s1 mapping stu ...	1983	6871993
bunyavirus gene structure - function relationships and potential for rna segment reassortment in the vector: la crosse and snowshoe hare reassortant viruses in mosquitoes.	modern technology now permits the elucidation of viral gene contributions to virus-vector interactions. such knowledge will undoubtedly permit determination of those mechanisms which function to preserve vector-borne virus disease cycle specificity and integrity in nature. in addition, the application of genetic techniques to reassortant virus generation in vectors should permit prediction of the evolutionary and epidemic potential of viruses in nature.	1983	6867030
comparison of the sequences and coding of la crosse and snowshoe hare bunyavirus s rna species.	the sequence of the s rna of la crosse bunyavirus was deduced from analyses of dna copies cloned in the escherichia coli plasmid pbr322. the s rna is 984 nucleotides in length, has a base ratio of 31.8% u, 27.0% a, 23.2% c, and 18.0% g, and codes for two distinct gene products that are read from overlapping reading frames in the viral complementary strand. the larger gene product (n, 26.5 x 10(3) daltons) contains 235 amino acids, and the smaller gene product (nss, 10.4 x 10(3) daltons) has 92 a ...	1983	6834480
[bunyaviruses].		1981	6798775
molecular basis of bunyavirus transmission by mosquitoes: role of the middle-sized rna segment.	in an examination of the molecular basis of oral transmission of bunyaviruses by mosquitoes., la crosse (lac), snowshoe hare (ssh), and lac-ssh reassortant viruses were compared in their ability to be transmitted to laboratory mice by the natural mosquito vector of lac virus, aedes triseriatus. both lac virus and the reassortment viruses containing the middle-sized (m) segment from the lac parent were efficiently transmitted. in contrast, ssh virus and reassortment viruses containing the m rna f ...	1981	6781068
characterization of the viral ribonucleic acids and structural polypeptides of anopheles a, bunyamwera, group c, california, capim, guama, patois, and simbu bunyaviruses.	analyses of the viral ribonucleic acids and structural polypeptides of 17-22 of the 119 accepted or proposed members of the bunyavirus genus of arboviruses (family bunyaviridae), have shown that from the standpoint of their structural components these viruses are highly comparable to each other. the average molecular weights for the three viral rna species (l, large, m, medium, s, small) of 17 bunyaviruses were 2.93 x 10(6) (l, range 2.7-3.1 x 10(6)), 2.0 x 10(6) (m, range 1.8-2.3 x 10(6)), and ...	1980	6778231
tataguine virus infection in mice and hamsters.	suckling hamsters, weanling and suckling mice, inoculated intracerebrally with tataguine virus consistently developed fatal infections with average survival time of 3-8 days. deaths were observed in a few suckling hamsters infected by the intraperitoneal route. infectivity assays and fluorescent antibody staining of organs of infected hamsters showed that the brain was the only organ in which viral replication occurred. histopathological lesions found in the brain of such mice and hamsters infec ...	1980	6776388
carbon dioxide sensitivity of mosquitoes infected with california encephalitis virus.	four species of mosquitoes became sensitive to carbon dioxide approximately 3 to 4 days after they received intrathoracic injectins of california encephalitis virus. aedes melanimon and aedes dorsalis infected orally with california encephalitis virus also became carbon dioxide-sensitive, but mosquitoes infected transovarially did not. sensitivity to carbon dioxide was inhibited by antiserum to california encephalitis virus. to our knowledge this is the first report of carbon dioxide sensitivity ...	1980	6773145
antibody against viruses in maternal and cord sera: non-specific inhibitors are found to higher titre on the maternal side of the circulation.	pregnancies were identified in which maternal igg antibodies against rubella virus were not detectable by single radial haemolysis. twenty paired maternal/cord sera were then tested for haemagglutination-inhibiting (hi) activity against rubella virus without kaolin pretreatment of the sera. in the absence of specific antibody, the hi activity observed could thus be ascribed to the effect of non-specific inhibitors. the hi activity in maternal sera was significantly (p less than 0.001) higher tha ...	1984	6736640
characterization of two recombination-complementation groups of uukuniemi virus temperature-sensitive mutants.	with the aim of isolating temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants defective in virus maturation or glycoprotein transport, uukuniemi virus, a bunyavirus, was mutagenized with n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine. out of 13 initial clones unable to grow at 39 degrees c (non-permissive temperature), five mutants which grew to titres above 10(7) p.f.u./ml at 32 degrees c (permissive temperature) were selected for further studies. the mutants fell into two coinciding recombination-complementation groups. ...	1984	6726186
mechanisms of bunyavirus virulence. comparative pathogenesis of a virulent strain of la crosse and an avirulent strain of tahyna virus.	to analyze mechanisms of virulence in the california serogroup bunyaviruses, the virulent la crosse/original (lac/original) strain was compared with the avirulent tahyna/181-57 strain. in suckling mice, both viruses were lethal upon intracerebral injection but differed markedly in their neuroinvasiveness following subcutaneous injection; 20 and 20,000 plaque-forming units, respectively, were equivalent to 1 subcutaneous ld50. the sequential course of infection was followed after subcutaneous inj ...	1984	6708454
