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legionella pneumophila community acquired pneumonia (cap) presenting with myoclonus. 201020869397
isolation and identification of legionella pneumophila from material reclamation facilities.sampling points at a material reclamation facility (mrf) were monitored over three months for the presence of legionella spp. a number of different legionellae were isolated and typed to identify l. pneumophila serogroup 1, the serotype which is the most common human pathogen. phenotypic methods resulted in a total of 61 presumptive isolates of legionella spp. using latex agglutination, 26 out of the 61 were identified as l. pneumophila serogroup 1, 23 as l. pneumophila serogroups 2-14, and the ...201020853198
detection of protozoan hosts for legionella pneumophila in engineered water systems by using a biofilm batch test.legionella pneumophila proliferates in aquatic habitats within free-living protozoa, 17 species of which have been identified as hosts by using in vitro experiments. the present study aimed at identifying protozoan hosts for l. pneumophila by using a biofilm batch test (bbt). samples (600 ml) collected from 21 engineered freshwater systems, with added polyethylene cylinders to promote biofilm formation, were inoculated with l. pneumophila and subsequently incubated at 37°c for 20 days. growth of ...201020851993
health risk from the use of roof-harvested rainwater in southeast queensland, australia, as potable or nonpotable water, determined using quantitative microbial risk assessment.a total of 214 rainwater samples from 82 tanks were collected in urban southeast queensland (seq) in australia and analyzed for the presence and numbers of zoonotic bacterial and protozoal pathogens using binary pcr and quantitative pcr (qpcr). quantitative microbial risk assessment (qmra) analysis was used to quantify the risk of infection associated with the exposure to potential pathogens from roof-harvested rainwater used as potable or nonpotable water. of the 214 samples tested, 10.7%, 9.8% ...201020851954
predacious bacteria, bdellovibrio with potential for biocontrol.bacteria of the genus of bdellovibrio are highly motile gram-negative predators of other gram-negative bacteria causing lysis of their prey. here we report results of studies on the interactions of bdellovibrio with species of alcaligenes, campylobacter, erwinia, escherichia, helicobacter, pseudomonas, legionella, and shigella in agar lower, liquid media and cells attached to a surface. helicobacter pylori was studied employing both actively growing and viable but nonculturable (vbnc) cells. the ...201020850380
environmental surveillance of legionella pneumophila in two italian hospitals.the aim of this study was to identify the most effective disinfection protocol to reduce the presence of legionella pneumophila in the water system of two italian hospitals. from 2004 to 2009, 271 samplings of hot water were carried out in 11 hospital units to detect the presence of l. pneumophila. additionally, water samples collected from one boiler outlet and the hot water recirculation were tested. from 2004 to 2009, l. pneumophila was present in 37% of the samples. of these, 68.3% and 18.8% ...201020847460
sessile legionella pneumophila is able to grow on surfaces and generate structured monospecies biofilms.currently, models for studying legionella pneumophila biofilm formation rely on multi-species biofilms with low reproducibility or on growth in rich medium, where planktonic growth is unavoidable. the present study describes a new medium adapted to the growth of l. pneumophila monospecies biofilms in vitro. a microplate model was used to test several media. after incubation for 6 days in a specific biofilm broth not supporting planktonic growth, biofilms consisted of 5.36 ± 0.40 log (cfu cm(-2)) ...201020835931
legionella pneumophila strain 130b possesses a unique combination of type iv secretion systems and novel dot/icm secretion system effector proteins.legionella pneumophila is a ubiquitous inhabitant of environmental water reservoirs. the bacteria infect a wide variety of protozoa and, after accidental inhalation, human alveolar macrophages, which can lead to severe pneumonia. the capability to thrive in phagocytic hosts is dependent on the dot/icm type iv secretion system (t4ss), which translocates multiple effector proteins into the host cell. in this study, we determined the draft genome sequence of l. pneumophila strain 130b (wadsworth). ...201020833813
new sequence types of legionella pneumophila circulating in northern italy and comparison with other regions of the world. 201020832142
ccl20 is overexpressed in mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected monocytes and inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species (ros).ccl20 is a chemokine that attracts immature dendritic cells. we show that monocytes, cells characteristic of the innate immune response, infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis express the ccl20 gene at a much higher level than the same cells infected with non-tuberculous mycobacteria. interferon (ifn)-γ, a fundamental cytokine in the immune response to tuberculosis, strongly inhibits both the transcription and the translation of ccl20. we have also confirmed that dendritic cells are a suitable ...201020819093
dangers in the garden. 201020816551
lipidation by the host prenyltransferase machinery facilitates membrane localization of legionella pneumophila effector proteins.the intracellular human pathogen legionella pneumophila translocates multiple proteins in the host cytosol known as effectors, which subvert host cellular processes to create a membrane-bound organelle that supports bacterial replication. it was observed that several legionella effectors encode a prototypical eukaryotic prenylation caax motif (where c represents a cysteine residue and a denotes an aliphatic amino acid). these bacterial motifs mediated posttranslational modification of effector p ...201020813839
3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid (kdo) hydrolase identified in francisella tularensis, helicobacter pylori, and legionella pneumophila.3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid (kdo) is an eight-carbon sugar ubiquitous in gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides (lps). although its biosynthesis is well described, no protein has yet been identified as a kdo hydrolase. however, kdo hydrolase enzymatic activity has been detected in membranes of helicobacter pylori and francisella tularensis and may be responsible for the removal of side-chain kdo from the lps core saccharides. we now report the identification of genes encoding a kdo hyd ...201020801884
