Publications

[control of the tsetse fly in africa].		1950	14777764
the persistence of ddt crystals in the coats of sprayed cattle, with special relation to tsetse control.		1950	14772570
abdominal pericardial sinus: a neurohemal site in the tsetse and other cyclorraphan flies.	an ultrastructural study of the heart of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, and of several other species of cyclorraphan flies revealed that the ventral region of the heart of adult flies is supported by a muscular septum not present in the larval stage. the pericardial septum of the adult heart is composed laterally of alary muscles and a central longitudinal muscle that extends the length of the abdominal aorta, whereas the larval heart is supported ventrally only by alary muscles and strands ...	2003	14765650
african labs win major role in tsetse-fly genome project.		2004	14749791
the transmission of mixed trypanosoma brucei brucei/t. congolense infections by tsetse (glossina morsitans morsitans).	laboratory experiments and field observations clearly show that tsetse flies can be carriers of mixed trypanosome infections. question remains how easy it is for the tsetse fly to acquire such a mixed infection during the first bloodmeal. this is of particular importance in the epidemiology of trypanosoma brucei s.l., often a cryptic infection and difficult to transmit to non-teneral tsetse flies. to determine the transmission rate of t. brucei as part of a mixed infection, teneral glossina mors ...	2004	14746974
responses of glossina morsitans morsitans to blends of electroantennographically active compounds in the odors of its preferred (buffalo and ox) and nonpreferred (waterbuck) hosts.	in a previous study, comparison of the behavior of teneral glossina morsitans morsitans on waterbuck, kobus defassa (a refractory host), and on two preferred hosts, buffalo, syncerus caffer, and ox, bos indicus, suggested the presence of allomones in the waterbuck odor. examination of the volatile odors by coupled gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection showed that the antennal receptors of the flies detected constituents common to the three bovids (phenols and aldehydes), as well as ...	2003	14682515
local skin reaction (chancre) induced following inoculation of metacyclic trypanosomes in cattle by tsetse flies is dependent on cd4 t lymphocytes.	the first visible response in livestock to the bite of a trypanosome-infected tsetse fly is the formation of a localized skin reaction, also known as a chancre. this is an inflammatory response in the skin associated with swelling and an influx of cells. it is thought to be associated with an acquired immune response to the injected metacyclic trypanosomes. in this study, we examined the role of t lymphocytes in the development of the inflammatory response, by depleting cattle of t cell subpopul ...	2003	14651588
comparative genomics of insect-symbiotic bacteria: influence of host environment on microbial genome composition.	commensal symbionts, thought to be intermediary amid obligate mutualists and facultative parasites, offer insight into forces driving the evolutionary transition into mutualism. using macroarrays developed for a close relative, escherichia coli, we utilized a heterologous array hybridization approach to infer the genomic compositions of a clade of bacteria that have recently established symbiotic associations: sodalis glossinidius with the tsetse fly (diptera, glossina spp.) and sitophilus oryza ...	2003	14602646
proventriculus (cardia) plays a crucial role in immunity in tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidiae).	fat body and hemocytes play a central role in cellular and humoral responses for systemic infections in invertebrates, similar to the mammalian liver and blood cells. epithelial surfaces, in particular the midgut, participate in the initial local immune responses in order to aid in the generation of the terminal cytotoxic molecules that mediate non-self recognition. here, we describe for the first time the immune responses of a cluster of cells at the foregut/midgut junction--known as proventric ...	2003	14563366
framing tropical disease in london: patrick manson, filaria perstans, and the uganda sleeping sickness epidemic, 1891-1902.	much of the historical literature on tropical medicine represents the periphery as the chief site for the production of western knowledge about disease in the british empire. this study on the filaria perstans-sleeping sickness hypothesis revises this perspective by showing how the imperial metropole functioned as a culture space for the construction of knowledge about the empire. beginning in 1891, patrick manson used the publicity resources of london to generate a rhetorical imperative for the ...	2000	14535273
