Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| a structure-based classification of class a β-lactamases, a broadly diverse family of enzymes. | for medical biologists, sequencing has become a commonplace technique to support diagnosis. rapid changes in this field have led to the generation of large amounts of data, which are not always correctly listed in databases. this is particularly true for data concerning class a β-lactamases, a group of key antibiotic resistance enzymes produced by bacteria. many genomes have been reported to contain putative β-lactamase genes, which can be compared with representative types. we analyzed several ... | 2016 | 26511485 |
| a structure-based classification of class a β-lactamases, a broadly diverse family of enzymes. | for medical biologists, sequencing has become a commonplace technique to support diagnosis. rapid changes in this field have led to the generation of large amounts of data, which are not always correctly listed in databases. this is particularly true for data concerning class a β-lactamases, a group of key antibiotic resistance enzymes produced by bacteria. many genomes have been reported to contain putative β-lactamase genes, which can be compared with representative types. we analyzed several ... | 2016 | 26511485 |
| a comprehensive review of the nasal microbiome in chronic rhinosinusitis (crs). | chronic rhinosinusitis (crs) has been known as a disease with strong infectious and inflammatory components for decades. the recent advancement in methods identifying microbes has helped implicate the airway microbiome in inflammatory respiratory diseases such as asthma and copd. such studies support a role of resident microbes in both health and disease of host tissue, especially in the case of inflammatory mucosal diseases. identifying interactive events between microbes and elements of the im ... | 2016 | 26510171 |
| incidences and influences of device-associated healthcare-associated infections in a pediatric intensive care unit in japan: a retrospective surveillance study. | device-associated healthcare-associated infections (da-hais) are a major problem in pediatric intensive care units (picus). however, there are no data available regarding the incidences of da-hais in picus in japan and their influences on length of picu stay and mortality. the objective of this study was to investigate the incidences of three common da-hais in a picu and their influences on length of picu stay and mortality in japan. | 2015 | 26509039 |
| gram-stain-based antimicrobial selection reduces cost and overuse compared with japanese guidelines. | the gram stain has been used as an essential tool for antimicrobial stewardship in our hospital since the 1970s. the objective of this study was to clarify the difference in the targeted therapies selected based on the gram stain and simulated empirical therapies based on the antimicrobial guidelines used in japan. | 2015 | 26503359 |
| an independent evaluation of a novel peptide mimetic, brilacidin (pmx30063), for ocular anti-infective. | brilacidin (bri), a novel defensin mimetic, was evaluated as an ocular anti-infective. | 2016 | 26501484 |
| moraxella catarrhalis bacteraemia and prosthetic valve endocarditis. | moraxella catarrhalis, once considered a non-pathogenic coloniser of the oropharynx, has now been recognised as a true pathogen and is reported in cases of bacteraemia. a 63-year-old man with an aortic bioprosthetic valve was brought to the emergency room with altered mental status. initial blood cultures revealed gram-negative diplococci on gram stain; echocardiogram showed a 5 mm vegetation on the aortic bioprosthetic valve. the blood cultures grew m. catarrhalis and the patient was treated me ... | 2015 | 26498667 |
| novel moraxella catarrhalis prophages display hyperconserved non-structural genes despite their genomic diversity. | moraxella catarrhalis is an important pathogen that often causes otitis media in children, a disease that is not currently vaccine preventable. asymptomatic colonisation of the human upper respiratory tract is common and lack of clearance by the immune system is likely due to the emergence of seroresistant genetic lineages. no active bacteriophages or prophages have been described in this species. this study was undertaken to identify and categorise prophages in m. catarrhalis, their genetic div ... | 2015 | 26497500 |
| diagnostic accuracy of chest x-ray and ultrasonography in detection of community acquired pneumonia; a brief report. | chest x-ray (cxr) is the simplest diagnostic tool of community acquired pneumonia (cap), but it has some limitation. therefore, the aim of this study is comparing the diagnostic accuracy of cxr and chest ultrasonography (cus) in detection of cap. | 2015 | 26495396 |
| familial and microbiological contribution to the otitis-prone condition. | our group has an ongoing clinical research project investigating the immunology of the otitis-prone (op) phenotype. in light of evidence that this condition arises from underlying immunological defects, we examined our sample population of stringently defined op (sop) children suffering 3 episodes of acute otitis media within 6 months or 4 within a year for a familial association with the sop phenotype. | 2015 | 26490785 |
| mechanisms of bacterial colonization of the respiratory tract. | respiratory tract infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. chief among these are infections involving the lower airways. the opportunistic bacterial pathogens responsible for most cases of pneumonia can cause a range of local and invasive infections. however, bacterial colonization (or carriage) in the upper airway is the prerequisite of all these infections. successful colonizers must attach to the epithelial lining, grow on the nutrient-limited mucosal surface, e ... | 2015 | 26488280 |
| differential gene expression of moraxella catarrhalis upon exposure to human serum. | the complement system is an important part of the innate defense against invading pathogens (blom et al., 2009; [1]). the ability to resist complement-mediated killing is considered to be an important virulence trait for the human-restricted respiratory tract pathogen moraxella catarrhalis, as most disease-associated m. catarrhalis isolates are complement-resistant (wirth et al., 2007; [2]). here we provide a detailed overview of the experimental methods that we have used to study the molecular ... | 2014 | 26484117 |
| multidrug-resistant neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from nanjing, china, are sensitive to killing by a novel dna gyrase inhibitor, etx0914 (azd0914). | we tested the activity of etx0914 against 187 neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from men with urethritis in nanjing, china, in 2013. the mic50, mic90, and mic range for etx0914 were 0.03 μg/ml, 0.06 μg/ml, and ≤0.002 to 0.125 μg/ml, respectively. all isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, and 36.9% (69/187) were resistant to azithromycin. of the isolates, 46.5% were penicillinase-producing n. gonorrhoeae (ppng), 36% were tetracycline-resistant n. gonorrhoeae (trng), and 13% (24 isolates) had an ... | 2015 | 26482313 |