inhibitory effect of the essential oil from chamaecyparis obtusa on the growth of food-borne pathogens.in this study, the antibacterial activity of essential oil from chamaecyparis obtusa (sieb. et zucc) leaves and twigs was investigated. the test strains were klebsiella pneumoniae, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella typhimurium, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, legionella pneumophila, and methicilline-resistant staphylococcus aureus. antibacterial activity was estimated by measuring bacterial growth inhibition. histopathological examination was also performed. c. obtusa oil distinctly in ...201020799092
inter-laboratory validation of a rapid assay for the detection and quantification of legionella spp. in water samples.to compare the standard culture method with a new, rapid test (scanvit-legionella™) using fluorescently labelled gene probes for the detection and enumeration of legionella spp. the new technique was validated through experiments conducted on both artificially and naturally contaminated water and through an inter-laboratory comparison.201020796212
[updated acute community-acquired pneumonia in adults: guidelines for initial antimicrobial therapy based on local evidence from the south american working group (consensur ii)].community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in adults is probably one of the infections affecting ambulatory patients for which the highest diversity of guidelines has been written worldwide. most of them agree in that antimicrobial therapy should be initially tailored according to either the severity of the infection or the presence of comorbidities and the etiologic pathogen. nevertheless, a great variability may be noted among the different countries in the selection of the primary choice in the antim ...201020737129
legionellosis outbreak associated with asphalt paving machine, spain, 2009.from 1999 through 2005 in alcoi, spain, incidence of legionellosis was continually high. over the next 4 years, incidence was lower, but an increase in july 2009 led health authorities to declare an epidemic outbreak. a molecular epidemiology investigation showed that the allelic profiles for all legionella pneumophila samples from the 2009 outbreak patients were the same, thus pointing to a common genetic origin for their infections, and that they were identical to that of the organism that had ...201020735921
legionnaires' disease and pontiac fever after using a private outdoor whirlpool spa.pontiac fever and legionnaires' disease are regarded as clinically and epidemiologically distinct diseases, caused by bacteria of the genus legionella. although several outbreaks of either pontiac fever or legionnaires' disease have been reported, they are rarely seen simultaneously. in this report we describe such a simultaneous outbreak of pontiac fever and legionnaires' disease that occurred in the netherlands. in august 2009, 1 patient with legionnaires' disease and 3 patients with pontiac f ...201020735326
[legionnaires' disease--risk factors and symptoms].the analysis of published data concerning demographic and medical risk factors and clinical manifestation and outcome observed in legionella pneumonia were presented in this study. the aim of this study was to discuss the problem of high diversity of symptoms of legionnaires' disease as well as risk factors frequency presented in patients with legionellosis. the different risk factors and clinical picture of legionella pneumonia were presented, depending on kind of infection (sporadic/epidemic), ...201020731241
[legionellosis in poland in 2008].in 2008 the 15 cases of legionellosis were reported in poland, the incidence rate was 0.039/100 000, while 28 (incidence rate 0.073/100 0000 in 2007 and 86 cases (incidence rate 0.23/100 000) in 2006. the decrease in number and in incidence rate was due to lower number of examined specimens from patients as the financial support from polish committee of research activity has expired. all the cases were laboratory diagnosed in national institute of hygiene, the only place where laboratory tests a ...201020731221
influence of legionella pneumophila and other water bacteria on the survival and growth of acanthamoeba polyphaga.we investigated in solid medium, in water microcosm co-cultures and by light and transmission electron microscopy the influence of legionella pneumophila lp-1, pseudomonas aeruginosa atcc 27853, burkholderia cepacia atcc 25416 and pseudomonas fluorescens ssd35 on the growth and survival of acanthamoeba polyphaga. the infection with l. pneumophila was microscopically characterized by the presence of few bacteria inside protozoa at 4th h, and by the beginning of disruptive effects in late phase of ...201020730523
electrochemical disinfection of secondary wastewater treatment plant (wwtp) effluent.in this work the electrochemical disinfection of the effluent of a secondary wastewater treatment plant is investigated. in the experimental work, performed on-site with real effluents of the wwtp located in vuelta ostrera (cantabria, spain), boron-doped diamond (bdd) electrodes were employed. the initial concentration of e. coli in the effluent of the wwtp varied in the range 1.3 x 10⁴-5.2 x 10⁵ cfu/ml. the influence of two operation variables on the kinetics of e. coli deactivation was investi ...201020729593
water quality parameters associated with prevalence of legionella in hot spring facility water bodies.some species of legionella are recognized as opportunistic potential human pathogens, such as legionella pneumophila, which causes legionnaires disease. indeed, outbreaks of legionellosis are frequently reported in areas in which the organism has been spread via aerosols from contaminated institutional water systems. contamination in hot tubs, spas and public baths are also possible. as a result, in this study, we investigated the distribution of legionella at six hot spring recreation areas thr ...201020727568
repetitive element-polymerase chain reaction for genotyping of clinical and environmental isolates of legionella spp.genotyping of legionella strains is important for the epidemiologic survey of legionnaires' disease infections. in this study, we investigated the potential of repetitive element-polymerase chain reaction (rep-pcr) for differentiating various isolates of legionella spp. we used 38 legionella pneumophila isolates (collected in clinics all over japan between 1980 and 2007), 19 environmental legionella anisa isolates (collected in okinawa, nara, osaka, and hyogo prefecture between 1987 and 2007), a ...201020727463
