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a contribution towards the risk assessment of soils from the são domingos mine (portugal): chemical, microbial and ecotoxicological indicators.this study is a contribution towards a risk assessment of the são domingos mine area (portugal), integrating information from: soil physicochemical characteristics, pseudo-total and bioavailable trace elements (as, cd, cr, cu, ni, pb and zn), ecotoxicological evaluation, and microbial indicators. the bioassays using soil eluates (seed germination, luminescent inhibition of vibrio fischeri and daphnia magna immobilization) confirmed the soil toxicity categorization obtained with the bioassays usi ...201222230067
management of food industry waste employing vermicomposting technology.this paper reports the vermicomposting of food industry sludges (fis) mixed with different organic wastes employing eisenia fetida. a total of 10 vermicomposting units containing different wastes combinations were established. after 15 weeks significant increase in total nitrogen (n(total)) (60-214%), total available phosphorous (p(avail)) (35.8-69.6%), total sodium (na(total)) (39-95%), and total potassium (k(total)) (43.7-74.1%), while decrease in ph (8.45-19.7%), total organic carbon (oc(tota ...201222197330
passive samplers provide a better prediction of pah bioaccumulation in earthworms and plant roots than exhaustive, mild solvent, and cyclodextrin extractions.a number of extraction methods have been developed to assess polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (pah) bioavailability in soils. as these methods are rarely tested in a comparative manner, against different test organisms, and using field-contaminated soils, it is unclear which method gives the most accurate measure of the actual soil ecosystem exposure. in this study, pah bioavailability was assessed in ten field-contaminated soils by using exhaustive acetone/hexane extractions, mild solvent (butan ...201222191550
gene expression analysis of cl-20-induced reversible neurotoxicity reveals gaba(a) receptors as potential targets in the earthworm eisenia fetida.the earthworm eisenia fetida is one of the most used species in standardized soil ecotoxicity tests. end points such as survival, growth, and reproduction are eco-toxicologically relevant but provide little mechanistic insight into toxicity pathways, especially at the molecular level. here we apply a toxicogenomic approach to investigate the mode of action underlying the reversible neurotoxicity of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (cl-20), a cyclic nitroamine explosives compound. we developed an e. ...201222191394
verminephrobacter eiseniae type iv pili and flagella are required to colonize earthworm nephridia.the bacterial symbiont verminephrobacter eiseniae colonizes nephridia, the excretory organs, of the lumbricid earthworm eisenia fetida. e. fetida transfers v. eisenia into the egg capsule albumin during capsule formation and v. eiseniae cells migrate into the earthworm nephridia during embryogenesis, where they bind and persist. in order to characterize the mechanistic basis of selective tissue colonization, methods for site-directed mutagenesis and colonization competence were developed and use ...201122170422
refnetbuilder: a platform for construction of integrated reference gene regulatory networks from expressed sequence tags.gene regulatory networks (grns) provide integrated views of gene interactions that control biological processes. many public databases contain biological interactions extracted from experimentally validated literature reports, but most furnish only information for a few genetic model organisms. in order to provide a bioinformatic tool for researchers who work with non-model organisms, we developed refnetbuilder, a new platform that allows construction of putative reference pathways or grns from ...201122166047
earthworm sublethal responses to titanium dioxide nanomaterial in soil detected by ¹h nmr metabolomics.¹h nmr-based metabolomics was used to examine the response of eisenia fetida earthworms raised from juveniles for 20-23 weeks in soil spiked with either 20 or 200 mg/kg of a commercially available uncoated titanium dioxide (tio(2)) nanomaterial (nominal diameter of 5 nm). to distinguish responses specific to particle size, soil treatments spiked with a micrometer-sized tio(2) material (nominal diameter, <45 μm) at the same concentrations (20 and 200 mg/kg) were also included in addition to an un ...201222148900
Molecular cloning, characterization of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase and expression analysis of stress-responsive genes from Eisenia fetida against dietary zinc oxide.The full length cDNA of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) from Eisenia fetida (E. fetida) was cloned (GenBank accession no. JN579648). Sequence characterization revealed that the cDNA contained characteristic Cu/Zn-SOD family signatures ((45)GFHVHEFGDNT(55) and (138)GNAGGRLACGVI(149)), cysteines (Cys-58 and-146) predicted to form one disulphide bond, Cu-binding (His-47, -49, -64 and -120) and Zn-binding (His-64, -72, -81 and Asp-84). They were essential for the structure and function ...201222137962
A highly active endo-ß-1,4-mannanase produced by Cellulosimicrobium sp. strain HY-13, a hemicellulolytic bacterium in the gut of Eisenia fetida.A xylanolytic gut bacterium isolated from Eisenia fetida, Cellulosimicrobium sp. strain HY-13, produced an extracellular glycoside hydrolase capable of efficiently degrading mannose-based substrates such as locust bean gum, guar gum, mannotetraose, and mannopentaose. The purified mannan-degrading enzyme (ManK, 34,926Da) from strain HY-13 was found to have an N-terminal amino acid sequence of DEATTDGLHVVDD, which has not yet been identified. Under the optimized reaction conditions of 50°C and pH ...201122112951
[Effects of Bt corn straw insecticidal proteins on enzyme activities of Eisenia fetida].Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins released from Bt corn can enter soil ecosystem via returning straw into field, root exudation, and pollen fluttering-down. In this study, the straws of Bt corn and its near-isogenic non-Bt line were added into soil with an application rate of 5% and 7.5% to breed Eisenia fetida, and the total protein content and the activities of acetylcholine esterase (AchE), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in E. fetida were de ...201122097378
Verminephrobacter aporrectodeae sp. nov. subsp. tuberculatae and subsp. caliginosae, the specific nephridial symbionts of the earthworms Aporrectodea tuberculata and A. caliginosa.Clone library-based studies have shown that almost all lumbricid earthworm species harbour host-specific symbiotic bacteria belonging to the novel genus Verminephrobacter in their nephridia (excretory organs). To date the only described representative from this genus is Verminephrobacter eiseniae, the specific symbiont of the earthworm Eisenia fetida. In this study two novel rod-shaped, non-endosporeforming, betaproteobacterial symbionts were isolated from the nephridia of two closely related ea ...201122041977
a comparison of pops bioaccumulation in eisenia fetida in natural and artificial soils and the effects of aging.the close relationship between soil organic matter and the bioavailability of pops in soils suggests the possibility of using it for the extrapolation between different soils. the aim of this study was to prove that toc content is not a single factor affecting the bioavailability of pops and that toc based extrapolation might be incorrect, especially when comparing natural and artificial soils. three natural soils with increasing toc and three artificial soils with toc comparable to these natura ...201222035925
