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novel patterns of historical isolation, dispersal, and secondary contact across baja california in the rosy boa (lichanura trivirgata).mitochondrial dna (mtdna) sequence variation was examined in 131 individuals of the rosy boa (lichanura trivirgata) from across the species range in southwestern north america. bayesian inference and nested clade phylogeographic analyses (ncpa) were used to estimate relationships and infer evolutionary processes. these patterns were evaluated as they relate to previously hypothesized vicariant events and new insights are provided into the biogeographic and evolutionary processes important in baj ...200818248742
knee alignment differences between chinese and caucasian subjects without osteoarthritis.despite the lower prevalence of obesity (a known risk factor for osteoarthritis (oa)), the prevalence of lateral tibiofemoral oa is higher in chinese communities compared with caucasian communities. one potential explanation is the difference in knee alignment between the two populations. we measured various knee alignment indices among chinese and caucasians and assessed whether these indices were different between the two racial groups.200818230630
population structure of an endemic vulnerable species, the jamaican boa (epicrates subflavus).the jamaican boa (epicrates subflavus; also called yellow boa) is an endemic species whose natural populations greatly and constantly declined since the late 19th century, mainly because of predation by introduced species, human persecution, and habitat destruction. in-situ conservation of the jamaican boa is seriously hindered by the lack of information on demographic and ecological parameters as well as by a poor understanding of the population structure and species distribution in the wild. h ...200818179440
a new species of hepatozoon (apicomplexa: adeleorina) from python regius (serpentes: pythonidae) and its experimental transmission by a mosquito vector.hepatozoon ayorgbor n. sp. is described from specimens of python regius imported from ghana. gametocytes were found in the peripheral blood of 43 of 55 snakes examined. localization of gametocytes was mainly inside the erythrocytes; free gametocytes were found in 15 (34.9%) positive specimens. infections of laboratory-reared culex quinquefasciatus feeding on infected snakes, as well as experimental infection of juvenile python regius by ingestion of infected mosquitoes, were performed to complet ...200718163356
development of a pressurized liquid extraction-solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitative determination of benzoxazolinones and their degradation products in agricultural soil.a new analytical method for the quantitative determination of benzoxazolinones and their degradation products in agricultural soils based on the use of pressurized liquid extraction (ple) followed by solid-phase extraction (spe) and then instrumental determination using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (lc-esi-ms-ms) is described. using this method, the characterization, separation and quantitative detection of a mixture of two benzoxazolinones, benzoxazolin ...200818096177
occurrence of toxorhynchites guadeloupensis (dyar knab) in oviposition trap of aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae).toxorhynchites guadeloupensis (dyar knab), a poorly known mosquito species, was observed preying upon aedes aegypti (l.) larvae, in an oviposition trap placed for routine dengue entomological surveillance, during 2003-2004 in the urban area of boa vista, roraima, brazil. this is the first report for tx. guadeloupensis using ae. aegypti oviposition traps as breeding places. this finding may have important consequences in the epidemiology and local dengue control since ae. aegypti density is a bas ...200718060310
affinity and diversity indices for anopheline immature forms.as for the entire amazon region, malaria continues to be a major health public problem in roraima that presented an annual parasitic index of 85.4 in 2005, the highest in brazil. information on anopheline breeding sites is an essential component in malaria control strategies. aiming to contribute to the limited knowledge on anopheline immature forms in roraima, collections and breeding site observations were performed in 10 breeding sites around the capital city boa vista. collections were carri ...200718026638
host-synthesized secondary compounds influence the in vitro interactions between fungal endophytes of maize.maize produces a suite of allelopathic secondary metabolites, the benzoxazinoids. 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2h-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one and 2,4-dihydroxy-2h-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one reside as glucosides in plant tissue and spontaneously degrade to 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone (mboa) and 2-benzoxazolinone (boa) upon plant cell disruption. several maize-associated fungi in the genus fusarium can metabolize mboa and boa. boa tolerance levels in 10 species of fusarium and in the maize endophytes nigrospora ory ...200817993551
mutualism, reciprocity, or kin selection? cooperative rescue of a conspecific from a boa in a nocturnal solitary forager the gray mouse lemur.predator mobbing is a widespread phenomenon in many taxa but the evolution of cooperative mobbing as an adaptive behavior is still subject to debate. here, we report evidence for cooperative predator defense in a nocturnal solitarily foraging primate, the gray mouse lemur (microcebus murinus). several mouse lemurs mobbed a snake that held a non-related male conspecific until he could escape. evolutionary hypotheses to explain cooperative mobbing include (1) by-product mutualism, when individuals ...200817972271
the "pseudo-craniovertebral articulation" in the deep-sea fish stomias boa (teleostei: stomiidae).many predatory deep-sea fishes show highly specialized modifications of their feeding apparatus, e.g., elongate jaws studded with long daggerlike teeth, often combined with a very distensible stomach, to be capable of swallowing relatively large prey. these striking features can be observed in members of the marine teleost family stomiidae. the present study gives a detailed morphological description of the mesopelagic predatory fish, stomias boa, based on a combined approach of clearing and dou ...200817926347
the meaning of the rubella vaccine for pregnant women.the research was aimed at describing the meaning of the rubella vaccine to women who were discovered pregnant after having received the measles-rubella vaccine during the 2001 campaign against rubella, and who lived in 10 cities within the region of dir xx from são joão da boa vista. the theory of social representation was used as a reference framework for the research, and data were collected through the collective subject discourse technique, involving 18 women who either were pregnant or beca ...200717923966