coxiella burnetii type ivb secretion system region i genes are expressed early during the infection of host cells.analysis of the coxiella burnetii rsa 493 (nine mile phase i strain) genome revealed orfs with significant homology to the type ivb secretion system (t4bss) of legionella pneumophila. the t4bss genes exist primarily at two loci, designated regions i (ri) and ii. in c. burnetii, little is known about the t4bss regions and the role they play in establishing and/or maintaining infection. coxiella burnetii t4bss ri contains genes arranged in three linkage groups: (1) icmw→cbu1651→icmx, (2) icmv→dota ...201020727011
microbial diversity in acid mine drainage of xiang mountain sulfide mine, anhui province, china.to understand the composition and structure of microbial communities in acid (ph 3.0) mine drainage (amd) associated with pyrite mine tailings in anhui province, china, molecular diversities of 16s rrna and 18s rrna genes were examined using a pcr-based cloning approach. bacterial, archaeal and microeukaryotic clone libraries were constructed. in contrast to typical dominance of autotrophic acidophiles, genus acidiphilium, which consists of mixotrophic acidophiles capable of chemoorganotrophic a ...201020711792
[past and present of pneumonia].a comparison is made between the most common types of pneumonias usually observed when vincenzo cuomo was active and those of the present day. socially-transmitted pneumonias are contrasted with hospital-acquired pneumonias, mostly due to gram negative bacteria, often multiresistant to antibiotics. additional pneumonias are due to mycoplasmas, rickettsiae and legionella and also to viruses, such as cytomegalovirus, for example.201020704025
a decision support system for preventing legionella disease.information systems plays an important role in medicine because it helps process more data more efficiently while providing access to more people in different parts of the world. in this research we analyzed the data of legionella pneumophila and other legionella species collected by the public hygiene center (phc). phc collected 7,211 water samples from different sources of different locations in different cities in turkey from year 1995 to 2008. the main goal of this research is to develop a c ...201020703621
a combined molecular typing approach does not discriminate legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 strains of a predominant sequence-based type in palermo, italy.the sequence-based type 1,4,3,1,1,1 of legionella pneumophila sg.1 is predominant in the palermo city environment since several years. in this study, extended sequence-based typing and pulsed field gel electrophoresis were used in a combined approach in the aim to enhance discriminatory power of the molecular typing procedures. however, probably due to a common environmental reservoir and genetic stability, most of the strains circulating in the geographic area under study belong to the same clo ...200920701881
consolidation therapy with subcutaneous alemtuzumab after fludarabine and rituximab induction therapy for previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia: final analysis of calgb 10101.to determine if alemtuzumab consolidation improves response rate and progression-free survival (pfs) after induction chemoimmunotherapy in previously untreated symptomatic patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.201020697069
[possible daptomycin-induced organizing pneumonia].we report a possible and rare case of drug-induced organizing pneumonia in a patient receiving daptomycin. a 75-year-old man with acute infective aorta valve endocarditis due to enterococcus faecalis developed organizing pneumonia following treatment with intravenous daptomycin and ceftriaxone. the patient could have acquired an infectious agent which was resistant to ceftriaxone, such as legionella, and he was thus treated with ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. however, no antigen was found in the ...201020696120
distribution of legionella species from environmental water sources of public facilities and genetic diversity of l. pneumophila serogroup 1 in south korea.a total of 560 legionella species were isolated from environmental water sources from public facilities from june to september 2008 throughout south korea. the distribution of legionella isolates was investigated according to geographical region, facility type, and sample type. the genetic diversity of 104 isolates of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (sg 1) was analyzed by sequence-based typing (sbt). l. pneumophila was distributed broadly throughout korea, accounting for 85.0% of the isolates ...201020693456
clinical efficacy of moxifloxacin versus comparator therapies for community-acquired pneumonia caused by legionella spp.the aim of this study was to compare outcomes for patients with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) caused by legionella spp. following treatment with moxifloxacin or a range of comparator antimicrobial agents. data were pooled from four sequential i.v./p.o. trials of moxifloxacin in the treatment of cap. comparators were ceftriaxone +/- erythromycin, amoxicillin/clavulanate +/- clarithromycin, trovafloxacin, levofloxacin, or ceftriaxone + levofloxacin. legionella infection was diagnosed by cultu ...201020685631
the pattern recognition receptors nod1 and nod2 account for neutrophil recruitment to the lungs of mice infected with legionella pneumophila.the intracellular bacterium legionella pneumophila induces a severe form of pneumonia called legionnaires diseases, which is characterized by a strong neutrophil (ne) infiltrate to the lungs of infected individuals. although the participation of pattern recognition receptors, such as toll-like receptors, was recently demonstrated, there is no information on the role of nod-like receptors (nlrs) for bacterial recognition in vivo and for ne recruitment to the lungs. here, we employed a murine mode ...201020685341
synthesis and biological evaluation of (+/-)-dinemasone c and analogues.dinemasone c was prepared in three steps (8% overall yield) from cis-tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-pyrone by aldol reaction with 2,4-hexadienal, epoxidation followed by cyclization, and epimerization of the ring fusion. dinemasone c, epi-dinemasone c, anhydrodinemasone bc, and nor-dinemasone b are active against bacteria, including legionella pneumophila corby, algae, and fungi.201020684519
investigation of plasma-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube film and its application of dna sensor for legionella pneumophila detection.a novel multiwall carbon nanotube (mwcnt) electrode functionalized with oxygen plasma treatment was prepared and characterized, and its dna sensing ability for legionella pneumophila (l. pneumophila) detection was examined using electrochemical measurement. a well-patterned mwcnt working electrode (we) on a pt track was fabricated using photolithography, transfer methods and an etching technique. the mwcnt we was functionalized by oxygen plasma treatment prior to applying for dna sensor. the sur ...201020678644