a transcript from the s segment of the germiston bunyavirus is uncapped and codes for the nucleoprotein and a nonstructural protein.	analysis of the rnas present in bhk-21 cells infected with germiston virus showed that the transcripts from the l and m segments have a size similar to that of their template, whereas two types of complementary rna are transcribed from the s segment. one, s1, is a full-length "plus" rna strand (antigenome), and the other, s2, is an incomplete plus rna strand which serves as mrna for at least the synthesis of the n protein and a virus-specific nonstructural polypeptide, p12. the 5' ends of these ...	1984	6699936
la crosse bunyavirus can mediate ph-dependent fusion from without.	lipid binding properties which are dependent on exposure to acid ph are an important mechanism for the cellular entry pathway for some enveloped viruses and for other macromolecules. cell-to-cell fusion can be used to demonstrate this function. la crosse virus, a member of the family bunyaviridae, fused bhk-21 cells from without (ffwo) upon exposure of the absorbed virus to ph 6.3 or below. a high multiplicity of infection and temperature of 37 degrees were necessary for optimum fusion. the ph r ...	1984	6695500
[conditions for preserving the simbu group of bunyaviruses].		1983	6670261
genome subunit reassortment among bunyaviruses analysed by dot hybridization using molecularly cloned complementary dna probes.	a simple and rapid procedure for determining the genotypes of viruses has been applied to analysis of genome subunit reassortment in heterologous crosses of batai virus, bunyamwera virus, and maguari virus, three members of the bunyamwera serogroup of bunyaviruses. the procedure for determining genotype made use of specific molecular probes to identify the parental origin of the l and m rna subunits. complementary dna copies of the three rna segments of bunyamwera virus were prepared by reverse ...	1984	6547258
localized conserved regions of the s rna gene products of bunyaviruses are revealed by sequence analyses of the simbu serogroup aino virus.	the complete nucleotide sequence has been determined for the s rna of aino virus, a member of the simbu serogroup (bunyavirus genus, family bunyaviridae). the s rna is 850 nucleotides long (2.76 x 10(5) daltons) and in the viral complementary sequence has a short 5' non-coding region of 34 nucleotides and a more extensive 3' non-coding region of 117 nucleotides. the 3'-5' complementarity of the aino s rna is about 25 residues long, depending on the arrangement. the aino sequence predicts that, l ...	1984	6532000
mixed infections with tick-borne viruses in a seabird colony in eire.	viruses were isolated from 2 tick species collected from the nesting areas of seabirds on great saltee island, eire. bunyaviruses of the uukuniemi serogroup were isolated from hard ticks (ixodes uriae and i. rothschildi), bunyaviruses of the hughes serogroup from soft ticks (ornithodoros maritimus), and orbiviruses of the kemerovo serogroup from i. uriae and o. maritimus. the results indicate that the bunyaviruses, but not the orbiviruses, show "tick specificity". neutralising activity against m ...	1984	6421266
[effect of ribavirin on bunyavirus reproduction in cell culture and in an experiment on white mice].		1983	6419466
analysis of hantaan virus rna: evidence for a new genus of bunyaviridae.	hantaan virus, the prototype virus of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, was examined for nucleic acid characteristics which would support its previously proposed inclusion in the virus family bunyaviridae. nucleocapsid rna from hantaan virions and a control bunyavirus were examined for ribonuclease a (rnase a) sensitivity. both viruses exhibited a similar accessibility of rna within nucleocapsids to digestion by rnase a. complete digestion of the rna of both viruses was affected with high c ...	1983	6419460
the mapputta group of arboviruses: ultrastructural and molecular studies which place the group in the bunyavirus genus of the family bunyaviridae.	we have characterized members of the mapputta group of 'bunyavirus-like' viruses in terms of morphology, structure, ultrastructural development and virus-directed rna and protein synthesis. our primary study has been with maprik virus (mpk) as a representative of the group. the mpk virion is uniformly spherical (congruent to 90 nm diameter) and possesses a membrane envelope. virus maturation is by budding into small vesicles in the perinuclear region. during infection of bhk cells which is cytop ...	1983	6411055
characterization of leanyer virus: resemblance to bunyavirus.	the properties of leanyer virus, isolated in northern australia in 1974, were compared with those of bunyamwera virus. leanyer virus replicated in bhk-21 and vero cells. in sucrose gradients it had a density of 1.17 g/cm3 and sedimented with the same s value as bunyamwera virus. the diameter of negatively stained virions was approximately 110 nm. three species of rna sedimenting at 30s (l), 26s (m) and 14s (s) and four virion proteins (l, g1, g2, n) were detected in preparations of purified viri ...	1983	6411054
