Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| reciprocal regulation of glutathione s-transferase spliceforms and the drosophila c-jun n-terminal kinase pathway components. | in mammalian systems, detoxification enzymes of the gst (glutathione s-transferase) family regulate jnk (c-jun n-terminal kinase) signal transduction by interaction with jnk itself or other proteins upstream in the jnk pathway. in the present study, we have studied gsts and their interaction with components of the jnk pathway from diptera. we have evaluated the effects of four delta class anopheles dirus gsts, gstd1-1, gstd2-2, gstd3-3 and gstd4-4, on the activity of full-length recombinant dros ... | 0 | 15250826 |
| catalytic and structural contributions for glutathione-binding residues in a delta class glutathione s-transferase. | glutathione s-transferases (gsts) are dimeric proteins that play a major role in cellular detoxification. the gsts in mosquito anopheles dirus species b, an important malaria vector in south east asia, are of interest because they can play an important role in insecticide resistance. in the present study, we characterized the anopheles dirus (ad)gst d3-3 which is an alternatively spliced product of the adgst1as1 gene. the data from the crystal structure of gst d3-3 shows that ile-52, glu-64, ser ... | 2004 | 15182230 |
| mosquito appetite for blood is stimulated by plasmodium chabaudi infections in themselves and their vertebrate hosts. | arthropod vectors of disease may encounter more than one infected host during the course of their lifetime. the consequences of super-infection to parasite development are rarely investigated, but may have substantial epidemiological and evolutionary consequences. | 2004 | 15151700 |
| [a method for prolonging the preservation of the eggs of anopheles dirus]. | 2003 | 15108516 | |
| [the internal control role of ribosomal protein s7 in the defense of anopheles dirus against plasmodium infection]. | to investigate the role of ribosomal protein s7 (rps7) in the defense of anopheles dirus against infection. | 2003 | 15108511 |
| excito-repellency of deltamethrin on the malaria vectors, anopheles minimus, anopheles dirus, anopheles swadiwongporni, and anopheles maculatus, in thailand. | this study compared the behavioral avoidance responses of 4 mosquito malaria vectors, anopheles minimus, anopheles dirus, anopheles maculatus form b, and anopheles swadiwongporni, to deltamethrin, the primary insecticide used for indoor residual spraying for malaria vector control in thailand. six test populations. representing 4 laboratory colonies and 2 wild-caught populations, were observed during and after exposure to deltamethrin at the operational dose (0.02 g active ingredient/m2) in exci ... | 2004 | 15088704 |
| infectivity of asymptomatic plasmodium-infected human populations to anopheles dirus mosquitoes in western thailand. | the infectivity of plasmodium-infected humans in western thailand was estimated by feeding laboratory-reared anopheles dirus peyton and harrison mosquitoes on venous blood placed in a membrane-feeding apparatus. between may 2000 and november 2001, a total of 6,494 blood films collected during an active malaria surveillance program were checked by microscopy for the presence of plasmodium parasites: 3.3, 4.5, and 0.1% of slides were p. falciparum- (pf), p. vivax- (pv), and p. malariae (pm)-positi ... | 2004 | 15061279 |
| malaria transmission and major malaria vectors in different geographical areas of southeast asia. | during the last decade, major progress in malaria control has been achieved in vietnam, laos and cambodia. however, malaria is still a potentially fatal disease in some hilly-forested areas and continues to be endemic in a few coastal foci. to estimate the risk that stems from the major vectors after a decade of intensive malaria control, an entomological study based on human landing collections was conducted between april 1998 and november 2000 in six study villages (four in vietnam, one in cam ... | 2004 | 15040560 |
| seasonal abundance and blood feeding activity of anopheles minimus theobald (diptera: culicidae) in thailand. | anopheline mosquito larvae and adults were sampled at ban pu teuy, tri-yok district, kanchanaburi province, western thailand, from january 2000 to december 2001. over the period of 2 yr, anopheles minimus sensu lato was the most commonly collected species, followed by anopheles swadiwongporni and anopheles dirus sensu lato; all three species are important vectors of malaria in thailand. attempted blood feeding by an. minimus occurred throughout the night, with two distinct feeding peaks: strong ... | 2003 | 14765665 |
| anopheles dirus and its role in malaria transmission in myanmar. | anopheles dirus is one of the primary vectors of highly drug-resistant plasmodium falciparum, which causes cerebral malaria resulting in high mortality. mosquito collections were conducted in a forest wood-extraction area (bago division), an irrigated plain area near foothills (mandalay division), a coastal plain (from domestic wells in the mudon area, mon state) near the foothill area, as well as a hilly area (deep forest timber extraction camp, tanintharyi division) from may 1998 to march 2000 ... | 2003 | 14714666 |
| transmission-blocking activity of tafenoquine (wr-238605) and artelinic acid against naturally circulating strains of plasmodium vivax in thailand. | the sporontocidal activity of tafenoquine (wr-238605) and artelinic acid was determined against naturally circulating isolates of plasmodium vivax in western thailand. primaquine was used as a negative control and a dihydroacridine-dione (wr-250547) was used as a positive control. laboratory-reared anopheles dirus mosquitoes were infected with p. vivax by allowing mosquitoes to feed on blood (placed in an artificial-membrane feeding apparatus) collected from gametocytemic volunteers reporting to ... | 2003 | 14695093 |
| comparison of artificial membrane feeding with direct skin feeding to estimate the infectiousness of plasmodium vivax gametocyte carriers to mosquitoes. | the efficacy of a membrane-feeding apparatus as a means of infecting anopheles dirus mosquitoes with plasmodium vivax was compared with direct feeding of mosquitoes on gametocyte carriers. volunteers participating in the study were symptomatic patients reporting to malaria clinics in western thailand. direct mosquito feeds were conducted on 285 p. vivax-infected individuals. four methods of preparing blood for the membrane-feeding apparatus were evaluated. they included 1) replacement of patient ... | 2003 | 14695091 |
| multiple roles of glutathione binding-site residues of glutathione s-transferase. | this study was designed to characterize residues in the glutathione binding site of adgstd4-4 from the mosquito malaria vector anopheles dirus. the data revealed that leu33, his38 and his50 each play a role in enzyme catalysis and glutathione binding. the mutants of these three residues also displayed differences in hydrophobic substrate specificity, suggesting that changes in the active site conformation occurred. differences in conformations was also suggested by protein stability changes. the ... | 2003 | 14561132 |