comparison of two mice strains, a/j and c57bl/6, in caspase-1 activity and il-1beta secretion of macrophage to mycobacterium leprae infection.a/j mice were found to have amino acid differences in naip5, one of the nod-like receptors (nlrs) involved in the cytosolic recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and one of the adaptor proteins for caspase-1 activation. this defect was associated with a susceptibility to legionella infection, suggesting an important role for naip5 in the immune response also to other intracellular pathogens, such as mycobacterium leprae. in this study, the immune responses of macrophages from a/j ...201020671924
proteomic analysis of growth phase-dependent expression of legionella pneumophila proteins which involves regulation of bacterial virulence traits.legionella pneumophila, which is a causative pathogen of legionnaires' disease, expresses its virulent traits in response to growth conditions. in particular, it is known to become virulent at a post-exponential phase in vitro culture. in this study, we performed a proteomic analysis of differences in expression between the exponential phase and post-exponential phase to identify candidates associated with l. pneumophila virulence using 2-dimentional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis ( ...201020661449
exploitation of conserved eukaryotic host cell farnesylation machinery by an f-box effector of legionella pneumophila.farnesylation involves covalent linkage of eukaryotic proteins to a lipid moiety to anchor them into membranes, which is essential for the biological function of ras and other proteins. a large cadre of bacterial effectors is injected into host cells by intravacuolar pathogens through elaborate type iii-vii translocation machineries, and many of these effectors are incorporated into the pathogen-containing vacuolar membrane by unknown mechanisms. the dot/icm type iv secretion system of legionell ...201020660614
implications of faecal indicator bacteria for the microbiological assessment of roof-harvested rainwater quality in southeast queensland, australia.the study aimed to evaluate the suitability of escherichia coli, enterococci, and clostridium perfringens for assessing the microbiological quality of roof-harvested rainwater and assessing whether the concentrations of these faecal indicators can be used to predict the presence or absence of specific zoonotic bacterial or protozoan pathogens. from a total of 100 samples tested, 58%, 83%, and 46% of samples were found to be positive for, respectively, e. coli, enterococci, and clostridium perfri ...201020657617
high-resolution in situ genotyping of legionella pneumophila populations in drinking water by multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis using environmental dna.central to the understanding of infections by the waterborne pathogen legionella pneumophila is its detection at the clonal level. currently, multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat (vntr) analysis (mlva) of l. pneumophila isolates can be used as a tool for high-resolution genotyping. since l. pneumophila is difficult to isolate, the isolation of outbreak strains often fails due to a viable but nonculturable (vbnc) state of the respective environmental population. therefore, we developed a ...201020656879
legionella pneumophila carrying the virulence-associated lipopolysaccharide epitope possesses two functionally different lps components.phase-variable expression of legionella pneumophila lipopolysaccharide (lps) has not been described in detail for strains possessing the virulence-associated epitope recognized by the monoclonal antibody (mab) 3/1 of the dresden panel. about 75 % of cases of community-acquired legionellosis are caused by mab 3/1-positive strains. in this study, the lps architecture of the mab 3/1-positive corby strain was investigated during its life cycle in broth culture and inside monocytic host cells. during ...201020656784
phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis and its significance in bacteria interacting with eukaryotic cells.phosphatidylcholine (pc), a typical eukaryotic membrane phospholipid, is present in only about 10% of all bacterial species, in particular in bacteria interacting with eukaryotes. a number of studies revealed that pc plays a fundamental role in symbiotic and pathogenic microbe-host interactions. agrobacterium tumefaciens mutants lacking pc are unable to elicit plant tumors. the human pathogens brucella abortus and legionella pneumophila require pc for full virulence. the plant symbionts bradyrhi ...201020656373
extremely elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rates (esrs) in legionnaires' disease. 201020652345
the legionella effector protein drra ampylates the membrane traffic regulator rab1b.in the course of legionnaires' disease, the bacterium legionella pneumophila affects the intracellular vesicular trafficking of infected eukaryotic cells by recruiting the small guanosine triphosphatase (gtpase) rab1 to the cytosolic face of the legionella-containing vacuole. in order to accomplish this, the legionella protein drra contains a specific guanine nucleotide exchange activity for rab1 activation that exchanges guanosine triphosphate (gtp) for guanosine diphosphate on rab1. we found t ...201020651120
antibiotic resistance in invasive streptococcus pneumoniae isolates identified in scotland between 1999 and 2007.data from 4727 invasive isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae submitted to the scottish haemophilus, legionella, meningococcus and pneumococcus reference laboratory between 1999 and 2007 were analysed to establish susceptibility profiles to penicillin, erythromycin and cefotaxime. pneumococcal resistance to penicillin over the study period remained low, with only 0.2 % (n=7/4727) of isolates falling into this category (mic ≥2 mg l(-1)). these isolates have been sporadic, and have mainly represent ...201020651042
legionella pneumophila-induced iκbζ-dependent expression of interleukin-6 in lung epithelium.severe community- and hospital-acquired pneumonia is caused by legionella pneumophila. lung airway and alveolar epithelial cells comprise an important sentinel system in airborne infections. although interleukin (il)-6 is known as a central regulator of the immune response in pneumonia, its regulation in the lung is widely unknown. herein, we demonstrate that different l. pneumophila strains induce delayed expression of il-6 in comparison with il-8 by human lung epithelial cells. il-6 expression ...201120650996