| multidrug-resistant neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from nanjing, china, are sensitive to killing by a novel dna gyrase inhibitor, etx0914 (azd0914). | we tested the activity of etx0914 against 187 neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from men with urethritis in nanjing, china, in 2013. the mic50, mic90, and mic range for etx0914 were 0.03 μg/ml, 0.06 μg/ml, and ≤0.002 to 0.125 μg/ml, respectively. all isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, and 36.9% (69/187) were resistant to azithromycin. of the isolates, 46.5% were penicillinase-producing n. gonorrhoeae (ppng), 36% were tetracycline-resistant n. gonorrhoeae (trng), and 13% (24 isolates) had an ... | 2015 | 26482313 |
| reduced middle ear infection with non-typeable haemophilus influenzae, but not streptococcus pneumoniae, after transition to 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable h. influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine. | in october 2009, 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv7: prevenar(tm) pfizer) was replaced in the northern territory childhood vaccination schedule by 10-valent pneumococcal haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine (phid-cv10; synflorix(™) glaxosmithkline vaccines). this analysis aims to determine whether the reduced prevalence of suppurative otitis media measured in the phid-cv10 era was associated with changes in nasopharyngeal (np) carriage and middle ear discharge (ed) micro ... | 2015 | 26482232 |
| distribution of major pathogens from sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a systematic review. | noncystic fibrosis (non-cf) bronchiectasis remains as a common health problem in asia. pathogens' distribution in airways of patients with non-cf bronchiectasis is important for doctors to make right decision. | 2015 | 26481748 |
| haemophilus influenzae isolates survive for up to 20 years at -70 °c in skim milk tryptone glucose glycerol broth (stggb) if thawing is avoided during re-culture. | haemophilus influenzae remains a major cause of disease worldwide requiring continued study. recently, isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis, but not h. influenzae, were reported to survive long-term ultra-freeze storage in stggb. we show that nontypeable h. influenzae isolates survive for up to 20 years when thawing is avoided. | 2015 | 26477641 |
| evaluation of the new bd max gc real-time pcr assay, analytically and clinically as a supplementary test for the bd probetec gc qx amplified dna assay, for molecular detection of neisseria gonorrhoeae. | the new bd max gc real-time pcr assay showed high clinical and analytical sensitivity and specificity. it can be an effective and accurate supplementary test for the bd probetec gc qx amplified dna assay, which had suboptimal specificity, and might also be used for initial detection of neisseria gonorrhoeae. | 2015 | 26468501 |
| ccl20 and beta-defensin 2 production by human lung epithelial cells and macrophages in response to brucella abortus infection. | both ccl20 and human β-defensin 2 (hbd2) interact with the same membrane receptor and display chemotactic and antimicrobial activities. they are produced by airway epithelia in response to infectious agents and proinflammatory cytokines. whereas brucella spp. can infect humans through inhalation, their ability to induce ccl20 and hbd2 in lung cells is unknown. here we show that b. abortus induces ccl20 expression in human alveolar (a549) or bronchial (calu-6) epithelial cell lines, primary alveo ... | 2015 | 26448160 |
| atraumatic splenic rupture cases presenting with hemorrhagic shock and coagulopathy treated by splenic artery occlusion using a microballoon catheter before splenectomy. | atraumatic splenic rupture (asr) is an uncommon pathologic condition in which bleeding from the spleen occurs for a variety of nontraumatic reasons. while the current trend in traumatic splenic rupture is nonoperative management including transcatheter arterial embolization, the current recommendation for the treatment of most patients with asr is splenectomy. in this report, we describe two cases of asr presenting with hemorrhagic shock and complicated by anticoagulation therapy. in patients wi ... | 2015 | 26443017 |
| vitek ms matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry for identifying respiratory bacterial pathogens: a fast and efficient method. | mass spectrometry has become a reference resource for identifying microorganisms in clinical microbiology services. one hundred and fifty one clinical isolates were selected from respiratory specimens routinely identified as streptococcus pneumoniae (43), haemophilus influenzae (64) and moraxella catarrhalis (44). these identifications were compared with other phenotypical methods and mass spectrometry (maldi-tof-ms vitek). result discrepancies were assessed by 16s rrna sequencing. thirty-eight ... | 2015 | 26437754 |
| effectiveness of polyvalent bacterial lysate and autovaccines against upper respiratory tract bacterial colonization by potential pathogens: a randomized study. | polyvalent bacterial lysate (pbl) is an oral immunostimulating vaccine consisting of bacterial standardized lysates obtained by lysis of different strains of bacteria. autovaccines are individually prepared based on the results of smears obtained from the patient. both types of vaccine can be used to treat an ongoing chronic infection. this study sought to determine which method is more effective against nasal colonization by potential respiratory tract pathogens. | 2015 | 26434686 |
| metagenomic human repiratory air in a hospital environment. | hospital-acquired infection (hai) or nosocomial infection is an issue that frequent hospital environment. we believe conventional regulated petri dish method is insufficient to evaluate hai. to address this problem, metagenomic sequencing was applied to screen airborne microbes in four rooms of beijing hospital. with air-in amount of sampler being setup to one person's respiration quantity, metagenomic sequencing identified huge numbers of species in the rooms which had already qualified widely ... | 2015 | 26431488 |
| nitrate, nitrite and nitric oxide reductases: from the last universal common ancestor to modern bacterial pathogens. | the electrochemical gradient that ensues from the enzymatic activity of cytochromes such as nitrate reductase, nitric oxide reductase, and quinol oxidase contributes to the bioenergetics of the bacterial cell. reduction of nitrogen oxides by bacterial pathogens can, however, be uncoupled from proton translocation and biosynthesis of atp or nh4(+), but still linked to quinol and nadh oxidation. ancestral nitric oxide reductases, as well as cytochrome c oxidases and quinol bo oxidases evolved from ... | 2015 | 26426528 |
| nitrate, nitrite and nitric oxide reductases: from the last universal common ancestor to modern bacterial pathogens. | the electrochemical gradient that ensues from the enzymatic activity of cytochromes such as nitrate reductase, nitric oxide reductase, and quinol oxidase contributes to the bioenergetics of the bacterial cell. reduction of nitrogen oxides by bacterial pathogens can, however, be uncoupled from proton translocation and biosynthesis of atp or nh4(+), but still linked to quinol and nadh oxidation. ancestral nitric oxide reductases, as well as cytochrome c oxidases and quinol bo oxidases evolved from ... | 2015 | 26426528 |