| a non-active site residue, cysteine 69, of glutathione s-transferase adgstd3-3 has a role in stability and catalytic function. | the cys69 residue of an anopheles dirus glutathione s-transferase isoform (adgstd3-3), was characterized to elucidate its contribution in both catalysis and structural support. nine mutants were generated at this position by replacing the residue with polar, non-polar and charged residues. the polar residues changed the vm of the enzymes. with non-polar residues, the enzymes were unable to fold and were expressed in the insoluble inclusion form. with charged residues, the soluble enzyme yields w ... | 2003 | 14529491 |
| laboratory and field evaluations of the insect repellent 3535 (ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate) and deet against mosquito vectors in thailand. | the insect repellents 3535 (ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate or ir3535) and deet (n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) were prepared as 20% solutions in absolute ethanol and evaluated for repellency against many mosquito species in thailand under laboratory and field conditions using human subjects. in the laboratory, 0.1 ml was applied per 30-cm2 of exposed area on a volunteer's forearm (0.66-0.67 mg active ingredient [ai]/ cm2), whereas in the field, volunteers' legs (from knee to ankle, with a surf ... | 2001 | 14529087 |
| malaria control in a forest camp in an oil exploration area of upper assam. | assam, in north-east india, is extremely rich in hydrocarbon deposits and the oil industry is the major contributor to its economy. a large number of oil fields and related installations in assam are located in forest areas or on their fringes where malaria is a serious problem among field staff and security personnel, adversely affecting oil production. we carried out an operational research study for one year in a forest-based industrial security camp of dibrugarh district and developed an eff ... | 2003 | 12929855 |
| [study on the relationship between intracellular free calcium and melanization in oocysts of plasmodium yoelii]. | to study the change of intracellular free ca2+ in the oocyst when it melanized and to find out the relationship between the melanized oocyst and its intracellular level of free ca2+ in a plasmodium-refractory strain of anopheles dirus. | 2003 | 12884616 |
| the development of exoerythrocytic stages of plasmodium inui shortti in new world monkeys. | attempts are being made to adapt old world monkey malarial parasites to new world monkeys for vaccine and molecular studies. several of these (plasmodium cynomolgi berok, plasmodium fragile, and plasmodium knowlesi) grow readily but have failed to produce infective gametocytes. plasmodium gonderi and plasmodium fieldi develop in the liver after sporozoite inoculation but have failed to establish infection in the erythrocyte. anopheles dirus mosquitoes infected with plasmodium inui shortti by fee ... | 2003 | 12880277 |
| serum antibodies induced by intranasal immunization of mice with plasmodium vivax pvs25 co-administered with cholera toxin completely block parasite transmission to mosquitoes. | transmission-blocking vaccines (tbvs) targeting ookinete surface proteins expressed on sexual-stage malaria parasites are considered one promising strategy for malaria control. to evaluate the prospect of developing non-invasive and easy-to-administer mucosal malaria transmission-blocking vaccines, mice were immunized intranasally with a plasmodium vivax ookinete surface protein, pvs25 with a mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin (ct). immunization induced significant serum igg with high igg1/igg2a rat ... | 2003 | 12804841 |
| trypsin and aminopeptidase activities in blood-fed females anopheles dirus (diptera: culicidae) of differing susceptibility to plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis. | midgut proteolytic enzymes contribute to the success or failure of plasmodium infection of the mosquito. the present study investigated trypsin and aminopeptidase activities in the midgut of two strains of anopheles dirus selected for susceptibility and refractoriness to plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis. at intervals of 6 hours following a bloodmeal, the midguts of fully engorged female mosquitos were dissected, homogenized, and assayed for enzyme activity. no differences trypsin activity (nmole/mi ... | 2002 | 12757211 |
| a sensitive core region in the structure of glutathione s-transferases. | a variant form of an anopheles dirus glutathione s-transferase (gst), designated adgstd4-4, possesses a single amino acid change of leucine to arginine (leu-103-arg). although residue 103 is outside of the active site, it has major effects on enzymic properties. to investigate these structural effects, site-directed mutagenesis was used to generate mutants by changing the non-polar leucine to alanine, glutamate, isoleucine, methionine, asparagine, or tyrosine. all of the recombinant gsts showed ... | 0 | 12708968 |
| entomological surveys of malaria in khammouane province, lao pdr, in 1999 and 2000. | anopheline mosquitos and their relation to malaria transmission were studied 3 times: in july and august, 1999; in december, 1999; and in august and september, 2000. the studies took place in the malaria endemic villages of khammouane province, southeast of lao pdr. a total of 28 species were collected using human and animal bait. human bait attracted predominantly anopheles dirus and an. minimus, which were identified as vectors by the detection of sporozoites by dissection, pcr, and enzyme-lin ... | 2002 | 12693588 |
| estimation of vectorial capacity of anopheles dirus (diptera: culicidae) in a forest-fringed village of assam (india). | to estimate the vectorial capacity of anopheles dirus, the main vector of forest malaria in the northeastern region of india, in order to gain an understanding of entomological factors related to malaria transmission in forest-fringe areas of assam, india, an isolated village in the tropical rain forest-fringed area in the district of dibrugarh, assam, under the influence of an. dirus alone was studied. data on various entomological variables required for computation of the vectorial capacity we ... | 2001 | 12653151 |
| epidemiological models for the spread of anti-malarial resistance. | the spread of drug resistance is making malaria control increasingly difficult. mathematical models for the transmission dynamics of drug sensitive and resistant strains can be a useful tool to help to understand the factors that influence the spread of drug resistance, and they can therefore help in the design of rational strategies for the control of drug resistance. | 2003 | 12643812 |
| physico-chemical characteristics of breeding habitats of anopheles dirus (diptera:culicidae) in assam, india. | larval ecology of anopheles dirus, the main vector of forest malaria in north-eastern region of india, was studied in relation to physico-chemical characteristics of its breeding habitats in a rain forest area of assam, india. shady stream side pools, positive for the breeding of an. dirus, had significantly higher amounts of total hardness (p < 0.024) in comparison to negative pools of similar type. when compared with an. dirus negative breeding habitats, in hot-wet as well as in cool-dry seaso ... | 2002 | 12617325 |