identification of new guama and group c serogroup bunyaviruses and an ungrouped virus from southern brazil.	from 1975 to 1978, 36 viruses were recovered from humans, bats, birds, sentinel mice and hamsters, and from mosquitoes collected in coastal brazil in the state of são paulo. identifications of 22 of these 36 viruses have been reported. six of the remaining 14 isolates were shown to be guama serogroup bunyaviruses. two of these six were strains of a newly recognized virus for which the name cananeia virus is proposed; another is a second newly recognized guama serogroup virus for which the name i ...	1983	6404190
[genome analysis of bunyavirus recombinants by dot hybridization].	a simple method of the so-called pinpoint hybridization for the detection of genome rnas and individual fragments of genome of the bunyamwera family viruses is described. the method established linking of 2 out of 3 fragments of genome rna of different members of the family.	1984	6380110
the effect of proteolytic cleavage of la crosse virus g1 glycoprotein on antibody neutralization.	the envelope of the bunyavirus la crosse contains two glycoproteins, g1 (120 000 mol. wt.) and g2 (38 000 mol. wt.). when incubated with trypsin or plasmin, the g1 glycoprotein of virus grown in cell culture was cleaved, leaving two different sized polypeptides in the envelope (67 000 and 95 000 mol. wt.). chymotrypsin cleaved g1 leaving polypeptides of 70 000 and 100 000 mol. wt. g2, however, was not altered by these enzymes. when used in antibody neutralization studies, these proteolytically m ...	1983	6352863
taxonomy, classification, and geographic distribution of california serogroup bunyaviruses.		1983	6346334
characterization of barmah forest virus: an alphavirus with some unusual properties.	barmah forest virus has been characterized in a number of ways including electron microscopy of infected cells; physical studies of the virion, its rna, and associated proteins; n-terminal sequence analysis of the two envelope glycoproteins; studies of macromolecular species present in infected cells; and serological cross-reactions with alphaviruses and bunyaviruses. from these results barmah forest virus is clearly an alphavirus since the structure of the virion, the mode of replication, and t ...	1984	6324461
nonviral heterogeneous sequences are present at the 5' ends of one species of snowshoe hare bunyavirus s complementary rna.	analyses of the 5' ends of snowshoe hare bunyavirus plus sense s rna species (including mrna) recovered from infected cells have revealed two types of termini. these include ends that are essentially exact copies of the 3' end of the viral s rna and others that are similar, but additionally have 13-14 nucleotide extensions that are heterogeneous in sequence. the former probably represent replicative plus sense rna species, the latter mrna species that have host cell derived primer sequences.	1983	6312422
antiviral activity released from aedes albopictus cells persistently infected with semliki forest virus.	aedes albopictus (mosquito) cells persistently infected with semliki forest virus released an agent which inhibited virus production by a. albopictus cells infected with homologous virus. inhibition of virus production was accompanied by a marked reduction in the synthesis of viral rna and viral proteins. expression of the antiviral effect was prevented by pretreatment of cells with actinomycin. no analogous antiviral activity was detected in culture fluids of a. albopictus cells persistently in ...	1983	6312089
identification of hitherto unrecognized arboviruses from ecuador: members of serogroups b, c, bunyamwera, patois, and minatitlan.	three hundred seventy-nine virus isolates were obtained from mosquitoes collected and sentinel hamsters exposed in coastal ecuador from 1974 to 1978. these included four alphaviruses [venezuelan equine encephalitis 1b (1), venezuelan equine encephalitis 1d (35), western equine encephalitis (1) and eastern equine encephalitis (4)]; two flaviviruses [st. louis encephalitis (3) and naranjal (6)]; 11 bunyaviruses [maguari (243), playas (3), vinces (33), turlock (2), abras (5), babahoyo (3), acara (2 ...	1983	6309029
interference between bunyaviruses in aedes triseriatus mosquitoes.	inhibition of the replication of alternate california serogroup bunyaviruses in aedes triseriatus mosquitoes has been observed for mosquitoes previously infected with la crosse (lac) virus. by contrast, prior infection of mosquitoes with lac virus did not interfere significantly with the subsequent infection and replication of guaroa bunyavirus (bunyamwera serogroup), or heterologous viruses such as west nile flavivirus, or vesicular stomatitis rhabdovirus.	1983	6305019
viruses recovered from mosquitoes and wildlife serum collected in the murray valley of south-eastern australia, february 1974, during an epidemic of encephalitis.	pools of mosquitoes collected in the murray valley in february, 1974, during an encephalitis epidemic yielded 239 isolates of 11 distinct viruses. these included 39 isolates of mve virus, an incriminated causative agent of encephalitis in man, and 111 isolates of kunjin virus, a probable causative agent. an additional isolate of mve virus was recovered from the serum of a white-faced heron, ardea novaehollandiae. the other 9 viruses comprised the alpha-viruses ross river and sindbis, the flavivi ...	1982	6299258
orbi- and bunyaviruses from a puffin colony in the outer hebrides.		1982	6299238