cleavage of trypanosome surface glycoproteins by alkaline trypsin-like enzyme(s) in the midgut of glossina morsitans.	ep and gpeet procyclin, the major surface glycoproteins of procyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei, are truncated by proteases in the midgut of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans. we show that soluble extracts from the midguts of teneral flies contain trypsin-like enzymes that cleave the n-terminal domains from living culture-derived parasites. the same extract shows little activity against a variant surface glycoprotein on living bloodstream form t. brucei (mitat 1.2) and none against gl ...	2003	14527515
adult midgut expressed sequence tags from the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans and expression analysis of putative immune response genes.	tsetse flies transmit african trypanosomiasis leading to half a million cases annually. trypanosomiasis in animals (nagana) remains a massive brake on african agricultural development. while trypanosome biology is widely studied, knowledge of tsetse flies is very limited, particularly at the molecular level. this is a serious impediment to investigations of tsetse-trypanosome interactions. we have undertaken an expressed sequence tag (est) project on the adult tsetse midgut, the major organ syst ...	2003	14519198
monitoring the developmental status of trypanosoma brucei gambiense in the tsetse fly by means of pcr analysis of anal and saliva drops.	teneral glossina palpalis gambiensis (diptera: glossinidae) were infected with a culture of procyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei gambiense using a single-bloodmeal membrane feeding technique. the infection was monitored by analysing the saliva (mature infection) and anal drop (midgut infection) of each fly at different post-infection times both by microscopic observation and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). amplification revealed many more positive anal drops than microscopy. the monitoring sho ...	2003	14516928
a method of determining insecticide persistence in tsetse fly control operations.		1962	14455301
ovaries of glossina morsitans.		1960	14441952
determination of physiological age for female glossina morsitans.		1960	14441951
the breeding sites of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans.		1954	14349752
trypanosome infections in the mouthparts of glossina morsitans westw.: a correlation between extent of labral infection and invasion of the hypopharynx.		1965	14345290
the maintenance of a laboratory colony of glossina morsitans since 1959.	the authors present the results of the first successful attempt to rear a single-line colony of glossina in the laboratory. starting with 43 adults (21 males and 22 females) which emerged in the laboratory from g. morsitans pupae from mozambique, this colony has been maintained under controlled environmental conditions at the lisbon institute of tropical medicine since 1959.guinea-pigs are used as the sole food source, and are offered to the tsetse flies daily for six days each week.the colony k ...	1964	14277262
rearing tsetse-fly parasites in blowfly puparia.		1964	14272455
effect of two chemosterilants on glossina morsitans.		1964	14217983
tsetse-fly physiology. a review of recent advances and current aims.	a review of the literature on tsetse-fly physiology published during the last decade shows that substantial advances have been made in elucidation of the problem of water balance, and in the fields of reproductive and developmental physiology. it is suggested that further studies of reproduction, with particular reference to the reproductive potential of natural populations, are urgently needed; and also that research could fruitfully be directed towards an assessment of the role of starvation a ...	1963	14017193
the effects of trypanosomiasis on rural economy with special reference to the sudan, bechuanaland and west africa.	trypanosomiasis, both of humans and of livestock, is one of the most important factors restricting economic development in africa today. the present paper outlines how this disease is limiting agricultural, veterinary and forestry development in the sudan, bechuanaland and west africa.the present tsetse-fly distribution is reviewed. glossina palpalis and g. morsitans occur in the south sudan and g. morsitans in the ngamiland district of bechuanaland; g. morsitans, g. palpalis and g. tachinoides ...	1963	14001093
trypanosomiasis and the tsetse fly problem in africa.		1963	14000804
the feeding habits of glossina.	the feeding habits of 15 species of glossina have been studied by the identification of their blood meals. representative samples of the blood meals from each of these species of tsetse fly and from different habitats were collected and 22 640 blood meals were identified. the feeding patterns are characteristic for each species of tsetse fly and do not appear to depend entirely on the availability of different hosts, suggesting that the feeding habits of glossina are genetically determined. howe ...	1963	13999790