| [observation on efficacy of artemether compound against vivax malaria]. | to observe the efficacy of artemether compound against vivax malaria. | 1999 | 12563840 |
| [malaria situation in the people's republic of china in 1998]. | notwithstanding there was a flood over the five provinces located at the middle and lower reaches of the changjiang river, i.e. hunan, hubei, jiangxi, anhui and jiangsu, in the summer and autumn of 1998, the prevalence of malaria in these areas was basically stable or slightly decreased as a result of timely implementing active and effective preventive measures. according to the case reporting system, the number of malaria cases of the whole nation totaled 31,319 in 1998, with a mean incidence o ... | 1999 | 12563754 |
| potential of the panama strain of plasmodium vivax for the testing of malarial vaccines in aotus nancymai monkeys. | aotus monkeys were infected with a strain of plasmodium vivax from panama to determine its potential for the testing of malarial vaccines. after sporozoite inoculation, 3 splenectomized aotus nancymai that had been infected previously with plasmodium falciparum and p. vivax had prepatent periods of 13, 15, and 15 days with maximum parasite counts of 12,726/microl, 5,310/microl, and 9,180/microl. three other a. nancymai previously infected with p. falciparum only had prepatent periods of 17, 15, ... | 2002 | 12479543 |
| studies on the bionomics of anopheles dirus (culicidae: diptera) in mudon, mon state, myanmar. | this study examined some environmental factors influencing the larval habitats of anopheles dirus (breeding in wells) in mudon, myanmar, from may 1998 to march 2000. the larval/pupal density was found to be directly proportional to rainfall and indirectly proportional to the well water level. shade, vegetation and debris on the surface of well water were important factors influencing the abundance of the aquatic stages of an. dirus. salinity had an inverse correlation with the larval and pupal d ... | 2002 | 12125872 |
| protection of rhesus macaques against lethal plasmodium knowlesi malaria by a heterologous dna priming and poxvirus boosting immunization regimen. | we tested a cytokine-enhanced, multiantigen, dna priming and poxvirus boosting vaccine regimen for prevention of malaria in the plasmodium knowlesi-rhesus macaque model system. animals were primed with a mixture of dna plasmids encoding two preerythrocytic-stage proteins and two erythrocytic-stage proteins from p. knowlesi and combinations of the cytokines granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-4, and tumor necrosis factor alpha and were boosted with a mixture of four reco ... | 2002 | 12117942 |
| [current status of studies on biosystematic and malaria transmission of anopheles dirus in china]. | 1998 | 12078249 | |
| [differentiation of cryptic species a and d of anopheles dirus complex by polymerase chain reaction]. | to distinguish cryptic species a and d of anopheles dirus complex using polymerase chain reaction (pcr). | 1998 | 12078235 |
| infection of aotus and saimiri monkeys with plasmodium gonderi. | attempts were made to infect 4 species of new world monkeys (saimiri boliviensis, aotus nancymai, a. vociferans, a. azarae boliviensis) with plasmodium gonderi, a malaria parasite of african monkeys. sporozoites were obtained from anopheles dirus or a. stephensi mosquitoes that fed on an infected rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta). inoculation of sporozoites was by injection of dissected sporozoites by either the intravenous or intrahepatic routes, or by mosquito bite. liver biopsies done 7 or 8 day ... | 2002 | 12054031 |
| indoor thermal fogging against vector mosquitoes with two bacillus thuringiensis israelensis formulations, vectobac abg 6511 water-dispersible granules and vectobac 12as liquid. | bioefficacy of thermal fogging application of 2 bacillus thuringiensis israelensis formulations, vectobac abg 6511 water-dispersible granules (3,000 international toxic unit [itu]/mg) and vectobac 12as liquid (1,200 itu/mg), was assessed for larvicidal activities against aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus, anopheles dirus, and culex quinquefasciatus. portable agrofog af35 sprayers were used to apply the 2 formulations indoors in residential premises on penang island, malaysia. vectobac abg 6511 sho ... | 2002 | 11998931 |
| [molecular identification of sibling anopheles species: example of the anopheles minimus and anopheles dirus complexes, major malarial vectors in southeast asia]. | effective control of malaria vectors requires precise identification of species. this is especially important within complexes of species that cannot be distinguished based on morphological features. two methods based on polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis have been developed to identify 2 species in the anopheles minimus complex and 5 species of the minimums group as well as 4 species of the anopheles dirus complex. association of oligonucleotide couples in the form of multiplex pcr has al ... | 2001 | 11980390 |
| scar markers and multiplex pcr-based identification of isomorphic species in the anopheles dirus complex in southeast asia. | the anopheles dirus peyton & harrison complex of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) comprises seven known species, including important malaria vectors in southeast asia. specific identification of each species of the complex, which cannot be distinguished using morphological characters, is crucial for understanding vector ecology and implementing effective control measures. derived from individual random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) markers, sequence characterized amplified regions (scar) were ... | 2002 | 11963981 |
| a rapid polymerase chain reaction based method for identification of the anopheles dirus sibling species. | a simple polymerase chain reaction (pcr) based method was developed to differentiate the anopheles dirus, species a, b, c and d in thailand using specific primers designed from species specific sequences. the pcr protocol was optimized to obtain products of 120 bp, 75 bp, 60 bp and 172 bp for species a, b, c and d, respectively. this method used a cocktail of four primer sets to identify these an. dirus sibling species. the method is very sensitive as only a small portion of mosquito was require ... | 2001 | 11944726 |
| expression and characterization of a novel class of glutathione s-transferase from anopheles dirus. | a new anopheles dirus glutathione s-transferase (gst) has been obtained and named adgst4-1. both genomic dna and cdna for heterologous expression were acquired. the genomic sequence was 3188bp and consisted of the gst gene as well as flanking sequence. the flanking sequence was analyzed for possible regulatory elements that would control gene expression. in drosophila several of these elements have been shown to be involved in development and cell differentiation. the deduced amino acid sequence ... | 2002 | 11886777 |