| real life management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults in the gulf region and comparison with practice guidelines: a prospective study. | very few data exist on the management of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in patients admitted to hospitals in the gulf region. the objectives of this study were to describe treatment patterns for cap in 38 hospitals in five gulf countries (united arab emirates, kuwait, bahrain, oman, and qatar) and to compare the findings to the most recent infectious diseases society of america (idsa)/american thoracic society (ats) guidelines. | 2015 | 26424530 |
| diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of primary ciliary dyskinesia: pcd foundation consensus recommendations based on state of the art review. | primary ciliary dyskinesia (pcd) is a genetically heterogeneous, rare lung disease resulting in chronic oto-sino-pulmonary disease in both children and adults. many physicians incorrectly diagnose pcd or eliminate pcd from their differential diagnosis due to inexperience with diagnostic testing methods. thus far, all therapies used for pcd are unproven through large clinical trials. this review article outlines consensus recommendations from pcd physicians in north america who have been engaged ... | 2015 | 26418604 |
| diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of primary ciliary dyskinesia: pcd foundation consensus recommendations based on state of the art review. | primary ciliary dyskinesia (pcd) is a genetically heterogeneous, rare lung disease resulting in chronic oto-sino-pulmonary disease in both children and adults. many physicians incorrectly diagnose pcd or eliminate pcd from their differential diagnosis due to inexperience with diagnostic testing methods. thus far, all therapies used for pcd are unproven through large clinical trials. this review article outlines consensus recommendations from pcd physicians in north america who have been engaged ... | 2015 | 26418604 |
| the role and regulation of moraxella catarrhalis-induced human beta-defensin 3 expression in human pulmonary epithelial cells. | bacterial colonisation with moraxella catarrhalis may partly sustain chronic inflammation in the lower airways of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). in addition, this bacterium causes infectious exacerbations of copd, which often necessitate treatment with antibiotics. antimicrobial peptides are the body's own antibiotic substances with bactericidal and bacteriostatic, as well as immunomodulatory function. in particular, human beta-defensin 3 (hbd-3) exerts an antimicrob ... | 2015 | 26417692 |
| respiratory bacterial culture from two sequential bronchoalveolar lavages of the same lobe in children with chronic cough. | identification of bacteria causing lower-airway infections is important to determine appropriate antimicrobial therapy. flexible bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) is used to obtain lower-airway specimens in young children. the first lavage (lavage-1) is typically used for bacterial culture. however, no studies in children have compared the detection of cultivable bacteria from sequential lavages of the same lobe. bal fluid was collected from two sequential lavages of the same lobe i ... | 2015 | 26399701 |
| prevention of exacerbations in patients with copd and vitamin d deficiency through vitamin d supplementation (precovid): a study protocol. | vitamin d is well known for its function in calcium homeostasis and bone mineralisation, but is increasingly studied for its potential immunomodulatory properties. vitamin d deficiency is a common problem in patients with copd. previous studies have not demonstrated a beneficial effect of vitamin d on exacerbation rate in copd patients. however, subgroup analyses suggested protective effects in vitamin d deficient patients. our objective is to assess the effect of vitamin d supplementation on ex ... | 2015 | 26399451 |
| oral use of streptococcus salivarius k12 in children with secretory otitis media: preliminary results of a pilot, uncontrolled study. | secretory otitis media (som) remains a common disease among children. although its cause is not yet perfectly established, the pathology, often a sequel of acute otitis media (aom), is mainly characterized by persistent fluid in the middle ear cavity. twenty-two children with a diagnosis of som were treated daily for 90 days with an oral formulation containing the oral probiotic streptococcus salivarius k12 (bactoblis(®)). after treatment, the children were evaluated for aom episodes and subject ... | 2015 | 26396541 |
| compendium of pseudo conditions in sexually transmitted diseases. | 2015 | 26392668 | |
| serum antibody response to moraxella catarrhalis proteins omp cd, oppa, msp22, hag, and pila2 after nasopharyngeal colonization and acute otitis media in children. | there is no licensed vaccine for moraxella catarrhalis (mcat), which is a prominent bacterium causing acute otitis media (aom) in children and lower respiratory tract infections in adults. nasopharyngeal (np) colonization caused by respiratory bacteria results in natural immunization of the host. to identify mcat antigens as vaccine candidates, we evaluated the development of naturally induced antibodies to 5 mcat surface proteins in children 6-30 months of age during mcat np colonization and ao ... | 2015 | 26392013 |
| contact-dependent growth inhibition (cdi) and cdib/cdia two-partner secretion proteins. | bacteria have developed several strategies to communicate and compete with one another in complex environments. one important mechanism of inter-bacterial competition is contact-dependent growth inhibition (cdi), in which gram-negative bacteria use cdib/cdia two-partner secretion proteins to suppress the growth of neighboring target cells. cdib is an omp85 outer-membrane protein that exports and assembles cdia exoproteins onto the inhibitor cell surface. cdia binds to receptors on susceptible ba ... | 2015 | 26388411 |
| empirical antibiotic therapy for pneumonia in intensive care units: a multicentre, retrospective analysis of potentially pathogenic microorganisms identified by endotracheal aspirates cultures. | the purpose of this investigation was to explore the presumed relationship between the days of hospitalisation and microorganisms identified by endotracheal aspirate cultures in relation to adequate empirical treatment strategies of pneumonia in the intensive care unit (icu). all potentially pathogenic microorganisms identified by (surveillance) cultures of endotracheal aspirates obtained in the icus of two dutch teaching hospitals in 2007 and 2012 were retrospectively collected and analysed. an ... | 2015 | 26385348 |
| proteomics of aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans outer membrane vesicles. | aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is an oral and systemic pathogen associated with aggressive forms of periodontitis and with endocarditis. outer membrane vesicles (omvs) released by this species have been demonstrated to deliver effector proteins such as cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) and leukotoxin (ltxa) into human host cells and to act as triggers of innate immunity upon carriage of nod1- and nod2-active pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps). to improve our understanding of t ... | 2015 | 26381655 |