[mechanisms of in vivo suppressive effect of togaviridae and bunyaviridae on the activity of effectors of graft vs host reaction].	experiments on mice demonstrated the ability of 3 flaviviruses and 1 bunyavirus to suppress the activity of the effectors of the graft-versus-host (gvh) reaction. the conditions of the suppression of the primary immunological recognition were shown to differ in infections caused by different viruses. in experimental flavivirus infections caused by langat, dengue 2 or yellow fever (strain 17d) viruses t-suppressor cells were activated, and their activity was realized only in respect to syngeneic ...	1982	6283771
[human disease caused by nepuyo virus, a central american bunyavirus transmitted by mosquitoes].		1983	6226296
bunyavirus nucleoprotein, n, and a non-structural protein, nss, are coded by overlapping reading frames in the s rna.	it has been shown previously, by sequence analysis of the s rna segment of snowshoe hare (ssh) bunyavirus, that two overlapping open reading frames in the viral complementary sequence code for proteins with molecular weights of 26.8 x 10(3) and 10.5 x 10(3) respectively. in addition to the viral nucleocapsid (n) protein, which is coded by the s rna, analyses of parental and reassortant bunyavirus-infected cell extracts have shown that the viral s rna and m rna species each code for non-structura ...	1983	6223987
[characteristics of bunyavirus- and togavirus-induced nonspecific suppressors inhibiting delayed hypersensitivity].	some properties and mechanisms of action of nonspecific suppressor cells, inhibiting delayed hypersensitivity to sheep red blood cells and activated in vivo in experimental tick-borne encephalitis and tahyna virus infections in mice, have been studied. these nonspecific suppressor cells have been identified as t-lymphocytes in experiments with the use of antisera to t- and b-lymphocytes. the function of the suppressor cells can be realized without their proliferation and is mediated by a soluble ...	1982	6213121
in-vivo activity of antivirals against exotic rna viral infections.	infection of humans by viruses belonging to the families of toga-, bunya-, and arenaviridae constitutes a major health problem worldwide and certain of the viruses have the potential to cause widespread epidemics. in the search for effective chemotherapy against these viruses several hundred nucleoside and nucleotide analogues have been screened for antiviral activity. of the compounds tested, ribavirin, has been shown in laboratory animal models to have significant inhibitory effects against ri ...	1984	6208183
antigenic relationships among turlock serogroup bunyaviruses as determined by neutralization tests.	antigenic relationships between the five recognized turlock serogroup viruses (family bunyaviridae, genus bunyavirus) were determined by serum dilution-plaque reduction neutralization tests. results indicated that turlock , umbre , m' poko and lednice viruses are distinct from each other and that yaba -1 virus is a subtype of m' poko virus.	1984	6203387
seven infection-specific polypeptides in bhk cells infected with bunyamwera virus.	virus-specific polypeptide synthesis was examined in bhk cells and vero cells infected with bunyamwera virus. in bhk cells, in addition to the four previously reported virus-coded proteins (l, g1, g2, and n), three other infection-specific proteins were detected. these proteins, of nominal molecular weight 50,000 (p50), 16,000 (p16), and 13,000 (p13), were not labeled in mock-infected cells, were first synthesized between 4 and 8 h after infection, and were relatively prominent among the limited ...	1982	6183441
bunyaviridae.	the family bunyaviridae comprises over 200 viruses (serotypes, subtypes, and varieties) that infect vertebrates and/or invertebrates. four genera of viruses have been defined (bunyavirus, nairovirus, phlebovirus, and uukuvirus). the main characteristics of the member viruses are: (i) the virus particles are for the most part uniformly spherical, 80-110 nm in diameter, and possess a unit membrane envelope from which protrude polypeptide spikes 5-10nm long; (ii) the viruses have three helical nucl ...	1980	6165702
synergistic antiviral effects of ribavirin and the c-nucleoside analogs tiazofurin and selenazofurin against togaviruses, bunyaviruses, and arenaviruses.	binary combinations of the n-nucleoside ribavirin (1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) and the c-nucleoside analog selenazofurin (2-beta-d-ribofuranosylselenazole-4-carboxamide) or tiazofurin (2-beta-d-ribofuranosylthiazole-4-carboxamide) were tested in vitro for activity against venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, rift valley fever, korean hemorrhagic fever, and pichinde viruses. the 50% effective dose for each compound alone or in a series ...	1984	6151377
radial haemolysis in gel for detection of antibodies to bunyavirus lednice (turlock group).	the method of radial haemolysis in gel (rhg) was used for detection of antibodies to lednice virus. repeated and comparative experiments proved that the method gave reliable and sufficiently specific standard results. no cross-reactions were detected with sera to other arboviruses. comparison of antibody titres achieved in rhg with those of haemagglutination inhibition (hit) and indirect immunofluorescence (if) tests showed a satisfactory sensitivity, as the antibody titres in rhg and hit were p ...	1983	6139949