interactions of bacillus mojavensis and fusarium verticillioides with a benzoxazolinone (boa) and its transformation product, apo.the benzoxazolinones, specifically benzoxazolin-2(3h)-one (boa), are important transformation products of the benzoxazinones that can serve as allelochemicals providing resistance to maize from pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and insects. however, maize pathogens such as fusarium verticillioides are capable of detoxifying the benzoxazolinones to 2-aminophenol (ap), which is converted to the less toxic n-(2-hydroxyphenyl) malonamic acid (hpma) and 2-acetamidophenol (hpaa). as biocontrol strategies th ...200717896139
keratoacanthoma of the spectacle in a boa constrictor.a royal boa constrictor presented with retained spectacle of the right eye and a tumor-like appearance of the left eye.200717760713
managing osteoporosis in patients with fragility fractures: did the british orthopaedic association guidelines have any impact?the incidence of fragility fractures could double in the next 50 years. effective treatments for osteoporosis exist and the british orthopaedic association (boa) has guidelines governing how to manage underlying osteoporosis in patients with fragility fractures. this study assessed how well two trauma units treat underlying osteoporosis and whether the boa guidelines made any impact.200717688724
cis-jasmone induces accumulation of defence compounds in wheat, triticum aestivum.liquid phase extraction (lpe) and vapor phase extraction (vpe) methodologies were used to evaluate the impact of the plant activator, cis-jasmone, on the secondary metabolism of wheat, triticum aestivum, var. solstice. lpe allowed the measurement of benzoxazinoids, i.e. 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2h-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4h)-one (dimboa), 2-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (hmboa) and 6-methoxy-benzoxazolin-2-one (mboa), and phenolic acids such as trans-p-coumaric acid, syringic acid, p-hydroxyben ...200817681563
[survey of cnidarian accident records in some beaches of the coast of pernambuco (brazil)].cnidarians are among the most venomous organisms known to man. they are characterized by stinging cells called cnidocytes, and several species, such as the portuguese-man-of-war and the jellyfish, can cause harm to human beings. despite not attracting () much attention on the brazilian coast, the studies that have been carried out to date show that the occurrence of this kind of accident is significant. the aim of this study was to survey cnidarian related accidents with beach goers on some beac ...200717680074
a hookworm problem in a boa constrictor. 196217649369
investigation of rice transgene flow in compass sectors by using male sterile line as a pollen detector.rice is the most important staple food in the world. the rapid development of transgenic rice and its future commercialization have raised concerns regarding transgene flow and its potential environmental risk. it is known that rice is a self-pollinated crop; the outcrossing rate between common cultivars is generally less than 1%. in order to improve the detection sensitivity of rice transgene flow, a male sterile (ms) line boa with a high outcrossing rate was used as a pollen detector in this s ...200717622509
innate defensive behaviour and panic-like reactions evoked by rodents during aggressive encounters with brazilian constrictor snakes in a complex labyrinth: behavioural validation of a new model to study affective and agonistic reactions in a prey versus predator paradigm.defensive behaviour has been extensively studied, and non-invasive methodologies may be interesting approaches to analyzing the limbic system function as a whole. using experimental models of animals in the state of anxiety has been fundamental in the search for new anxiolytic and antipanic compounds. the aim of this present work is to examine a new model for the study of affective behaviour, using a complex labyrinth consisting of an arena and galleries forming a maze. furthermore, it aims to c ...200717604117
achaete-scute homolog-1 linked to remodeling and preneoplasia of pulmonary epithelium.the basic helix-loop-helix protein achaete-scute homolog-1 (ash1) is involved in lung neuroendocrine (ne) differentiation and tumor promotion in sv40 transgenic mice. constitutive expression of human ash-1 (hash1) in mouse lung results in hyperplasia and remodeling that mimics bronchiolization of alveoli (boa), a potentially premalignant lesion of human lung carcinomas. we now show that this is due to sustained cellular proliferation in terminal bronchioles and resistance to apoptosis. throughou ...200717507989
three new alpha-globin variants: hb itapira [alpha30(b11)glu-->val (alpha1)], hb bom jesus da lapa [alpha30(b11)glu-->ala (alpha1)] and hb boa esperança [alpha16(a14)lys-->thr (alpha2)].three novel alpha-globin variants were found during a screening program for hemoglobinopathies in blood donors at the unicamp hematology and hemotherapy center, campinas, state of são paulo, southeastern brazil. they were named for the town of origin of the carrier as hb itapira [alpha30(b11)glu-->val], hb bom jesus da lapa [alpha30(b11)glu-->ala] and hb boa esperança [alpha16(a14)lys-->thr]. hb itapira, like hb bom jesus da lapa, shows an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of hb s [beta6( ...200717486496
geographical distribution of genetically determined types of nezara viridula (l.) (heteroptera: pentatomidae) in brazil.nezara viridula (l.) is a cosmopolitan and polymorphic pentatomid. several genetically determined types have been described due to body color variation in adults. a survey covering 13 brazilian states was conducted during 2001 and 2002 to determine the geographical distribution of the main types. type g (smaragdula--body entirely green), the most common, showed a wide distribution, from south to north (latitude 2 degrees 49' n to 31 degrees 46' s), except in the central-west region. type o (torq ...200617348127
associations between dengue and combinations of weather factors in a city in the brazilian amazon.dengue has become the most important endemic disease in brazil. the amazonian state of roraima has one of the highest incidence rates of dengue in the country. the objective of this study was to determine whether significant temporal relationships exist between the number of reported dengue cases and short-term climate measures for the city of boa vista, the capital of roraima. if such relationships exist, that suggests that it may be possible to predict dengue case numbers based on antecedent c ...200617316484
seasonal influence on hematologic values and hemoglobin electrophoresis in brazilian boa constrictor amarali.as ectothermic animals, snakes depend exclusively on the environment for proper temperature maintenance, which may greatly influence their activity. twenty-five adult boa constrictor amarali snakes maintained in captivity were used to determine the influence of seasons on their hematologic values and electrophoretic profile of hemoglobin. a complete blood cell count (cbc) and examination for hemoparasites were performed in the summer and winter of 2004. hemoglobin was stored for later electropho ...200617315433