the epidemiology and control of human trypanosomiasis in glossina morsitans fly-belts.		1963	13996004
[variable receptivity of glossina morsitans according to the zoological species of the host carrier of trypanosoma brucei].		1963	13996003
[on the extreme variation in the virulence of strains of trypanosoma brucei isolated from glossina morsitans in mutara (rwanda)].		1963	13996002
an attempt to produce resistance to homidium in a strain of trypanosoma vivax transmitted by tsetse fly.		1963	13983884
an unidentified trypanosome found in the blood of a goat infected by wild glossina morsitans.		1962	13983882
human trypanosomiasis in south-east uganda. a further study of the epidemiology of the disease among fishermen and peasant cultivators.	during the past two decades there has been an increase in the incidence and spread of sleeping-sickness due to trypanosoma rhodesiense throughout the north-eastern shore area of lake victoria; this increase has been associated with heightened finishing activity and increasing and irregular settlement of the tsetse-fly belt of south-east uganda.the author describes a number of epidemiological factors affecting the occurrence of the disease among fishermen, placing emphasis on the correct developm ...	1963	13974352
tsetse-fly control and eradication.	in many instances the cheapest and quickest way of controlling trypanosomiasis is to reduce the number of vectors and the opportunities for contact between man and vector. for permanent results, moreover, eradication of the vectors is necessary, since eradication of trypanosomiasis by chemotherapeutic means has so far not proved feasible.for a variety of reasons, game destruction as a method of fly control is gradually being replaced by other methods. of these, the complete removal of bush cover ...	1963	13963757
the distribution of the vectors of african pathogenic trypanosomes.	the author lists the species, subspecies and races of tsetse fly now recognized in three morphologically distinct groups. the distribution of each group is mapped and described in relation to climate and vegetation, with some indication of the part played by past climates and orogenies in determining the modern pattern. the importance of different species as vectors of human or bovine trypanosomiasis, or both, is noted, and examples are given of the part played by human settlement as a secondary ...	1963	13958704
cyclical infection of glossina morsitans with culture forms of trypanosoma rhodesiense.		1961	13900491
free amino-acids of the tsetse fly (glossina).		1960	13848146
the effect of atmospheric pressure on aedes aegypti exposed to dirofilaria immitis and on glossina morsitans exposed to trypanosoma rhodesiense or t. congolense.		1959	13844915
tsetse-fly tissue culture and the development of trypanosomes to the infective stage.		1959	13839145
demonstration of trehalose in the vector of african trypanosomiasis: the tsetse fly.		1959	13827118
the sex ratio of infected flies found in transmission experiments with glossina morsitans and trypanosoma rhodesiense and t. brucei.		1959	13794713
a comparison between a syringe-passaged and a tsetse-fly-transmitted line of a strain of trypanosoma rhodesiense.		1960	13794710
a test for drug-resistant trypanosomes in experimental tsetse-fly challenge of cattle.		1960	13785544
seasonal changes in the breeding places of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood.		1961	13705936
[growth of glossina morsitans west. in the laboratory].		1960	13685422
[transmission of trypanosomes by glossina morsitans at mutara (ruanda)].		1958	13627658
[reports on the laboratory breeding of glossina morsitans west].		1958	13627657
use of reflecting paints for locating tsetse fly at night.		1958	13541482
detection of tsetse fly at night.		1958	13541481
observations on laboratory colonies of the tsetse flies glossina morsitans west. and glossina austeni newstead.		1957	13504856
an experiment on the infectivity to glossina morsitans of a strain of trypanosoma rhodesiense and of a strain of t. brucei, with some observations on the longevity of infected flies.		1957	13445073
studies on the deposition, migration, and development to the blood forms of trypanosomes belonging to the trypanosoma brucei group. i. an account of the process of feeding adopted by the tsetse-fly when obtaining a blood-meal from the mammalian host, with special reference to the ejection of saliva and the relationship of the feeding process to the deposition of the metacyclic trypanosomes.		1956	13395333
the oxidative metabolism of african pathogenic trypanosomes. i. observations on trypanosoma rhodesiense maintained by sub-inoculation and cyclical tsetse-fly transmission.		1956	13380994
the composition of tsetse-fly saliva. ii. analysis of amino acids and sugars by paper partition chromatography.		1956	13363298
the composition of tsetse-fly saliva. i. a histochemical analysis.		1956	13363297