redundant and unique roles of coronin proteins in dictyostelium.dictyostelium discoideum harbors a short (crn12) and a long coronin (crn7) composed of one and two beta-propellers, respectively. they are primarily present in the cell cortex and cells lacking crn12 (cora⁻) or crn7 (corb⁻) have defects in actin driven processes. we compared the characteristics of a mutant cell line (cora⁻/corb⁻) lacking crn12 and crn7 with the single mutants focusing on cytokinesis, phagocytosis, chemotaxis and development. cytokinesis, uptake of small particles, and developmen ...201120640912
lipopolysaccharide of legionella pneumophila shed in a liquid culture as a nonvesicular fraction arrests phagosome maturation in amoeba and monocytic host cells.after uptake by susceptible host cells, legionella pneumophila displays the ability to arrest phagolysosome fusion. to elucidate the role of lipopolysaccharide (lps) in this mechanism, we investigated its influence on acanthamoeba castellanii, a/j mouse macrophages and human monocytes. for this, legionellae were cultured in broth to the replicative, noninfectious phase or to the infectious phase expressing virulence traits. shed lps-enriched outer membrane vesicles (omv) and lps species <300 kda ...201020636972
viable real-time pcr in environmental samples: can all data be interpreted directly?selective nucleic acid intercalating dyes--ethidium monoazide (ema) and propidium monoazide (pma)--represent one of the most successful recent approaches to detect viable cells (as defined by an intact cell membrane) by pcr and have been effectively evaluated in different microorganisms. however, some practical limitations were found, especially in environmental samples. the aim of this work was to show that in the application of viable real-time pcr, there may be significant biases and to propo ...201120632000
comparative genome analysis of a large dutch legionella pneumophila strain collection identifies five markers highly correlated with clinical strains.discrimination between clinical and environmental strains within many bacterial species is currently underexplored. genomic analyses have clearly shown the enormous variability in genome composition between different strains of a bacterial species. in this study we have used legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of legionnaire's disease, to search for genomic markers related to pathogenicity. during a large surveillance study in the netherlands well-characterized patient-derived strains an ...201020630115
legionella pneumophila community-acquired pneumonia (cap): incidence and intensity of microscopic hematuria. 201020624422
viral and mycoplasma pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia and novel clinical outcome evaluation in ambulatory adult patients in china.few studies have addressed the etiology and clinical outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) treated in an ambulatory setting. we investigated the etiology by the culture of mycoplasma pneumoniae, urine antigen testing of streptococcus pneumoniae and legionella pneumoniae, and dna or rna determination of eight kinds of respiratory virus dna or rna. an etiological diagnosis was made in 51.8% of 197 patients. the most common pathogens were m. pneumoniae (29.4%) followed by influenza virus a ...201020623362
argr-regulated genes are derepressed in the legionella-containing vacuole.legionella pneumophila is an intracellular pathogen that infects protozoa in aquatic environments and when inhaled by susceptible human hosts replicates in alveolar macrophages and can result in the often fatal pneumonia called legionnaires' disease. the ability of l. pneumophila to replicate within host cells requires the establishment of a specialized compartment that evades normal phagolysosome fusion called the legionella-containing vacuole (lcv). elucidation of the biochemical composition o ...201020622069
preventing legionella spp. outgrowth by architectural redesign with modification of the cold water supply from one-way outflow to a recirculation system. 201020619494
cluster of legionnaires' disease associated with a public whirlpool spa, france, april-may 2010.in may 2010, a cluster of three cases of legionnaires' disease was identified in france. the results of the epidemiological, environmental and microbiological investigations allowed the rapid identification of a public whirlpool spa as the most probable source of contamination and the implementation of appropriate control measures. this investigation has stressed the need for good cooperation between partners and the importance of the molecular analysis of legionella strains.201020619131
bacteriological and clinical profile of community acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients.the aim of our study was to obtain comprehensive insight into the bacteriological and clinical profile of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. the patient population consisted of 100 patients admitted with the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (cap), as defined by british thoracic society, from december 1998 to dec 2000, at the sher- i-kashmir institute of medical sciences soura, srinagar, india. gram negative organisms were the commonest cause (19/29), followed by gra ...201020616935
high-affinity binding of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate by legionella pneumophila drra.the drra protein of legionella pneumophila is involved in mistargeting of endoplasmic reticulum-derived vesicles to legionella-containing vacuoles through recruitment of the small gtpase rab1. to this effect, drra binds specifically to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (ptdins(4)p) lipids on the cytosolic surface of the phagosomal membrane shortly after infection. in this study, we present the atomic structure of the ptdins(4)p-binding domain of a protein (drra) from a human pathogen. a detailed ...201020616805
legionella pneumophila induces human beta defensin-3 in pulmonary cells.legionella pneumophila is an important causative agent of severe pneumonia in humans. human alveolar epithelium and macrophages are effective barriers for inhaled microorganisms and actively participate in the initiation of innate host defense. the beta defensin-3 (hbd-3), an antimicrobial peptide is an important component of the innate immune response of the human lung. therefore we hypothesize that hbd-3 might be important for immune defense towards l. pneumophila.201020615218
causes of outbreaks associated with drinking water in the united states from 1971 to 2006.since 1971, the cdc, epa, and council of state and territorial epidemiologists (cste) have maintained the collaborative national waterborne disease and outbreak surveillance system (wbdoss) to document waterborne disease outbreaks (wbdos) reported by local, state, and territorial health departments. wbdos were recently reclassified to better characterize water system deficiencies and risk factors; data were analyzed for trends in outbreak occurrence, etiologies, and deficiencies during 1971 to 2 ...201020610821