the skull of the round island boa, casarea dussumieri schlegel, based on high-resolution x-ray computed tomography.the skull of the rare bolyeriid snake casarea dussumieri is described in detail based on high-resolution x-ray ct data. bolyeriids are unique in their possession of a separate suborbital ossification and a maxilla subdivided into two movably jointed parts, which may be the result of paedomorphic truncation of the development of the maxilla from multiple ossification centers. comparison of the skull of c. dussumieri to that of larger booids suggests additional paedomorphic features including redu ...200717309080
position around a tree: consequences for pheromone detection.the air flow pattern expected around a cylindrical object such as a tree in slow wind, is predicted from fluid mechanics to have areas of faster flow (upwind) and slower recirculating flow with eddies (downwind). an organism located on the surface of a tree would experience different flow depending on its circumferential position. if that organism was searching for a chemical signal, such as a pheromone plume, it might maximize its probability of chemodetection by placing itself in areas of grea ...200717252213
haematopoiesis in snakes (ophidia) in early postnatal development.the occurrence of haematopoiesis has been studied in various parts of the spine and in the ribs in four species of snakes (boa constrictor l., elaphe guttata l., lamprophis fulaginosus boie., bothrops jararaca wied.) from hatching until 150 days of postnatal development. marrow spaces are formed by chondrolysis with various time frames depending on the studied species. marrow cells egress to the general circulation in two ways: via migration through the endothelial cells lining the venous sinuse ...200717225172
zea mays: benzoxazolinone detoxification under sulfur deficiency conditions--a complex allelopathic alliance including endophytic fusarium verticillioides.benzoxazolinone detoxification is similar in plants grown under sulfur deficiency conditions and in control plants grown with an optimal s supply. however, when s-deficient plants were treated with metolachlor before benzoxazolin-2(3h)-one (boa) incubation, detoxification was reduced, as indicated by a lower accumulation of the detoxification products boa-6-o-glucoside and glucoside carbamate and by a loss of boa-6-oh glucosyltransfease activity. root colonizing microorganisms and the endophytic ...200717200890
characteristics of hammer stones and anvils used by wild bearded capuchin monkeys (cebus libidinosus) to crack open palm nuts.capuchins living in boa vista (piauì, brazil) crack open hard palm nuts on hard, level surfaces (anvils) using stones (hammers) as percussive tools. this activity leaves diagnostic physical remains: distinctive shallow depressions (pits) on the surface of the anvil, cracked shells, and stone hammers on the anvil. to initiate comparison of percussive stone tool use and interpretation of the artifacts it produces across capuchins, chimpanzees, and hominins, we describe a sample of the anvils and h ...200717177182
effect of 2-benzoxazolinone (boa) on seedling growth and associated biochemical changes in mung bean (phaseolus aureus).boa (2-benzoxazolinone) is a potent phytotoxin present in several graminaceous crops such as rye, maize and wheat. due to its wide range of phytotoxicity, it is considered as a potential pesticide. a study was conducted to explore the impact of boa on the radicle and plumule elongation of mung bean (phaseolus aureus) and associated changes in the macromolecular content - proteins and carbohydrates - and activities of enzymes like amylases, proteases, polyphenol oxidases and peroxidases. boa sign ...200617137118
2-benzoxazolinone (boa) induced oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and changes in some antioxidant enzyme activities in mung bean (phaseolus aureus).2-benzoxazolinone (boa), a well-known allelochemical with strong phytotoxicity, is a potential herbicidal candidate. the aim of the present study was to determine whether phytotoxicity of boa is due to induction of oxidative stress caused by generation of reactive oxygen species (ros) and the changes in levels of antioxidant enzymes induced in response to boa. effect of boa was studied on electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation (lp), hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) generation, proline (pro) accumul ...200617107811
recent results: biomarkers of aging.this communication reviews recent papers attempting to identify biomarkers of aging (boa). a boa is a biological parameter that will predict functional capability at some later age. few, if any, boa have been found and this review describes the recent search for boa. among others that have been put forward are il6 and other markers of inflammation, allostatic load, and corticosterone, which have been described primarily in humans. work in model systems as well as theoretical work are also review ...200617071038
secondary prevention of fragility fractures: are we following the guidelines? closing the audit loop.the aim of this study was to determine whether orthopaedic surgeons follow the british orthopaedic association (boa) guidelines for secondary prevention of fragility fractures.200617002853
automated global structure extraction for effective local building block processing in xcs.learning classifier systems (lcss), such as the accuracy-based xcs, evolve distributed problem solutions represented by a population of rules. during evolution, features are specialized, propagated, and recombined to provide increasingly accurate subsolutions. recently, it was shown that, as in conventional genetic algorithms (gas), some problems require efficient processing of subsets of features to find problem solutions efficiently. in such problems, standard variation operators of genetic an ...200616903797
sperm motility parameters to evaluate the seminal quality of boa constrictor occidentalis, a threatened snake species.semen quality analysis constitutes a powerful tool to evaluate the fertility potential of males in threatened species. the argentine boa constrictor or lampalagua (boa constrictor occidentalis) is a threatened snake species and has been included in appendix i of cites. the objective of this work is to characterize the sperm of b. c. occidentalis on the bases of dynamic parameters to improve this species conservation. dynamic parameters were measured in sperm samples using videomicroscopy and ima ...200716857223
the importance of anopheles albitarsis e and an. darlingi in human malaria transmission in boa vista, state of roraima, brazil.in several districts of boa vista, state of roraima, brazil we found anopheles (nyssorhynchus) albitarsis e to be the primary vector of human malaria parasites, and during 2001-2002 it was significantly more abundant than an. darlingi (p < 0.001). other species sampled were an. (nys.) braziliensis, an. (ano.) peryassui, an. (nys.) nuneztovari, an. (nys.) oswaldoi s.l., and an. (nys.) triannulatus. as determined by the elisa technique an. darlingi had a higher overall infection rate (2.1%) compar ...200616830709