yukon isolates of snowshoe hare virus, 1972-1982.	bunyaviruses including 53 strains of snowshoe hare (ssh) and 4 of northway (nor) were isolated from 132,428 unengorged adult female mosquitoes of 7 species collected throughout the boreal forest of the yukon territory and open woodland terrain in the mackenzie valley, northwest territories, canada during 8 of 11 arctic summers from 1972 through 1982. isolations of ssh virus were also achieved from mosquito larvae during 1974 and 1975. percentage virus infection rates of important vectors were ae ...	1983	6135219
viruses of classical and mild forms of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome isolated in china have similar bunyavirus-like morphology.		1983	6131283
sensitivity to carbon dioxide in mosquitoes infected with california serogroup arboviruses.	ten species of mosquitoes became sensitive to co2 following intrathoracic (i.t.) inoculation of california encephalitis (ce) virus. these included field-collected aedes melanimon, aedes nigromaculis and culiseta incidens and laboratory-colonized strains of aedes dorsalis, aedes triseriatus, anopheles freeborni, culex peus, culex pipiens pipiens, culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and culex tarsalis. another california serogroup virus, jerry slough (= jamestown canyon) (js), also induced co2 sensitiv ...	1982	6122383
use of hyperimmune mouse ascitic fluids for arbovirus differentiation by indirect immunofluorescence and conventional serology.	the cross-reactivity of 22 arbovirus species (alphaviruses; tick- and mosquito-borne flaviviruses; and selected bunyaviruses) was tested with monovalent immune mouse ascitic fluids by indirect immunofluorescence (iif) in comparison with classical serological reactions (virus neutralization -- vn; haemagglutination inhibition -- hi; and complement fixation -- cf -- reactions). known relationships within the virus groups studied were confirmed. as to the differentiation limits, the vn test was fol ...	1981	6118048
guamá-group virus activity in surinam.	from october 1972 through december 1973 entomological surveys were carried out in both a savannah and coastal area in surinam. attempts were made to isolate arboviruses from the captured mosquitoes. the results have been published elsewhere (panday and digoutte, 1979). the present paper deals with the further typing of the obtained guamá-group viruses. preliminary typing was done by means of complement-fixation test. by performing the neutralization test in mice, the unknown guamá-group viruses ...	1981	6116303
[transovarial transmission of arboviruses by mosquitoes (author's transl)].	an important aspect of the epidemiology of arboviruses is the manner in which the viruses are maintained during winter, dry season, or other adverse environmental periods when their arthropod hosts are inactive. one possibility is that the viruses survive in arthropods. in the case of mosquito-borne viruses, it is probable that such viruses could be maintained in this manner only if they were transmitted from one insect generation to the next by transovarial transmission. such transmission was r ...	1981	6116146
arboviruses of coastal south-eastern australia.	during investigations of epidemic polyarthritis at nelson bay, new south wales, 12 strains of ross river virus, the causative agent, were recovered from pools of mosquitoes. in addition, the mosquito pools yielded 9 strains of the flavivirus edge hill, 4 strains of a bunyavirus, gan gan, 1 strain of an orbivirus tilligerry, and 1 strain of an ungrouped probable arbovirus, yacaaba. the latter 3 viruses were found to be antigenically distinct from previously recorded arboviruses. a case of epidemi ...	1980	6108758
the complete sequence of the m rna of snowshoe hare bunyavirus reveals the presence of internal hydrophobic domains in the viral glycoprotein.	the complete sequence of the viral m rna of snowshoe hare (ssh) bunyavirus has been determined. the rna is 4527 nucleotides long (mol wt: 1.5 x 10(6), base composition: 27.5% a, 33.5% u, 17.7% g, 21.3% c), and has 3' and 5' terminal sequences that, depending on how they are arranged, are complementary for some 44 residues. the viral rna codes in its viral-complementary sequence, for a single primary gene product (the viral glycoprotein) that is comprised of 1441 amino acids (162,391 da), and is ...	1984	6091326
bunyaviruses and bunyaviridae.		1974	4850836
three-segment rna genome of lumbo virus (bunyavirus).		1973	4210363
identification of nonstructural proteins encoded by viruses of the bunyamwera serogroup (family bunyaviridae).	the proteins synthesized in bhk cells infected with nine members of the bunyamwera serogroup (family bunyaviridae, bunyavirus genus) were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. in addition to the virus structural proteins, a number of virus-coded nonstructural proteins were detected. one protein, designated ns1, was shown to be related to the nucleocapsid protein by one-dimensional peptide mapping. a second protein, ns2, was mapped to the m rna segment by gel electrophoretic analysis of ...	1985	4060579
evolution of bunyaviruses by genome reassortment in dually infected mosquitoes (aedes triseriatus).	aedes triseriatus mosquitoes became dually infected after ingesting two mutants of lacrosse (lac) virus simultaneously or after ingesting, by interrupted feeding, the two viruses sequentially within a 2-day period. after 2 weeks of incubation, approximately 25 percent of the vectors contained new virus genotypes as the result of rna segment reassortment. new viruses were transmitted when the mosquitoes fed on mice. viruses ingested more than 2 days after the initial infecting virus did not cause ...	1985	4048949