| antibacterial effects of cinnamon: from farm to food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. | herbs and spices have been used since ancient times, because of their antimicrobial properties increasing the safety and shelf life of food products by acting against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria. plants have historically been used in traditional medicine as sources of natural antimicrobial substances for the treatment of infectious disease. therefore, much attention has been paid to medicinal plants as a source of alternative antimicrobial strategies. moreover, due to the growing d ... | 2015 | 26378575 |
| metabolomic profiling of plasma from patients with tuberculosis by use of untargeted mass spectrometry reveals novel biomarkers for diagnosis. | although tuberculosis (tb) is a reemerging disease that affects people in developing countries and immunocompromised populations in developed countries, the current diagnostic methods are far from optimal. metabolomics is increasingly being used for studies on infectious diseases. we performed metabolome profiling of plasma samples to identify potential biomarkers for diagnosing tb. we compared the plasma metabolome profiles of tb patients (n = 46) with those of community-acquired pneumonia (cap ... | 2015 | 26378277 |
| yersinia pestis uses the ail outer membrane protein to recruit vitronectin. | yersinia pestis, the agent of plague, requires the ail (attachment invasion locus) outer membrane protein to survive in the blood and tissues of its mammalian hosts. ail is important for both attachment to host cells and for resistance to complement-dependent bacteriolysis. previous studies have shown that ail interacts with components of the extracellular matrix, including fibronectin, laminin and heparan sulfate proteoglycans, and with the complement inhibitor c4b-binding protein. here, we dem ... | 2015 | 26377177 |
| lipopolysaccharide transport to the cell surface: biosynthesis and extraction from the inner membrane. | the cell surface of most gram-negative bacteria is covered with lipopolysaccharide (lps). the network of charges and sugars provided by the dense packing of lps molecules in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane interferes with the entry of hydrophobic compounds into the cell, including many antibiotics. in addition, lps can be recognized by the immune system and plays a crucial role in many interactions between bacteria and their animal hosts. lps is synthesized in the inner membrane of gram- ... | 2015 | 26370941 |
| determinants of bacteriological outcomes in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | changes in sputum microbiology following antibiotic treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd), including patterns of bacteriological relapse and superinfection are not well understood. sputum microbiology at exacerbation is not routinely performed, but pathogen presence and species are determinants of outcomes. therefore, we determined whether baseline clinical factors could predict the presence of bacterial pathogens at exacerbation. bacterial eradicatio ... | 2015 | 26370552 |
| determinants of bacteriological outcomes in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | changes in sputum microbiology following antibiotic treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd), including patterns of bacteriological relapse and superinfection are not well understood. sputum microbiology at exacerbation is not routinely performed, but pathogen presence and species are determinants of outcomes. therefore, we determined whether baseline clinical factors could predict the presence of bacterial pathogens at exacerbation. bacterial eradicatio ... | 2015 | 26370552 |
| minimally invasive sampling method identifies differences in taxonomic richness of nasal microbiomes in young infants associated with mode of delivery. | to date, there is a limited understanding of the role of the airway microbiome in the early life development of respiratory diseases such as asthma, partly due to a lack of simple and minimally invasive sample collection methods. in order to characterize the baseline microbiome of the upper respiratory tract (urt) in infants, a comparatively non-invasive method for sampling the urt microbiome suitable for use in infants was developed. microbiome samples were collected by placing filter paper in ... | 2015 | 26370110 |
| minimally invasive sampling method identifies differences in taxonomic richness of nasal microbiomes in young infants associated with mode of delivery. | to date, there is a limited understanding of the role of the airway microbiome in the early life development of respiratory diseases such as asthma, partly due to a lack of simple and minimally invasive sample collection methods. in order to characterize the baseline microbiome of the upper respiratory tract (urt) in infants, a comparatively non-invasive method for sampling the urt microbiome suitable for use in infants was developed. microbiome samples were collected by placing filter paper in ... | 2015 | 26370110 |
| acinetobacter baumannii extracellular oxa-58 is primarily and selectively released via outer membrane vesicles after sec-dependent periplasmic translocation. | carbapenem-resistant acinetobacter baumannii (crab) shelter cohabiting carbapenem-susceptible bacteria from carbapenem killing via extracellular release of carbapenem-hydrolyzing class d β-lactamases, including oxa-58. however, the mechanism of the extracellular release of oxa-58 has not been elucidated. in silico analysis predicted oxa-58 to be translocated to the periplasm via the sec system. using cell fractionation and western blotting, oxa-58 with the signal peptide and c terminus deleted w ... | 2015 | 26369971 |
| pseudomonas aeruginosa uses dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (lpd) to bind to the human terminal pathway regulators vitronectin and clusterin to inhibit terminal pathway complement attack. | the opportunistic human pathogen pseudomonas aeruginosa controls host innate immune and complement attack. here we identify dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (lpd), a 57 kda moonlighting protein, as the first p. aeruginosa protein that binds the two human terminal pathway inhibitors vitronectin and clusterin. both human regulators when bound to the bacterium inhibited effector function of the terminal complement, blocked c5b-9 deposition and protected the bacterium from complement damage. p. aerugi ... | 2015 | 26368530 |
| population density profiles of nasopharyngeal carriage of 5 bacterial species in pre-school children measured using quantitative pcr offer potential insights into the dynamics of transmission. | bacterial vaccines can reduce carriage rates. colonization is usually a binary endpoint. real time quantitative pcr (qpcr) can quantify bacterial dna in mucosal samples over a wide range. using culture and single-gene species-specific qpcrs for streptococcus pneumoniae (lyta), streptococcus pyogenes (ntpc), moraxella catarrhalis (ompj), haemophilus influenzae (hdp) and staphylococcus aureus (nuc) and standard curves against log-phase reference strain broth cultures we described frequency and pea ... | 2015 | 26367344 |