bsr & bhpr, boa, rcgp and bsac guidelines for management of the hot swollen joint in adults. 200616829534
inclusion body disease in snakes: a review and description of three cases in boa constrictors in belgium.inclusion body disease, a fatal disorder in boidae, is reviewed, and three cases in boa constrictors, the first reported cases in belgium, are described. the snakes showed nervous signs, and numerous eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions, which are considered to be characteristic of the disease, were found in the liver and pancreas. the disease is suspected to be caused by a retrovirus, but transmission electron microscopic examinations of several tissues from one of the snakes did not reveal ...200616751310
early stone technology on flores and its implications for homo floresiensis.in the soa basin of central flores, eastern indonesia, stratified archaeological sites, including mata menge, boa lesa and kobatuwa (fig. 1), contain stone artefacts associated with the fossilized remains of stegodon florensis, komodo dragon, rat and various other taxa. these sites have been dated to 840-700 kyr bp (thousand years before present). the authenticity of the soa basin artefacts and their provenance have been demonstrated by previous work, but to quell lingering doubts, here we descr ...200616738657
quantitation of 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones in maize by gas-liquid chromatography.a gas-liquid chromatographic (glc) procedure is reported for the quantitation of the trimethylsilyl (tms) derivatives of substituted 2-hydroxy-2h-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4h)-ones (2-hydroxy-2h-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4h)-one[hboa]; 2-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2h-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4h)-one[hmboa];2,4- dihydroxy-2h-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4h)-one[diboa]; 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2h-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4h)-one[dimboa]; and 2,4-dihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy-2h-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4h)-one[dim (2)boa]) found in maize (zea mays l.) extracts. der ...197916660666
endoscopic examination of snakes by access through an air sac.sixteen boa constrictors (boa constrictor), three royal pythons (python regius) and 15 burmese pythons (python molurus bivittatus) were examined endoscopically by access through the air sac. the snakes were immobilised in a ventral position using a half-open anaesthetic system with assisted ventilation and a mixture of isoflurane and oxygen. the rigid endoscope was introduced percutaneously and the internal structure of the lungs and the air sac, and the shape, size and external surface of the l ...200616565339
early determination of the reproductive number for vector-borne diseases: the case of dengue in brazil.to evaluate a new method of deriving the reproductive number for vector-borne diseases from the early epidemic curves for vector-borne diseases with incubations in the vectors and in the hosts.200616553913
qsar models for daphnia magna toxicity prediction of benzoxazinone allelochemicals and their transformation products.the overall objective of this study is the ecotoxicological characterization of the benzoxazinone 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (dimboa), the benzoxazolinones benzoxazolin-2-one (boa) and 6-methoxybenzoxazolin-2-one (mboa), and their transformation products: phenoxazinones 2-acetylamino-7-methoxy-3h-phenoxazin-3-one (aampo), 2-acetylamino-3h-phenoxazin-3-one (aapo), 2-amino-7-methoxy-3h-phenoxazin-3-one (ampo), and 2-amino-3h-phenoxazin-3-one (apo); aminophenol 2-aminophenol ap); ...200616478224
ecotoxicological effects of benzoxazinone allelochemicals and their metabolites on aquatic nontarget organisms.before natural plant allelochemicals can be exploited as biological pesticides against weeds and for disease control, more than the effect on target organisms needs to be known. this study presents results of aquatic biotests using four organisms, namely, a water flea, a freshwater alga, a soil alga, and a luminescent bacterium. the tested substances were 10 benzoxazinone derivatives, 3 of them known to be wheat allelochemicals, benzoxazolin-2(3h)-one (boa), 6-methoxybenzoxazolin-2(3h)-one (mboa ...200616478223
transformation of benzoxazinones and derivatives and microbial activity in the test environment of soil ecotoxicological tests on poecilus cupreus and folsomia candida.benzoxazinones, such as 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (dimboa) and 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (diboa), and benzoxazolinones, such as 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone (mboa) and 2-benzoxazolinone (boa), are biologically active secondary metabolites found in cereals. because these compounds could be exploited as part of a strategy for reducing the use of synthetic pesticides, ecotoxicological tests were performed recently. in this paper, the transformation of the compounds in the ...200616478220
fate of benzoxazinone allelochemicals in soil after incorporation of wheat and rye sprouts.growing cereals (especially rye), which are incorporated into the soil to increase soil fertility or organic matter content, is a common practice in crop rotation. the additional sanitizing effect of this incorporation has often been appreciated and is said to be due to leaching of benzoxazinones and subsequent formation of benzoxazolinones. in this study wheat (stakado) and rye (hacada) sprouts were incorporated into soil in amounts that simulated agricultural practice. by extraction and subseq ...200616478218
herbicidal effects of soil-incorporated wheat.the hydroxamic acid 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (dimboa) and the benzoxazolinones benzoxazolin-2-one (boa) and 6-methoxybenzoxazolin-2-one (mboa) have been identified as important allelochemicals in wheat. this study examines the possibility of exploiting the allelopathic properties of wheat as a weed control strategy by cultivating wheat as a precrop and incorporating plant residues into the soil before the next crop is sown. different wheat varieties were cultivated in field p ...200616478217
joint action of benzoxazinone derivatives and phenolic acids.the joint action of binary and ternary mixtures of benzoxazinone derivatives and phenolic acids was studied using the additive dose model (adm) as reference model. the activity of fixed-ratio mixtures of phenolic acids [ferulic acid (fa), p-coumaric acid (ca), vanillic acid (va), and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (hba)] and benzoxazinone derivatives [2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (dimboa), 6-methoxybenzoxazolin-2-one (mboa), benzoxazolin-2-one (boa), 2-aminophenol (ap), and n-(2-hydroxyph ...200616478216