effects of different gamma exposure regimes on reproduction in the earthworm eisenia fetida (oligochaeta).ecological risk assessment of ionising radiation requires knowledge about the responses of individuals and populations to chronic exposures, including situations when exposure levels change over time. the present study investigated processes such as recovery and the adaptive response with respect to reproduction endpoints in the earthworm eisenia fetida exposed to (60)co γ-radiation. furthermore, a crossed experiment was performed to investigate the influence of f0 parental and f1 embryonic irra ...201122033357
Bacillus eiseniae sp. nov., a swarming and moderately halotolerant bacterium isolated from the intestinal tract of an earthworm (Eisenia fetida L.).A novel swarming and moderately halotolerant bacterium, designated as strain A1-2, was isolated from the intestinal tract of earthworm (Eisenia fetida L.). Cells of the isolate were rod shaped and endospore forming. Strain A1-2 was facultatively anaerobic, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, and motile with peritrichous flagella. The optimal growth conditions of the strain were a temperature of 30 °C and a pH of 7.0. Its growth was inhibited by 10% (w/v) NaCl concentration. Phylogenetic analysi ...201122021583
acute and reproductive toxicity of nano-sized metal oxides (zno and tio₂) to earthworms (eisenia fetida).an increase in nanomaterial applications will likely lead to an increased probability of environmental exposures, raising concerns regarding the safety of these materials. recent studies have indicated that manufactured nanomaterials, such as metal oxides, have the potential to be harmful to aquatic and terrestrial organisms. the majority of nano-metal oxide research addressing potential toxicological issues has been focused in aquatic environments with very little terrestrial data. this study c ...201122020256
ecotoxicity of cyanide complexes in industrially contaminated soils.this study deals with acute and chronic ecotoxicity of leachates from industrially contaminated soils. analyses focused on cyanides (complex and free forms) to study their possible involvement in leachates toxicity. no acute toxicity on the microtox and 48 h-daphnia magna tests was found in leachates collected over 18 months, but a high chronic toxicity was recorded on the reproduction of ceriodaphnia dubia (ec50-7d=0.31±0.07%) and on the algal growth of pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (ec50-72 ...201122018867
reproductive and behavioral responses of earthworms exposed to nano-sized titanium dioxide in soil.nanometer-sized titanium dioxide (nano-tio(2) ) is found in a number of commercial products; however, its effects on soil biota are largely unknown. in the present study, earthworms (eisenia andrei and eisenia fetida) were exposed to three types of commercially available, uncoated tio(2) nanomaterials with nominal diameters of 5, 10, and 21 nm. nanomaterials were characterized for particle size, agglomeration, surface charge, chemical composition, and purity. standard lethality, reproduction, an ...201221993953
transmission of a bacterial consortium in eisenia fetida egg capsules.the earthworm eisenia fetida harbours verminephrobacter eiseniae within their excretory nephridia. this symbiont is transferred from the parent into the egg capsules where the cells are acquired by the developing earthworm in a series of recruitment steps. previous studies defined v. eiseniae as the most abundant cell type in the egg capsules, leaving approximately 30% of the bacteria unidentified and of unknown origin. the study presented here used terminal restriction fragment length polymorph ...201021966919
effects of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene on the enzyme activities and ultrastructure of earthworm eisenia fetida.adult eisenia fetida earthworms were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene to assess the toxicity of contaminated soils. the lc₅₀ of 1,2,4-tcb at 7 and 14 d were 945±175 and 890±169 mg kg⁻¹. a lower dose of 1,2,4-tcb (25 mg g⁻¹) had stimulatory effects on sod and ache activities, but ache activities were significantly inhibited at higher treatment levels (100 and 400 mg g⁻¹). sod activities increased after 2, 7, and 14 d of exposure, but ache activities were significantl ...201221962413
purification and characterization of novel fibrinolytic proteases as potential antithrombotic agents from earthworm perionyx excavatus.six protease fractions, namely fi, fii, fiii-1, fiii-2, fiii-3 and fiv, were isolated from perionyx excavatus earthworm biomass by acetone precipitation, followed by serial chromatography using anion exchange, hydrophobic interaction and size exclusion chromatography. all fractions exhibited strong hydrolytic activity towards casein. the activity of six fractions towards fibrin, determined by fibrin plate assay, ranged from 44 to 831 plasmin unit.mg-1 and ranked as fiii-3 > fiii-2 > fi > fiii-1 ...201121961566
The presence of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) protein in earthworms Eisenia fetida has no deleterious effects on their growth and reproduction.Earthworms Eisenia fetida, bred in substances with stover of two genetically-engineered Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corns (5422Bt1 (Event Bt11) and 5422CBCL (MON810)) expressing Cry1Ab and their near-isogenic non-Bt corn (5422), were used to investigate the non-target effects of Bt corn on soil-dwelling organisms. Cry1Ab concentrations in substances, casts and guts of E. fetida were also investigated by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). More than 90% individuals of E. fetida survived ov ...201121955355
culture-based and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of the bacterial community structure from the intestinal tracts of earthworms(eisenia fetida).the bacterial communities in the intestinal tracts of earthworm were investigated by culture-dependent and - independent approaches. in total, 72 and 55 pure cultures were isolated from the intestinal tracts of earthworms under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. aerobic bacteria were classified as aeromonas (40%), bacillus (37%), photobacterium (10%), pseudomonas (7%), and shewanella (6%). anaerobic bacteria were classified as aeromonas (52%), bacillus (27%), shewanella (12%), paeni ...201121952364
gene expression analysis of 4 biomarker candidates in eisenia fetida exposed to an environmental metallic trace elements gradient: a microcosm study.past activities of 2 smelters (metaleurop nord and nyrstar) led to the accumulation of high amounts of metal trace elements (tes) in top soils of the noyelles-godault/auby area, northern france. earthworms were exposed to polluted soils collected in this area to study and better understand the physiological changes, the mechanisms of acclimation, and detoxification resulting from te exposure. previously we have cloned and transcriptionally characterized potential biomarkers from immune cells of ...201121937088
uptake and toxicity of spiked nickel to earthworm eisenia fetida in a range of chinese soils.bioavailability and toxicity of metals to soil organisms varies among different soils, and knowledge of this variance is useful for the development of soil environmental quality guidelines. in the present study, laboratory experiments were performed to investigate the effects of variations in nickel (ni) uptake and toxicity on growth, cocoon output, and juvenile production in the earthworm eisenia fetida in 13 chinese soils spiked with nickel chloride. body weight development of e. fetida was ra ...201121898557
cloning and identification of micrornas in earthworm (eisenia fetida).micrornas (mirnas) (noncoding rnas of 20-25 nucleotides) play important roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in various eukaryotes and prokaryotes. piwi-interacting rnas function by combining with piwi proteins to regulate protein synthesis and to stabilize mrna, the chromatin framework, and genome structure. this study investigates the role of mirnas in regeneration. a scrdna library was constructed, and 17 noncoding rnas from eisenia fetida (an optimal model for the ...201221874588