| population density profiles of nasopharyngeal carriage of 5 bacterial species in pre-school children measured using quantitative pcr offer potential insights into the dynamics of transmission. | bacterial vaccines can reduce carriage rates. colonization is usually a binary endpoint. real time quantitative pcr (qpcr) can quantify bacterial dna in mucosal samples over a wide range. using culture and single-gene species-specific qpcrs for streptococcus pneumoniae (lyta), streptococcus pyogenes (ntpc), moraxella catarrhalis (ompj), haemophilus influenzae (hdp) and staphylococcus aureus (nuc) and standard curves against log-phase reference strain broth cultures we described frequency and pea ... | 2015 | 26367344 |
| development of real-time pcr assays for the detection of moraxella macacae associated with bloody nose syndrome in rhesus (macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus (macaca fascicularis) macaques. | moraxella macacae is a recently described bacterial pathogen that causes epistaxis or so-called bloody nose syndrome in captive macaques. the aim of this study was to develop specific molecular diagnostic assays for m. macacae and to determine their performance characteristics. | 2015 | 26365904 |
| impact of bacteria in nasal aspirates on disease severity of bronchiolitis. | the effect of potentially pathogenic bacteria (ppb) on disease severity in patients with bronchiolitis is understudied. | 2016 | 26365560 |
| nasopharyngeal carriage and macrolide resistance in indigenous children with bronchiectasis randomized to long-term azithromycin or placebo. | although long-term azithromycin decreases exacerbation frequency in bronchiectasis, increased macrolide resistance is concerning. we investigated macrolide resistance determinants in a secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial. indigenous australian children living in remote regions and urban new zealand māori and pacific islander children with bronchiectasis were randomized to weekly azithromycin (30 mg/kg) or placebo for up to 24 months and followed post-intervention for ... | 2015 | 26363637 |
| impaired innate copd alveolar macrophage responses and toll-like receptor-9 polymorphisms. | dysfunctional innate responses of alveolar macrophages to nontypeable haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis and streptococcus pneumoniae contribute to morbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). our earlier studies discovered impaired copd alveolar macrophage responses to toll-like receptor (tlr) ligands of nontypeable h. influenzae and provide rationale for further evaluation of tlr signaling. while the role of tlr single nucleotide polymorphisms is increasingly recognize ... | 2015 | 26361369 |
| clinical characteristics of nursing home-acquired pneumonia in elderly patients admitted to a korean teaching hospital. | nursing home-acquired pneumonia (nhap) is included under healthcare-associated pneumonia. however, the optimal treatment strategy for nhap has been controversial in several studies. we evaluated the clinical features of nhap compared to community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in elderly patients admitted with pneumonia. | 2015 | 26354058 |
| using the electronic nose to identify airway infection during copd exacerbations. | the electronic nose (e-nose) detects volatile organic compounds (vocs) in exhaled air. we hypothesized that the exhaled vocs print is different in stable vs. exacerbated patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), particularly if the latter is associated with airway bacterial infection, and that the e-nose can distinguish them. | 2015 | 26353114 |
| impacts of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children. | applications of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv7) in the pediatric immunization schedule have dramatically reduced the incidence of pneumococcal diseases in both vaccinated children and unvaccinated individuals of all ages. however, increased infections caused by non-pcv7 serotypes have been reported by several groups. to overcome this problem, new vaccines covering more serotypes including the emerging serotypes have been developed. the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vacci ... | 2015 | 26351648 |
| nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage in the conjugate vaccine era with a focus on pneumococci. | seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv7) was included in the uk national immunisation program in 2006, and this was replaced by thirteen-valent pcv in 2010. during this time, the carriage of vaccine-type streptococcus pneumoniae decreased but pneumococcal carriage remained stable due to increases in non-vaccine-type s. pneumoniae. carriage studies have been undertaken in various countries to monitor vaccine-type replacement and to help predict the serotypes, which may cause invasive di ... | 2015 | 26351646 |
| adhesins involved in attachment to abiotic surfaces by gram-negative bacteria. | during the first step of biofilm formation, initial attachment is dictated by physicochemical and electrostatic interactions between the surface and the bacterial envelope. depending on the nature of these interactions, attachment can be transient or permanent. to achieve irreversible attachment, bacterial cells have developed a series of surface adhesins promoting specific or nonspecific adhesion under various environmental conditions. this article reviews the recent advances in our understandi ... | 2015 | 26350310 |
| synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel 9-oxime acylides with improved bactericidal activity. | 9-oxime acylides have different sar and binding modes from 9-oxime ketolides. an aminopyridyl or carbamoylpyridyl group anchored at the end of the 9-oxime 2-propargyl group is beneficial for antimicrobial activity. both the 2-pyridyl and 3-pyridyl groups derived from 3-oh have stacking interactions with the base pair g2505/c2610 (escherichia coli numbering) of the bacterial rrna. compounds 3 presented characteristic features that belong to bactericidal agents when used against constitutive-erm r ... | 2015 | 26349628 |
| [efficacy and safety of clavulanic acid/amoxicillin (1: 14) dry syrup in the treatment of children with acute bacterial rhinosinusitis]. | to demonstrate clinical value of clavulanic acid/amoxicillin (cva/ampc) 1:14 combination dry syrup for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (abrs), the efficacy and safety were evaluated in a multicenter, open-label, uncontrolled study in 27 children with abrs. the proportion of subjects who were 'cured' at the test of cure as the primary endpoint was 88.5%. in subjects with a major pathogenic bacteria at baseline (i.e., streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis) bacte ... | 2015 | 26349117 |
| virus-induced secondary bacterial infection: a concise review. | respiratory diseases are a very common source of morbidity and mortality among children. health care providers often face a dilemma when encountering a febrile infant or child with respiratory tract infection. the reason expressed by many clinicians is the trouble to confirm whether the fever is caused by a virus or a bacterium. the aim of this review is to update the current evidence on the virus-induced bacterial infection. we present several clinical as well in vitro studies that support the ... | 2015 | 26345407 |