a preliminary account of the deposition by the tsetse-fly of the infective forms of trypanosoma rhodesiense, their subsequent migration to the general circulation, and their development to the blood forms.		1956	13363295
[means of action against glossina morsitans, west. in mutara (ruanda)].		1956	13340492
[determination of the feeding of glossina morsitans, west. in mutara (ruanda)].		1956	13340491
some observations on glossina morsitans ugandensis vanderplank in the sudan.		1955	13326571
a new tsetse-fly from the british cameroons.		1955	13239085
[various aspects of the control of glossina morsitans west by control of game in the govuro region (southern save)].		1952	13092467
[glossina morsitans and trypanosomiasis in southern mosso, urundi].		1952	13092464
attenuation of virulence of trypanosoma brucei correlated with loss of salivary gland infection by a tsetse-fly.		1953	13077727
gpi transamidase of trypanosoma brucei has two previously uncharacterized (trypanosomatid transamidase 1 and 2) and three common subunits.	glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi) anchor is a membrane attachment mechanism for cell surface proteins widely used in eukaryotes. gpis are added to proteins posttranslationally by a complex enzyme, gpi transamidase. previous studies have shown that human and saccharomyces cerevisiae gpi transamidases are similar and consist of five homologous components: gaa1, gpi8, pig-s, pig-t, and pig-u in humans and gaa1p, gpi8p, gpi17p, gpi16p, and cdc91p in s. cerevisiae. we report that gpi transamidase of ...	2003	12958211
gene expression level influences amino acid usage, but not codon usage, in the tsetse fly endosymbiont wigglesworthia.	wigglesworthia glossinidia brevipalpis, the obligate bacterial endosymbiont of the tsetse fly glossina brevipalpis, is characterized by extreme genome reduction and at nucleotide composition bias. here, multivariate statistical analyses are used to test the hypothesis that mutational bias and genetic drift shape synonymous codon usage and amino acid usage of wigglesworthia. the results show that synonymous codon usage patterns vary little across the genome and do not distinguish genes of putativ ...	2003	12949182
control of tsetse flies and trypanosomes using molecular genetics.	tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) are important agricultural and medical vectors transmitting the african trypanosomes, the agents of sleeping sickness disease in humans and various diseases in animals (nagana). while the prevalence of disease has increased to epidemic proportions, lack of a mammalian vaccine and affordable and effective drugs have hindered disease control. trypanosomiasis management relies heavily on the control of its single insect vector, the tsetse fly. despite the effecti ...	2003	12878419
depletion of gim5 causes cellular fragility, a decreased glycosome number, and reduced levels of ether-linked phospholipids in trypanosomes.	microbody division in mammalian cells, trypanosomes, and yeast depends on the pex11 microbody membrane proteins. the function of pex11 is not understood, and the suggestion that it affects microbody (peroxisome) numbers in mammals and yeast, because it plays a role in beta-oxidation of fatty acids, is controversial. pex11 and two pex11-related proteins, gim5a and gim5b, are the predominant membrane proteins of the microbodies (glycosomes) of trypanosoma brucei. the compartmentation of glycosomal ...	2003	12829709
the human serum resistance associated gene is ubiquitous and conserved in trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense throughout east africa.	the human serum resistance associated (sra) gene isolated from a ugandan strain of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense has been shown to be capable by itself of conferring the trait of human infectivity on t.b. brucei by transfection. this gene has also been identified in several other isolates of t.b. rhodesiense, but not in the other human pathogenic trypanosome in africa, t.b. gambiense, casting doubt on its ubiquity and function. here, we show that this gene occurs in t.b. rhodesiense from sleepi ...	2002	12798017
parturition hormone in the tsetse glossina morsitans: activity in reproductive tissues from other species and response of tsetse to identified neuropeptides and other neuroactive compounds.	parturition hormone (ph) activity is present not only in the uterus of the tsetse glossina morsitans but also in the oviducts of bombyx mori and schistocerca gregaria, as well as the ejaculatory duct of s. gregaria males. activity thus appears to be present in the reproductive ducts of diverse insect taxa. to determine whether any of the common insect neuropeptides are capable of mimicking the effect of ph, 35 identified neuropeptides and analogs were evaluated for ph activity. modest ph activit ...	2000	12770225