| mosquito fauna and malaria vectors in jairampur, district changlang, arunachal pradesh. | in an entomological study, covering three biotopes like village, panikheti (wet rice cultivated land) and urban agglomeration, a total of 35 species of mosquitoes in eight genera were recorded in jairampur area of arunachal pradesh. two mosquito species--orthopodomyia anopheloides and tripteroides indicus were recorded for the first time in arunachal pradesh. anopheles dirus and an. minimus, the two well-known malaria vectors were encountered in the study along with several potential vector spec ... | 2000 | 11820089 |
| confirmation of anopheles varuna in vietnam, previously misidentified and mistargeted as the malaria vector anopheles minimus. | malaria control programs in southeast asia are faced with several questions concerning vector behavior and species identification, which need to be answered to consolidate and further improve the results of control practices. the vector system in southeast asia is complex because of the number of species potentially involved in malaria transmission. additionally, the follow-up and evaluation of preventive control measures are hampered by the misidentification of vectors due to overlapping morpho ... | 2001 | 11791965 |
| targeting plasmodium ligands on mosquito salivary glands and midgut with a phage display peptide library. | despite vast efforts and expenditures in the past few decades, malaria continues to kill millions of persons every year, and new approaches for disease control are urgently needed. to complete its life cycle in the mosquito, plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, has to traverse the epithelia of the midgut and salivary glands. although strong circumstantial evidence indicates that parasite interactions with the two organs are specific, hardly any information is available about the interacti ... | 2001 | 11687659 |
| recombinant enterobacter amnigenus highly toxic to anopheles dirus mosquito larvae. | the mosquito-larvicidal binary toxin of bacillus sphaericus 2297 was expressed in enterobacter amnigenus, a gram-negative bacterium isolated from anopheles dirus larvae gut. the toxin was placed under the regulation of various promoters in order to improve the expression level of the toxin. amongst the recombinants obtained, e. amnigenus harboring pbs373, a plasmid which contains the toxin genes under the control of the native b. sphaericus promoter, expressed a significant amount of protein, co ... | 2001 | 11685515 |
| the crystal structures of glutathione s-transferases isozymes 1-3 and 1-4 from anopheles dirus species b. | glutathione s-transferases (gsts) are dimeric proteins that play an important role in cellular detoxification. four gsts from the mosquito anopheles dirus species b (ad), an important malaria vector in south east asia, are produced by alternate splicing of a single transcription product and were previously shown to have detoxifying activity towards pesticides such as ddt. we have determined the crystal structures for two of these alternatively spliced proteins, adgst1-3 (complexed with glutathio ... | 2001 | 11604524 |
| prevention of sporogony of plasmodium vivax in anopheles dirus mosquitoes by transmission-blocking antimalarials. | the sporontocidal activity of four dihydroacridine-diones (wr-233602, wr-243251, wr-250547, and wr-250548) and three fluoroquinolones (wr-279135, wr-279298, and wr-279288) was determined against naturally circulating isolates of plasmodium vivax. laboratory-reared anopheles dirus mosquitoes were infected with p. vivax by feeding them on gametocytemic volunteers reporting to local malaria clinics in kanchanaburi and tak provinces, thailand. four days after the infectious feed, mosquitoes were re- ... | 2001 | 11561707 |
| development of a method for the in vitro production of plasmodium vivax ookinetes. | we developed a method for the in vitro production of mature plasmodium vivax ookinetes. gametocytemic blood was collected from 98 p. vivax-infected patients reporting to malaria clinics in maesod and maekasa districts, tak province, thailand. briefly, gametogenesis was induced using xanthurenic acid and parasites were separated by density gradient centrifugation and then cultured in rpmi-1640, ph 7.8-8.2. at the same time that blood was collected, 200 anopheles dirus mosquitoes were allowed to f ... | 2001 | 11534665 |
| multistage multiantigen heterologous prime boost vaccine for plasmodium knowlesi malaria provides partial protection in rhesus macaques. | a nonhuman primate model for malaria vaccine development allowing reliable, stringent sporozoite challenge and evaluation of both cellular and antibody responses is needed. we therefore constructed a multicomponent, multistage dna vaccine for the simian malaria species plasmodium knowlesi including two preerythrocytic-stage antigens, the circumsporozoite protein (pkcsp) and sporozoite surface protein 2 (pkssp2), and two blood stage antigens, apical merozoite antigen 1 (pkama1) and merozoite surf ... | 2001 | 11500430 |
| structural biology and its applications to the health sciences. | part of the decipherment of genomic information lies in understanding the structure and function of the protein products of these genes. protein structure is of further importance because of the molecular basis of many diseases. structural biology is the field of research focusing on the experimental determination of the structure of biological molecules. we review the field of structural biology and its application to medical research and drug discovery, and describe the structural results rece ... | 2001 | 11471188 |
| repellency of volatile oils from plants against three mosquito vectors. | volatile oils extracted by steam distillation from four plant species (turmeric (curcuma longa), kaffir lime (citrus hystrix), citronella grass (cymbopogon winterianus) and hairy basil (ocimum americanum)), were evaluated in mosquito cages and in a large room for their repellency effects against three mosquito vectors, aedes aegypti, anopheles dirus and culex quinquefasciatus. the oils from turmeric, citronella grass and hairy basil, especially with the addition of 5% vanillin, repelled the thre ... | 2001 | 11469188 |
| plasmodium coatneyi: observations on periodicity, mosquito infection, and transmission to macaca mulatta monkeys. | plasmodium coatneyi has adapted well to experimental studies with macaca mulatta monkeys and anopheles dirus mosquitoes. studies were made to determine 1) the course of asexual parasitemia, 2) periods when infective gametocytes were produced, 3) the laboratory-reared mosquitoes susceptible to infection, 4) the mosquito most capable of transmitting the infection to monkeys via bite, 5) the pattern of recrudescence, and 6) the prepatent periods following the bites of infected an. dirus mosquitoes. ... | 2001 | 11442203 |
| heterologous expression and characterization of alternatively spliced glutathione s-transferases from a single anopheles gene. | three cdna sequences of glutathione s-transferase (gst), adgst1-2, adgst1-3 and adgst1-4, which are alternatively spliced products of the adgst1as1 gene, were obtained from fourth instar larvae of anopheles dirus mosquito by reverse transcriptase pcr reactions. the nucleotide sequences of these three cdnas share >67% identity and the translated amino acid sequences share 61-64% identity. a comparison of the an. dirus to the an. gambiae enzymes shows that adgst1-2 versus aggst1-4, adgst1-3 versus ... | 2001 | 11439246 |