| a longitudinal study of lung bacterial pathogens in patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia. | in patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia (pcd), impaired mucociliary clearance leads to an accumulation of secretions in the airways and susceptibility to repeated bacterial infections. the primary aim of this study was to investigate the bacterial flora in non-chronic and chronic infections in the lower airways of patients with pcd. we retrospectively reviewed the presence of bacteria from patients with pcd during an 11-year period and genotyped 35 pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from 12 pat ... | 2015 | 26341913 |
| clinical characteristics of protracted bacterial bronchitis in chinese infants. | protracted bacterial bronchitis (pbb) is the common cause of chronic cough in children worldwide, but its etiology has not been fully recognized in china. we retrospectively investigated a total of 66 hospitalized infants under the age of three years with chronic wet cough enrolled in the affiliated children's hospital of soochow university from october 2010 to march 2014. all patients underwent bronchoscopy and broncho-alveolar lavage (bal) samples were processed for microbiological and cytolog ... | 2015 | 26338462 |
| the potential impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in africa: considerations and early lessons learned from the south african experience. | the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv) into the south african public immunization program since 2009 adopted a novel vaccination schedule of 3 doses at 6, 14 and 40 weeks of age. over the past 5 y it has been shown that infant pcv immunization in south africa is effective in reducing the burden of invasive pneumococcal disease (ipd) among hiv-infected and hiv-uninfected children. furthermore, indirect protection of unvaccinated age-groups (including high risk groups such as hiv ... | 2015 | 26317537 |
| the potential impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in africa: considerations and early lessons learned from the south african experience. | the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv) into the south african public immunization program since 2009 adopted a novel vaccination schedule of 3 doses at 6, 14 and 40 weeks of age. over the past 5 y it has been shown that infant pcv immunization in south africa is effective in reducing the burden of invasive pneumococcal disease (ipd) among hiv-infected and hiv-uninfected children. furthermore, indirect protection of unvaccinated age-groups (including high risk groups such as hiv ... | 2015 | 26317537 |
| ceftobiprole for the treatment of pneumonia: a european perspective. | ceftobiprole, a new broad spectrum, parenteral cephalosporin, exhibits potent in vitro activity against a number of gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae, and gram-negative pathogens associated with hospital-acquired pneumonia (hap) and community-acquired pneumonia (cap). ceftobiprole has demonstrated noninferiority in two large-scale pivotal studies comparing it to ceftriaxone with or without linezolid in ... | 2015 | 26316697 |
| haemophilus influenzae: using comparative genomics to accurately identify a highly recombinogenic human pathogen. | haemophilus influenzae is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that exclusively colonises humans and is associated with both acute and chronic disease. despite its clinical significance, accurate identification of h. influenzae is a non-trivial endeavour. h. haemolyticus can be misidentified as h. influenzae from clinical specimens using selective culturing methods, reflecting both the shared environmental niche and phenotypic similarities of these species. on the molecular level, frequent geneti ... | 2015 | 26311542 |
| an unusual case of breathlessness in a patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia: case report. | a 67-year-old caucasian male presented in january, 2013, with difficulty in breathing and pyrexia. this was following a course of antibiotics for a previous chest infection that had begun at the beginning of january and had not responded to therapy. his past medical history included chronic myeloid leukaemia, basal cell carcinoma of the throat treated in 2011, glaucoma and bilateral inguinal hernia repair (performed in 1989 and 2008). he was an ex-smoker of 21 years. his current medication was d ... | 2015 | 26306114 |
| high prevalence of antibiotic resistance in nasopharyngeal bacterial isolates from healthy children in rural uganda: a cross-sectional study. | in uganda, the main causes of death in children under 5 years of age are malaria and pneumonia--often due to delayed diagnosis and treatment. in preparation for a community case management intervention for pneumonia and malaria, the bacterial composition of the nasopharyngeal flora and its in vitro resistance were determined in children aged five or under to establish baseline resistance to commonly used antibiotics. | 2015 | 26305429 |
| randomized clinical trial of a sustained-exposure ciprofloxacin for intratympanic injection during tympanostomy tube surgery. | this exploratory clinical trial evaluated the safety and clinical activity of a novel, sustained-exposure formulation of ciprofloxacin microparticulates in poloxamer (oto-201) administered during tympanostomy tube placement in children. | 2016 | 26296929 |
| rapid assay of a2058t-mutated 23s rrna allelic profiles associated with high-level macrolide resistance in moraxella catarrhalis. | we report on a restriction fragment-length polymorphism (hpych4iii) assay for profile analysis of 23s rrna gene a2058t-mutated alleles associated with high-level macrolide resistance in moraxella catarrhalis. our assay results were supported by dna sequencing analysis, allowed for simultaneous testing of many strains, and produced results from pure-cultured colonies within 4 h. | 2015 | 26296581 |
| comparative evaluation of 2 g single dose versus conventional dose azithromycin in uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections. | uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections (usssis) are a common clinical problem. majority are caused by staphylococci and streptococci. different oral antibiotics are used for usssi, with comparable efficacy but varying treatment duration, cost, and adverse event profile. azithromycin is used in usssi in adults conventionally in a dose of 500 mg once for 5 days. the extensive tissue distribution of the drug and its long elimination half-life prompted us to explore whether a single 2 g do ... | 2015 | 26288467 |
| quantitative analysis of pathogens in the lower respiratory tract of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | bacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract is believed to play a major role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) and acute exacerbations of copd (aecopd). this study investigates the potential relationship between aecopd and the load of six common bacterial pathogens in the lower respiratory tract using real-time quantitative pcr (rt-qpcr) in copd patients. | 2015 | 26286268 |