effect of monensin on the assembly of uukuniemi virus in the golgi complex.	the effect of the carboxylic ionophore monensin on the maturation of uukuniemi virus, a bunyavirus, and the transport of its two membrane glycoproteins, g1 and g2, were studied in chicken embryo fibroblasts and baby hamster kidney cells. virus maturation, which occurs in the golgi complex (e. kuismanen, k. hedman, j. saraste, and r. f. pettersson, mol. cell. biol. 2:1444-1458, 1982; e. kuismanen, b. bång, m. hurme, and r. f. pettersson, j. virol. 51:137-146, 1984), was effectively inhibited by t ...	1985	4020969
analyses of the mrna transcription processes of snowshoe hare bunyavirus s and m rna species.	the time course of synthesis of snowshoe hare bunyavirus small (s)- and medium (m)-sized viral rna (vrna), viral crna (vcrna), and mrna species was analyzed by using single-stranded dna probes representing the s- and m-coded gene products. in the presence of puromycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, the subgenomic s mrna species were detected, but not full-length s vcrna or s vrna species. no m-related rna species were identified in puromycin-treated cells. in the absence of puromycin, full- ...	1985	4020962
a study of the host range and distribution of antibody to akabane virus (genus bunyavirus, family bunyaviridae) in kenya.	serum neutralizing antibody to akabane virus (genus bunyavirus, family bunyaviridae) was found in a high proportion (50-95%) of cattle sampled in kenya, while sheep and goats had fewer positive (13-33%). camel and horse sera also contained antibody to the virus (70% and 50% respectively). the antibody was found in animals from the high altitude temperature type of grasslands, drier bushed and wooded grasslands and the semi-desert. no arthrogryposis nor hydranencephaly has been encountered in ken ...	1985	4020110
synthesis of bunyavirus-specific proteins in a continuous cell line (xtc-2) derived from xenopus laevis.	the xtc-2 cell line, derived from xenopus laevis, supported the replication of representative viruses from each of the four genera in the family bunyaviridae. generally, viral titres were higher in xtc-2 cells than in other susceptible cell lines, and for some viruses plaques were detected earlier in xtc-2 cells. the xtc-2 cell line permitted comparative analyses of bunyavirus-specific protein synthesis. the patterns of synthesis of viral proteins, characteristic of each of the genera, were obse ...	1985	3973561
persistent infection of aedes albopictus c6/36 cells by bunyamwera virus.	two cell lines persistently infected with bunyamwera virus have been established from the c6/36 clone of aedes albopictus cells. the cells express bunyamwera virus antigens as detected by immunofluorescence and are resistant to superinfection with bunyamwera virus and other bunyaviruses, but not dugbe virus (nairovirus) nor vesicular stomatitis virus. the virus released from the persistently infected cells developed an altered cloudy or "bull's-eye" plaque morphology with increasing passage leve ...	1986	3952984
bunyavirus pathogenesis.		1985	3938613
an avirulent g1 glycoprotein variant of la crosse bunyavirus with defective fusion function.	la crosse virus, a member of the california serogroup of the family bunyaviridae, causes encephalitis in humans and laboratory rodents. a variant virus (v22) selected with a monoclonal antibody against the large (g1) glycoprotein showed diminished neuroinvasiveness after peripheral inoculation. this variant has an alteration in its fusion function, requiring a lower ph for the activation of fusion and demonstrating reduced efficiency of cell-to-cell fusion of bhk-21 cultures. v22 was studied in ...	1985	3889368
viral rnas synthesized in cells infected with germiston bunyavirus.	a rapidly growing strain of germiston virus was used to study intracellular viral rna synthesis in bhk cells. the rnas were separated by electrophoresis into seven bands which fell into three size classes: large (bands l1 and l2), medium (bands m1 and m2), and small (bands s1, s2, and s3). blot hybridisation established that bands l1, m1, and s1 contained the negative-sense genomic rnas, while bands l2, m2, s2, and s3 contained positive-sense rnas complementary to the genomic rnas within the sam ...	1987	3824907
nucleotide sequence of the bunyamwera virus m rna segment: conservation of structural features in the bunyavirus glycoprotein gene product.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the bunyamwera virus m rna segment was determined from four overlapping cdna clones and by primer extension. the rna segment is 4458 bases in length, and encodes a single gene product in the viral complementary rna. the predicted protein is 1433 amino acids long (mol wt 162,065), contains four potential glycosylation sites, and is relatively cysteine rich. it is presumed that the three proteins g1, g2, and nsm which have been mapped to the m rna segment are sy ...	1986	3753629
inhibitors of protein synthesis inhibit both la crosse virus s-mrna and s genome syntheses in vivo.	the effect of drugs such as puromycin and cycloheximide, which inhibit protein synthesis, on the accumulation of la crosse virus s genome rnas in vivo has been examined. we have found that if these drugs are added to the cultures before infection, minuscule amounts of s-mrna can be detected late in infection. genome replication, on the other hand, cannot be detected at any time. when these drugs are added later in infection when rna synthesis is well established, s-mrna accumulation decreases in ...	1986	3751285