| crystallization of two glutathione s-transferases from an unusual gene family. | two glutathione s-transferase isozymes from the mosquito anopheles dirus (adgst1-3 and adgst1-4) from an alternately spliced gene family have been expressed, purified and crystallized. the isozymes share an n-terminal domain derived from a single exon and c-terminal domains from unique exons. despite the high level of sequence identity (64% overall), the two isozymes crystallize in different space groups, the 1-3 isozyme in p3(1)21 or p3(2)21 (unit-cell parameters a = 49.9, c = 271.8 a at 100 k) ... | 2001 | 11375512 |
| genetic population structure and introgression in anopheles dirus mosquitoes in south-east asia. | genetic structure and species relationships were studied in three closely related mosquito species, anopheles dirus a, c and d in thailand using 11 microsatellite loci and compared with previous mitochondrial dna (mtdna) data on the same populations. all three species were well differentiated from each other at the microsatellite loci. given the almost complete absence of mtdna differentiation between an. dirus a and d, this endorses the previous suggestion of mtdna introgression between these s ... | 2001 | 11298969 |
| anthropophily of anophelines in duars of west bengal and other regions of india. | attempts have been made to identify the source of blood meals of twenty three anopheline species from various areas of high malaria endemicity in india. anopheles minimus, anopheles fluviatilis and anopheles dirus showed a high propensity for human blood in north-eastern parts of the country while anopheles sundicus was found to be anthropophilic in andaman & nicobar islands. anopheles culicifacies, anopheles maculatus and anopheles philippinensis were found primarily zoophilic in north-eastern ... | 2000 | 11198404 |
| a preliminary field study on repellency of neem oil against anopheles dirus (diptera:culicidae) in assam. | 2000 | 11198400 | |
| status of malaria in thailand. | despite decades of control success and a competent network of country-wide health infrastructure, malaria remains an important health threat in rural thailand. all 4 known human malaria parasites have been reported present, with plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax predominant. the expansion and intensity of multi-drug resistant plasmodium falciparum is the most serious development to occur the last several decades. members of 3 anopheline species complexes, anopheles dirus, anopheles mini ... | 2000 | 11127318 |
| genomic organization and putative promoters of highly conserved glutathione s-transferases originating by alternative splicing in anopheles dirus. | the genomic dna of a gst class i alternative splicing gene has been characterized from anopheles dirus, a thai malaria vector. this gene organization is highly conserved in an. dirus and anopheles gambiae (aggst1alpha), with >80% nucleotide identity in the coding region. their gene organization contains six exons for four mature gst transcripts, which share exon 1 and exon 2 but vary between four different exon 3 sequences (exon 3a-3d). the deduced amino acid sequence of the gst transcripts from ... | 2001 | 11102837 |
| single amino acid changes outside the active site significantly affect activity of glutathione s-transferases. | glutathione s-transferases (gsts: e.c. 2.5.1.18) are a multigene family of multifunctional dimeric proteins that play a central role in detoxication. four allelic forms of the mosquito anopheles dirus gst, adgst1-1, were cloned, expressed and characterized. the one or two amino acid changes in each allelic form was shown to confer different kinetic properties. based on an available crystal structure, several of the residue changes were not in the putative substrate-binding pocket. modeling showe ... | 2001 | 11102836 |
| the isolation and characterization of microsatellites from anopheles dirus mosquitoes. | 2000 | 11050564 | |
| population structure and population history of anopheles dirus mosquitoes in southeast asia. | separating the confounding effects of long-term population history from gene flow can be difficult. here, we address the question of what inferences about gene flow can be made from mitochondrial sequence data in three closely related species of mosquitoes, anopheles dirus species a, c, and d, from southeast asia. a total of 84 sequences of 923 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase i gene were obtained from 14 populations in thailand, myanmar, and bangladesh. the genealogy of sequences obta ... | 2000 | 10833203 |
| insecticide susceptibility of anopheles dirus in assam. | 1998 | 10810572 | |
| well-breeding anopheles dirus and their role in malaria transmission in myanmar. | mosquitos were collected with human and animal baits from march 1996 to january 1998 in four villages located along the yadana gas pipe line in yepyu township, dawae district, tanintharyi division, southern myanmar. a total of 23 anopheline species were collected. anopheles dirus were abundant in pre-monsoon (may/june) an post-monsoon (october) months. all an. dirus caught both humans and cattle were assayed with specific, sporozoite enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas). a total of 5/250 ... | 1999 | 10774650 |
| isoenzymes of glutathione s-transferase from the mosquito anopheles dirus species b: the purification, partial characterization and interaction with various insecticides. | previously we have purified and characterized a major glutathione s-transferase (gst) activity, gst-4a, from the thai mosquito anopheles dirus b, a model mosquito for study of anopheline malaria vectors [prapanthadara, l. koottathep, s., promtet, n., hemingway, j. and ketterman, a.j. (1996) insect biochem. mol. biol. 26:3, 277-285]. in this report we have purified an isoenzyme, gst-4c, which has the greatest ddt-dehydrochlorinase activity. three additional isoenzymes, gst-4b, gst-5 and gst-6, we ... | 2000 | 10745163 |
| selection of anopheles dirus for refractoriness and susceptibility to plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis. | two lines of the oriental malaria vector mosquito anopheles dirus species a (diptera: culicidae), one fully refractory and one fully susceptible to plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis (an african rodent malaria parasite), were established after 17 generations of mass selection, followed by single female selection for one or two generations. prior to selection, the stock colony of an. dirus was 17% refractory. both lines of an. dirus produced abundant ookinetes that started to invade the midgut within ... | 1999 | 10608223 |
| larval ecology and mosquito fauna of upper brahmaputra valley, northeast india. | ninety-one mosquito species in 15 genera were collected from 22 habitat types of upper brahmaputra valley in assam and bordering areas of arunachal pradesh. nineteen species have been recorded for the first time in assam including seven first records from the northeast region and three first country records. jaccard's coefficient was used to quantify the similarity between 13 different geographical localities surveyed on the basis of their mosquito fauna. group average sorting (upgma) cluster an ... | 1998 | 10497839 |
