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proteomics applied to avian herpesviruses.proteomics is the application of rapidly evolving high-throughput technologies that enable analysis of proteins on a large scale. recent advances in instrumentation have allowed detection, identification, and quantification of proteins with unparalleled precision and reproducibility, and this, in combination with novel bioinformatics tools, has helped to move proteomics from the simple cataloging of expressed proteins toward discovery of operating mechanisms in the biological systems. proteomics ...201323901746
marek's disease virus morphogenesis.marek's disease virus (mdv) is a highly contagious virus that induces t-lymphoma in chicken. this viral infection still circulates in poultry flocks despite the use of vaccines. with the emergence of new virulent strains in the field over time, mdv remains a serious threat to the poultry industry. more than 40 yr after mdv identification as a herpesvirus, the visualization and purification of fully enveloped infectious particles remain a challenge for biologists. the various strategies used to d ...201323901745
current state of marek's disease virus microrna research.microrna (mirna) is a major family of small rnas that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression. small rna profiling studies have revealed that some viruses, particularly large dna viruses, such as marek's disease virus (mdv), encode their own set of mirnas. there are currently 406 viral mirnas in mirbase, of which 392 are encoded by herpesviruses. to date, 26 mdv-1 mirnas, 36 mdv-2 mirnas, and 28 herpesvirus of turkeys mirnas have been identified. interestingly, herpesvirus mirnas appear t ...201323901744
pathotyping of australian isolates of marek's disease virus in commercial broiler chickens vaccinated with herpesvirus of turkeys (hvt) or bivalent (hvt/sb1) vaccine and association with viral load in the spleen and feather dander.to pathotype australian isolates of marek's disease virus (mdv) in commercial broiler chickens using standard methods and to evaluate early markers of pathotype.201323889101
microsatellite instability in chicken lymphoma induced by gallid herpesvirus 2.microsatellite instability (msi) has been found in a range of human tumors, and little is known of the links between msi and herpesvirus. in order to investigate the relationship between msi and gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2)-induced lymphoma, fifteen marek's disease (md) lymphomas were analyzed through using 46 microsatellite markers, which were amplified by pcr from dna specimens of lymphoma and normal muscular tissues from the same chicken. pcr products were evaluated by denaturing polyacrylam ...201323844155
detection of infectious laryngotracheitis virus by real-time pcr in naturally and experimentally infected chickens.infectious laryngotracheitis (ilt) is an acute, highly contagious upper-respiratory infectious disease of chickens. in this study, a real-time pcr method was developed for fast and accurate detection and quantitation of iltv dna of chickens experimentally infected with iltv strain ljs09 and naturally infected chickens. the detection lower limit of the assay was 10 copies of dna. there were no cross reactions with the dna and rna of infectious bursal disease virus, chicken anemia virus, reticuloe ...201323840745
molecular characteristics and evolutionary analysis of field marek's disease virus prevalent in vaccinated chicken flocks in recent years in china.marek's disease is a highly contagious, oncogenic, and immunosuppressive avian viral disease. surveillance of newly registered marek's disease virus (mdv) isolates is meaningful for revealing the potential factors involved in increased virulence. presently, we have focused on the molecular characteristics of all available mdvs from china, including 17 new henan isolates. based on meq, ge, and gi genes, we found that most chinese isolates contain conserved amino acid point mutations in meq, such ...201323813248
a dna vaccine expressing env and gag offers partial protection against reticuloendotheliosis virus in the prairie chicken (tympanicus cupido).recurring infection of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), an avian oncogenic gammaretrovirus, has been a major obstacle in attempts to breed and release the endangered attwater's prairie chicken (tympanicus cupido attwateri). the aim of this study was to develop a dna vaccine that protects the birds against rev infection. a plasmid was constructed expressing fusion proteins of rev envelope (env) and vp22 of gallid herpesvirus 2 or rev gag and vp22. birds vaccinated with these recombinant plasmid ...201323805542
integrated analyses of genome-wide dna occupancy and expression profiling identify key genes and pathways involved in cellular transformation by a marek's disease virus oncoprotein, meq.marek's disease (md) is an economically significant disease in chickens that is caused by the highly oncogenic marek's disease virus (mdv). a major unanswered question is the mechanism of mdv-induced tumor formation. meq, a bzip transcription factor discovered in the 1990s, is critically involved in viral oncogenicity, but only a few of its host target genes have been described, impeding our understanding of mdv-induced tumorigenesis. using chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (chip-seq) and ...201323740999
expression pattern of genes of rlr-mediated antiviral pathway in different-breed chicken response to marek's disease virus infection.it has been known that the chicken's resistance to disease was affected by chicken's genetic background. and rlr-mediated antiviral pathway plays an important role in detection of viral rna. however, little is known about the interaction of genetic background with rlr-mediated antiviral pathway in chicken against mdv infection. in this study, we adopted economic line-aa broilers and native erlang mountainous chickens for being infected with mdv. upon infection with mdv, the expression of mda-5 w ...201323710447
visualization of marek's disease virus in vitro using enhanced green fluorescent protein fused with us10.marek's disease virus (mdv) is an highly cell-associated avian alphaherpesvirus. although viral replication is supported in chicken embryo fibroblasts (cef) or duck embryo fibroblasts, identification of mdv-infected cells is quite cumbersome especially during the early stages of virus replication when plaques can be difficult to recognize. to visualize mdv replication in infected cells and characterize mdv us10 in vitro, rmd5-us10-egfp, a recombinant mdv, was generated that expresses enhanced gr ...201323703623
isolation and analysis of a very virulent marek's disease virus strain in china.a severe md was broken out at a farm in shandong, china, despite fc126 vaccination of the chickens at 1-day-old. the mortality of the flocks reached up to 38.3%. the infected chickens were found to have md pathological changes, including enlargement of spleens, livers and kidneys, and tumors occured on organs later. samples were collected from the chickens for diagnosis.201323687964
establishment of an immortal chicken embryo liver-derived cell line.a continuously growing immortal cell substrate can be used for virus propagation, diagnostic purposes, and vaccine production. the aim of this study was to develop an immortal chicken cell line for efficient propagation of avian infectious viruses. from the various chicken embryo cells that were tested for life span extension, an immortalized chicken embryo liver (cel) cell line, named cel-im, was derived spontaneously without either oncogenic viruses or carcinogenic chemical treatment. currentl ...201323687157