assessment of phenanthrene bioavailability in aged and unaged soils by mild extraction.it has become apparent that the threat of an organic pollutant in soil is directly related to its bioavailable fraction and that the use of total contaminant concentrations as a measure of potential contaminant exposure to plants or soil organisms is inappropriate. in light of this, non-exhaustive extraction techniques are being investigated to assess their appropriateness in determining bioavailability. to find a suitable and rapid extraction method to predict phenanthrene bioavailability, mult ...201221866434
metabolic responses of eisenia fetida after sub-lethal exposure to organic contaminants with different toxic modes of action.nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr)--based metabolomics has the potential to identify toxic responses of contaminants within a mixture in contaminated soil. this study evaluated the metabolic response of eisenia fetida after exposure to an array of organic compounds to determine whether contaminant-specific responses could be identified. the compounds investigated in contact tests included: two pesticides (carbaryl and chlorpyrifos), three pharmaceuticals (carbamazephine, estrone and caffeine), two ...201121856054
enhancement of rural domestic sewage treatment performance, and assessment of microbial community diversity and structure using tower vermifiltration.the performance of a novel three-stage vermifiltration (vf) system using the earthworm, eisenia fetida, for rural domestic wastewater treatment was studied during a 131-day period. the average removal efficiencies of the tower vf planted with penstemon campanulatus were as follows: chemical oxygen demand, 81.3%; ammonium, 98%; total nitrogen, 60.2%; total phosphorus, 98.4%; total nitrogen, mainly in the form of nitrate. soils played an important role in removing the organic matter. the three-sec ...201121852122
avoidance, weight loss, and cocoon production assessment for eisenia fetida exposed to c₆₀ in soil.eisenia fetida was used as a model terrestrial organism to assess the potential ecotoxicity of molecular pristine c₆₀ in soil. reproduction (assessed by counting cocoon numbers) was hindered only at very high c₆₀ concentrations (5% by weight), and c₆₀ (up to 1%) was not avoided and did not hinder earthworm growth. this suggests that e. fetida is unlikely to experience acute toxicity as a result of c₆₀ occurrence in soil. whether sublethal toxicity may decrease earthworm populations that are chro ...201121842489
influence of activated carbon amendment on the accumulation and elimination of pcbs in the earthworm eisenia fetida.in this study we investigated the use of activated carbon (ac) as a soil amendment for reducing bioavailability of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) to the earthworm eisenia fetida. artificial soil was contaminated with pcbs and used in bioaccumulation experiments fresh or after aging for 19 months. pcb bioaccumulation in earthworms was reduced by 68% when ac was placed as a layer without mixing and by 94% when ac was manually mixed into the soil. aging of the same ac mixed soil for 19 months res ...201121840094
comparing the sensitivity of soil invertebrates to pesticides with that of eisenia fetida.the sole routine testing of the standard earthworm eisenia fetida for the terrestrial risk assessment of pesticides has been under much debate since other soil invertebrates may be more sensitive than this standard test species. however, the very low availability of laboratory toxicity data for taxa other than e. fetida has greatly hampered sensitivity comparisons. in the present study, the relative tolerance (t(rel)) approach was used to enable comparing toxicity thresholds obtained from the us ...201121840031
using estimates of metal bioavailability in the soil and genetic variation of allozymes to investigate heavy metal tolerance in the earthworm eisenia fetida (oligochaeta).in a recent study, we showed that the earthworm species eisenia fetida, inhabiting an extremely high metal polluted compost heap on a wine farm, did not have elevated body loads of the metals but exhibited genotoxic tolerance when exposed to cd in the laboratory (voua otomo and reinecke, 2010). to unravel the mechanism behind the surprisingly low metal body burdens on one hand and genotoxic tolerance on the other hand, we investigated the estimated bioavailability of these metals (cu, zn, pb and ...201121831430
induction and repair of dna strand breaks and oxidised bases in somatic and spermatogenic cells from the earthworm eisenia fetida after exposure to ionising radiation.methods for analysing oxidised dna lesions [formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (fpg)-sensitive sites] in coelomocytes and spermatogenic cells from the earthworm eisenia fetida using the fpg-modified comet assay were established. the dna integrity (ssbs = strand breaks plus alkali labile sites and fpg-sensitive sites) in cells from e. fetida continuously exposed to (60)co gamma-radiation (dose rates 0.18-43 mgy/h) during two subsequent generations (f0 and f1) were measured and related to effects on ...201121825113
use of organic amendments as a bioremediation strategy to reduce the bioavailability of chlorpyrifos insecticide in soils. effects on soil biology.the sorption capacity of both an organic municipal solid waste by-product (msw) and a cow manure (cm) in a soil polluted with chlorpyrifos, as well as its effect on soil microbial activity, and weight, reproductive parameters and glutathione-s-transferase activity of two earthworm species (eisenia fetida and lumbricus terrestris) were studied. chlorpyrifos was added at the recommended application rate (5lha(-1); 768mg chlorpyrifos kg(-1)) and treated with msw at a rate of 10% and cm at a rate of ...201121813178
toxicity of sodium tungstate to earthworm, oat, radish, and lettuce.due to unknown effects of the potential exposure of the terrestrial environment to tungsten substances, a series of toxicity studies of sodium tungstate (na(2) wo(4) ) was conducted. the effect on earthworm (eisenia fetida) survival and reproduction was examined using organisation for economic co-operation and development (oecd) guideline 222. no effect on either endpoint was seen at the highest concentration tested, resulting in a 56-d no-observed-effect concentration (noec) of ≥586 mg tungsten ...201121805499
earthworms use odor cues to locate and feed on microorganisms in soil.earthworms are key components of temperate soil ecosystems but key aspects of their ecology remain unexamined. here we elucidate the role of olfactory cues in earthworm attraction to food sources and document specific chemical cues that attract eisenia fetida to the soil fungi geotrichum candidum. fungi and other microorganisms are major sources of volatile emissions in soil ecosystems as well as primary food sources for earthworms, suggesting the likelihood that earthworms might profitably use ...201121799756
individual and combined toxic effects of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos on earthworm.toxicities were assessed for a pyrethroid (cypermethrin) and an organophosphate insecticide (chlorpyrifos) individually and in combination. a series of tests were conducted on different responses (acute, chronic, behavioral) of earthworms of species eisenia fetida andrei in the ecological risk assessment of these pesticides. the results showed that the toxicity of the mixture of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos was significantly higher than either of these pesticides individually, especially on the ...201121793412