| integrating microbial and host transcriptomics to characterize asthma-associated microbial communities. | the relationships between infections in early life and asthma are not completely understood. likewise, the clinical relevance of microbial communities present in the respiratory tract is only partially known. a number of microbiome studies analyzing respiratory tract samples have found increased proportions of gamma-proteobacteria including haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and firmicutes such as streptococcus pneumoniae. the aim of this study was to present a new approach that comb ... | 2015 | 26277095 |
| 16s rrna gene sequence-based identification of bacteria in automatically incubated blood culture materials from tropical sub-saharan africa. | the quality of microbiological diagnostic procedures depends on pre-analytic conditions. we compared the results of 16s rrna gene pcr and sequencing from automatically incubated blood culture materials from tropical ghana with the results of cultural growth after automated incubation. | 2015 | 26270631 |
| associations between viral and bacterial potential pathogens in the nasopharynx of children with and without respiratory symptoms. | nasopharyngeal (np) bacterial colonization is necessary for subsequent respiratory and/or invasive infection. our study aimed at comparing np bacterial colonization rates between children with and without symptoms of an acute viral respiratory tract infection and examining associations between identified microorganisms. | 2015 | 26262821 |
| prevalence and resistance pattern of moraxella catarrhalis in community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. | moraxella catarrhalis previously considered as commensal of upper respiratory tract has gained importance as a pathogen responsible for respiratory tract infections. its beta-lactamase-producing ability draws even more attention toward its varying patterns of resistance. | 2015 | 26261422 |
| dentures are a reservoir for respiratory pathogens. | recent studies have established a relationship between dental plaque and pulmonary infection, particularly in elderly individuals. given that approximately one in five adults in the uk currently wears a denture, there remains a gap in our understanding of the direct implications of denture plaque on systemic health. the aim of this study was to undertake a comprehensive evaluation of putative respiratory pathogens residing upon dentures using a targeted quantitative molecular approach. | 2016 | 26260391 |
| increased peripheral blood pro-inflammatory/cytotoxic lymphocytes in children with bronchiectasis. | bronchiectasis (be) in children is common in some communities including indigenous children in australia. relatively little is known about the nature of systemic inflammation in these children, especially the contribution of specific pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic lymphocyte subsets: t-cells, natural killer (nk) cells and nkt-like cells. we have shown that these cells produce increased cytotoxic (granzyme b and perforin) and inflammatory (ifnγ and tnfα) mediators in several adult chronic lung di ... | 2015 | 26258716 |
| aptamers against pathogenic microorganisms. | an important current issue of modern molecular medicine and biotechnology is the search for new approaches to early diagnostic assays and adequate therapy of infectious diseases. one of the promising solutions to this problem might be a development of nucleic acid aptamers capable of interacting specifically with bacteria, protozoa, and viruses. such aptamers can be used for the specific recognition of infectious agents as well as for blocking of their functions. the present review summarizes va ... | 2015 | 26258445 |
| aptamers against pathogenic microorganisms. | an important current issue of modern molecular medicine and biotechnology is the search for new approaches to early diagnostic assays and adequate therapy of infectious diseases. one of the promising solutions to this problem might be a development of nucleic acid aptamers capable of interacting specifically with bacteria, protozoa, and viruses. such aptamers can be used for the specific recognition of infectious agents as well as for blocking of their functions. the present review summarizes va ... | 2015 | 26258445 |
| the efficacy of qingfengganke granule in treating postinfectious cough in pathogenic wind invading lungs syndrome: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. | postinfectious cough (pic) significantly affects cough-related quality of life but still lacks effective treatments. this study aims to investigate the efficacy of qingfengganke granule (qfgkg) in treating pic induced by pathogenic wind invading lungs syndrome. | 2015 | 26257822 |
| vesicles-mediated resistance to antibiotics in bacteria. | 2015 | 26257725 | |
| an unusual carbohydrate conformation is evident in moraxella catarrhalis oligosaccharides. | oligosaccharide structures derived from the lipooligosaccharide of m. catarrhalis show that the highly branched glucose-rich inner core of the oligosaccharide has an altered conformation compared to the most truncated tetra-glucose-kdo lgt1/4δ oligosaccharide structure. addition of one residue each to the (1-4) and (1-6) chains to give the lgt2δ oligosaccharide is the minimum requirement for this conformational change to occur. extensive molecular modeling and nmr investigations have shown that ... | 2015 | 26251889 |
| current concepts in the pathogenesis and treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media. | otitis media (om) is an inflammation of the middle ear associated with infection. despite appropriate therapy, acute om (aom) can progress to chronic suppurative om (csom) associated with ear drum perforation and purulent discharge. the effusion prevents the middle ear ossicles from properly relaying sound vibrations from the ear drum to the oval window of the inner ear, causing conductive hearing loss. in addition, the inflammatory mediators generated during csom can penetrate into the inner ea ... | 2015 | 26248613 |
| antibacterial activity and mode of action of selected glucosinolate hydrolysis products against bacterial pathogens. | plants contain numerous components that are important sources of new bioactive molecules with antimicrobial properties. isothiocyanates (itcs) are plant secondary metabolites found in cruciferous vegetables that are arising as promising antimicrobial agents in food industry. the aim of this study was to assess the antibacterial activity of two isothiocyanates (itcs), allylisothiocyanate (aitc) and 2-phenylethylisothiocyanate (peitc) against escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcu ... | 2014 | 26243895 |
| antibacterial activity and mode of action of selected glucosinolate hydrolysis products against bacterial pathogens. | plants contain numerous components that are important sources of new bioactive molecules with antimicrobial properties. isothiocyanates (itcs) are plant secondary metabolites found in cruciferous vegetables that are arising as promising antimicrobial agents in food industry. the aim of this study was to assess the antibacterial activity of two isothiocyanates (itcs), allylisothiocyanate (aitc) and 2-phenylethylisothiocyanate (peitc) against escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcu ... | 2014 | 26243895 |