seek and ye shall find. 201020610326
integration of pseudomonas aeruginosa and legionella pneumophila in drinking water biofilms grown on domestic plumbing materials.drinking water biofilms were grown on coupons of plumbing materials, including ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer (epdm) rubber, silane cross-linked polyethylene (pe-x b), electron-ray cross-linked pe (pe-x c) and copper under constant flow-through of cold tap water. after 14 days, the biofilms were spiked with pseudomonas aeruginosa, legionella pneumophila and enterobacter nimipressuralis (10(6)cells/ml each). the test bacteria were environmental isolates from contamination events in drinking wat ...201020605741
legionellosis: why should i test and report? 201020603349
anaplasma phagocytophilum aph_0032 is expressed late during infection and localizes to the pathogen-occupied vacuolar membrane.anaplasma phagocytophilum infects neutrophils and myeloid, endothelial, and tick cell lines to reside within a host cell-derived vacuole that is indispensible for its survival. here, we identify aph_0032 as an anaplasma-derived protein that associates with the a. phagocytophilum-occupied vacuolar membrane (avm). aph_0032 is a 66.1 kda acidic protein that electrophoretically migrates with an apparent molecular weight of 130 kda. it contains a predicted transmembrane domain and tandemly arranged d ...201020600793
[water birthing: retrospective review of 2625 water births. contamination of birth pool water and risk of microbial cross-infection].the aim of this study was to document the practice of 2625 water births at vipiteno over the period 1997-2009 and compare outcome and safety with normal vaginal delivery. the microbial load of the birth pool water was analyzed, and neonatal infection rates after water birth and after land delivery were compared. methods. the variables analyzed in the 1152 primiparae were: length of labor; incidence of episiotomies and tears; arterial cord blood ph and base excess values; percentage of ph<7.10 an ...201020595945
fastidious intracellular bacteria as causal agents of community-acquired pneumonia.intracellular bacteria are common causes of community-acquired pneumonia that grow poorly or not at all on standard culture media and do not respond to beta-lactam antibiotic therapy. apart from well-established agents of pneumonia such as legionella pneumophila, mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia pneumoniae, chlamydia psittaci and coxiella burnetii, some new emerging pathogens have recently been recognized, mainly parachlamydia acanthamoebae and simkania negevensis, two chlamydia-related bacteria ...201020586563
burkholderia thailandensis whole cell antigen cross-reacts with b. pseudomallei antibodies from patients with melioidosis in an immunofluorescent assay.an immunofluorescent assay (ifat) using whole cell antigen derived from burkholderia thailandensis used for detection of total antibodies to burkholderia pseudomallei, was found to compare favorably with a previous published report on a b. pseudomallei ifat assay. at a 1:20 cut-off titer, the assay had high sensitivity (98.9%) and satisfactory specificity (92.3%), when tested against sera from 94 patients suspected of melioidosis. sera from 12 patients with culture proven melioidosis gave absolu ...201020578523
h-nox regulation of c-di-gmp metabolism and biofilm formation in legionella pneumophila.summary haem nitric oxide/oxygen (h-nox) binding domains are a family of haemoprotein sensors that are widespread in bacterial genomes, but limited information is available on their function. legionella pneumophila is the only prokaryote found, thus far, to encode two h-nox proteins. this paper presents data supporting a role for one of the l. pneumophila h-noxs in the regulation of biofilm formation. in summary: (i) unmarked deletions in the hnox1 gene do not affect growth rate in liquid cultur ...201020572940
isolation of legionella pneumophila from clinical & environmental sources in a tertiary care hospital.legionella pneumophila and other members of this genus are important respiratory pathogens but legionellosis often remains a neglected and under reported condition. hence, this study was done to find out the presence of this organism in patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital with community-acquired pneumonia (cap).201020571163
legionella - a case for culture. 201020571160
environmental culturing for legionella: can we build a better mouse trap? 201020569848
isolation of legionella rubrilucens from a pneumonia patient co-infected with legionella pneumophila.we report what we believe to be the first clinical isolation of legionella rubrilucens from a pneumonia patient co-infected with legionella pneumophila. l. rubrilucens strains were found in both a patient's sputum and the water of a hot spring in which the patient bathed, and dna analysis by pfge showed that they were indistinguishable.201020558588
integration of pseudomonas aeruginosa and legionella pneumophila in drinking water biofilms grown on domestic plumbing materials.drinking water biofilms were grown on coupons of plumbing materials, including ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer (epdm) rubber, silane cross-linked polyethylene (pe-x b), electron-ray cross-linked pe (pe-x c) and copper under constant flow-through of cold tap water. after 14 days, the biofilms were spiked with pseudomonas aeruginosa, legionella pneumophila and enterobacter nimipressuralis (10(6) cells/ml each). the test bacteria were environmental isolates from contamination events in drinking wa ...201020556878
e3 ubiquitin ligase activity and targeting of bat3 by multiple legionella pneumophila translocated substrates.the intracellular bacterial pathogen legionella pneumophila modulates a number of host processes during intracellular growth, including the eukaryotic ubiquitination machinery, which dictates the stability, activity, and/or localization of a large number of proteins. a number of l. pneumophila proteins contain eukaryotic-like motifs typically associated with ubiquitination. central among these is a family of five f-box-domain-containing proteins of legionella pneumophila. each of these five prot ...201020547746
italian multicentre study on microbial environmental contamination in dental clinics: a pilot study.the dental practice is associated with a high risk of infections, both for patients and healthcare operators, and the environment may play an important role in the transmission of infectious diseases. a microbiological environmental investigation was carried out in six dental clinics as a pilot study for a larger multicentre study that will be performed by the italian siti (society of hygiene, preventive medicine and public health) working group "hygiene in dentistry". microbial contamination of ...201020547411