multilevel ecotoxicity assessment of polycyclic musk in the earthworm eisenia fetida using traditional and molecular endpoints.the ecotoxicity assessment of galaxolide (hhcb) and tonalide (ahtn) was investigated in the earthworm eisenia fetida using traditional and novel molecular endpoints. the median lethal concentration (lc(50)) for 7-day and 14-day exposures was 573.2 and 436.3 µg g(-1) for ahtn, and 489.0 and 392.4 µg g(-1) for hhcb, respectively. there was no observed significant effect on the growth rate of e. fetida after a 28-day exposure except that at the highest concentration (100 µg g(-1)) of ahtn and hhcb, ...201121789675
toxic effects of enrofloxacin on growth rate and catalase activity in eisenia fetida.enrofloxacin (eflx) has been proven effective against both gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms and used widely in animal husbandry. it may enter the soil environment with the excreta of treated animals. the aim of this study is to determine the toxicity of eflx on the whole earthworms as well as its different tissues. earthworms of eisenia fetida were exposed to eflx at 0, 500, 1000, 3000, and 5000mg/kg concentrations; samples were taken at days 2, 7, and 14 of exposure for determinat ...200821783907
building quantitative prediction models for tissue residue of two explosives compounds in earthworms from microarray gene expression data.soil contamination near munitions plants and testing grounds is a serious environmental concern that can result in the formation of tissue chemical residue in exposed animals. quantitative prediction of tissue residue still represents a challenging task despite long-term interest and pursuit, as tissue residue formation is the result of many dynamic processes including uptake, transformation, and assimilation. the availability of high-dimensional microarray gene expression data presents a new op ...201221776976
impact of imidacloprid residues on the development of eisenia fetida during vermicomposting of greenhouse plant waste.pesticide application in agriculture causes residues in post-harvest plant waste at different concentrations. knowledge concerning how pesticide concentrations in such waste affect earthworms is essential for recycling greenhouse plant debris through vermicomposting. here, we have evaluated the effects of imidacloprid (imd) residues on earthworms (eisenia fetida) during the vermicomposting of plant waste from greenhouse crops in spain. before, the effect of different imd concentrations on earthw ...201121775059
cloning and characterization of a modular gh5 ß-1,4-mannanase with high specific activity from the fibrolytic bacterium cellulosimicrobium sp. strain hy-13.the gene (1272-bp) encoding a ß-1,4-mannanase from a gut bacterium of eisenia fetida, cellulosimicrobium sp. strain hy-13 was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. the recombinant ß-1,4-mannanase (rmanh) was approximately 44.0kda and has a catalytic gh5 domain that is 65% identical to that of the micromonospora sp. ß-1,4-mannosidase. the enzyme exhibited the highest catalytic activity toward mannans at 50°c and ph 6.0. rmanh displayed a high specific activity of 14,711 and 8498iumg(-1) towar ...201121767948
ecotoxicological assessment of tio2 byproducts on the earthworm eisenia fetida.the increasing production of nanomaterials will in turn increase the release of nanosized byproducts to the environment. the aim of this study was to evaluate the behaviour, uptake and ecotoxicity of tio(2) byproducts in the earthworm eisenia fetida. worms were exposed to suspensions containing 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/l of byproducts for 24 h. size of tio(2) byproducts showed aggregation of particles up to 700 μm with laser diffraction. only worms exposed at 10 mg/l showed bioaccumulation of titanium ( ...201121726923
enantiomer-specific toxicity and bioaccumulation of alpha-cypermethrin to earthworm eisenia fetida.alpha-cypermethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid, is highly effective against a wide range of chewing and sucking insects in crops, and it is a racemic mixture of two enantiomers ((+)-1r-cis-αs+(-)-1s-cis-αr). studies about the toxicity of alpha-cypermethrin to non-target organisms are mainly focused on aquatic organisms, whereas information regarding terrestrial organisms is relatively much less. very little report about its enantioselective toxicity is known, so the present study tested the enantiom ...201121724328
vermicomposting of tannery sludge mixed with cattle dung into valuable manure using earthworm eisenia fetida (savigny).the present study revealed the role of earthworm in converting tannery sludge into a valuable product. tannery sludge was toxic to earthworm, therefore it was mixed with cattle dung in different proportions viz. 0:100 (t(0)), 10:90 (t(10)), 25:75 (t(25)), 50:50 (t(50)) and 75:25 (t(75)) on dry weight basis. the minimum mortality and highest population buildup of worms was in t(0) mixture. nitrogen, sodium, phosphorus and ph increased from initial in the range of 7.3-66.6%, 16.90-70.58%, 8.57-44. ...201121676611
interaction between density and cu toxicity for enchytraeus crypticus and eisenia fetida reflecting field scenarios.effect assessment is usually based on responses obtained from standard tests, in which organisms are well fed and in an optimal population density. for a more thorough assessment of ecotoxicological risk, information is needed for chemical effects in systems that closer reflect the potential exposure in the field systems. responses measured in standard density experiments do not fully reflect the field scenario, where populations' size fluctuate with environmental conditions, leading to very low ...201121652008
on site domestic organic waste treatment through vermitechnology using indigenous earthworm species.in india the exotic epigeic species, eisenia fetida is mostly used for vermicomposting. the introduction of exotic species into local bio system may affect the indigenous earthworm species population. a comparative study between exotic species (eisenia fetida) and indigenous species perionyx sansibaricus and perionyx excavates was performed to determine the potential of indigenous species of the area vis-à-vis the exotic species for composting of domestic organic waste blended with cattle manure ...201121628345
1h nmr-based metabolomics of time-dependent responses of eisenia fetida to sub-lethal phenanthrene exposure.(1)h nmr-based metabolomics was used to examine the response of the earthworm eisenia fetida after exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of phenanthrene over time. earthworms were exposed to 0.025 mg/cm(2) of phenanthrene (1/64th of the lc(50)) via contact tests over four days. earthworm tissues were extracted using a mixture of chloroform, methanol and water, resulting in polar and non-polar fractions that were analyzed by (1)h nmr after one, two, three and four days. nmr-based metabolomic anal ...201121620543
simultaneous immobilization of lead and atrazine in contaminated soils using dairy-manure biochar.biochar produced from waste biomass is increasingly being recognized as a green, cost-effective amendment for environmental remediation. this work was to determine the ability of biochar to immobilize heavy metal pb and organic pesticide atrazine in contaminated soils. biochar prepared from dairy manure was incubated with contaminated soils at rates of 0, 2.5, and 5.0% by weight for 210 d. a commercial activated carbon (ac) was included as a comparison. the ac was effective in immobilizing atraz ...201121542567
conserved toxic responses across divergent phylogenetic lineages: a meta-analysis of the neurotoxic effects of rdx among multiple species using toxicogenomics.at military training sites, a variety of pollutants such as hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (rdx), may contaminate the area originating from used munitions. studies investigating the mechanism of toxicity of rdx have shown that it affects the central nervous system causing seizures in humans and animals. environmental pollutants such as rdx have the potential to affect many different species, therefore it is important to establish how phylogenetically distant species may respond to these ...201121516383