effects of some benzoxazinoids on in vitro growth of cephalosporium gramineum and other fungi pathogenic to cereals and on cephalosporium stripe of winter wheat.the benzoxazolinones benzoxazolin-2(3h)-one (boa) and 6-methoxybenzoxazolin-2(3h)-one (mboa) and selected degradation products of these compounds were examined for their in vitro antifungal activity against cephalosporium gramineum, gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis, and fusarium culmorum. boa was also applied to the soil-incorporated inoculum of c. gramineum to test its capability of reducing cephalosporium stripe disease in winter wheat. mboa reduced the mycelial growth of g. graminis var. ...200616478214
quantification of benzoxazinone derivatives in wheat (triticum aestivum) varieties grown under contrasting conditions in denmark.three varieties of winter wheat (triticum aestivum) were grown in both conventional and organic farming systems. the contents of the benzoxazinone derivatives 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (dimboa), 2-beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy-4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (dimboa-glc), 6-methoxybenzoxazolin-2-one (mboa), 2-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (hmboa), benzoxazolin-2-one (boa), and 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (hboa) were analyzed at five growth stages (bbch 9-10, 12 ...200616478212
concentration of benzoxazinoids in roots of field-grown wheat (triticum aestivum l.) varieties.benzoxazinones are naturally occurring secondary metabolites of some gramineae plants, responsible for their resistance to some pathogenic fungi and for their allelopathic action. six varieties of winter wheat grown in fields under organic or conventional systems and 11 old accessions were tested for two consecutive seasons and three plant development stages for the concentration in their roots of cyclic hydroxamic acids and their degradation products. this is the first report of six benzoxazino ...200616478211
glucosides from mboa and boa detoxification by zea mays and portulaca oleracea.incubation of zea mays cv. nicco seedlings with 6-methoxybenzoxazolin-2(3h)-one (mboa) led to a minor detoxification product hitherto only found in poaceae. this new compound was identified as 1-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenylamino)-1-deoxy-beta-glucoside 1,2-carbamate (1) (methoxy glucoside carbamate) and represents an analogue to the previously described 1-(2-hydroxyphenylamino)-1-deoxy-beta-glucoside 1,2-carbamate (glucoside carbamate) from benzoxazolin-2(3h)-one (boa). in portulaca oleracea var. ...200616441064
cyanoacrylate repair of laser in situ keratomileusis corneal flap perforation by a snake bite.a 30-year-old man who had laser in situ keratomileusis (lasik) for myopia 1 year earlier developed a corneal perforation in the left eye from a boa constrictor. the patient presented to the emergency room, and a small corneal perforation just outside the visual axis was diagnosed within the lasik flap. cyanoacrylate adhesive was used to close the corneal perforation. the patient went on to full visual recovery with an uncorrected visual acuity of 20/20. this is the first reported case of a penet ...200516412943
effects of the benzoxazolinone boa, selected degradation products and structure related pesticides on soil organisms.the benzoxazolinone boa and the degradation products apo, aapo and hpaa, as well as four structure related compounds to boa, were tested for their lethal and sublethal effects on the collembola folsomia candida and on the carabid beetle poecilus cupreus applying validated standard laboratory methods. according to the results of the recommended risk assessment for plant protection products (eppo, 2003), boa and its structure related compounds carbendazim, benoxacor and benazolin (and additionally ...200616344919
whole plant response of lettuce after root exposure to boa (2(3h)-benzoxazolinone).the goal of our work was to expand the knowledge about plant stress response to the allelochemical 2(3h)-benzoxazolinone (boa). we focused on physiological processes that are affected by this secondary metabolite. physiological and biochemical characteristics of plants exposed to boa help us to better understand its mode of action and open the gate to the use of allelochemicals as "natural" herbicides. measurements on photosynthesis, fluorescence, water relations, antioxidant enzymes (superoxide ...200516273435
idiopathic bilateral optic atrophy in the rhesus macaque.to document the existence of idiopathic bilateral optic atrophy (boa) in rhesus macaque monkeys and to characterize the structural and functional consequences of this condition.200516249467
hydroxamic acid content and toxicity of rye at selected growth stages.rye (secale cereale l.) is an important cover crop that provides many benefits to cropping systems including weed and pest suppression resulting from allelopathic substances. hydroxamic acids have been identified as allelopathic compounds in rye. this research was conducted to improve the methodology for quantifying hydroxamic acids and to determine the relationship between hydroxamic acid content and phytotoxicity of extracts of rye root and shoot tissue harvested at selected growth stages. det ...200516222814
the fragment assembly string graph.we present a concept and formalism, the string graph, which represents all that is inferable about a dna sequence from a collection of shotgun sequencing reads collected from it. we give time and space efficient algorithms for constructing a string graph given the collection of overlaps between the reads and, in particular, present a novel linear expected time algorithm for transitive reduction in this context. the result demonstrates that the decomposition of reads into kmers employed in the de ...200516204131
phylogeography of aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (l.) and aedes (stegomyia) albopictus (skuse) (diptera: culicidae) based on mitochondrial dna variations.aedes (stegomyia) aegypti (l.) and aedes (stegomyia) albopictus (skuse) are the most important vectors of the dengue and yellow-fever viruses. both took advantage of trade developments to spread throughout the tropics from their native area: a. aegypti originated from africa and a. albopictus from south-east asia. we investigated the relationships between a. aegypti and a. albopictus mosquitoes based on three mitochondrial-dna genes (cytochrome b, cytochrome oxidase i and nadh dehydrogenase subu ...200516181519
ticks parasitizing reptiles in the bahamas.two species of reptile ticks, amblyomma dissimile koch and amblyomma torrei pérez vigueras (acari: ixodidae), are reported from the bahama islands for the first time. the widespread neotropical (including the caribbean and southern florida) a. dissimile was recovered on andros island from three species of reptiles all for the first time: the andros iguana cyclura cychlura cychlura cuvier, the andros curly tail lizard leiocephalus carinatus coryi schmidt, and the andros boa epicrates striatus fow ...200516134982