[establishment of loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for detection of legionella pneumophila].to establish a simple and rapid molecular detection for legionella pneumophila.201020544994
role of regulatory t cells in long-term immune dysfunction associated with severe sepsis.to investigate the role of regulatory t cells in the modulation of long-term immune dysfunction during experimental sepsis. it is well established that sepsis predisposes to development of a pronounced immunosuppression. nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying the immune dysfunction after sepsis are still not well understood.201020543670
the origins of eukaryotic-like proteins in legionella pneumophila.legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of legionnaires' disease, is known to be an intracellular pathogen of multiple species of protozoa and is assumed to have co-evolved with these organisms for millions of years. genome sequencing of l. pneumophila strains has revealed an abundance of eukaryotic-like proteins (elps). here, we study the evolution of these elps, in order to investigate their origin. thirty-four new elps were identified, based on a higher similarity to eukaryotic proteins t ...201020537944
windscreen wiper fluid without added screenwash in motor vehicles: a newly identified risk factor for legionnaires' disease.a source of infection is rarely identified for sporadic cases of legionnaires' disease. we found that professional drivers are five times more commonly represented among community acquired sporadic cases in england and wales than expected. we therefore investigated possible risk exposures in relation to driving or spending time in a motor vehicle. a case control study including all surviving community acquired sporadic cases in england and wales with onset between 12 july 2008 and 9 march 2009 w ...201020532623
the role of fimv and the importance of its tandem repeat copy number in twitching motility, pigment production, and morphology in legionella pneumophila.twitching motility, a flagella-independent type of translocation of bacteria over moist surfaces, requires an array of proteins, including fimv. to investigate the role of this protein in twitching motility in legionella pneumophila, we have generated a knockout mutant of fimv and characterized its phenotypic effects. in addition to a major reduction in twitching motility, deletion of the fimv gene caused a number of other phenotypic effects including decreased protective pigment formation, and ...201020532483
relapsing legionella pneumophila cellulitis: a case report and review of the literature.legionella spp. rarely cause soft tissue infections, with only a few cases reported and usually in the setting of immunocompromise. we report a case of l. pneumophila cellulitis, without pneumonia, in a 65-year-old immunocompromised woman. the patient had a history of interstitial lung disease and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, for which she was receiving high-dose corticosteroids, and had recently experienced an episode of l. pneumophila cellulitis of the lower extremity, which responded ...201020526646
travel-associated legionnaires disease in europe in 2008.in 2008, the european surveillance scheme for travel associated legionnaires disease (ewglinet) received reports of 866 cases of travel-associated legionnaires disease, 42 of whom were reported to have died. 824 of the cases were classified as confirmed and 42 were presumptive. as in previous years, a very low proportion of clinical isolates were obtained (63 cases, 7.3%). males outnumbered females by 2.8:1 in the 2008 dataset and had a median age of 60 years compared with women, whose median ag ...201020519105
pandemic influenza and pneumonia due to legionella pneumophila: a frequently underestimated coinfection. 201020518675
analysis of the coral associated bacterial community structures in healthy and diseased corals from off-shore of southern taiwan.the methods of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) and dna sequencing were used to analyze the ribotypes of microbial communities associated with corals. both healthy and diseased coral of different species were collected at three locations off the southern coast of taiwan. ribotyping results suggested that the microbial communities were diverse. the microbial community profiles, even among the same species of corals from different geographical locations, differ significantly. the cor ...201020512731
development of triplex sybr green real-time pcr for detecting mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydophila pneumoniae, and legionella spp. without extraction of dna.although mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydophila pneumoniae, and legionella spp. are prevalent causes of community-acquired pneumonia, rapid and sensitive diagnosis is difficult. real-time pcr provides rapid and sensitive diagnosis, however, dna extraction is still required, which is time-consuming, costly and includes a risk of contamination. therefore, we aimed to develop triplex real-time pcr without dna extraction. ampdirect(r) plus which inhibits pcr inhibitors was used as the pcr buffer. melt ...201020495268
activity of a novel series of acylides active against community-acquired respiratory pathogens.resistance to macrolides and beta-lactams has increased sharply amongst key respiratory pathogens, leading to major concern. a novel series of acylides was designed to overcome this resistance and was evaluated for in vitro and in vivo activity. this series of acylides was designed starting from clarithromycin by changing the substitution on the desosamine nitrogen, followed by conversion to 3-o-acyl and 11,12-carbamate. minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of acylides were determined agains ...201020493666
clinical features and predictors of mortality in admitted patients with community- and hospital-acquired legionellosis: a danish historical cohort study.legionella is a common cause of bacterial pneumonia. community-acquired [cal] and hospital-acquired legionellosis [hal] may have different presentations and outcome. we aimed to compare clinical characteristics and examine predictors of mortality for cal and hal.201020492639
investigating a cluster of legionnaires' cases: public health implications.to describe the multidisciplinary investigation and management of a rapidly increasing number of cases of legionnaires' disease in the north shropshire area, uk during august 2006.201020483439