| adaptation of the amru-1 strain of plasmodium vivax to aotus and saimiri monkeys and to four species of anopheline mosquitoes. | a chloroquine-resistant strain of plasmodium vivax (amru-1) from papua new guinea has been adapted to grow in 4 species of aotus monkeys (aotus lemurinus griseimembra, aotus vaciferans, aotus nancymai, and aotus azarae boliviensis), hybrid aotus monkeys, and saimiri boliviensis monkeys. whereas it was possible to infect saimiri monkeys with this parasite by inoculation of parasitized erythrocytes, only 42% of saimiri monkeys became infected, compared to 92% of aotus monkeys attempted. comparativ ... | 1999 | 10461947 |
| studies on infections with the berok strain of plasmodium cynomolgi in monkeys and mosquitoes. | infections with the berok strain of plasmodium cynomolgi were induced in macaca mulatta, macaca fascicularis, macaca nemestrina, aotus lemurinus griseimembra, aotus azarae boliviensis, and saimiri boliviensis monkeys. transmission was obtained with sporozoites developing in anopheles peditaeniatus, anopheles maculatus, anopheles quadrimaculatus, anopheles culicifacies, and anopheles dirus mosquitoes. this strain of p. cynomolgi offers significant potential for a number of experimental studies. t ... | 1999 | 10219307 |
| identification of five species of the anopheles dirus complex from thailand, using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction. | the anopheles dirus complex of mosquitoes contains some of the most important vectors of malaria in southeast asia. to distinguish five species of the complex that occur in thailand, a method using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was developed. the method utilizes allele-specific amplification to detect fixed differences between the species in the dna sequence of the ribosomal dna internal transcribed spacer 2. primers were designed to amplify fragments of diagnostic length from the dna of t ... | 1999 | 10194746 |
| a diagnostic polymerase chain reaction assay for species a and d of the anopheles dirus (diptera: culicidae) species complex based on ribosomal dna second internal transcribed spacer sequence. | a polymerase chain reaction assay based on differences in the internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal dna was developed for distinguishing 2 members of the anopheles dirus sibling species complex. this assay distinguished an. dirus species a from species d by producing diagnostic bands, 374 base pairs (bp) in length for species a and 663 bp in length for species d. both laboratory colonies and field collections from hainan and yunnan provinces of china were identified with 100% accuracy ... | 1998 | 10084131 |
| efficient expression of mosquito-larvicidal proteins in a gram-negative bacterium capable of recolonization in the guts of anopheles dirus larva. | the gram-negative bacterium, an11/2 g1, isolated from the guts of anopheles dirus mosquito larvae, was identified as enterobacter amnigenus. the e. amnigenus was able to recolonize in the gut of an. dirus larva but not in those of aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus larvae. it was able to float in water for a longer period than bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and bacillus sphaericus. these are desirable characteristics for a delivery vehicle of mosquito-larvicidal toxins for the c ... | 1999 | 10077823 |
| a review of leucosphyrus group with particular reference to the anopheles dirus complex (diptera: culicidae) in india. | the classification of the leucosphyrus group remained confused for long. the taxonomic events until it was resolved are traced in this review. the significance the description of anopheles dirus as a new species and the subsequent characterization of its siblings are outlined. the current classification of the leucosphyrus group is presented and the various methods available for identifying the members of the dirus species complex are highlighted. based on the limited information available about ... | 1998 | 9842168 |
| susceptibility of the malaria vectors to insecticides in bangladesh. | insecticide susceptibility tests with diagnostic dosages of 4% ddt and 5% malathion concentrations conducted at field sites on the two important principal malaria vectors namely, anopheles dirus and an. philippinensis have been reported. they are found to be susceptible to ddt and malathion. the implication of the use of insecticides in controlling malaria is also discussed. | 1998 | 9776867 |
| sequence heterogeneity in copia-like retrotransposons in anopheles (diptera: culicidae) in thailand. | degenerate primers and the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) detected a conserved region of copia-like reverse transcriptase from anopheles mosquitoes in thailand. a total of 43 subclone pcr fragments of the size expected for reverse transcriptase of copia-like elements was isolated from anopheles dirus (peyton & harrison) subspecies a, anopheles maculatus (theobald) subspecies e, anopheles nivipes (theobald), and anopheles subpictus grassi. sequence analysis of subclones confirmed the identity of ... | 1998 | 9775607 |
| cloning, expression and characterization of an insect class i glutathione s-transferase from anopheles dirus species b. | insect class i glutathione s-transferases (gsts) were expressed from cdna obtained from larvae of the thai malaria vector. anopheles dirus in a pcr race (rapid amplification of cdna ends) reaction using a primer to the conserved n-terminal region of an. gambiae class i gsts and a synthetic oligo d(t)-adaptor primer. seven different plasmids, resulting from sub-cloning of an original single 0.7 kb pcr band, were picked at random and sequenced. four of these were clearly gsts on the basis of putat ... | 1998 | 9692235 |
| studies on infections with two strains of plasmodium inui from taiwan in rhesus monkeys and different anopheline mosquitoes. | rhesus monkeys infected with the taiwan strains of plasmodium inui could be appropriate models for understanding host-parasite relationships during long-term chronic infection. two strains of p. inui originally from taiwan were studied in rhesus monkeys and different anopheline mosquitoes. maximum parasite counts for 13 intact animals infected with the taiwan i strain ranged from 22,215 to 760,000/microl (median maximum parasite count = 242,800/microl). following splenectomy, the maximum parasit ... | 1998 | 9645855 |
| breeding and day resting habitats of anopheles dirus in assam, india. | longitudinal surveys at monthly frequency were carried out during 1995-1996 in a forest fringed village of district dibrugarh, assam to decipher the breeding and day resting habitats of anopheles dirus. it regularly bred in small, shallow, rain filled, transient, shady or partly shady puddles/ground pools in the rainy months and in the perinneal streams in the adjoining forest of the village during dry months. in pools, the degree of interspecific association (0.238 +/- 0.174) and index of assoc ... | 1997 | 9561617 |
| seasonal prevalence of anopheles dirus and malaria transmission in a forest fringed village of assam, india. | seasonal abundance of anopheles dirus (s.l.) and malaria prevalence in an isolated forest fringed village was monitored at monthly intervals during august 1995 to july 1996. an. dirus was the only vector species detected during the study period. its density pattern showed distinct seasonality with the peak occurring in the month of july and very low number during cool dry months. positive correlation (r = 0.721) was found between the density of an. dirus and the amount of rainfall occurring two ... | 1997 | 9519567 |