[preparation and identification of polyclonal antibody to serotype i mareks disease virus sorf2 protein].to obtain mice and rabbit polyclonal antibody of serotype i marek's disease virus (mdv) sorf2 protein with higher titer and to identify the specificity.201323678575
the peptide motif of the single dominantly expressed class i molecule of the chicken mhc can explain the response to a molecular defined vaccine of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv).in contrast to typical mammals, the chicken mhc (the bf-bl region of the b locus) has strong genetic associations with resistance and susceptibility to infectious pathogens as well as responses to vaccines. we have shown that the chicken mhc encodes a single dominantly expressed class i molecule whose peptide-binding motifs can determine resistance to viral pathogens, such as rous sarcoma virus and marek's disease virus. in this report, we examine the response to a molecular defined vaccine, fp- ...201323644721
characterization of 132 bp repeats bamh1-h region in pathogenic marek's disease virus of poultry in gujarat, india, using pcr and sequencing.a total of 34 clinical samples and four marek's disease virus (mdv) vaccines were tested using primer bamh1/bamh2 in layer birds of poultry. out of 34 samples tested for detection of mdv, 32 samples produced approximately 434 bp product. all the three hvt vaccines as well as sb-1 (mdv-2) vaccine failed to produce the expected amplicons, there by proving negative for the targeted 132 bp repeats of mdv genome by the primers bamh1/bamh2. resultant pcr products of the field samples were purified and ...201123637506
effects of sodium tanshinone iia sulfonate against marek's disease virus in experimentally infected chickens.chickens experimentally infected with marek's disease virus j-1 strain were used to evaluate the anti-marek's disease virus (mdv) activity of sodium tanshinone iia sulfonate (sts) in vivo. chickens in same group were kept in one pen and control group chickens were housed in negative pressure isolator. chickens were treated with different dose of sts or abob for 21 consecutive days. peripheral t lymphocyte proliferation, expression level of ifn-γ and il-10 in serum, and mdv load in spleen were de ...201323603081
marek΄s disease: rapid progress in research with unclear biological implementations.here we would like to provide a brief overview of the modern history of marek΄s disease (md) research with a focus on the most recent developments in experimental work and we will try to sum up their impact on the understanding of the biological properties of marek΄s disease type 1 (mdv-1), the only representative of the mardivirus genus causing fatal lymphoproliferative disease in poultry. we will also compare mdv-1 with other serologically-related poultry herpesviruses, marek΄s disease virus t ...201323600883
immunity to marek's disease: where are we now?marek's disease (md) in chickens was first described over a century ago and the causative agent of this disease, marek's disease virus (mdv), was first identified in the 1960's. there has been extensive and intensive research over the last few decades to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the interactions between the virus and its host. we have also made considerable progress in terms of developing efficacious vaccines against md. the advent of the chicken genetic map and genome sequence as ...201323588041
sequence analysis of the whole genome of a recombinant marek's disease virus strain, gx0101, with a reticuloendotheliosis virus ltr insert.marek's disease virus chinese strain gx0101, isolated in 2001, is the first reported recombinant gallid herpesvirus type 2 (gahv-2) field strain with one reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) long terminal repeat (ltr) insert. we constructed an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) clone of gx0101, which showed characteristics very similar to those of the parental virus in replication and pathogenicity. using the gx0101 bac clone, the complete genome of gx0101 was sequenced and analyzed. ...201323553452
dnmt gene expression and methylome in marek's disease resistant and susceptible chickens prior to and following infection by mdv.marek's disease (md) is characterized as a t cell lymphoma induced by a cell-associated α-herpesvirus, marek's disease virus type 1 (mdv1). as with many viral infectious diseases, dna methylation variations were observed in the progression of md; these variations are thought to play an important role in host-virus interactions. we observed that dna methyltransferase 3a (dnmt3a) and 3b (dnmt3b) were differentially expressed in chicken md-resistant line 6 3 and md-susceptible line 7 2 at 21 d afte ...201323538681
avian leukosis virus subgroup j associated with the outbreak of erythroblastosis in chickens in china.emaciation, depression and lethargy were observed in two flocks of chinese local breed and one flock of commercial layer chicken infected naturally from 2010 to 2011. the aims of this study were to diagnose.201323521848
transcriptional profile of marek's disease virus genes in chicken thymus during different phases of mdv infection.in this study, 86 marek's disease virus (mdv) transcripts were detected in chicken thymus infected with rb1b strain. forty-seven of them, which were mainly involved in viral replication and immune escape, were detected at 7 days postinfection (dpi). expression of most of the genes was increased at 21 and 28 dpi but reduced or shut down at 14 dpi. unlike others tissues, we found that a latent infection was established at 14 dpi in infected thymus. here, we show the kinetics of expression of mdv t ...201323494227
vaccination and reduced cohort duration can drive virulence evolution: marek's disease virus and industrialized agriculture.marek's disease virus (mdv), a commercially important disease of poultry, has become substantially more virulent over the last 60 years. this evolution was presumably a consequence of changes in virus ecology associated with the intensification of the poultry industry. here, we assess whether vaccination or reduced host life span could have generated natural selection, which favored more virulent strains. using previously published experimental data, we estimated viral fitness under a range of c ...201223461333
differential expression of toll-like receptor genes in lymphoid tissues between marek's disease virus-infected and noninfected chickens.toll-like receptors (tlr) are trans-membrane sensors recognizing invading microbes. toll-like receptors play a central role in initiating immune responses against several pathogens. in this study, we investigated the response of tlr and downstream genes to marek's disease virus (mdv) infection. forty 1-d-old chicks were randomly divided into 2 groups, with 20 chicks infected with mdv and 20 chicks mock-infected. four chickens were euthanized respectively from infected and age-matched noninfected ...201323436515
interaction domain of glycoproteins gb and gh of marek's disease virus and identification of an antiviral peptide with dual functions.our previous study reported that both glycoproteins gb and gh of the herpesvirus marek's disease virus (mdv) contain eleven potential heptad repeat domains. these domains overlap with α-helix-enriched hydrophobic regions, including the gh-derived hr1 (ghh1) and hr3 (ghh3) and gb-derived hr1 (gbh1) regions, which demonstrate effective antiviral activity, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (ic(50)) of less than 12 µm. plaque formation and chicken embryo infection assays confirmed these results. in ...201323405092