effect of complexation on the accumulation and elimination kinetics of cadmium and ciprofloxacin in the earthworm eisenia fetida.land application of solid wastes leads to the accumulation of both metals and antimicrobials in soils. to understand the effects of metal and antibiotic interaction on their accumulation by the earthworm eisenia fetida, uptake and elimination kinetics and subcellular distribution of cadmium (cd) and ciprofloxacin (cip) were determined. the kinetics was accurately described by a one-compartment first-order kinetic model. bioaccumulation kinetics and subcellular distribution of cip were not affect ...201121513268
susceptibility of epigeic earthworm eisenia fetida to agricultural application of six insecticides.ecotoxicological risks of agricultural application of six insecticides to soil organisms were evaluated by acute toxicity tests under laboratory condition following oecd guidelines using the epigeic earthworm eisenia fetida as the test organism. the organochlorine insecticide endosulfan (lc(50) - 0.002 mg kg(-1)) and the carbamate insecticides aldicarb (lc(50) - 9.42 mg kg(-1)) and carbaryl (lc(50) - 14.81 mg kg(-1)) were found ecologically most dangerous because lc(50) values of these insectici ...201121489602
avoidance behaviour of eisenia fetida to carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, mancozeb and metamidophos in natural soils from the highlands of colombia.earthworm avoidance behaviour test is an important screening tool in soil eco-toxicology. this test has been developed and validated under north american and european conditions. however, little research has been performed on the avoidance test in the tropics. this work demonstrates the potential suitability of the avoidance behaviour test as screening method in the highlands of colombia using eisenia fetida as the bio-indicator species on contaminated soils with carbofuran and chlorpyrifos. tho ...201121489597
bioavailability of cobalt and silver nanoparticles to the earthworm eisenia fetida.due to difficulties in tracing engineered nanoparticles (enps) in complex media, there are few data on the exposure of soil biota to enps. this study used neutron activated cobalt (co nps) and silver (ag nps) nanoparticles, as well as soluble cobalt and silver salts, to assess the uptake, excretion and biodistribution in the earthworm eisenia fetida. concentrations of cobalt in worms after four weeks exposure reached 88% and 69% of the co ions and co nps concentrations in food, respectively, whi ...201221486186
hydroxyl radical generation and oxidative stress in earthworms (eisenia fetida) exposed to decabromodiphenyl ether (bde-209).antioxidant responses induced by decabromodiphenyl ether (bde-209) in the earthworms (eisenia fetida) were studied after 7 days of exposure. electron paramagnetic resonance (epr) spectra indicated that hydroxyl radicals (•oh) in earthworms were significantly induced by 0.01-10 mg/kg of bde-209. malondialdehyde (mda) and protein carbonyl (pco) were stimulated at 0.5-10 mg/kg and 1-10 mg/kg, respectively. the reduced glutathione (gsh) was inhibited at 1-10 mg/kg while oxidized glutathione (gssg) a ...201121424720
1h nmr metabolomics of earthworm responses to polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) exposure in soil.(1)h nmr-based metabolomics was used to examine the metabolic profile of d(2)o-buffer extracted tissues of eisenia fetida earthworms exposed for 2 days to an artificial soil spiked with sub-lethal concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) (0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, or 25 mg/kg aroclor 1254). univariate statistical analysis of the identified metabolites revealed a significant increase in atp concentration in earthworms exposed to the highest soil pcb concentration, but detected no significant ch ...201121424327
effect of enzyme producing microorganisms on the biomass of epigeic earthworms (eisenia fetida) in vermicompost.we analyzed the bacterial community structure of the intestines of earthworms and determined the effect of enzyme producing microorganisms on the biomass of earthworms in vermicompost. fifty-seven bacterial 16s rdna clones were identified in the intestines of earthworms by using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (pcr-dgge) analysis. entomoplasma somnilux and bacillus licheniformis were the dominant microorganisms; other strains included aeromonas, bacillus, clostr ...201121421302
influence of plant-earthworm interactions on som chemistry and p,p'-dde bioaccumulation.laboratory experiments assessed how bioaccumulation of weathered p,p'-dde from soil and humic acid (ha) chemistry are affected by interactions between the plants cucurbita pepo ssp. pepo and ssp. ovifera and the earthworms eisenia fetida, lumbricus terrestris, and apporectodea caliginosa. total organochlorine phytoextraction by ssp. pepo increased at least 25% in the presence of any of the earthworm species (relative to plants grown in isolation). uptake of the compound by ssp. ovifera was unaff ...201121421253
a comparison of multiple esterases as biomarkers of organophosphate exposure and effect in two earthworm species.two different earthworm species, eisenia fetida and lumbricus terrestris, were exposed to 5 μg/cm(2) of malathion to evaluate their usefulness as sentinels of organophosphate exposure and to assess three different esterases, as biomarkers of malathion exposure and effect. tissue xenobiotic burdens and esterase activity were determined for each species and each esterase in order to assess variability. e. fetida exhibited 4-fold less variability in tissue burdens than did l. terrestris and had les ...201121404045
toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles in the earthworm, eisenia fetida and subcellular fractionation of zn.the extensive use of nanoparticles (nps) in a variety of applications has raised great concerns about their environmental fate and biological effects. this study examined the impact of dissolved organic matter (dom) and salts on zno np dispersion/solubility and toxicity to the earthworm eisenia fetida. to be able to better evaluate the toxicity of nps, exposure in agar and on filter paper was proposed for enabling a comparison of the importance of different uptake routes. a dose-related increase ...201121402408
vermicomposting--an effective tool for the management of invasive weed parthenium hysterophorus.this study reports the results of vermicomposting with eisenia fetida of parthenium hysterophorus mixed with cow dung in different ratios (25%, 50% and 75%) in a 18 weeks experiment. in all the treatments, a decrease in ph, oc(total) and c:n ratio, but increase in ec, n(total), p(aval), ca(total), k(total) and heavy metals was recorded. the cocoons production and growth rate (biomass gain worm(-1) day(-1)) were maximum in 100% cow dung. the results indicated that parthenium can be a raw material ...201121392980
vermicomposting of source-separated human faeces by eisenia fetida: effect of stocking density on feed consumption rate, growth characteristics and vermicompost production.the main objective of the present study was to determine the optimum stocking density for feed consumption rate, biomass growth and reproduction of earthworm eisenia fetida as well as determining and characterising vermicompost quantity and product, respectively, during vermicomposting of source-separated human faeces. for this, a number of experiments spanning up to 3 months were conducted using soil and vermicompost as support materials. stocking density in the range of 0.25-5.00 kg/m(2) was e ...201121377345