molecular evolution of legionella pneumophila dota gene, the contribution of natural environmental strains.given the role of dota protein in establishing successful infections and the diversity of host cells interacting with legionella pneumophila in nature, it is possible that this gene product is a target for adaptive evolution. we investigated the influence of l. pneumophila isolates from natural environments with the molecular evolution of this crucial virulence-related gene. the population genetic structure of l. pneumophila was inferred from the partial sequences of rpob and dota of 303 worldwi ...201020482739
a preliminary assessment of the occupational risk of acquiring legionnaires' disease for people working in telephone manholes, a new workplace environment for legionella growth.telephone manholes (tms) are underground wells, used in italy by the telecommunication companies to locate telephone networks. following a fatal case of legionnaires' disease (ld), acquired during working activity in a tm, we investigated whether legionella was present in tms and could be a risk for manhole workers (mws).201020472324
drinking water quality in household supply infrastructure--a survey of the current situation in germany.as a result of the amendment to the german drinking water ordinance in 2001, local public health authorities are obliged to monitor the water supply in installations providing water for public use (section 18 german drinking water ordinance). with a systematic and nationwide survey of locally available data relating to hygienic drinking water quality and the existing drinking water infrastructure in buildings, the extent of microbial contamination of in-building distribution systems in germany i ...201020471912
predicting bacteremic pneumonia in hiv-1-infected patients consulting the ed.hiv-1-infected patients have higher incidence of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) and risk of complications. bacteremia has been associated with a higher risk of complications in such patients. we investigated factors associated with bacteremia in hiv-1-infected patients with cap presenting at the emergency department.201020466225
acute disseminating encephalomyelitis following legionnaires disease.to describe 2 patients presenting with severe neurological deficits and extensive lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging after having experienced legionella pneumonia.201020457963
rapid clinical diagnosis of legionnaires' disease during the "herald wave" of the swine influenza (h1n1) pandemic: the legionnaires' disease triad.in adults hospitalized with atypical community-acquired pneumonia (cap), legionnaires' disease is not uncommon. legionnaire's disease can be differentiated from typical caps and from other atypical caps based on its characteristic pattern of extrapulmonary organ involvement. the first clinically useful diagnostic weighted point score system for the clinical diagnosis of legionnaires' disease was developed by the infectious disease division at winthrop-university hospital in the 1980s. it has pro ...201020457348
legionnaires' disease mimicking swine influenza (h1n1) pneumonia during the "herald wave" of the pandemic.new york area hospitals were hit hard by the swine influenza (h1n1) pandemic in spring and summer 2009. during a pandemic, the initial cases may be difficult to recognize, but subsequent clinical diagnoses were relatively straightforward, given the high volume of cases and their typical clinical presentation. swine influenza pneumonia presents as an influenza-like illness (ili) with dry cough, fever >102 degrees f and myalgias. a variety of other viral pneumonias, eg, cytomegalovirus, human para ...201020457347
regrowth of potential opportunistic pathogens and algae in reclaimed-water distribution systems.a study of the quality of reclaimed water in treated effluent, after storage, and at three points in the distribution system of four plants in california, florida, massachusetts, and new york was conducted for 1 year. the plants had different treatment processes (conventional versus membrane bioreactor), production capacities, and methods for storage of the water, and the intended end uses of the water were different. the analysis focused on the occurrence of indicator bacteria (heterotrophic ba ...201020453149
novel 6,8-dibromo-4(3h)quinazolinone derivatives of anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities.starting from 4-(6,8-dibromo-2-phenyl-4-oxo-(4h)-quinazolin-3-yl)-benzoic acid ethyl ester (ii) and its acid hydrazide iii, a new series of schiff bases iv and their cyclized products, thiazolidinones v, oxadiazole viii, pyrazoles x-xii, pyrroles xiii-xv and other related products were synthesized. these compounds were screened for their anti-bacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria (staphylococcus aureus, legionella monocytogenes and bacillus cereus) and gram-negative bacteria (escheri ...201020452707
venturi system could be major breakthrough.in a follow-up to last month's "fighting the waterborne menace" article (hej--march 2010), dr. tom makin, directorate manager, medical microbiology, at the royal liverpool and broadgreen university hospitals trust, and martin pride, new business development, at kemper u.k. & ireland, examine how legionella has become a significant potential issue in hospital water systems, and discuss a novel, venturi-based engineering system co-developed by kemper and a german university, and recently successfu ...201020446480
isotopologue profiling of legionella pneumophila: role of serine and glucose as carbon substrates.legionella pneumophila (lp) is commonly found in freshwater habitats but is also the causative agent of legionnaires' disease when infecting humans. although various virulence factors have been reported, little is known about the nutrition and the metabolism of the bacterium. here, we report the application of isotopologue profiling for analyzing the metabolism of l. pneumophila. cultures of lp were supplied with [u-(13)c(3)]serine, [u-(13)c(6)]glucose, or [1,2-(13)c(2)]glucose. after growth, (1 ...201020442401
isolation and identification of acanthamoeba from taiwan spring recreation areas using culture enrichment combined with pcr.in the study, 52 spring water samples were collected from three hot spring recreation areas in northern taiwan and acanthamoebae were isolated from 11 samples (21.2%) on two hot spring recreation areas and mainly present in the hot spring water, hot tubs and wastewater. the most frequently identified acanthamoeba genotype was t15, followed by t6, and then t5. genotype t1, t2, t3 and t4 were detected once, respectively. the presence or absence of acanthamoeba within the spring water samples showe ...201020434423
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