| attempts to transmit the n-3 strain of plasmodium fieldi to aotus monkeys. | aotus lemurinus griseimembra monkeys inoculated with parasitized erythrocytes of the n-3 strain of plasmodiumfieldi had transient low-density parasitemia. exoerythrocytic stages of this strain of parasite were demonstrated in sections of liver from aotus vociferans monkeys taken 8 days after the intravenous inoculation of sporozoites dissected from the salivary glands of anopheles dirus mosquitoes; no blood-stage infections were observed. | 1998 | 9488369 |
| feeding patterns of anopheles dirus, the major vector of forest malaria in north east india. | the feeding behavior of anopheles dirus, the forest breeding, major malaria vector in northeast india was studied. the analysis of blood meals collected from this mosquito revealed that the species was highly anthropophilic in nature, the anthropophilic index being 90.5. the results of bait collection on human and cattle bait also confirmed its biting preference for human hosts. the species was observed to land on human bait throughout the night, showing prominent biting time at 20.00-21.00, 23. ... | 1996 | 9280007 |
| ribosomal dna difference between species a and d of the anopheles dirus complex of mosquitoes from china. | species a and d of the anopheles dirus complex were found in china. ribosomal dna second internal transcribed spacers (its2) of both species a and d were sequenced and found to be 716 and 710 base-pairs in length, respectively, with 69% gc content. no evidence of intraspecific variation was detected in the its2 sequence of species a, whereas the sequence of species d showed variation at one position in the its2. a large number of simple repeat motifs were dispersed throughout the its2 sequences. ... | 1997 | 9226641 |
| systematics of mosquito disease vectors (diptera, culicidae): impact of molecular biology and cladistic analysis. | the field of medical entomology, by nature of its association with problems of human health, has been conservative in its application of molecular and computer technologies to systematic research. recently, however, these methods have opened new interpretations for systematics of disease vectors. medically important insects, particularly mosquitoes, are among those more thoroughly described by conventional taxonomy, and thereby provide a secure framework for testing congruencies with molecular d ... | 1997 | 9017898 |
| purification and characterization of a major glutathione s-transferase from the mosquito anopheles dirus (species b). | the major form of glutathione s-transferase (gst) activity from the mosquito anopheles dirus (species b), a vector of malaria in thailand has been purified 421-fold. it constituted approx. 20% of the total measured cdnb conjugating activity in the homogenate. this enzyme appeared as a single band of 25.0 +/- 0.26 kda on sds-page and was kinetically characterized with 10 substrates and 4 inhibitors. the enzyme is capable of catalysing dehydrochlorination of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl ... | 1996 | 8900597 |
| effects of sublethal dosages of methoprene on anopheles dirus species a and b. | anopheles dirus species a and b individuals were exposed as 4th-stage larvae to sublethal concentrations of methoprene. median lethal concentrations were 0.21 ppb for species a and 0.17 ppb for species b. when exposed to 0.10 ppb methoprene the sex ratio of species. a changed from fewer males to more males; no effect was observed in the sex ratio of species b. exposure to methoprene had no effect on wing length and survival of either species. results indicate that exposure to methoprene signific ... | 1996 | 8887229 |
| effectiveness of repellent formulations containing deet against mosquitoes in northeastern thailand. | formulations of the repellent diethyl methyl benzamide (deet) were evaluated against mosquitoes in field tests conducted in sisaket province, northeastern thailand. thirty-three percent deet in an applicator stick provided > or = 87.1% protection against primarily culex vishnui, cx. gelidus, and cx. tritaeniorhynchus for up to 5 h, and 50% deet in ethanol provided > or = 93.3% protection against anopheles sp. and culicines for up to 8 h. the u.s. army extended duration repellent formulation ([ed ... | 1996 | 8827616 |
| larval habitats of malaria vectors and other anopheles mosquitoes around a transmission focus in northwestern thailand. | we sampled 199 bodies of water for anopheles larvae around a malaria-endemic village near mae sot, thailand, over 2 years. anopheles dirus species a and d occurred in 54 small, well-shaded, stream and temporary ground pools. the larval habitat of species d is reported for the first time. anopheles minimus species a occurred in 8 samples from slow-moving streams, in 8 from rice fields, and in 2 from ground pools. anopheles pseudowillmori occurred in one sample from a ground pool, in 3 from stream ... | 1995 | 8825502 |
| hyperendemic malaria in a forested, hilly myanmar village. | a 1-year longitudinal study of hyperendemic malaria was carried out at tha-bye-wa village, oktwin township, situated in the forested bago mountain range in south-central myanmar. mosquito infectivity was assayed using specific, sporozoite enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. anopheles dirus was the predominant vector in the postmonsoon season (october); during the cool-dry season (january), both an. dirus and anopheles minimus were vectors. members of the anopheles culicifacies complex were caugh ... | 1995 | 8825497 |
| seasonal abundance and parity rates of anopheles species in southern thailand. | mosquitoes were collected with human bait, animal bait, and co2-baited light traps during a 13-month period in 5 villages located along the myanmar border in southern thailand. altogether, 11,608 adult females consisting of 21 anopheline species were collected. abundance of species varied according to the village where collections were made. in one village that was studied most intensely, anopheles minimus was the most commonly collected species, representing 55.6, 10.6, and 56.5% of the human b ... | 1996 | 8723262 |
| observations on nocturnal biting activity and host preference of anophelines collected in southern thailand. | over a 13-month period, 5,127 adult female mosquitoes were collected on human bait during multiple collecting periods between 1800 and 0600 h in 5 villages in southern thailand. there were marked differences in the biting activity of different species at each of the villages studied. anopheles maculatus and anopheles sawadwongporni were collected most often at dusk or in the first hours of darkness between 1800 and 2100 h. although specimens of anopheles dirus were collected consistently between ... | 1996 | 8723258 |