a hormone from the uterus of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans, stimulates parturition and abortion.	unlike most insects, the tsetse female gives birth to a single, fully grown larva at the culmination of each pregnancy cycle. the expulsion of the larva is regulated by a hormone present in rich abundance within the female's uterus. the hormone elicits parturition when injected into neck-ligated females at late stages of pregnancy and abortion when injected at earlier stages. we refer to this highly active material (0.043 uterus equivalents stimulates parturition in 50% of the females) as partur ...	1997	12769917
the development of trypanosoma brucei within the tsetse fly midgut observed using green fluorescent trypanosomes.	background: the protozoan pathogen, trypanosoma brucei, undergoes complex cycles of differentiation and multiplication in its vector, the tsetse fly, genus glossina. flies are refractory to infection and resistance mechanisms operate at a number of levels and timepoints. here we have used highly conspicuous green fluorescent trypanosomes to study the early events in establishment of infection in the fly midgut. results: less than 10% of the bloodstream form trypanosomes in the infected feed diff ...	2003	12769824
surface coat remodeling during differentiation of trypanosoma brucei.	african trypanosomes (trypanosoma brucei) are digenetic parasites whose lifecycle alternates between the mammalian bloodstream and the midgut of the tsetse fly vector. in mammals, proliferating long slender parasites transform into non-diving short stumpy forms, which differentiate into procyclic forms when ingested by the tsetse fly. a hallmark of differentiation is the replacement of the bloodstream stage surface coat composed of variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) with a new coat composed of p ...	2003	12716904
tsetse fly population genetics: an indirect approach to dispersal.	tsetse populations are distributed discontinuously, particularly the morsitans group. dispersal among diverse populations cannot easily be measured directly because the geographical distances between them can be too great to have a reasonable expectation of recapturing experimentally released flies. moreover, reproductive success of widely dispersed flies might be poor. the question of dispersal rates in tsetse is immediately important because area-wide eradication plans involving the sterile in ...	2003	12689645
antigenic variation and the african trypanosome genome.	african trypanosomes are protozoan parasites that reside in the mammalian bloodstream where they constantly confront the immune responses directed against them. they keep one-step-ahead of the immune system by continually switching from the expression of one variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) on their surface to the expression of another immunologically distinct vsg-a phenomenon called antigenic variation. about 1000 vsg genes (vsgs) and pseudo-vsgs are scattered throughout the trypanosome genom ...	2003	12659976
essential roles for gpi-anchored proteins in african trypanosomes revealed using mutants deficient in gpi8.	the survival of trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of sleeping sickness and nagana, is facilitated by the expression of a dense surface coat of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi)-anchored proteins in both its mammalian and tsetse fly hosts. we have characterized t. brucei gpi8, the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of the gpi:protein transamidase complex that adds preformed gpi anchors onto nascent polypeptides. deletion of gpi8 (to give deltagpi8) resulted in the absence of gpi-anchored ...	2003	12631733
phosphorylation of gpeet procyclin is not necessary for survival of trypanosoma brucei procyclic forms in culture and in the tsetse fly midgut.		2003	12615329
growth and mortality in sheep and goats under high tsetse challenge in kenya.	trypanosomosis is a major impediment to livestock production and economic development in those areas of africa where it is endemic. although small ruminants appear to perform better than cattle in various agro-ecological zones, the importance of trypanosomosis has not been extensively investigated in these livestock. this study was designed to investigate the prevalence of trypanosomosis in sheep and goats in an endemic area and to evaluate the performance of different breeds under high tsetse c ...	2002	12537387
the major protein in the midgut of teneral glossina morsitans morsitans is a molecular chaperone from the endosymbiotic bacterium wigglesworthia glossinidia.	molecules in the midgut of the tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidiae) are thought to play an important role in the life cycle of african trypanosomes by influencing their initial establishment in the midgut and subsequent differentiation events that ultimately affect parasite transmission. it is thus important to determine the molecular composition of the tsetse midgut to aid in understanding disease transmission by these medically important insect vectors. here, we report that the most abundant pro ...	2002	12530210
