Publications

characterization of dna uptake by the cyanobacterium anacystis nidulans.	the binding and uptake of nick-translated 32p-labeled pbr322 by anacystis nidulans 6301 have been characterized. both processes were considerably enhanced in permeaplasts compared to cells. the breakdown of labeled dna was not correlated with binding or uptake by permeaplasts or cells. uptake of dna by permeaplasts was unaffected by: mg2+ or ca2+, light, or inhibitors of photophosphorylation such as valinomycin or gramicidin d in the presence or absence of nh4cl. atp at 2.5-10 mm inhibited both ...	1986	3093820
grouping of aspergillus species with exoantigens.	ninety-two slant extracts prepared from 2-week-old cultures of seven aspergillus groups, nonsporulating "albino-type" a.fumigatus, blastomyces dermatitidis, histoplasma capsulatum, 3 penicillium spp., 2 pseudallescheria spp., 3 paecilomyces spp., and acremonium sp., were analyzed concurrently against antisera to a. fumigatus, a. flavus, a. nidulans, a. niger, and a. terreus. the extract of each of the aforementioned five pathogenic aspergillus spp. produced 2-11 specific antigen-antibody complex ...	1986	3086014
transformation of the cyanobacterium anacystis nidulans 6301 with the escherichia coli plasmid pbr322.	anacystis nidulans 6301 has been transformed in the light to ampicillin resistance with the plasmid pbr322. permeaplasts prepared by 2-hr treatment of cells with lysozyme and edta are transformed with a 50-fold higher efficiency than that observed for cells. beta-lactamase is present in a. nidulans transformed either with pbr322 or the plasmid pch1 as evidenced by hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring of nitrocefin in extracts of transformants. beta-lactamase also can be immunoprecipitated from ext ...	1986	3085098
organization of the genes for protein synthesis elongation factors tu and g in the cyanobacterium anacystis nidulans.	the genes for protein synthesis elongation factors tu and g were cloned from the cyanobacterium anacystis nidulans. the locations of these genes were mapped within the cloned dna fragment by hybridization with escherichia coli probes. the organization of the cloned fragment and the dna flanking it in the a. nidulans chromosome was also determined. the elongation factor tu and g genes are adjacent to one another and in the same 5'-to-3' orientation. in contrast to other gram-negative bacteria, a. ...	1986	3082860
genetic regulation of development in aspergillus nidulans.		1988	3076298
[investigation on sterigmatocystin-producing species of aspergillus in china].		1988	3073929
the ethanol regulon in aspergillus nidulans: characterization and sequence of the positive regulatory gene alcr.	the regulatory gene, alcr, of aspergillus nidulans, encodes a protein that induces the expression of the alca and alda genes. the alcr gene is inducible, autoregulated, and subject to carbon catabolite repression. we report the complete nucleotide sequence of the alcr gene and its 5' and 3' non-coding regions. in the 5' flanking region of the alcr gene, several repeats and inverted repeats were found, and small sequence similarities were also found with the 5' flanking regions of the alca and al ...	1988	3072264
an efficient cell-free translation system from aspergillus nidulans and in vitro translocation of prepro-alpha-factor across aspergillus microsomes.	we describe the preparation of an in vitro translation system from heat shock-treated aspergillus nidulans, capable of supporting efficient and faithful synthesis of proteins from natural and in vitro transcribed eukaryotic messages. in vitro synthesized prepro-alpha-factor was translocated across aspergillus nidulans microsomal membranes in either the homologous a. nidulans or a yeast cell-free system. the translocated prepro-alpha-factor was protected from digestion by protease and glycosylate ...	1988	3072100
structure of the aspergillus nidulans pyruvate kinase gene.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the aspergillus nidulans pyruvate kinase gene, including its flanking sequences, is presented. the gene has a 1,578 bp coding sequence that encodes a protein of 526 amino acids; the latter is strongly homologous to the pyruvate kinases found in saccharomyces cerevisiae (66%) and mammals (53%). the gene is interrupted by seven introns, three of which are in a conserved position compared to those present in the mammalian pyruvate kinase genes sequenced thus far. ...	1988	3072099
isolation and characterization of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene of aspergillus nidulans.	the isolation and characterization of the highly expressed glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd)-coding gene (gpda) of aspergillus nidulans is described. the gene was isolated from an a. nidulans lambda gene library with a saccharomyces cerevisiae gpd-coding gene as a probe. unlike many other eukaryotes, a. nidulans contains only one gpd-coding gene. at the amino acid level, homology with other gpd enzymes is extensive. the a. nidulans gene contains seven introns, one of which is positi ...	1988	3066699
an adaptive response to alkylating agents in aspergillus nidulans.	a simple method is described for demonstrating adaptation to alkylation damage in aspergillus nidulans. one wild type, two mnng-sensitive, and one mnng-resistant strain all showed improvement in colony growth when challenged with mnng following appropriate inducing pretreatments. other alkylating agents (mms, ems) could also adapt mycelium to later mnng challenge, while 4nqo and uv could not. the inducible effect was not transmissible through conidia. a standard reversion assay based upon methg ...	1988	3066510
ammonium ion sensitivity is a ribosomal phenotype associated with suppressor mutations in the suac gene of aspergillus nidulans.	ammonium ions are selectively toxic to strains containing mutations in the suac gene which can mutate to a suppressor phenotype. this phenotype is associated with increased ribosomal misreading in vitro (zamir and martinelli 1987) and altered ribosomal proteins (harvey and martinelli 1983). such ammonium-sensitivity is a feature of both strong and weak suppressor alleles, and segregates with suppressor ability in crosses. suppressor mutations in the suab and suad genes are not affected, nor are ...	1988	3066509