an enzyme from the earthworm eisenia fetida is not only a protease but also a deoxyribonuclease.the earthworm enzyme eisenia fetida protease-iii-1 (efp-iii-1) is known as a trypsin-like protease which is localized in the alimentary canal of the earthworm. here, we show that efp-iii-1 also acts as a novel deoxyribonuclease. unlike most dnases, this earthworm enzyme recognizes 5'-phosphate dsdna (5'p dna) and degrades it without sequence specificity, but does not recognize 5'oh dna. as is the case for most dnases, mg(2+) was observed to markedly enhance the dnase activity of efp-iii-1. wheth ...201121362403
ecotoxicological responses of the earthworm eisenia fetida exposed to soil contaminated with hhcb.although polycyclic musks have been shown to cause lethal and sub-lethal effects on organisms, their biochemical toxicity to earthworms is not well understood. in the current study, we investigated the responses of antioxidant systems and lipid peroxidation after exposing eisenia fetida to soil contaminated with 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethyl-cyclopenta-?-2-benzopyran (hhcb). significant increase in lipid peroxidation level was observed on day 14 at two high concentrations, 50 and ...201121334043
evaluation of the effectiveness of various amendments on trace metals stabilization by chemical and biological methods.we evaluated the effects of five different kinds of amendments on heavy metals stabilization. the five amendments were: zero valent iron, limestone, acid mine drainage treatment sludge, bone mill, and bottom ash. to determine bioavailability of the heavy metals, different chemical extraction procedures were used such as, extraction with (ca(no(3))(2), dtpa; toxic characteristic leaching procedure (tclp), physiologically based extraction test (pbet) that simulates gastric juice, and sequential ex ...201121333442
natural variability and correlations in the metabolic profile of healthy eisenia fetida earthworms observed using ¹h nmr metabolomics.¹h nmr metabolomics can be used to assess the sub-lethal toxicity of contaminants to earthworms by identifying alterations in the metabolic profiles of contaminant- exposed earthworms in contrast to those of healthy (control) individuals. in support of this method this study sought to better characterize the baseline metabolic profile of healthy, mature earthworms of the species, eisenia fetida, which is recommended for both acute and sub-lethal toxicity testing for soil contaminants. profiles o ...201121316730
suitability of lysosomal membrane stability in eisenia fetida as biomarker of soil copper contamination.accumulated metals in soils negatively affect dwelling organisms. earthworms, which are widespread and perform various essential functions, are able to accumulate metals that can damage the coelomic cells. the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect on eisenia fetida lysosomal membrane stability both during and after copper exposure, and finally to link this to internal concentrations. e. fetida specimens were exposed to a reference soil and two cu-spiked soils (35 and 350 mg kg(-1) d.w.) fo ...201121296422
effects of phenanthrene on the mortality, growth, and anti-oxidant system of earthworms (eisenia fetida) under laboratory conditions.to assess the toxic effects of phenanthrene on earthworms, we exposed eisenia fetida to artificial soils supplemented with different concentrations (0.5, 2.5, 12.5, mgkg(-1) soil) of phenanthrene. the residual phenanthrene in the soil, the bioaccumulation of phenanthrene in earthworms, and the subsequent effects of phenanthrene on growth, anti-oxidant enzyme activities, and lipid peroxidation (lpo) were determined. the degradation rate of low concentrations of phenanthrene was faster than it was ...201121296377
accumulation of 14c-trinitrotoluene and related nonextractable (bound) residues in eisenia fetida.to determine if trinitrotoluene (tnt) forms nonextractable residues in earthworms and to measure the relative degree of accumulation as compared to tnt and its deaminated metabolites, eisenia fetida was exposed to 14c-tnt using dermal contact to filter paper or exposure to soil. nonextractable residues made up 32-68% of total body burden depending on exposure media and depuration time. parent tnt accounted for less than 3% of radioactivity, while adnts accounted for 7-38%. elimination half-lives ...201121295392
aporrectodea caliginosa, a suitable earthworm species for field based genotoxicity assessment?there is a growing interest for the application of biomakers to field-collected earthworms. therefore we have evaluated the usability of native populations of endogeic, widely distributed earthworm aporrectodea caliginosa in the assessment of soil genotoxicity using the comet assay. validation of the comet assay on earthworm coelomocytes has been established using commercially available eisenia fetida exposed to copper, cadmium, and pentachlorophenol, along with a. caliginosa exposed to copper i ...201121292364
effects of particle size on chemical speciation and bioavailability of copper to earthworms (eisenia fetida) exposed to copper nanoparticles.to investigate the role of particle size on the oxidation, bioavailability, and adverse effects of manufactured cu nanoparticles (nps) in soils, we exposed the earthworm eisenia ferida to a series of concentrations of commercially produced nps labeled as 20- to 40-nm or < 100-nm cu in artificial soil media. effects on growth, mortality, reproduction, and expression of a variety of genes associated with metal homeostasis, general stress, and oxidative stress were measured. we also used x-ray abso ...201321284291
acute toxicity, biochemical and gene expression responses of the earthworm eisenia fetida exposed to polycyclic musks.ahtn (tonalide) and hhcb (galaxolide) are recognized as ubiquitous contaminants in soil and have potential adverse impacts on soil organisms. the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of ahtn and hhcb on the earthworm (eisenia fetida) as an important soil animal with attention to the acute toxicity, biochemical and transcriptional changes of representative antioxidant enzymatic (sod, cat) and stress-response gene (hsp70). the 48 h-lc(50) value was 20.76 µg cm(-2) for ahtn and 11.87 µg ...201121281957
changes in fungal population of fly ash and vinasse mixture during vermicomposting by eudrilus eugeniae and eisenia fetida: documentation of cellulase isozymes in vermicompost.fly ash (fa) and vinasse (vn), two industrial wastes, are generated in huge amounts and cause serious hazards to the environment. in this experiment, different proportions of these two wastes were used as food for two epigeic earthworms (eisenia fetida and eudrilus eugeniae) to standardize the recycling technique of these two wastes and to study their effect on fungal especially cellulolytic fungal population, cellulase activity and their isozyme pattern, chitin content and microbial biomass of ...201121277188
using deuterated pah amendments to validate chemical extraction methods to predict pah bioavailability in soils.validating chemical methods to predict bioavailable fractions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) by comparison with accumulation bioassays is problematic. concentrations accumulated in soil organisms not only depend on the bioavailable fraction but also on contaminant properties. a historically contaminated soil was freshly spiked with deuterated pahs (dpahs). dpahs have a similar fate to their respective undeuterated analogues, so chemical methods that give good indications of bioavaila ...201121236537
evidence for avoidance of ag nanoparticles by earthworms (eisenia fetida).silver nanoparticles have been incorporated into a wide variety of consumer products, ideally acting as antimicrobial agents. silver exposure has long been known to cause toxic effects to a wide variety of organisms, making large scale production of silver nanoparticles a potential hazard to environmental systems. here we describe the first evidence that an organism may be able to sense manufactured nanoparticles in a complex, environmentally relevant exposure and that the presence of nanopartic ...201121229389