fold-recognition analysis predicts that the tag protein family shares a common domain with the helix-hairpin-helix dna glycosylases.	the escherichia coli protein tag is traditionally regarded as an archetype of one of four classes of n-alkylpurine dna glycosylases. however, its structure and phylogenetic relationship to other glycosylases remains a mystery. fold-recognition and sequence profile analyses suggest that tag shares the catalytic domain with helix-hairpin-helix (hhh) glycosylases such as muty, alka and endoiii, but its n- and c-termini together form a unique his2cys2 cluster. the findings presented in this paper pr ...	2002	12509243
ex vivo and in vitro identification of a consensus promoter for vsg genes expressed by metacyclic-stage trypanosomes in the tsetse fly.	the trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) is first expressed during differentiation to the infective, metacyclic population in tsetse fly salivary glands. unlike the vsg genes expressed by bloodstream form trypanosomes, metacyclic vsgs (mvsgs) have their own promoters. the scarcity of metacyclic cells has meant that only indirect approaches have been used to study these promoters, and not even their identities have been agreed on. here, we isolated trypanosomes by dissection from saliva ...	2002	12477800
stage-specific requirement of a mitogen-activated protein kinase by trypanosoma brucei.	in cycling between the mammalian host and the tsetse fly vector, african trypanosomes undergo adaptive differentiation steps that are coupled to growth control. the signaling pathways underlying these cellular processes are largely unknown. mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) are known mediators of growth and differentiation in other eukaryotic organisms. to establish the function of a mapk homologue, tbmapk2, in t. brucei, a null mutant was constructed. bloodstream forms of a deltamapk2/d ...	2002	12429824
proventriculus-specific cdnas characterized from the tsetse, glossina morsitans morsitans.	peritrophic matrix (peritrophic membrane or pm) is an important structure in the gut of most insects at some stage in their development. it is composed of chitin, proteins and proteoglycans. multiple roles for the pm ranging from partitioning of digestive enzymes and food to protection of gut epithelial cells from viral and parasitic invasion have been proposed. while most adult members of diptera have a type i pm synthesized in response to a blood meal, the medically and agriculturally importan ...	2002	12429118
photographic polytene chromosome maps for glossina morsitans submorsitans (diptera: glossinidae): cytogenetic analysis of a colony with sex-ratio distortion.	photographic polytene chromosome maps from trichogen cells of pharate adult glossina morsitans submorsitans were constructed. using the standard system employed to map polytene chromosomes of drosophila, the characteristic landmarks were described for the x chromosome and the two autosomes (l1 and l2). sex-ratio distortion, which is expressed in male g. m. submorsitans, was found to be associated with an x chromosome (x8) that contains three inversions in each arm. preliminary data indicate no d ...	2002	12416619
[tsetse fly wings, an identity card of the insect?].	the size of tsetse flies is often associated with population dynamics and vectorial capacity parameters. adult fly size is generally estimated from measurements of wing segments. to take measure of the wing, a semi-automatic software was developed by cirad-emvt and ird. it was used in wild populations of glossina tachinoides westwood and g. palpalis gambiensis vanderplank (diptera: glossinidae) trapped near bobo-dioulasso, burkina faso. from an numeric picture of the wing, the software calculate ...	2002	12375372
partial structure of glutamic acid and alanine-rich protein, a major surface glycoprotein of the insect stages of trypanosoma congolense.	the tsetse fly transmitted salivarian trypanosome, trypanosoma congolense of the subgenus nanomonas, is the most significant of the trypanosomes with respect to the pathology of livestock in sub-saharan africa. unlike the related trypanosome trypanosoma brucei of the subgenus trypanozoon, the major surface molecules of the insect stages of t. congolense are poorly characterized. here, we describe the purification and structural characterization of the glutamic acid and alanine-rich protein, one ...	2002	12368279