marituba (bunyaviridae) virus replication in cultured aedes albopictus cells and in l-a9 cells.	the replication of marituba virus (bunyavirus genus, family bunyaviridae), was studied in aedes albopictus (mosquito) cells. infection of aedes albopictus cells with marituba virus was characterized by an initial acute phase of infection in which large amounts of virus were produced and further by a persistent phase of infection in which virus yield was much lower. no changes in host cell dna, rna and protein synthesis were observed in aedes albopictus cells infected with marituba virus. in cont ...	1986	3729731
virulence of la crosse virus is under polygenic control.	to identify which rna segments of the california serogroup bunyaviruses determine virulence, we prepared reassortant viruses by coinfecting bhk-21 cells with two wild-type parents, la crosse/original and tahyna/181-57 viruses, which differed about 30,000-fold in virulence. the progeny clones were screened by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to ascertain the phenotype of the m and s rna segments, and rna-rna hybridization was used to determine the genotype of selected clones. two or three clone ...	1986	3712554
the s segment of the germiston virus rna genome can code for three proteins.	the complete sequence of the s segment of germiston bunyavirus has been determined from plasmids containing s cdna inserts. the s segment is 980 nucleotides long with the first 15 bases at the 3' end complementary to the first 15 bases at the 5' end. three overlapping open reading frames (orf) were identified in the viral complementary rna strand. the first orf codes for a polypeptide of 233 amino acids (mr 26,600) which is the nucleoprotein n. the second orf codes for a polypeptide of 109 amino ...	1987	3660942
production and use of a hemagglutinin for detecting antibody to jamestown canyon virus.	a procedure was developed for producing a hemagglutinin for the california serogroup (family bunyaviridae, genus bunyavirus) virus jamestown canyon, a human pathogen. serum samples from humans putatively infected with this virus or with la crosse virus were tested by hemagglutination inhibition. each antigen detected antibody to the respective virus, with little cross-reactivity. these results suggest that both antigens should be used when the hemagglutination inhibition test is applied to the d ...	1987	3624448
biological studies of the fusion function of california serogroup bunyaviruses.	like other enveloped viruses, la crosse virus is capable of inducing membrane fusion after exposure to mild acid. this function is known to have biological significance at the level of the whole organism, since it has been related to infection in a mouse model. in this report the process of fusion-from-within (ffwi) for lac and other members of the california serogroup of bunyaviruses is characterized. like fusion-from-without, ffwi is dependent on ph, temperature, and number of virus particles ...	1986	3508496
molecular and genetic aspects of the pathogenesis of viral infections of the central nervous system.	viral pathogenesis can be defined in terms of a series of successive interactions between a virus and its target host. in order for a virus to injure a target organ such as the central nervous system (cns), it must first enter the host animal, replicate in some primary site near its place of entry, spread from this site to the cns and infect and injure specific populations of cells within the cns. at each of these steps, the virus must avoid or overcome a variety of immunological and nonimmunolo ...	1987	3315238
biochemical and serological comparisons of australian bunyaviruses belonging to the simbu serogroup.	comparative analysis of the structural and possible non-structural proteins of seven simbu serogroup bunyaviruses isolated in australia revealed them all to be similar in size to those of bunyamwera virus, the prototype of the bunyavirus genus. the molecular weights of the structural proteins for these bunyaviruses (akabane, aino, tinaroo, douglas, peaton, facey's paddock and thimiri viruses) were 193k to 205k (l), 103k to 125k (g1), 33k to 37k (g2) and 25k to 26k (n). analysis of the virion rna ...	1988	3286816
expression of snowshoe hare bunyavirus s rna coding proteins by recombinant baculoviruses.	recombinant baculoviruses have been constructed that express the two snowshoe hare (ssh) bunyavirus proteins coded in overlapping reading frames of the ssh s viral-complementary rna species (namely the nucleoprotein, n, and the nonstructural protein, nss). the 26.5 kda n protein, which is read from the first aug of the mrna containing the ssh s sequence, was expressed at a high level (estimated to be ca 40% of the stained cellular proteins in recombinant baculovirus-infected spodoptera frugiperd ...	1988	3223063
comparative study of various immunomodulators for macrophage and natural killer cell activation and antiviral efficacy against exotic rna viruses.	several immunomodulators were compared for immunomodulatory and antiviral activity in b6c3f1 female mice. our results demonstrate that murine recombinant gamma interferon (rifn-g), human recombinant alpha a/d interferon (rifn-a), ampligen (a polyribonucleotide) and cl246,738 modulate nonspecific immunity and are effective antiviral agents in vivo. administration of each of these agents 1 day before cell harvest induced high levels of splenic natural killer (nk) cell activity against yac-1 target ...	1988	3182149