marek's disease virus (mdv) ubiquitin-specific protease (usp) performs critical functions beyond its enzymatic activity during virus replication.marek's disease virus (mdv) encodes an ubiquitin-specific protease (usp) within its ul36 gene. usp is highly conserved among herpesviruses and was shown to be important for mdv replication and pathogenesis in mdv's natural host, the chicken. to further investigate the role of mdv usp, several recombinant (r) mdvs were generated and their in vitro phenotypes were evaluated using plaque size and growth kinetics assays. we discovered that the n-terminus of pul36 is essential for mdv replication and ...201323399034
marek's disease virus late protein expression in feather follicle epithelial cells as early as 8 days postinfection.marek's disease virus (mdv) or gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2) is a lymphotropic alphaherpesvirus and causes marek's disease. former studies have demonstrated that mdv is spread from chicken to chicken about 2 wk postexposure as infectious dander shed from infected chickens. more recent reports, using highly sensitive quantitative pcr analyses of dander from infected chickens, suggested that mdv replicates and is shed from the chicken much earlier (5-7 days). however, detection of viral dna in chi ...201223397845
complex assembly, crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic analysis of the chicken mhc class i molecule bf2*1501.the chicken major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i molecules named bf are strongly associated with marek's disease (md). a single structure, that of chicken bf2*2101 from the b21 haplotype, which might provide resistance to md, has been determined. however, little is known about other structures apart from bf2*2101. in order to provide further structures of chicken mhc class i molecules, bf2*1501 and chicken β(2)-microglobulin complexed with a nonapeptide (mdv-meq(rrr9)) derived from mar ...201323385750
comparison and contrast of genes and biological pathways responding to marek's disease virus infection using allele-specific expression and differential expression in broiler and layer chickens.marek's disease (md) is a commercially important neoplastic disease of chickens caused by the marek's disease virus (mdv), a naturally occurring oncogenic alphaherpesvirus. enhancing md genetic resistance is desirable to augment current vaccines and other md control measures. high throughput sequencing was used to profile splenic transcriptomes from individual f1 progeny infected with mdv at 4 days of age from both outbred broilers (meat-type) and inbred layer (egg-type) chicken lines that diffe ...201323363372
development of a chick bioassay for determination of infectivity of viral pathogens in poultry litter.to develop a chicken bioassay to detect infective viral pathogens in poultry litter and to determine the effects of type of chicken and age of exposure, as well as the effect of simulated litter transportation, on the level of viral infectivity detected.201323356376
characterization of meq proteins from field isolates of marek's disease virus in japan.serotype 1 strains of marek's disease virus (mdv-1) cause malignant lymphomas in chickens (marek's disease; md). although md has been controlled by vaccination, field isolates of mdv-1 have tended to increase in virulence and cause md even in vaccinated chickens. meq, a putative mdv-1 oncoprotein, resembles the jun/fos family of basic leucine zipper (bzip) transcription factors and can regulate the expression of viral and cellular genes as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with a variety of bzip f ...201323352889
avirulent marek's disease virus type 1 strain 814 vectored vaccine expressing avian influenza (ai) virus h5 haemagglutinin induced better protection than turkey herpesvirus vectored ai vaccine.herpesvirus of turkey (hvt) as a vector to express the haemagglutinin (ha) of avian influenza virus (aiv) h5 was developed and its protection against lethal marek's disease virus (mdv) and highly pathogenic aiv (hpaiv) challenges was evaluated previously. it is well-known that avirulemt mdv type 1 vaccines are more effective than hvt in prevention of lethal mdv infection. to further increase protective efficacy against hpaiv and lethal mdv, a recombinant mdv type 1 strain 814 was developed to ex ...201323301062
regulation of the mir155 host gene in physiological and pathological processes.micrornas (mirnas), a family of small nonprotein-coding rnas, play a critical role in posttranscriptional gene regulation by acting as adaptors for the mirna-induced silencing complex to inhibit gene expression by targeting mrnas for translational repression and/or cleavage. mir-155-5p and mir-155-3p are processed from the b-cell integration cluster (bic) gene (now designated, mir155 host gene or mir155hg). mir-155-5p is highly expressed in both activated b- and t-cells and in monocytes/macropha ...201323246696
induction of lymphomas by inoculation of marek's disease virus-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines: prevention by cvi988 vaccination.lymphoblastoid cell lines 265(l) and 990(o) are monoclonal lymphomas, derived respectively from liver and ovarian tumours, generated in inbred p-line (mhc b(19)/b(19)) chickens infected with rb-1b strain of marek's disease virus (mdv) and prb-1b5 bac clone respectively. these were inoculated into inbred, mdv-susceptible, p-line chickens by intra-venous or intra-abdominal routes. additional groups of birds were vaccinated using 1000 plaque-forming units of cvi988 vaccine 8 days prior to inoculati ...201223237372
a systematic analysis of mirna transcriptome in marek's disease virus-induced lymphoma reveals novel and differentially expressed mirnas.marek's disease is a lymphoproliferative neoplastic disease of the chicken, which poses a serious threat to poultry health. marek's disease virus (mdv)-induced t-cell lymphoma is also an excellent biomedical model for neoplasia research. recently, mirnas have been demonstrated to play crucial roles in mediating neoplastic transformation. to investigate host mirna expression profiles in the tumor transformation phase of mdv infection, we performed deep sequencing in two mdv-infected samples (tumo ...201223226446
development of an antigen-capture elisa for the detection of avian leukosis virus p27 antigen.an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ac-elisa) employing monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against p27 was developed for the detection of the avian leukosis virus (alv). the specificity of the optimized ac-elisa was evaluated using avian leukosis virus subgroup j (alv-j), avian leukosis virus subgroup a (alv-a), avian leukosis virus subgroup b (alv-b), avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), marek's disease virus (mdv), avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv), fowlpo ...201323201286
complete genome sequence of a recombinant marek's disease virus field strain with one reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat insert.marek's disease virus (mdv) chinese strain gx0101, isolated in 2001 from a vaccinated flock of layer chickens with severe tumors, was the first reported recombinant mdv field strain with one reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) long terminal repeat (ltr) insert. gx0101 belongs to very virulent mdv (vvmdv) but has higher horizontal transmission ability than the vvmdv strain md5. the complete genome sequence of gx0101 is 178,101 nucleotides (nt) and contains only one rev-ltr insert at a site 267 nt u ...201223166235
characterization of cytotoxicity-related gene expression in response to virulent marek's disease virus infection in the bursa of fabricius.cell-mediated cytotoxic responses are critical for control of marek's disease virus (mdv) infection and tumour development. however, the mechanisms of virus clearance mediated by cytotoxic responses in the bursa of fabricius of chickens during mdv infection are not fully understood. in this study, the host cytotoxic responses during mdv infection in the bursa were investigated by examining the expression of genes in the cell lysis pathways. partial up-regulation existed in the expression of the ...201323164636