| whole-genome sequencing targets drug-resistant bacterial infections. | during the past two decades, the technological progress of whole-genome sequencing (wgs) had changed the fields of environmental microbiology and biotechnology, and, currently, is changing the underlying principles, approaches, and fundamentals of public health, epidemiology, health economics, and national productivity. today's wgs technologies are able to compete with conventional techniques in cost, speed, accuracy, and resolution for day-to-day control of infectious diseases and outbreaks in ... | 2015 | 26243131 |
| association of prevalence of rhinitis, atopic eczema, rhinoconjunctivitis and wheezing with mortality from infectious diseases and with antibiotic susceptibility at a country level. | it was previously reported that there is a positive correlation between incidence of type 1 diabetes and prevalence of asthma and atopic eczema. a negative correlation between the prevalence of type 1 diabetes and mortality from infectious diseases as well as a positive correlation with antibiotic susceptibility at a country level have also been reported. | 2015 | 26240791 |
| pathogens protection against the action of disinfectants in multispecies biofilms. | biofilms constitute the prevalent way of life for microorganisms in both natural and man-made environments. biofilm-dwelling cells display greater tolerance to antimicrobial agents than those that are free-living, and the mechanisms by which this occurs have been investigated extensively using single-strain axenic models. however, there is growing evidence that interspecies interactions may profoundly alter the response of the community to such toxic exposure. in this paper, we propose an overvi ... | 2015 | 26236291 |
| long-term impact of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination on nasopharyngeal carriage in children previously vaccinated with various pneumococcal conjugate vaccine regimes. | previously, the fiji pneumococcal project (fipp) evaluated reduced dose immunization schedules that incorporated pneumococcal protein conjugate and/or polysaccharide vaccine (pcv7 and 23vppv, respectively). immune hyporesponsiveness was observed in children vaccinated with 23vppv at 12 months of age compared with children who did not receive 23vppv. here we assess the long-term impact of 23vppv vaccination on nasopharyngeal carriage rates and densities of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus in ... | 2015 | 26232540 |
| genotypic characterization of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus recovered at baseline from phase 3 pneumonia clinical trials for ceftobiprole. | baseline methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) isolates from patients with nosocomial and community-acquired pneumonia collected during phase 3 trials for ceftobiprole were characterized. eighty-four unique isolates from patients enrolled in europe (50.0%), asia-western pacific region (apac; 20.2%), north america (19.0%), latin america (8.3%), and south africa (2.4%) were included. antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution and isolates screened for pa ... | 2016 | 26230870 |
| the relationship between extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli. | the relationship between extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (xdr-tb) and multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli (mdr-gnb) is unclear. identification of the relationship between xdr-tb and mdr-gnb would have important implications for patient care. | 2015 | 26230499 |
| a year of infection in the intensive care unit: prospective whole genome sequencing of bacterial clinical isolates reveals cryptic transmissions and novel microbiota. | bacterial whole genome sequencing holds promise as a disruptive technology in clinical microbiology, but it has not yet been applied systematically or comprehensively within a clinical context. here, over the course of one year, we performed prospective collection and whole genome sequencing of nearly all bacterial isolates obtained from a tertiary care hospital's intensive care units (icus). this unbiased collection of 1,229 bacterial genomes from 391 patients enables detailed exploration of se ... | 2015 | 26230489 |
| in vitro activity of levofloxacin against lower respiratory tract pathogens. | considerable morbidity and mortality are associated with lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) that put a considerable strain on the health budget. selection of appropriate antibiotics as empirical therapy maximizes positive patient outcomes, and that depends on regular surveillance of infective agents and their antibiograms, which vary according to the geographical areas. | 2015 | 26229345 |
| the microbiome of otitis media with effusion in indigenous australian children. | indigenous australian children have a high prevalence of otitis media with effusion (ome) and associated conductive hearing loss. only three microbiological studies of middle ear fluid (mef) from indigenous australian children with ome have been reported. all of these were reliant on culture or species-specific pcr assays. the aim of this study was to characterise the middle ear fluid (mef), adenoid and nasopharyngeal (np) microbiomes of indigenous australian children, using culture-independent ... | 2015 | 26228497 |
| dental caries and periodontal disease status in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma: a screening study in urban and semiurban population of karnataka. | to test the validity of numerous anecdotal claims of poor oral hygiene status being a contributory or etiology for oral squamous cell carcinoma (oscc) and to isolate the microorganisms associated with oral cancer, to elucidate their role if any, in oral cancer. | 2013 | 26225008 |
| dental caries and periodontal disease status in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma: a screening study in urban and semiurban population of karnataka. | to test the validity of numerous anecdotal claims of poor oral hygiene status being a contributory or etiology for oral squamous cell carcinoma (oscc) and to isolate the microorganisms associated with oral cancer, to elucidate their role if any, in oral cancer. | 2013 | 26225008 |
| application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay for the rapid diagnosis of pathogenic bacteria in clinical sputum specimens of acute exacerbation of copd (aecopd). | the present study explores the application of lamp for rapid diagnosis of pathogenic bacteria in clinical sputum specimens of aecopd as compared with conventional sputum culturing method. 120 sputum specimens of aecopd patients, 46 sputum specimens of healthy controls, as well as 166 serum specimens as negative controls, were evaluated by lamp assay using primers of eight typical respiratory pathogens. no cross-reactivity was observed in these negative control species using lamp assay. the lower ... | 2015 | 26221344 |
| a biphasic epigenetic switch controls immunoevasion, virulence and niche adaptation in non-typeable haemophilus influenzae. | non-typeable haemophilus influenzae contains an n(6)-adenine dna-methyltransferase (moda) that is subject to phase-variable expression (random on/off switching). five moda alleles, moda2, moda4, moda5, moda9 and moda10, account for over two-thirds of clinical otitis media isolates surveyed. here, we use single molecule, real-time (smrt) methylome analysis to identify the dna-recognition motifs for all five of these moda alleles. phase variation of these alleles regulates multiple proteins includ ... | 2015 | 26215614 |