nucleotide sequence of the m segment of germiston virus: comparison of the m gene product of several bunyaviruses.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the m rna segment of germiston bunyavirus was determined from plasmids containing overlapping m cdna inserts. the m segment is 4534 nucleotides long and contains a 50-base-long inverted terminal repeat which can form a stable hydrogen-bonded secondary structure with a delta g of -45.8 kcal/mol. the rna molecule complementary to viral rna contains a single large open reading frame that encodes a 1437 amino acid-long protein with hydrophobic amino and carboxy te ...	1988	3176688
isolations of cache valley virus in texas, 1981.	two strains of the same virus (isolates ar 168 and 7856), were isolated in 1981 from an apparently healthy cow and a sick sheep in tx, u.s.a. these isolates were shown to be members of the bunyamwera serogroup (family bunyaviridae, genus bunyavirus) by complement-fixation tests. serum dilution-plaque reduction neutralization test results indicated that the isolates are closely related to cache valley virus. the virus isolates were characterized by sensitivity to lipid solvent, size (50-100 nm by ...	1987	3101276
[antiviral and immunostimulating effect of maleic anhydride copolymers in experimental neuroviral infections].	the virus-inhibiting and immunostimulating activity of soviet preparations, maleic anhydride copolymers, was demonstrated in alpha-, flavi-, and bunyavirus infections. positive results were obtained in subcutaneous and intraperitoneal inoculations of the preparations used in prophylactic and therapeutic-prophylactic schedules. stimulation of vaccination immunity was observed after combined use of copolymers and the vaccine against eastern equine encephalomyelitis.	1986	3099477
pox viruses as eukaryotic cloning and expression vectors: future medical and veterinary vaccines.	it was proposed at the beginning of this article that the use of poxviruses as expression vectors provided a means of optimizing the conditions and prerequisites of vaccination and of elucidating a number of the associated problems. these advantages will now be summarized. vaccinia virus recombinants carrying one or more multiple foreign genes have been shown to induce a sufficient immune response to that antigen in laboratory animals to protect against subsequent challenge by the infectious age ...	1988	3078866
evolutionary significance of the taxonomic data regarding bunyaviruses of the family bunyaviridae.		1988	3058644
bunyavirus-vector interactions.	recent advances in the genetics and molecular biology of bunyaviruses have been applied to understanding bunyavirus-vector interactions. such approaches have revealed which virus gene and gene products are important in establishing infections in vectors and in transmission of viruses. however, much more information is required to understand the molecular mechanisms of persistent infections of vectors which are lifelong but apparently exert no untoward effect. in fact, it seems remarkable that la ...	1988	3046165
[human arbovirus infections in burundi: results of a seroepidemiologic survey, 1980-1982].	a serological survey on 623 human sera was conducted in burundi in 1980-1982, in order to evaluate the frequency of arboviral antibodies in the inhabitants of the three main areas: lowlands, central plateau and mountainous ridge. the results show a rather high activity of arboviruses, mainly in the lowlands (34.2% of inhabitants with antibodies). chikungunya virus seems to be the most active arbovirus; the activity of flavivirus is moderate; no trace of activity of yellow fever or west nile viru ...	1987	3038355
classification of barmah forest virus as an alphavirus using cytotoxic t cell assays.	barmah forest virus, an arbovirus, does not cross-react convincingly with alpha-, flavi- or bunyavirus immune sera. secondary cytotoxic t cells generated in vitro immune to a number of alphaviruses cross-lyse barmah forest virus-infected target cells. flavivirus (west nile and kunjin)- and bunyamwera virus-immune tc cells lyse homologous virus-infected target cells, but not alphavirus-infected targets. using cytotoxic t cell assays barmah forest virus can be classified as an alphavirus.	1986	3003237
the isolation of arboviruses including a new flavivirus and a new bunyavirus from ixodes (ceratixodes) uriae (ixodoidea: ixodidae) collected at macquarie island, australia, 1975-1979.	pools of ticks, ixodes (ceratixodes) uriae collected between 1975 and 1979 at macquarie island, yielded 33 strains of at least 4 different viruses: nugget virus (kemerovo group), 1 strain; taggert virus (sakhalin group) 9 strains; a previously undescribed flavivirus, related to central european tickborne encephalitis virus, for which the name "gadgets gully" is proposed, 9 strains; a virus serologically related to the uukuniemi serogroup, family bunyaviridae, for which the name "precarious point ...	1985	2984951
organization of the middle rna segment of snowshoe hare bunyavirus.	the genetic organization of the m rna segment of snowshoe hare (ssh) virus, a member of the bunyavirus genus of the family bunyaviridae, has been determined. the middle (m) rna segment has a single open reading frame (orf) of 1441 amino acids. we have used amino- and carboxy-terminus sequencing and synthetic peptides to map proteins within the orf. the order of the proteins translated from the single large open reading frame is g2, nsm, g1. the g2 protein extends from amino acids 14 to 299. the ...	1988	2974218