analysis of protein expression profiles in the thymus of chickens infected with marek's disease virus.marek's disease virus (mdv) is a highly cell-associated oncogenic α-herpesvirus that causes a disease characterised by t-cell lymphomas. the pathogenesis, or the nature of the interaction of the virus and the host, in the thymus are still unclear.201223116199
proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis of chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with cell culture-attenuated and vaccine strains of marek's disease virus.vaccination is an effective strategy to reduce the loss of chickens in the poultry industry caused by marek's disease (md), an avian lymphoproliferative disease. the vaccines currently used are from attenuated serotype 1 marek's disease virus (mdv) or naturally nononcogenic mdv strains. to prepare for future immunity breaks, functional genomic and proteomic studies have been used to better understand the underlying mechanisms of mdv pathogenicity and the effects induced by the vaccine viruses. i ...201223106611
marek's disease virus infection induces widespread differential chromatin marks in inbred chicken lines.marek's disease (md) is a neoplastic disease in chickens caused by the md virus (mdv). successful vaccine development against md has resulted in increased virulence of mdv and the understanding of genetic resistance to the disease is, therefore, crucial to long-term control strategies. also, epigenetic factors are believed to be one of the major determinants of disease response.201223072359
the oncogenic microrna oncomir-21 overexpressed during marek's disease lymphomagenesis is transactivated by the viral oncoprotein meq.gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2) is an oncogenic herpesvirus that causes t lymphoma in chicken. gahv-2 encodes a basic leucine zipper (bzip) protein of the ap-1 family, meq. upon formation of homo- or heterodimers with c-jun, meq may modulate the expression of viral and cellular genes involved in lymphomagenesis. gahv-2 also encodes viral micrornas (mirnas) involved in latency and apoptosis escape. however, little is known about cellular mirna deregulation during the development of gahv-2-associate ...201323055556
ability of meq-deleted mdv vaccine candidates to adversely affect lymphoid organs and chicken weight gain.cvi988 (rispens) is currently the most effective vaccine used to protect against marek's disease, a lymphoproliferative disease of chickens. a meq-deleted marek's disease virus strain has shown promise as a vaccine candidate; however, unpublished results from vaccine safety trials suggest that this candidate vaccine induces unwanted lymphoid atrophy. the current study evaluated lymphoid atrophy at multiple time points between 2- and 8-wk postinoculation and attempted to correlate results with vi ...201223050465
differentiation between pathogenic serotype 1 isolates of marek's disease virus and the rispens cvi988 vaccine in australia using real-time pcr and high resolution melt curve analysis.two real-time pcr assays were developed which enable quantitation and differentiation between pathogenic australian isolates of marek's disease virus (mdv) serotype 1 and the serotype 1 vaccine strain rispens cvi988. the assays are based on a dna sequence variation in the meq gene between pathogenic and vaccinal mdv1 which has been confirmed by sequencing of 20 australian field strains of mdv. complete specificity has been demonstrated in samples containing pathogenic mdv (n=20), rispens (3 comm ...201323041147
nuclear factor kappa b is central to marek's disease herpesvirus induced neoplastic transformation of cd30 expressing lymphocytes in-vivo.marek's disease (md) is a hyperproliferative, lymphomatous, neoplastic disease of chickens caused by the oncogenic gallid herpesvirus type 2 (gahv-2; mdv). like several human lymphomas the neoplastic md lymphoma cells overexpress the cd30 antigen (cd30(hi)) and are in minority, while the non-neoplastic cells (cd30(lo)) form the majority of population. md is a unique natural in-vivo model of human cd30(hi) lymphomas with both natural cd30(hi) lymphomagenesis and spontaneous regression. the exact ...201222979947
microsatellite instability in marek's disease virus infected primary chicken embryo fibroblasts.marek's disease virus (mdv), an oncogenic α-herpes virus, causes a devastating disease in chickens characterized by development of lymphoblastoid tumors in multiple organs. microsatellite instability (msi), a symptom of defect in dna mismatch repair function, is a form of genomic instability frequently detected in many types of tumors. however, the involvement of msi in mdv-infected cells has not been investigated. in this study, we determined the presence and frequency of msi in primary chicken ...201222967357
rho-rock and rac-pak signaling pathways have opposing effects on the cell-to-cell spread of marek's disease virus.marek's disease virus (mdv) is an avian alpha-herpesvirus that only spreads from cell-to-cell in cell culture. while its cell-to-cell spread has been shown to be dependent on actin filament dynamics, the mechanisms regulating this spread remain largely unknown. using a recombinant bac20 virus expressing an egfpvp22 tegument protein, we found that the actin cytoskeleton arrangements and cell-cell contacts differ in the center and periphery of mdv infection plaques, with cells in the latter areas ...201222952878
dynamic equilibrium of marek's disease genomes during in vitro serial passage.attenuation of gallid herpesvirus-2 (gahv-2), the causative agent of marek's disease, can occur through serial passage of a virulent field isolate in avian embryo fibroblasts. in order to gain a better understanding of the genes involved in attenuation and associate observed changes in phenotype with specific genetic variations, the genomic dna sequence of a single gahv-2 virulent strain (648a) was determined at defined passage intervals. biological characterization of these "interval-isolates" ...201222923089
gene expression analysis of host spleen responses to marek's disease virus infection at late tumor transformation phase.marek's disease is a viral neoplastic disease of chickens caused by marek's disease virus (mdv). gene expression patterns have been investigated at different mdv infection stages, but there is limited research about the late tumor transformation phase. in this experiment, 44k agilent chicken genome-wide expression microarrays were used to profile differential expression in tumorous spleens (ts) from severely morbid chickens and apparently normal spleens from survivors (ss) after mdv infection an ...201222912446
relationship between tumour development and detection of marek's disease virus in the feather follicular epithelium of older chickens.to demonstrate the relationship between tumour development and virus replication, eight specific-pathogen-free pullets of line p2 (group p; 14 weeks old) and five adult chickens (group a; 96 weeks old) were inoculated with virulent marek's disease virus (vmdv). five chickens of group p died or were euthanised due to moribund condition following the development of neoplastic lesions between days 53 and 91. on histopathological examination, these lesions were characterised by the proliferation of ...201222903078