biotransformation of 2-benzoxazolinone to 2-amino-(3h)-phenoxazin-3-one and 2-acetylamino-(3h)-phenoxazin-3-one in soil.an alternative to the use of synthetic pesticides is to exploit the natural defense chemicals produced by cereals. an important class of allelochemicals is cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazolinones. a prolonged degradation experiment of the allelochemical compound from rye 2-benzoxazolinone (boa) was carried out for up to 90 d at 15 degrees c at three different concentration levels, 3, 3000, and 30,000 nmol boa g soil(-1), respectively, in a sandy loam soil. two main degradation produ ...200516124242
outcome after occlusion of infrainguinal bypasses in the dutch boa study: comparison of amputation rate in venous and prosthetic grafts.to compare the consequences of occlusion of infrainguinal venous and prosthetic grafts.200516098774
1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, 2-benzoxazolinone and gallic acid from calceolaria thyrsiflora graham and their antibacterial activity.secondary metabolites, diboa, hboa, 7-oh-hboa, boa and gallic acid, were isolated and quantified from calceolaria thyrsiflora graham, a native medicinal plant of chile belonging to the scrophulariaceae family. the highest diboa contents were determined in leaves (145 mmol kg(-1) dry wt) and flowers (161 mmol kg(-1) dry wt). antibacterial activities of diboa, hboa, boa, gallic acid and infusions of flowers and leaves were determined. the phytomedicinal properties attributed to c. thyrsiflora grah ...200516042337
an ecological risk assessment of nonnative boas and pythons as potentially invasive species in the united states.the growing international trade in live wildlife has the potential to result in continuing establishment of nonnative animal populations in the united states. snakes may pose particularly high risks as potentially invasive species, as exemplified by the decimation of guam's vertebrate fauna by the accidentally introduced brown tree snake. herein, ecological and commercial predictors of the likelihood of establishment of invasive populations were used to model risk associated with legal commercia ...200516022706
complete mitochondrial dna sequences of six snakes: phylogenetic relationships and molecular evolution of genomic features.complete mitochondrial dna (mtdna) sequences were determined for representative species from six snake families: the acrochordid little file snake, the bold boa constrictor, the cylindrophiid red pipe snake, the viperid himehabu, the pythonid ball python, and the xenopeltid sunbeam snake. thirteen protein-coding genes, 22 trna genes, 2 rrna genes, and 2 control regions were identified in these mtdnas. duplication of the control region and translocation of the trnaleu gene were two notable featur ...200516007493
seasonal variation of hepatozoon spp. (apicomplexa, hepatozoidae) parasitemia from boa constrictor amarali (serpentes, boidae) and hydrodynastes gigas (serpentes, colubridae).the aim of this study was to evaluate the parasitemia variation of three hepatozoon species in brazilian snakes. this study was conducted between 2001 and 2003 and included hepatozoon terzii from boa constrictor amarali, and hepatozoon migonei and hepatozoon cyclagrasi from hydrodynastes gigas. it was observed that the parasitemia tended to decrease in all three hepatozoon species but the parasites were not eliminated. this data suggest that hepatozoon infection may be similar to toxoplasma gond ...200515999279
risk of major haemorrhage in patients after infrainguinal venous bypass surgery: therapeutic consequences? the dutch boa (bypass oral anticoagulants or aspirin) study.the beneficial effect of oral anticoagulants after infrainguinal venous bypass surgery is compromised by bleeding complications. we developed a model to identify patients, treated with anticoagulation, at risk of major haemorrhage and estimated whether this complication could have been prevented if patients had received aspirin.200515996602
the management of compound leg injuries in the west midlands (uk): are we meeting current guidelines?the joint british association of plastic surgeons and british orthopaedic association (baps/boa) guidelines for the management of patients with open tibia fractures were published in 1991 and 1997 and provided a synopsis of injury epidemiology and best care. we present a retrospective review of 66 patients treated over a 2-year period (january 2001-february 2003) at a regional plastic surgery unit. there were 33 direct admissions and 33 transfers from other hospitals in which the average delay i ...200515927147
transformation products of 2-benzoxazolinone (boa) in soil.three degradation experiments were performed to examine the formation of transformation products from 2-benzoxazolinone (boa) in different soil types and concentrations. in two experiments using boa in low concentration (400 microgkg(-1)) only one unidentified transformation product was found, whereas in the degradation experiment in high concentration (400 mgkg(-1)) several metabolites occurred. two of these metabolites, 2-amino-(3h)-phenoxazin-3-one (apo); and 2-acetylamino-(3h)-phenoxazin-3-o ...200515876449
primary total knee replacement: a comparison of a nationally agreed guide to best practice and current surgical technique as determined by the north west regional arthroplasty register.in 1999, a statement of best practice in primary total hip replacement was approved by the council of the british orthopaedic association (boa) and by the british association for surgery of the knee (bask) to provide a basis for regional and national auditable standards: we have compared practice in the north west of england to this document to ascertain adherence to this guide to best practice.200515826423
detoxification and transcriptome response in arabidopsis seedlings exposed to the allelochemical benzoxazolin-2(3h)-one.benzoxazolin-2(3h)-one (boa) is an allelochemical most commonly associated with monocot species, formed from the o-glucoside of 2,4-dihydroxy-2h-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4h)-one by a two-step degradation process. the capacity of arabidopsis to detoxify exogenously supplied boa was analyzed by quantification of the major known metabolites boa-6-oh, boa-6-o-glucoside, and glucoside carbamate, revealing that detoxification occurs predominantly through o-glucosylation of the intermediate boa-6-oh, most like ...200515824099
[the health status of yanomámi indians: diagnosis from the casa do indio, boa vista, roraima, 1987 - 1989].the change in the morbidity profile of the yanomámi indians admitted to the casa do indio, at boa vista, roraima, from january 1987 to august 1989, is reported. the most frequent diseases observed in 495 patients were malaria, acute respiratory infections, tuberculosis, severe under nutrition, and sexually transmitted diseases. malaria was the main cause of death of 114 indians throughout the period. a striking increase in hospital admissions was noted in the population from the villages which w ...201315798859