changes in microbial community structure and function during vermicomposting of pig slurry.most studies investigating the effects of earthworms on microorganisms have focused on the changes before and after vermicomposting rather than those that occur throughout the process. in the present study, we designed continuous feeding reactors in which new layers of pig slurry (1.5 and 3 kg) were added sequentially to form an age gradient inside the reactors in order to evaluate the impact of the earthworm species eisenia fetida on microbial community structure and function. the activity of e ...201021220200
differential expression of genes in the earthworm eisenia fetida following exposure to escherichia coli o157:h7.in this study, suppression subtractive hybridization was used to construct forward and reverse cdna libraries to identify genes involved in the response of eisenia fetida after exposure to escherichia coli o157:h7. we cloned 1428 cdnas or expressed sequence tags (ests), of which 738 were confirmed to be differentially expressed on dot blotting analysis. a total of 394 good-quality ests (genbank dbest accession numbers ho001170-ho001563) were obtained from the raw clone sequences after cleaning. ...201021187111
analysis of genetic diversity in earthworms using dna markers.earthworms are one of the most important and beneficial macrofauna, and are used extensively in organic farming. earthworms mediate soil biological regulation systems, and produce biogenic structures. they help to maintain soil structure, water infiltration, and regulate the availability of nutrients assimilated by plants. the objectives of this study were to perform morphological and molecular characterizations of 24 earthworm individuals collected from geographically diverse locations to asses ...201121186943
design, validation and annotation of transcriptome-wide oligonucleotide probes for the oligochaete annelid eisenia fetida.high density oligonucleotide probe arrays have increasingly become an important tool in genomics studies. in organisms with incomplete genome sequence, one strategy for oligo probe design is to reduce the number of unique probes that target every non-redundant transcript through bioinformatic analysis and experimental testing. here we adopted this strategy in making oligo probes for the earthworm eisenia fetida, a species for which we have sequenced transcriptome-scale expressed sequence tags (e ...201021170345
changes in microbial and nutrient composition associated with rumen content compost incubation.physico-chemical and microbiological investigations were carried out on rumen content material composted for nine months, fresh vermicasts (obtained after passing the same compost through the guts of a mixture of three species of earthworms: eisenia fetida, lumbricus rubellus and perionyx excavates) and microbially enhanced extracts derived from rumen compost, vermicast and vermicast leachate incubated for up to 48 h. compared to composted rumen contents, vermicast was only improved in terms of ...201121169013
optimizing vermistabilization of waste activated sludge using vermicompost as bulking material.an integrated composting-vermicomposting system has been developed for stabilization of waste activated sludge (was) using matured vermicompost as bulking material and eisenia fetida as earthworm species. composting was considered as the main processing unit and vermicomposting as polishing unit. the integrated system was optimized by successive recycling and mixing of bulking material with was during composting and examining the effects of environmental condition (i.e. temperature: 10-30°c and ...201121145224
effect of silver nanoparticle surface coating on bioaccumulation and reproductive toxicity in earthworms (eisenia fetida).the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of surface coating on the toxicity of silver nanoparticles (ag nps) soil. earthworms (eisenia fetida) were exposed to agno(3) and ag nps with similar size ranges coated with either polyvinylpyrrolidone (hydrophilic) or oleic acid (amphiphilic) during a standard sub-chronic reproduction toxicity test. no significant effects on growth or mortality were observed within any of the test treatments. significant decreases in reproduction were seen ...201121142839
analysis of earthworm eisenia fetida proteomes during cadmium exposure: an ecotoxicoproteomics approach.identification of differential proteomic responses to cadmium (cd) would provide a means for better understanding the survival mechanisms of the earthworm, eisenia fetida, living in a cd-polluted environment, and the stress responses can be assessed by ecotoxiptoromics approaches. extracts of whole earthworm collected at days 7, 14, 21, and 28 after cd exposure were analyzed by 2-de and quantitative image analysis. in total, 143 proteins demonstrated significant regulation in at least at one tim ...201021136600
limit-test toxicity screening of selected inorganic nanoparticles to the earthworm eisenia fetida.the toxicity of a range of inorganic (ag, cu, ni, al(2)o(3), sio(2), tio(2) and zro(2)) nanoparticles (np) and their corresponding metal salt or bulk metal oxide were screened for toxicity toward the earthworm eisenia fetida using the limit-test design (1000 mg/kg). this study provides the first ecotoxicological life history trait data on earthworms for each these nps, as well as for agno(3), al(2)o(3), sio(2), tio(2) and zro(2). significant effects were observed on survival for agno(3) (2.5% of ...201121120603
application of organic wastes on a benzo(a)pyrene polluted soil. response of soil biochemical properties and role of eisenia fetida.in this paper we studied the bioremediation effects of a soil artificially contaminated by benzo(a)pyrene with and without two organic wastes (organic municipal solid waste, msw, and poultry manure, pm) and with and without worms (eisenia fetida) over 90 days. for the organic treatments, soil samples were mixed with msw at a rate of 10% or pm at a rate of 7.6%, in order to apply the same amount of organic matter to the soil. an unamended and non-polluted soil was used as control. cellulase and g ...201121112089
terrestrial toxicity evaluation of decabromodiphenyl ethane on organisms from three trophic levels.decabromodiphenyl ethane (dbdp-ethane) was evaluated for its potential to effect sewage sludge respiration, soil nitrification, survival and reproduction in eisenia fetida, and seedling emergence and growth in zea mays, lolium perenne, glycine max, allium cepa, lycopersicon esculentum, and cucumis sativa. the no observed effect concentrations (noecs) were identified at the limit concentration level for sewage sludge respiration (>10 mg dbdp-ethane/kg dry soil), >2500 mg/kg dry soil for soil nitr ...201121111479
the effects of the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin on the earthworm eisenia fetida under experimental conditions of tropical and temperate regions.plant protection products can affect soil organisms and thus might have negative impacts on soil functions. little research has been performed on their impact on tropical soils. therefore, the effects of the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin on earthworms were evaluated in acute and chronic laboratory tests modified for tropical conditions, i.e. at selected temperatures (20 and 28°c) and with two strains (temperate and tropical) of the compost worm eisenia fetida. the insecticide was spiked in two ...201121106283