| laboratory and field evaluation of deet, cic-4, and ai3-37220 against anopheles dirus (diptera: culicidae) in thailand. | laboratory and field tests of the repellents diethyl methylbenzamide (deet), 1-(3-cyclohexen-1-yl-carbonyl)-2-methylpiperidine (ai3-37220), and (2-hydroxymethylcyclohexyl) acetic acid lactone (cic-4) were conducted against anopheles dirus peyton & harrison, the principal malaria vector in thailand. in the laboratory, an. dirus was more sensitive to cic-4 than either ai3-37220 or deet. the duration of protection provided by each repellent in laboratory tests increased with higher concentrations o ... | 1996 | 8699442 |
| the nigerian i/cdc strain of plasmodium ovale in chimpanzees. | the chimpanzee is the only animal host currently available that can support the development of the human malaria parasite plasmodium ovale. thirty-one infections with the nigerian i/cdc strain were induced in splenectomized chimpanzees. maximum parasite counts ranged from 1,240 to 127,224/microliters. infections were transient and unpredictable. anopheles stephensi, anopheles gambiae, anopheles freeborni, and anopheles dirus mosquitoes were infected by feeding through parafilm membranes on hepar ... | 1996 | 8636850 |
| sporozoite transmission of three strains of plasmodium knowlesi to aotus and saimiri monkeys. | attempts were made to infect aotus and saimiri monkeys with sporozoites of 3 strains of plasmodium knowlesi to determine the potential of these animals in a monkey/malaria model. splenectomized saimiri and aotus monkeys were infected with the h strain of p. knowlesi via sporozoites from anopheles dirus mosquitoes. prepatent periods ranged from 5 to 16 days. saimiri monkeys infected with the philippine strain had prepatent periods ranging from 6 to 8 days. saimiri monkeys infected with the hacker ... | 1996 | 8604095 |
| localized permanent epidemics: the genesis of chloroquine resistance in plasmodium falciparum. | localized permanent epidemics occur when, for an indefinite period of time, there is a temporary but continuous introduction of unprotected non-immunes into the same locality of a hyperendemic area. the main epidemiological factors involved in the genesis of localized permanent epidemics were encountered in pailin (cambodia) the epicenter of drug resistance in southeast asia: a very efficient vector, anopheles dirus, exophilic and of limited distribution with, therefore, adjacent hyperendemic an ... | 1995 | 8525414 |
| mosquito larvae and associated macroorganisms occurring in gem pits in southern tha mai district, chanthaburi province, thailand. | aquatic field studies were conducted in tha mai district, chanthaburi province, thailand. larval habitats of anopheles dirus were examined from november 1986 through june 1988 in 42 manmade gem pits. larvae were found in pits containing clear water under full or partial shade. the abundance of different kinds of mosquito larvae were related to seasonal changes in these aquatic habitats. variations in an. dirus density and occurrence were related to predators populations, ie notonectidae and fish ... | 1993 | 8362289 |
| detection of sporozoites of plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum in mosquitoes by elisa: false positivity associated with bovine and swine blood. | blood samples from cows and pigs were tested for possible cross-reactivity with a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) kit designed for detection of human malaria sporozoites in mosquitoes. the results revealed that 4 of 16 cows (25%) reacted positively with both plasmodium falciparum (2a10) and p. vivax (nsv3) monoclonal antibodies and 8 (50%) were positive with nsv3 only. one of 12 pigs (8.33%) was positive with both antibodies, and 2 (16.6%) were positive with n ... | 1993 | 8236408 |
| response of anopheles dirus and aedes albopictus to repellents in the laboratory. | laboratory tests were conducted to study the response of anopheles dirus and aedes albopictus to repellent formulations containing diethyl methylbenzamide (deet) and dimethyl phthalate. anopheles dirus was tolerant of low concentrations of deet (5-20%), and formulations containing < or = 35% deet provided protection for < or = 90 min. in contrast, ae. albopictus was sensitive to these formulations, which provided > or = 180 min protection from bites. | 1993 | 8126487 |
| further studies on the sporozoite transmission of the salvador i strain of plasmodium vivax. | different species of saimiri and aotus monkeys were inoculated with sporozoites of the salvador i strain of plasmodium vivax. of 58 saimiri inoculated, 45 developed parasitemia (4 following bites and 41 following intravenous inoculation). prepatent periods ranged from 10 to 63 days. twelve of 19 monkeys inoculated with sporozoites that had been stored frozen developed patent parasitemia after 16-53 days. of 41 aotus monkeys inoculated, only 10 (2 via bites and 8 via intravenous inoculation) deve ... | 1994 | 8064516 |
| [the infectivity of gametocytes of plasmodium falciparum from patients treated with artemisinine]. | 27 patients with gametocytes of p. falciparum were divided into groups a, b and c. 1,200 mg of artemisinine was given as a daily dose for 5 days to group a, 750 mg of mefloquine plus 45 mg of primaquine as a single dose to group c. after medication, gametocyte count was observed daily in addition to the infectivity of gametocytes of p. falciparum to anopheles dirus. in group a, the density of gametocytes and the infectivity were significantly reduced on days 4, 7, 14 and 21 during the study. in ... | 1994 | 7922759 |
| residual activity of cyhalothrin 20% ec on cattle as determined by mosquito bioassays. | the residual effectiveness of 0.005mg/ml of cyhalothrin applied to cattle was determined against three species of mosquitos: anopheles maculatus theobald. anopheles dirus peyton and harrison mansonia uniformis theobald. twenty-four hour post exposure mortality and the degree of successful blood engorgement were determined by exposing mosquitos for 10 minutes to cattle. three replicated assays were conducted and mortality determined at 1, 2, 7, 14 and 21 days after each treatment. an initial mort ... | 1993 | 7909171 |
| the infectivity of gametocytes of plasmodium falciparum from patients treated with artemisinin. | twenty-seven patients with gametocytes of plasmodium falciparum (pf) were divided into groups a, b, and c. a daily dose of 1200 mg artemisinin was given for 5 days to group a, a state dose of 750 mg of mefloquine to group b and a single dose of 750 mg mefloquine combined with 45 mg primaquine to group c. after treatment, the gametocyte count was taken daily, and infectivity of the gametocytes to anopheles dirus via membrane feeding was also studied. results showed that in group a, the density of ... | 1994 | 7805466 |
| characterization of the major form of glutathione transferase in the mosquito anopheles dirus a. | 1995 | 7758801 | |
| evaluation of permethrin-treated military uniforms for personal protection against malaria in northeastern thailand. | a trial to compare the effect of military clothing treated by high-pressure spray with permethrin or placebo on the incidence of malaria in royal thai army troops was conducted in northeastern thailand. bioassays of treated clothing using laboratory-reared anopheles dirus females showed permethrin remained in the treated fabric for up to 90 days. both permethrin- and placebo-treated uniform shirts provided > 84% protection from biting an. dirus in laboratory bioassays for the duration of the stu ... | 1994 | 7707057 |