gait and clinical measurements in patients with knee osteoarthritis after surgery: a prospective 5-year follow-up study.the aim of this prospective follow-up study was to determine if gait measurements and/or clinical measurements could detect differences in treatment outcome between two surgical interventions in patients with knee osteoarthritis (oa). the patients were followed for 5 years after surgery. forty patients, 55-70 years of age, with unilateral knee oa were included. the patients were treated either with a high tibial osteotomy (hto) (n=18) or a unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (uka) (n=22). clinica ...200515749447
degradation studies on benzoxazinoids. soil degradation dynamics of (2r)-2-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-4-hydroxy-(2h)- 1,4-benzoxazin-3(4h)-one (diboa-glc) and its degradation products, phytotoxic allelochemicals from gramineae.wheat (triticum aestivum l.) has been found to possess allelopathic potential and studies have been conduced to apply wheat allelopathy for biological weed control. 2,4-dihydroxy-(2h)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4h)-one (diboa) is a common product found in wheat, corn, and rye exudates and it can be released to the environment by that way. in this report, the stability of diboa is studied in two soils from crop lands of wheat cv. astron and cv. ritmo. these varieties were selected by their concentrations o ...200515686401
inferring the phylogenetic position of boa constrictor among the boinae.snakes of the subfamily boinae are found in madagascar, the papuan-pacific islands, and the neotropics. it has been suggested that genera within each of these particular areas do not form monophyletic groups. further, it was proposed that the new world boa constrictor is more closely related to boine genera in madagascar than to boines in the neotropics. along with inferring the relationship of all boine genera using data from the cytochrome b gene and morphology, the placement of boa was also e ...200515579390
assessing convergence of markov chain monte carlo simulations in hierarchical bayesian models for population pharmacokinetics.advances in computer hardware and the associated computer-intensive algorithms made feasible by these advances [like markov chain monte carlo (mcmc) data analysis techniques] have made possible the application of hierarchical full bayesian methods in analyzing pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (pk-pd) data sets that are multivariate in nature. pharmacokinetic data analysis in particular has been one area that has seized upon this technology to refine estimates of drug parameters from sparse da ...200415493516
yellow fever at boa vista. 194915396196
genetic stability of micropropagated almond plantlets, as assessed by rapd and issr markers.almond shoots produced by axillary branching from clone vii derived from a seedling of cultivar boa casta were evaluated for somaclonal variation using randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) and inter-simple sequence repeats (issr) analysis. to verify genetic stability we compared rapd and issr patterns of plantlets obtained after 4 and 6 years of in vitro multiplication. a total of 64 rapd and 10 issr primers gave 326 distinct and reproducible band classes, monomorphic across all 22 plantlet ...200415372197
type a-like retroviral particles in a metastatic intestinal adenocarcinoma in an emerald tree boa (corallus caninus).a metastatic intestinal papillary adenocarcinoma was diagnosed histologically in an emerald tree boa (corallus caninus). metastasis was detected in the liver, both kidneys, lung, and coelomic wall. ultrastructural examination of the metastatic intestinal epithelial cells in the liver revealed the presence of a moderate number of viral particles that most closely resembled type a retroviral particles and were mainly associated with granular endoplasmic reticulum membranes. this case is the first ...200415347825
[perception of work conditions in a traditional farming community in boa esperança, nova friburgo, rio de janeiro state, brazil].the impact of pesticide use on human and environmental health has received attention from the international scientific community for some time, especially in developing countries where such chemical agents are used extensively and indiscriminately. the present study adopts a methodological approach to risk perception analysis based on rapid surveys, including: participatory observation; semi-structured interviews with key informants; and evaluation of local work processes. field data analysis re ...200415300299
contents of 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and 2-benzoxazolinone from stenandrium dulce (nees).secondary metabolites, diboa, hboa, 7-oh-hboa and boa, were isolated and quantified from s. dulce (nees), a native species in chile belonging to the acanthaceae family. the highest diboa and hboa contents were determined in leaves (9.25 mmol kg(-1) fr. wt) and root (6.81 mmol kg(-1) fr. wt), respectively. aglycones, 7-oh-hboa and hboa, were isolated together from root extracts of acanthaceae species. both, hboa and 7-oh-hboa should be direct precursors in the biosynthesis of diboa and dimboa, re ...200915241920
hepatozoon cf. terzii (sambon & seligman, 1907) infection in the snake boa constrictor constrictor from north brazil: transmission to the mosquito culex quinquefasciatus and the lizard tropidurus torquatus.specimens of hepatozoon-infected boa constrictor constrictor were obtained from localities in pará state, north brazil. gametocytes in erythrocytes of the peripheral blood measured 10 x 2.5-16.2 x 3.7 microns. they were similar to those described as haemogregarina terzii by sambon & seligmann (1907) in b. c. constrictor, in that they did not distort the infected erythrocyte, and their dimensions approximated those given by carini (1947). lungs and liver of infected snakes contained actively divi ...200415224579
uptake and translocation of phytochemical 2-benzoxazolinone (boa) in radish seeds and seedlings.the molecular aspects of phytochemical interactions between plants, especially the process of phytochemical translocation by the target plant, remain challenging for those studying allelopathy. 2-benzoxazolinone (boa) is a natural chemical produced by rye (secale cereale) and is known to have phytotoxic effects on weed seeds and seedlings. the translocation of boa into target plants has been poorly investigated. therefore, the total absorption of [ring u 14c] boa was estimated by oxidizing whole ...200415181106
growth inhibition and root ultrastructure of cucumber seedlings exposed to allelochemicals from rye (secale cereale).inhibition of "calypso" cucumber seedling growth by rye allelochemicals, 2(3h)-benzoxazolinone boa and 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4(2h)-benzoxazin-3-one diboa, was studied by analyzing the growth of seedling tissues and organs. light and electron microscopy of seedling root cells were also carried out to investigate the mechanism(s) of root growth inhibition and mode of action of these compounds. boa inhibited root elongation and reduced the number of cucumber lateral roots by 77 and 100% at 0.1 and 0.43 m ...200415139316