malignant lymphoma of t-cell origin in a humboldt penguin (spheniscus humboldti) and a pink-backed pelican (pelecanus rufescens).multicentric t-cell lymphomas were diagnosed in two birds from separate zoological collections: one in a 27-year-old female humboldt penguin (spheniscus humboldti) and the second in an adult pink-backed pelican (pelecanus rufescens). the main clinical sign in the penguin was dysphagia caused by lymphoma formation in the esophagus. besides the esophageal lymphoma, neoplastic lymphoid cells were observed in the adrenal glands, liver, kidneys, lung, proventriculus, and gizzard. the pelican was foun ...201222872983
a toll-like receptor 3 ligand enhances protective effects of vaccination against marek's disease virus and hinders tumor development in chickens.marek's disease (md) is caused by marek's disease virus (mdv). various vaccines including herpesvirus of turkeys (hvt) have been used to control this disease. however, hvt is not able to completely protect against very virulent strains of mdv. the objective of this study was to determine whether a vaccination protocol consisting of hvt and a toll-like receptor (tlr) ligand could enhance protective efficacy of vaccination against md. hence, chickens were immunized with hvt and subsequently treate ...201222857262
selection of a recombinant marek's disease virus in vivo through expression of the marek's ecori-q (meq)-encoded oncoprotein: characterization of an rmd5-based mutant expressing the meq of strain rb-1b.marek's disease (md) is a highly contagious viral disease of chickens (gallus gallus domesticus) caused by md virus (mdv), characterized by paralysis, neurologic signs, and the rapid onset of t-cell lymphomas. mdv-induced t-cell transformation requires a basic leucine zipper protein called marek's ecori-q-encoded protein (meq). we have identified mutations in the coding sequence of meq that correlated with virus pathotype (virulent, very virulent, and very virulent plus). the aim of this study w ...201222856190
optimization of the protocols for double vaccination against marek's disease by using commercially available vaccines: evaluation of protection, vaccine replication, and activation of t cells.revaccination against marek's disease is a widespread practice in some countries. the rationale of this practice is unknown, and there is no consensus in the protocols. recently, we have demonstrated that administration of the first vaccine at 18 days of embryonation followed by a more protective second vaccine at hatch (18ed/1d) reproduced systematically the benefits of revaccination under laboratory conditions. here, we have used the same model to optimize the revaccination protocols by using ...201222856185
histone methylation analysis and pathway predictions in chickens after mdv infection.marek's disease (md) is a lymphoproliferative disease in chicken induced by marek's disease virus (mdv). although studies have focused on the genetic differences between the resistant and susceptible chicken, less is known about the role of epigenetic factors in md. in this study, genome-wide histone modifications in the non-mhc-associated resistant and susceptible chicken lines were examined. we found that tri-methylation at histone h3 lys4 (h3k4me3) enrichment is positively correlated with the ...201222848633
influence of vaccination with cvi988/rispens on load and replication of a very virulent marek's disease virus strain in feathers of chickens.several highly efficacious vaccines are currently available for control of marek's disease, a lymphoproliferative disease in chickens. however, these vaccines are unable to prevent infection with marek's disease virus (mdv) in vaccinated birds. this leads to shedding of virulent mdv from feather follicle epithelium and skin epithelial cells of vaccinated and infected chickens. the objective of the present study was to study the interactions between a vaccine strain (cvi988/rispens) and a very vi ...201222845323
a genome-wide snp scan reveals two loci associated with the chicken resistance to marek's disease.marek's disease (md) is a neoplastic disease in chickens, caused by the marek's disease virus (mdv). to investigate host genetic resistance to md, we conducted a genome-wide association study (gwas) on 67 mdv-infected chickens based on a case and control design, including 57 susceptible chickens in the case group and 10 resistant chickens as controls. after searching 38 655 valid genomic markers, two snps were found to be associated with host resistance to md. one snp, rs14527240, reaching chrom ...201322812605
very virulent plus strains of mdv induce an acute form of transient paralysis in both susceptible and resistant chicken lines.marek's disease (md) is a lymphoproliferative disease of domestic chickens caused by a highly cell-associated alpha herpesvirus, marek's disease virus (mdv). clinical signs of md include depression, crippling, weight loss, and transient paralysis (tp). tp is a disease of the central nervous system that affects md-susceptible chickens 8-11 days post-infection (dpi), normally resulting in recovery 1-3 d after the onset of clinical signs. in this study we inoculated chickens from lines 7(2) (md-sus ...201222803780
progress toward the development of polyvalent vaccination strategies against multiple viral infections in chickens using herpesvirus of turkeys as vector.vaccination is the most cost effective strategy for the control and prevention of the plethora of viral diseases affecting poultry production. the major challenge for poultry vaccination is the design of vaccines that will protect against multiple pathogens via a single protective dose, delivered by mass vaccination. the marek disease virus and the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus cause severe disease outbreaks in chickens. vaccination with live herpesvirus of turkeys protects chickens fr ...201722705840
competition between two virulent marek's disease virus strains in vivo.previous studies have demonstrated the presence of multiple strains of marek's disease virus simultaneously circulating within poultry flocks, leading to the assumption that individual birds are repeatedly exposed to a variety of virus strains in their lifetime. virus competition within individual birds may be an important factor that influences the outcome of co-infection under field conditions, including the potential outcome of emergence or evolution of more virulent strains. a series of expe ...201222702454
insertion of reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat into a bacterial artificial chromosome clone of a very virulent marek's disease virus alters its pathogenicity.co-cultivation of the jm/102w strain of marek's disease virus (mdv) with reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) resulted in the generation of a recombinant mdv containing the rev long terminal repeat (ltr) named the rm1 strain of mdv, a strain that was highly attenuated for oncogenicity but induced severe bursal and thymic atrophy. we hypothesize that the phenotypic changes were solely due to the ltr insertion. furthermore, we hypothesize that insertion of rev ltr into an analogous location in a diff ...201222702453
hypomethylation upregulates the expression of cd30 in lymphoma induced by marek's disease virus.epigenetic modification is widely known to be involved in embryo development, aging, tumorigenesis, and many complex diseases. both hypermethylation of cpg islands at the gene promoters and global hypomethylation are involved in the initiation and progression of carcinogenesis. however, only a small portion of hypomethylation occurs at gene promoters and leads to the overexpression of certain oncogenes. to determine whether dna methylation plays a role in tumorigenesis of marek's disease, we sel ...201222700506