trypanosomiasis re-emerges under cover of war.	the incidence of trypanosomiasis has increased in southern sudan along the border of the central african republic; up to 30% of the population is infected in some areas. a study conducted by care and the us centers for disease control (cdc) has shown that the disease has spread to over 30,000 people in tambura county alone; up to 4% of the local population is expected to die this year. according to the local coordinator for care, the pyramidal effect is great; when a tsetse fly bites a human, ...	1997	12321240
the scourge of human african trypanosomiasis.	human african trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) is a parasitic disease caused by two different trypanosome subspecies, trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and t.b. gambiense. each causes a different form of the disease. untreated, the outcome of both infections is death. sleeping sickness occurs exclusively on the african continent, south of the sahara. it is restricted to the distribution area of its vector, glassina or tsetse fly. 36 out of the 52 african countries are considered endemic for slee ...	1995	12319651
the sahel: drought, desertification and famine.	between the end of sahel's 1968-73 drought and the early 1980s, the production of the drought-resistant sorghum and millet was increasing at about 1% a year, but simultaneously the population was growing by about 2.5% a year. a 1982 un study of the developing world's carrying capacity found that given the current low levels of agricultural technology used, about half the sahelian countries could not be expected to feed themselves. the sahel's demographic picture is complicated by the way diffe ...	1985	12313941
microsatellite diversities and gene flow in the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans s.l.	tsetse flies occupy discontinuous habitats and gene flow among them needs to be investigated in anticipation of area-wide control programs. genetic diversities were estimated at six microsatellite loci in seven glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead (diptera: glossinidae) populations and five microsatellite loci in six g. m. morsitans westwood populations. nei's unbiased diversities were 0.808 and 76 alleles in g. m. submorsitans and 0.727 and 55 alleles in g. m. morsitans. diversities were le ...	2002	12243230
parasitological prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in kindo koisha district, wollaita zone, south ethiopia.	a cross sectional survey to determine the distribution and prevalence of trypanosomosis was conducted in kindo koisha district, in the wollaita zone in southern ethiopia. a total of 1 008 adult cattle was examined at eight different localities. dark field examination of the buffy coat, as well as stained thin blood film examination and packed cell volume (pcv) evaluation were the diagnostic techniques used. the overall prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was 15 %. among the positive animals, 108 ...	2002	12233995
identification of major soluble salivary gland proteins in teneral glossina morsitans morsitans.	salivary glands of tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidiae) contain molecules that are involved in preventing blood clotting during feeding as well as molecules thought to be intimately associated with trypanosome development and maturation. here we present a protein microchemical analysis of the major soluble proteins of the salivary glands of glossina morsitans morsitans, an important vector of african trypanosomes. differential solubilization of salivary proteins was followed by reverse-phase, hi ...	2002	12213241
cloning and functional expression of a fat body-specific chitinase cdna from the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans.	a chitinase cdna, gchit1 was isolated from glossina morsitans morsitans and shown to be specifically expressed in fat body tissue. gchit1 is encoded by a 1.6 kb mrna with a putative open reading frame (orf) of 460 amino acids (predicted pi=7.5, m.w.=51kda) that contains a signal peptide domain and two potential n-linked glycosylation sites. the orf exhibits homology to various chitinases characterized from insects. it has the conserved catalytic site residues and the cysteine-rich 3'-end domain ...	2002	12213234
health and ecological dilemmas. sleeping sickness.	although trypanosomiasis is one of the major parasitic diseases facing african people, blind efforts to control the disease may cause greater human suffering by damaging the environment. trypanosomiasis, commonly known as sleeping sickness, is spread by the bite of the tsetse fly and affects both humans and cattle. the disease usually causes wasting and emaciation; the human or animal wants to sleep all the time, and death may occur within a few months or years. the tsetse fly inhabits an are ...	1992	12159268