recycling of organic wastes by employing eisenia fetida.this paper reports the recycling of nutrients by vermicomposting of cow dung (cd), poultry droppings (pd) and food industry sludge (fis) employing earthworms (eisenia fetida). a total of six vermicomposting units were established and dynamics of chemical and biological parameters has been studied for 13 weeks. the waste mixture containing 50% cd+25% pd+25% fis had better fertilizer value among studied waste combinations. at the end of experiment, vermicomposts showed decrease in ph and organic c ...201021078553
bioaccumulation of 14c60 by the earthworm eisenia fetida.carbon fullerenes, including buckminsterfullerene (c(60)), are increasingly available for numerous applications, thus increasing the likelihood of environmental release. this calls for information about their bioavailability and bioaccumulation potential. in this study, (14)c-labeled c(60) and (14)c-phenanthrene (positive control) were added separately to soils of varying composition and organic carbon content (oc), and their bioaccumulation in the earthworm eisenia fetida was compared. biota-se ...201021049992
a comparative study of synchronous treatment of sewage and sludge by two vermifiltrations using an epigeic earthworm eisenia fetida.reduction and stabilization of sewage sludge during the clarification of municipal wastewater was synchronously shown to be improved significantly in a pilot-scale vermifiltration using an epigeic earthworm eisenia fetida. the present study aimed to select a better filter media suited to vermifiltration performance by the comparisons of sludge yields, the characteristics of the by-products of vermifiltration-vermicast and the abrasions of earthworms between ceramsite and quartz sand. it was obse ...201121041027
vermistabilization of primary sewage sludge.an integrated composting-vermicomposting process has been developed for utilization of primary sewage sludge (pss). matured vermicompost was used as bulking material and a source of active microbial culture during aerobic activated composting (aac). aac resulted in sufficient enrichment of bulking material with organic matter after 20 cycles of recycling and mixing with pss and produced materials acceptable for vermicomposting. vermicomposting caused significant reduction in ph, volatile solids ...201121036608
effects of biochar and the earthworm eisenia fetida on the bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and potentially toxic elements.polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) and potentially toxic elements (ptes) were monitored over 56 days in calcareous contaminated-soil amended with either or both biochar and eisenia fetida. biochar reduced total (449 to 306 mg kg(-1)) and bioavailable (cyclodextrin extractable) (276 to 182 mg kg(-1)) pahs, pah concentrations in e. fetida (up to 45%) but also earthworm weight. earthworms increased pah bioavailability by >40%. combined treatment results were similar to the biochar-only treatme ...201121035930
toxicity and bioaccumulation of biosolids-borne triclocarban (tcc) in terrestrial organisms.triclocarban (tcc) toxicity and bioaccumulation data are primarily limited to direct human and animal dermal exposures, animal ingestion exposures to neat and feed-spiked tcc, and/or aquatic organism exposures. three non-human, terrestrial organism groups anticipated to be the most highly exposed to land-applied, biosolids-borne tcc are soil microbes, earthworms, and plants. the three ecological receptors are expected to be at particular risk due to unique modes of exposure (e.g. constant, direc ...201021035164
in silico identification of conserved micrornas and their target transcripts from expressed sequence tags of three earthworm species.micrornas are a recently identified class of small regulatory rnas that target more than 30% protein-coding genes. elevating evidence shows that mirnas play a critical role in many biological processes, including developmental timing, tissue differentiation, and response to chemical exposure. in this study, we applied a computational approach to analyze expressed sequence tags, and identified 32 mirnas belonging to 22 mirna families, in three earthworm species eisenia fetida, eisenia andrei, and ...201021030313
accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hexabromobenzene, and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane in earthworm (eisenia fetida). effects of soil type and aging.in the present study the accumulation potentials in earthworms (eisenia fetida) of selected brominated flame retardants (bfrs) were investigated. the tested bfrs, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes), hexabromobenzene (hbb), and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (tbech), were found to be bioavailable to eisenia fetida, and they accumulated in the earthworms. to our knowledge, this is the first published study to address the bioaccumulation potential of tbech in terrestrial ...201021028802
optimization of cow dung spiked pre-consumer processing vegetable waste for vermicomposting using eisenia fetida.this paper reports the optimization of cow dung (cd) spiked pre-consumer processing vegetable waste (ppvw) for vermicomposting using eisenia fetida in a laboratory scale study. vermicomposting process decreased carbon and organic matter concentration and increased n, p and k content in the vermicompost. the c:n ratio was decreased by 45-69% in different vermireactors indicating stabilization of the waste. the heavy metal content was within permissible limits of their application in agricultural ...201020951432
toxicity and transformation of insecticide fenamiphos to the earthworm eisenia fetida.this study was conducted to investigate the toxicity of the organophosphate insecticide fenamiphos to earthworms (eisenia fetida) under laboratory conditions. earthworms were exposed to soils differing in their physico-chemical properties spiked with fenamiphos at concentrations ranging from 10 to 200 mg kg(-1) for a period of 4 weeks. residues of fenamiphos and its metabolites were determined in both soils and earthworms after 4 weeks of pesticide exposure. fenamiphos was degraded faster in the ...201120882337
evidence for bioavailability of au nanoparticles from soil and biodistribution within earthworms (eisenia fetida).because au nanoparticles (nps) are resistant to oxidative dissolution and are easily detected, they have been used as stable probes for the behavior of nanomaterials within biological systems. previous studies provide somewhat limited evidence for bioavailability of au nps in food webs, because the spatial distribution within tissues and the speciation of au was not determined. in this study, we provide multiple lines of evidence, including orthogonal microspectroscopic techniques, as well as ev ...201020879765
comparative proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins in the earthworm eisenia fetida during escherichia coli o157:h7 stress.escherichia coli o157:h7 is an intestine-inhabiting bacterium associated with many severe disease outbreaks worldwide. it may enter the soil environment with the excreta of infected animals (e.g., horses, cattle, chickens) and humans. earthworms can protect themselves against invading pathogens because of their efficient innate defense system. identification of differential proteomic responses to e. coli o157:h7 may provide a better understanding of the survival mechanisms of the earthworm eisen ...201020863058
surfactant-facilitated remediation of metal-contaminated soils: efficacy and toxicological consequences to earthworms.the effectiveness of surfactant formulations to remove aged metals from a field soil and their influence on soil toxicity was investigated. batch studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of cationic (1-dodecylpyridinium chloride; dpc), nonionic (oleyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride; trade name ammonyx kp), and anionic (rhamnolipid biosurfactant blend; trade name jbr-425) surfactants for extracting zn, cu, pb, and cd from a soil subjected to more than 80 years of metal deposition. all t ...201120853447
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