acute and chronic impacts caused by aromatic hydrocarbons on bacterial communities at boa viagem and forte do rio branco beaches, guanabara bay, brazil.the bacterial community presented significantly different hydrocarbonoclastic activity under acute and chronic impacts. benzoic acid, toluene, benzene and xylene were used in final concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 mm and bacterial biomass was quantified through protein dosage. under acute impact, the highest biomass percentages occurred between the 11th and 14th days; under chronic impact, between the 20th and 29th days. under acute and chronic impacts, the bacterial biomass presented higher nutri ...200015092959
a novel laboratory screening bioassay for crop seedling allelopathy.crops that control weeds by root exudation of allelochemicals are receiving increased attention, and there are efforts to breed allelopathic cultivars in several crops. the genetic improvement of allelopathic traits is based upon parental germ plasm with high allelopathic activity. identification of allelopathic germplasm is done in laboratory screening bioassays, but experimental protocols are limited. we developed a fast and reliable laboratory screening bioassay for grain crops that includes ...200415074665
identification of chlamydophila pneumoniae in an emerald tree boa, corallus caninus.tissues were evaluated from emerald tree boas, corallus caninus, from a collection in which chlamydiosis was diagnosed. to determine the strain of chlamydia infecting these snakes, tissue samples from 5 frozen snakes were tested by a quantitative taqman polymerase chain reaction (pcr) test and a pcr sequence analysis test. of the 22 samples tested, 9 were categorized as either positive or weakly positive with the taqman test, and 6 yielded an amplicon using a serial pcr test that amplified a por ...200415053368
fatal attack of a boa constrictor on a bearded saki (chiropotes satanas utahicki). 200415010586
ventilatory compensation of the alkaline tide during digestion in the snake boa constrictor.the increased metabolic rate during digestion is associated with changes in arterial acid-base parameters that are caused by gastric acid secretion (the 'alkaline tide'). net transfer of hcl to the stomach lumen causes an increase in plasma hco3- levels, but arterial ph does not change because of a ventilatory compensation that counters the metabolic alkalosis. it seems, therefore, that ventilation is controlled to preserve ph and not pco2 during the postprandial period. to investigate this poss ...200415010489
primary total hip replacement: a comparison of a nationally agreed guide to best practice and current surgical technique as determined by the north west regional arthroplasty register.in 1999, a statement of best practice in primary total hip replacement was approved by the council of the british orthopaedic association (boa) and by the british hip society (bhs) to provide a basis for regional and national auditable standards. we have compared practice in the north west region of england to this document to ascertain adherence to this guide to best practice.200415005930
a parvovirus isolated from royal python (python regius) is a member of the genus dependovirus.parvoviruses were isolated from python regius and boa constrictor snakes and propagated in viper heart (vh-2) and iguana heart (igh-2) cells. the full-length genome of a snake parvovirus was cloned and both strands were sequenced. the organization of the 4432-nt-long genome was found to be typical of parvoviruses. this genome was flanked by inverted terminal repeats (itrs) of 154 nt, containing 122 nt terminal hairpins and contained two large open reading frames, encoding the non-structural and ...200414993638
aedes aegypti in brazil: genetically differentiated populations with high susceptibility to dengue and yellow fever viruses.aedes aegypti was eliminated from brazil in 1955, but re-infested the country in the 1970s. dengue outbreaks have occurred since 1981 and became endemic in several cities in brazil after 1986. urban yellow fever has not occurred since 1942, and only jungle yellow fever cases have been reported. a population genetic analysis using isoenzyme variation combined with an evaluation of susceptibility to both yellow fever and dengue 2 viruses was conducted among 23 a. aegypti samples from 13 brazilian ...200414702837
microbial transformation products of benzoxazolinone and benzoxazinone allelochemicals--a review.cyclic hydroxamic acids and lactams are allelochemicals present in the common agricultural crops wheat, rye, and maize. the hydroxamic acids are mainly present in the plants as glucosides. upon injury or insect attack or when exuded to the soil environment, the hydroxamic acids occur in their unstable agluconic form. in the first step in the transformation of hydroxamic acids, benzoxazolinones are formed spontaneously. it is necessary to elucidate the further microbial transformation of these co ...200414664831
the current management of tibial fractures: are clinical guidelines effective?the production of clinical guidelines is increasing and will continue to do so with the introduction of clinical governance. in 1997, the british orthopaedic association (boa) and the british association of plastic surgeons (baps) published joint guidelines on the management of open tibial fractures. it is not known whether these guidelines reached their target audience, or indeed influenced clinical practice.200314629886
utilisation of electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry for solving complex fragmentation patterns: application to benzoxazinone derivatives.in this paper we describe the application of electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry (esi-tofms) to structural elucidation of the fragment ions formed from a range of natural and synthetic allelochemical derivatives. the extensive mass spectrometric characterisation of ten non-glucosylated benzoxazinone derivatives using this method is described here for the first time. the analytes include six naturally occurring 1,4-benzoxazin-3(4h)-one derivatives, including the hydroxamic acids dimboa ...200314595855
intraepithelial protozoon, klossiella boae n. sp. in the kidneys of a boa constrictor. 196414184367
karyotypic studies of two species of south american snakes (boa constrictor amarali and bothrops jararaca). 196213970029
[urinary, fecal & intestinal gas excretion in the boa constrictor (l.)]. 195913670023
[capture of prey, ingestion of food & growth of boa constrictor (l.)]. 195913626630
[hematoscopic investigation in detection of microfilaria in boa vista, capital of the territory of rio branco]. 195413267105
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