seasonal variations in the distribution and abundance of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans in eastern zambia.	the seasonal changes in the distribution of glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae) and its main host, cattle, were examined in a cultivated area of the plateau of eastern zambia. during four consecutive years, the tsetse and cattle populations were monitored along a fly-round transect traversing the two main vegetation types in the study area. these were miombo, a one-storied open woodland with the genera brachystegia and julbernardia dominant, and munga, a one- or two-stor ...	2002	12109711
campaign launched to eliminate tsetse fly, which has turned much of africa into a green desert.		2002	12083713
odor composition of preferred (buffalo and ox) and nonpreferred (waterbuck) hosts of some savanna tsetse flies.	a previous study on the feeding responses of tsetse flies, glossina morsitans morsitans, implicated the existence of allomonal barriers, both volatile and nonvolatile, on the nonpreferred host, waterbuck, kobus defassa. in the present study, electroantennogram-active compounds in odors from waterbuck were compared with those of two preferred hosts of tsetse flies, buffalo, syncerus caffer, and ox, bos indicus. odors from the three bovids were trapped on activated charcoal and/or reverse-phase (o ...	2002	12049234
syntheses of racemic and diastereomeric mixtures of 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhentriacontane and 4,8,12,16-tetramethyldotriacontane, the cuticular tetramethylalkanes of the tsetse fly, glossina brevipalpis.	cuticular hydrocarbons of the tsetse fly, glossina brevipalpis, contain 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhentriacontane and 4,8,12,16-tetramethyldotriacontane as possible candidates for its contact sex pheromone. these were synthesized as racemic and diastereomeric mixtures starting from racemic citronellol and employing phenyl-sulfone-mediated chain-elongation as the key reaction.	2002	12005053
galactose metabolism is essential for the african sleeping sickness parasite trypanosoma brucei.	the tsetse fly-transmitted protozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei is the causative agent of human african sleeping sickness and the cattle disease nagana. the bloodstream form of the parasite uses a dense cell-surface coat of variant surface glycoprotein to escape the innate and adaptive immune responses of the mammalian host and a highly glycosylated transferrin receptor to take up host transferrin, an essential growth factor. these glycoproteins, as well as other flagellar pocket, endosomal, an ...	2002	11983889
area-wide biological control of disease vectors and agents affecting wildlife.	two examples of area-wide programmes, employing the sterile insect technique (sit), which have eradicated a parasite and a disease vector common to domestic and wild animals are described. new world screwworm (nws), cochliomyia hominivorax, caused significant morbidity and mortality of livestock and wild mammals in tropical and subtropical areas of america before eradication was achieved in north america using the sit and other components of an integrated pest management (ipm) programme. movemen ...	2002	11974628
serum xanthine oxidase: origin, regulation, and contribution to control of trypanosome parasitemia.	african trypanosomiasis is caused by salivarian trypanosomes, tsetse fly-transmitted protozoa that inhabit the blood plasma, lymph and interstitial fluids, and, in the case of trypanosoma brucei species, also the cerebrospinal fluid of mammal hosts. trypanosomiasis in people and domestic animals manifests as recurring waves of parasites in the blood and is typically fatal. in contrast, trypanosomiasis in cape buffaloes, which are naturally selected to resist the disease, is characterized by the ...	2002	11970851
sustainability of tsetse control by subsequent treatment of 10% of a previously treated ugandan cattle population with 1% w/v deltamethrin.	this study was conducted in masaba and masafu sub-counties, busia district, uganda to assess the effect on the tsetse fly population of first treating all cattle with 1% w/v deltamethrin pour-on for a few months, followed by treating 10% of the cattle population. treatment of all cattle for 6 months resulted in a significant reduction in the density of tsetse flies from 6.3 to 0.1 flies/trap/day (ftd), a 98.4% reduction. during the same period, the point prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis dropp ...	2002	11969108
ku is important for telomere maintenance, but not for differential expression of telomeric vsg genes, in african trypanosomes.	trypanosome antigenic variation, involving differential expression of variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) genes, has a strong association with telomeres and with dna recombination. all expressed vsgs are telomeric, and differential activation involves recombination into the telomeric environment or silencing/activation of subtelomeric promoters. a number of pathogen contingency gene systems associated with immune evasion involve telomeric loci, which has prompted speculation that chromosome ends ...	2002	11919193