cell culture attenuation eliminates rmd5δmeq-induced bursal and thymic atrophy and renders the mutant virus as an effective and safe vaccine against marek's disease.marek's disease virus (mdv) encodes a basic leucine zipper oncoprotein, meq, which structurally resembles jun/fos family of transcriptional activators. it has been clearly demonstrated that deletion of meq results in loss of transformation and oncogenic capacity of mdv. the rmd5δmeq virus provided superior protection than cvi988/rispens vaccine in 15×7 chickens when challenged with a very virulent plus (vv+) strain of mdv, 648a. the rmd5δmeq construct was also shown to be an effective vaccine in ...201222687760
differential detection of avian oncogenic viruses in poultry layer farms and turkeys by use of multiplex pcr.avian oncogenic viruses include marek's disease virus (mdv), a highly contagious herpesvirus, as well as retroviruses such as avian leukosis virus (alv) subgroups a to j and reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev). in this study, we examined the incidence of these viruses in suspected samples collected from poultry layer farms of south india, mainly in the namakkal district of tamil nadu, a highly dense poultry-growing area in india. the histopathology-positive tissue sections were identified and furt ...201222675132
marek's disease viral interleukin-8 promotes lymphoma formation through targeted recruitment of b cells and cd4+ cd25+ t cells.marek's disease virus (mdv) is a cell-associated and highly oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that infects chickens. during lytic and latent mdv infection, a cxc chemokine termed viral interleukin-8 (vil-8) is expressed. deletion of the entire vil-8 open reading frame (orf) was shown to severely impair disease progression and tumor development; however, it was unclear whether this phenotype was due to loss of secreted vil-8 or of splice variants that fuse exons ii and iii of vil-8 to certain upstream o ...201222647701
dual infection and superinfection inhibition of epithelial skin cells by two alphaherpesviruses co-occur in the natural host.hosts can be infected with multiple herpesviruses, known as superinfection; however, superinfection of cells is rare due to the phenomenon known as superinfection inhibition. it is believed that dual infection of cells occurs in nature, based on studies examining genetic exchange between homologous alphaherpesviruses in the host, but to date, this has not been directly shown in a natural model. in this report, gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2), better known as marek's disease virus (mdv), was used i ...201222629393
molecular characterization of immunoinhibitory factors pd-1/pd-l1 in chickens infected with marek's disease virus.an immunoinhibitory receptor, programmed death-1 (pd-1), and its ligand, programmed death-ligand 1 (pd-l1), are involved in immune evasion mechanisms for several pathogens causing chronic infections and for neoplastic diseases. however, little has been reported for the functions of these molecules in chickens. thus, in this study, their expressions and roles were analyzed in chickens infected with marek's disease virus (mdv), which induces immunosuppression in infected chickens.201222612856
marek's disease virus expresses multiple ul44 (gc) variants through mrna splicing that are all required for efficient horizontal transmission.marek's disease (md) is a devastating oncogenic viral disease of chickens caused by gallid herpesvirus 2, or md virus (mdv). mdv glycoprotein c (gc) is encoded by the alphaherpesvirus ul44 homolog and is essential for the horizontal transmission of mdv (k. w. jarosinski and n. osterrieder, j. virol. 84:7911-7916, 2010). alphaherpesvirus gc proteins are type 1 membrane proteins and are generally anchored in cellular membranes and the virion envelope by a short transmembrane domain. however, the m ...201222593168
computational identification of micrornas in anatid herpesvirus 1 genome.micrornas (mirnas) are a group of short (~22 nt) noncoding rnas that specifically regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. mirna precursors (pre-mirnas), which are imperfect stem loop structures of ~70 nt, are processed into mature mirnas by cellular rnases iii. to date, thousands of mirnas have been identified in different organisms. several viruses have been reported to encode mirnas.201222584005
development of a rapid and specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification detection method that targets marek's disease virus meq gene.a rapid, sensitive and specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method was developed and evaluated for the detection of marek's disease virus (mdv) by amplification of conserved mdv meq gene sequences. lamp is an innovative technique that allows the rapid detection of targeted nucleic acid sequences under isothermal conditions without the need for complex instrumentation. in this study, meq gene sequences were amplified successfully from different mdv strains by lamp within 60min a ...201222575575
protection conferred by a recombinant marek's disease virus that expresses the spike protein from infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen-free chicken.in many countries, the predominant field isolates of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) have been classified as qx-like strains since 1996. however, no commercial vaccines that are specific for this type of ibv are currently available. therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel vaccines that prevent qx-like ibv infection.201222559869
pathotyping of australian isolates of marek's disease virus and association of pathogenicity with meq gene polymorphism.we report the pathotyping of six australian isolates of marek's disease virus-1 (mdv1) isolated between 1992 and 2004 and association of virulence with meq gene polymorphism. unvaccinated and herpesvirus of turkeys (hvt)-vaccinated specific pathogen free chickens were challenged at day 5 with 500 plaque forming units of marek's disease virus. the isolates induced gross marek's disease lesions in 53 to 94% of unvaccinated chickens, and hvt induced a protective index ranging from 38 to 100% by 56 ...201222515535
mdv1-mir-m7-5p, located in the newly identified first intron of the latency-associated transcript of marek's disease virus, targets the immediate-early genes icp4 and icp27.marek's disease virus serotype 1 (mdv-1) is an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus causing fatal t-cell lymphoma in chickens. mdv latency is characterized by the production of latency-associated transcripts (lats), a family of non-protein-coding spliced rnas. a cluster of four micrornas (cluster mdv1-mir-m8-m10) was identified, but not formally mapped, at the predicted lat 5' end. we established a lat cdna library from latently mdv-infected cell line msb-1. we identified 22 highly variable lats, which we ...201222513387
cost effective and time efficient measurement of cd4, cd8, major histocompatibility complex class ii, and macrophage antigen expression in the lungs of chickens.cells expressing cd4, cd8, major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii, and macrophage biomarkers in lungs of chickens were quantified by measuring total area of antigen expressed using imagej, a software program developed at the national institutes of health and available at no cost. the procedures reported here were rapid, and reproducible. total area of antigen expressed had positive correlation with manual counts of cells expressing cd4 and cd8 biomarkers after inoculation with serotype ...201222484239
genome sequence determination and analysis of a chinese virulent strain, lms, of gallid herpesvirus type 2.marek's disease (md) is a neoplastic and neurodegenerative disease of chickens, which is caused by the gallid herpesvirus type 2 (gahv-2). although vaccination has been used widely in china, md still occurs frequently. some molecular epidemiologic studies have shown that chinese gahv-2 isolates seem to constitute a separate clade from strains isolated from other regions. however, more of a genomic background of the chinese strains is necessary. in 2007, a virulent gahv-2 field strain, named lms, ...201222476905
kinetic expression analysis of the cluster mdv1-mir-m9-m4, genes meq and vil-8 differs between the lytic and latent phases of marek's disease virus infection.marek's disease virus (gahv-2) is an alphaherpesvirus that induces t-cell lymphoma in chickens. the infection includes both lytic and latent stages. gahv-2 encodes three clusters of micrornas (mirnas) located in the internal (i)/terminal (t) repeat (r) regions. we characterized transcripts encompassing the mdv1-mir-m9-m4 and mir-m11-m1 clusters located in the ir(l)/tr(l) region, upstream and downstream from the meq oncogene, respectively. by 5'- and 3'-race-pcr and targeted rt-pcr, we showed tha ...201222442112
dna methylation fluctuation induced by virus infection differs between md-resistant and -susceptible chickens.marek's disease (md) is a lymphoproliferative disease induced by marek's disease virus (mdv) infection. to augment vaccination measures in md control, host genetic resistant to md becomes obviously more and more important. to elucidate the mechanism of md-resistance, most of researches were focused on the genetic differences between resistant and susceptible chickens. however, epigenetic features between md resistant and susceptible chickens are poorly characterized. using bisulfite pyrosequenci ...201222363343
avian influenza adenovirus-vectored in ovo vaccination: target embryo tissues and combination with marek's disease vaccine.we investigated embryo tissues targeted by replication competent adenovirus (ad)-free recombinant ad expressing a codon-optimized avian influenza (ai) h5 gene from a/turkey/wi/68 (adh5) when injected into 18-day embryonated eggs. we also evaluated the effects of concurrent in ovo vaccination with the experimental adh5 vaccine and commercially available marek's disease virus (mdv) vaccine combinations rispens/turkey herpesvirus (hvt) or hvt/sb-1. computed tomography indicates that in ovo injectio ...201122312988
genome-wide identification and quantification of cis- and trans-regulated genes responding to marek's disease virus infection via analysis of allele-specific expression.marek's disease (md) is a commercially important neoplastic disease of chickens caused by marek's disease virus (mdv), a naturally occurring oncogenic alphaherpesvirus. selecting for increased genetic resistance to md is a control strategy that can augment vaccinal control measures. to identify high-confidence candidate md resistance genes, we conducted a genome-wide screen for allele-specific expression (ase) amongst f(1) progeny of two inbred chicken lines that differ substantially in md resis ...201122303407
[proteomics analysis of feather pulp from chickens infected with very virulent strain of marek's disease virus].feather follicle epithelium (ffe) and feather of chicken are sites that produce and release enveloped infectious marek's disease virus (mdv). in order to investigate host responses, the feather pulp from chickens infected with mdv was analyzed by proteomics.201122233062
Fluorescently tagged pUL47 of Marek's disease virus reveals differential tissue expression of the tegument protein in vivo.Marek's disease virus (MDV), a lymphotropic alphaherpesvirus, causes Marek's disease (MD) in chickens. MD is characterized by neurological signs, chronic wasting, and T cell lymphomas that predominate in the visceral organs. MDV replicates in a highly cell-associated manner in vitro and in vivo, with infectious virus particles only being released from feather follicle epithelial (FFE) cells in the skin. Virus produced and shed from FFE cells allows transmission of MDV from infected to naïve chic ...201122190714
mirna expression signatures induced by marek's disease virus infection in chickens.micrornas (mirnas) are small, non-coding rnas that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. emerging evidence suggests that differential mirna expression is associated with viral infection and cancer. marek's disease virus infection induces lymphoma in chickens. however, the host defense response against marek's disease (md) progression remains poorly understood. here, we utilized microarrays to screen mirnas that were sensitive to marek's disease virus (mdv) infection. qrt-pc ...201122178800
rapid detection of marek's disease viral genome in chicken feathers by loop mediated isothermal amplification (lamp).a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method for the rapid detection of serotype 1 marek's disease virus (mdv) was developed. the method used a set of three pairs of primers to amplify the meq gene for detecting serotype 1 mdv. the mdv lamp method did not cross-react with serotype 2 and serotype 3, nor did the lamp primers have binding sites for the common avian dna viruses (reticuloendotheliosis virus, chicken anemia virus, subgroup j of the avian leucosis virus). additionally, the as ...201122170920
Epigenetic regulation of the latency-associated region of Marek's disease virus (MDV) in tumour-derived T-cell lines and primary lymphoma.Meq is the major MDV-encoded oncoprotein and is essential for T-cell lymphomagenesis. Meq and several non-coding RNAs, including three MiR clusters, are expressed from the repeats of the MDV genome during latent infection of T-cells. To investigate the state of the chromatin in this and flanking regions, we carried out chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis of covalent histone modifications and associated bound proteins. T-cell lines and lymphoma were compared. The chromatin around the pr ...201122090140
modelling marek's disease virus (mdv) infection: parameter estimates for mortality rate and infectiousness.marek's disease virus (mdv) is an economically important oncogenic herpesvirus of poultry. since the 1960s, increasingly virulent strains have caused continued poultry industry production losses worldwide. to understand the mechanisms of this virulence evolution and to evaluate the epidemiological consequences of putative control strategies, it is imperative to understand how virulence is defined and how this correlates with host mortality and infectiousness during mdv infection. we present a ma ...201122078942
A Novel Herpesvirus in 3 Species of Pheasants: Mountain Peacock Pheasant (Polyplectron inopinatum), Malayan Peacock Pheasant (Polyplectron malacense), and Congo Peafowl (Afropavo congensis).The mountain peacock pheasant (Polyplectron inopinatum), the Malayan peacock pheasant (Polyplectron malacense), and the Congo peafowl (Afropavo congensis) are all listed as vulnerable to extinction under the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species. Here the authors report fatal infection with a novel herpesvirus in all 3 species of birds. DNA was extracted from the livers of birds with hepatocellular necrosis and intranuclear eosinophilic incl ...201122075776
Herpesvirus telomerase RNA (vTR) with a mutated template sequence abrogates herpesvirus-induced lymphomagenesis.Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and telomerase RNA (TR) represent the enzymatically active components of telomerase. In the complex, TR provides the template for the addition of telomeric repeats to telomeres, a protective structure at the end of linear chromosomes. Human TR with a mutation in the template region has been previously shown to inhibit proliferation of cancer cells in vitro. In this report, we examined the effects of a mutation in the template of a virus encoded TR (vTR) on ...201122046133
rapid detection of marek's disease virus in feather follicles by loop-mediated amplification.marek's disease (md) remains a serious problem in the production of poultry. the disease is caused by marek's disease virus (mdv), and despite the ubiquitous use of vaccination to control losses, md still affects poultry farming worldwide. the aim of this study was to develop a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method for the simple and inexpensive detection of mdv in feather tips of chickens. two pairs of specific primers complementary to the meq oncogene of mdv were designed, targe ...201122017048
a comparative evaluation of the protective efficacy of rmd5deltameq and cvi988/ rispens against a vv+ strain of marek's disease virus infection in a series of recombinant congenic strains of white leghorn chickens.marek's disease (md) is a lymphoproliferative disease of domestic chickens caused by a highly infectious, oncogenic alpha-herpesvirus known as marek's disease virus (mdv). md is presently controlled by vaccination. current md vaccines include attenuated serotype 1 strains (e.g., cvi988/rispens), avirulent serotype 2 (sb-1), and serotype 3 (hvt) mdv strains. in addition, recombinant mdv strains have been developed as potential new and more efficient vaccines to sustain the success of md control i ...201122017035
gene expression profiling in rmd5- and rmd5deltameq-infected chickens.marek's disease (md) is a lymphoproliferative disorder of domestic chickens caused by a highly contagious and oncogenic alpha-herpesvirus, marek's disease virus (mdv). md is characterized by bursal-thymic atrophy and rapid onset of t-cell lymphomas that infiltrate lymphoid tissues, visceral organs, and peripheral nerves with severe clinical signs that include transient paralysis, anemia, weight loss, and neurologic disorders. using overlapping cosmids- and bac-cloned mdv, it has been shown that ...201122017031
temporal transcriptome changes induced by mdv in marek's disease-resistant and -susceptible inbred chickens.abstract: background: mareks disease (md) is a lymphoproliferative disease in chickens caused by marek's disease virus (mdv) and characterized by t cell lymphoma and infiltration of lymphoid cells into various organs such as liver, spleen, peripheral nerves and muscle. resistance to md and disease risk have long been thought to be influenced both by genetic and environmental factors, the combination of which contributes to the observed outcome in an individual. we hypothesize that after mdv inf ...201121992110
comparative full-length sequence analysis of marek's disease virus vaccine strain 814.the complete dna sequence of marek's disease virus (mdv) serotype 1 vaccine strain 814 was determined. it consisted of 172,541 bp, with an overall gene organization identical to that of the mdv-1 type strains. comparative genomic analysis of vaccine strains (814 and cvi988) and other strains (cu-2, md5, and md11) showed that 814 was most similar to cvi988. several unique insertions, deletions, and substitutions were identified in strain 814. of note, a 177-bp insertion in the overlapping genes e ...201121984218
heat-shock protein 70 is associated with the entry of marek's disease virus into fibroblast.literature pertaining to the interactions between marek's disease virus (mdv) entry-related glycoproteins and corresponding receptors is still limited. results from a western blot analysis of cellular proteins for virus receptors and co-immunoprecipitation suggest that heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) is a potential cellular receptor for mdv glycoprotein gh. plaque inhibition assays confirm the involvement of hsp70 in the early stages of mdv entry into chicken embryo fibroblasts (cef). the present ...201121978152
surveillance of marek's disease virus in migratory and sedentary birds in hokkaido, japan.marek's disease virus serotype 1 (mdv-1) strains cause malignant lymphoma in chickens. mdv-1 has been previously reported to be widespread in white-fronted geese (anser albifrons); however, the prevalence of mdv-1 in other wild birds has not been determined. in this study, we investigated the prevalence of mdv-1 in various wild birds in hokkaido, japan. the mdv-1 genome was widespread in geese and ducks, but was not detected in other birds. mdv-1 was detected in both sedentary and migratory spec ...201121908212
Recombinant herpesvirus of turkeys as a vector-based vaccine against highly pathogenic H7N1 avian influenza and Marek's disease.A major challenge for poultry vaccination is the design of vaccines that protect against multiple pathogens via a single protective dose delivered through mass vaccination methods. In this investigation, we examined herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) as a vaccine vector for delivery of haemagglutinin (HA) antigen of highly pathogenic H7N1 avian influenza virus that can act as a dual vaccine against avian influenza and Marek's disease. The HVT vector was developed using reverse genetics based on an inf ...201121907750
systems analysis of immune responses in marek's disease virus-infected chickens identifies a gene involved in susceptibility and highlights a possible novel pathogenicity mechanism.marek's disease virus (mdv) is a highly contagious oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that causes disease that is both a cancer model and a continuing threat to the world's poultry industry. this comprehensive gene expression study analyzes the host response to infection in both resistant and susceptible lines of chickens and inherent expression differences between the two lines following the infection of the host. a novel pathogenicity mechanism, involving the downregulation of genes containing hic1 tr ...201121865384
transcriptional profiling of host gene expression in chicken liver tissues infected with oncogenic marek's disease virus.summarymarek's disease virus (mdv), one of the most potent oncogenic herpesviruses, leads to highly contagious immunosuppressive and neoplastic disease in susceptible chickens. previous studies mainly focused on the roles of host genes modulated by mdv in the virological rather than neoplastic stage. to further investigate the molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis in marek's disease (md) system, a microarray analysis with affymetrix gene-chip chicken genome arrays was performed in a non-lymphoid ...201121832007
expression of ha of hpai h5n1 virus at us2 gene insertion site of turkey herpesvirus induced better protection than that at us10 gene insertion site.herpesvirus of turkey (hvt) is being widely used as a vector for development of recombinant vaccines and us2 and us10 genes are often chosen as insertion sites for targeted gene expression. however, the different effects of the two genes for generation of recombinant hvt vaccines were unknown. in order to compare the effects of inserted genes in the two sites on the efficacy of the recombinant vaccines, host-protective haemagglutinin (ha) gene of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpai ...201121818336
comparison of blood and feather pulp samples for the diagnosis of marek's disease and for monitoring marek's disease vaccination by real time-pcr.comparison of blood and feather pulp (fp) samples for the diagnosis of marek's disease (md) and for monitoring marek's diseases vaccination in chickens (serotypes 2 and 3 vaccines) by real time-pcr was evaluated. for diagnosis of md, quantification of serotype 1 marek's disease virus (mdv) dna load was evaluated in 21 chickens suffering from md. for each chicken, samples of blood and fp were collected and mdv dna load was quantified. solid tumors are the sample of choice for md diagnosis by real ...201121793449
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