regulatory region of the aspergillus nidulans argb gene.	we have constructed a series of deletion plasmids which contain the aspergillus nidulans argb gene for ornithine carbamoyltransferase (otc). these deletions comprise the 5' upstream sequence of the argb gene. the pro- arg- strain of a. nidulans was transformed with the above plasmids. several arg+ transformants of integration types i and ii, obtained using each of the deletion plasmids, were studied, and their ability to de-repress otc level by proline starvation was compared. it was concluded t ...	1988	3066508
isolation of a phytoalexin-detoxification gene from the plant pathogenic fungus nectria haematococca by detecting its expression in aspergillus nidulans.	detoxification of the pea phytoalexin pisatin via demethylation, mediated by a cytochrome p-450 monooxygenase, is thought to be important for pathogenicity of the fungus nectria haematococca on pea. to isolate a fungal gene encoding pisatin demethylating activity (pda), we transformed aspergillus nidulans with a genomic library of n. haematococca dna constructed in a cosmid which carried the a. nidulans trpc gene. transformants were selected for trp+ and then screened for pda. one transformant a ...	1988	3065148
evaluation of the mutagenic activity of leucinostatins, a novel class of antibiotic peptides produced by paecilomyces marquandii, in the modul aspergillus nidulans.	leucinostatins a, b, c, d, e, g, h, and k were thoroughly investigated for their genotoxic activity using the modul aspergillus nidulans as the test organism. the results of assays for gene mutation (8-azaguanine resistance and methionine suppressors), gene conversion, mitotic crossing-over and mitotic aneuploidy induction suggest that these peptide antibiotics lack significant mutagenicity and that non-genotoxic mechanism(s) underlie their cytotoxic properties.	1988	3063923
cloning and analysis of the positively acting regulatory gene amdr from aspergillus nidulans.	the positively acting regulatory gene amdr of aspergillus nidulans coordinately regulates the expression of four unlinked structural genes involved in acetamide (amds), omega amino acid (gata and gaba), and lactam (lama) catabolism. by the use of dna-mediated transformation of a. nidulans, the amdr regulatory gene was cloned from a genomic cosmid library. southern blot analysis of dna from various loss-of-function amdr mutants revealed the presence of four detectable dna rearrangements, includin ...	1988	3062382
a rapid purification procedure for pyruvate kinase from the hyphal fungus aspergillus nidulans.	pyruvate kinase was purified from the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans with a 45-55% yield. the procedure involved dye-affinity chromatography and fast protein liquid chromatography, resulting in highly active and pure enzyme in milligram quantities within 2 days. the purified enzyme, a tetramer with a subunit molecular weight of 65,000 and an isoelectric point of 4.7, was used to determine the amino acid composition.	1988	3058273
localisation of several chromosome i genes of aspergillus nidulans: implications for mitotic recombination.	another laboratory previously reported that the vast majority of mitotic recombinants in chromosome i disomics of aspergillus nidulans arise from double exchange events involving the centromeric region and a far distal, possibly telomeric, region. this conclusion was based on the assumption that the camc gene is located in a position far distal to the centromere on the left arm of chromosome i. as a left arm location for camc distal to the centromere was possibly in conflict with mapping data ob ...	1988	3054488
mitotic gene conversion, reciprocal recombination and gene replacement at the bena, beta-tubulin, locus of aspergillus nidulans.	we have developed a procedure for determining the rates of mitotic recombination of an interrupted duplication created by integration of transforming plasmid sequences at the bena, beta-tubulin, locus of aspergillus nidulans. transformation of a strain carrying a benomyl-resistant bena allele with plasmid aipgm4, which carries the wild-type bena allele and the pyr4 (orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase) gene of neurospora crassa, creates an interrupted duplication with plasmid sequences flanked ...	1988	3054484
location and biosynthetic regulation of endo-1,4-beta-glucanase in aspergillus nidulans.	the location and biosynthetic regulation of endo-1,4-beta-glucanase were studied in aspergillus nidulans. the enzyme was found to be extracellular, but low intracellular activity was also detected at the beginning of enzyme induction. the synthesis of the enzyme was regulated by carbon catabolite repression as well as specific induction. beta-1,4-linked carbohydrates, such as carboxymethylcellulose, cellobiose and lactose, induced the enzyme synthesis, while 2-deoxyglucose and readily metaboliza ...	1988	3054436
molecular cloning, identification and transcriptional analysis of genes involved in acetate utilization in neurospora crassa.	four neurospora crassa genomic clones have been selected as hybridizing much more strongly to labelled mrna isolated from acetate-grown mycelium than to mrna from sucrose-grown mycelium. hybridization of restriction fragments with acetate-specific mrna or cdna has been used to delimit the transcribed region(s) of each clone. the transcription of all four clones is strongly induced by transfer of growing mycelium from sucrose to acetate as sole carbon source. in wild-type mycelium, mrnas correspo ...	1988	3054423
glycerol uptake mutants of the hyphal fungus aspergillus nidulans.	a new class of glycerol non-utilizing mutants, designated glcc, has been isolated. the glcc gene was mapped in linkage group vi and mutants were found to complement the reference strains glca1 (linkage group v) and glcb33 (linkage group i) in diploids. the new mutants were unable to grow on glycerol. however, in contrast to the glca and glcb phenotype these mutants did grow well on dihydroxyacetone and d-galacturonate. by in vivo 13c nmr spectroscopy it was shown that the glcc mutant did not tak ...	1988	3053975
cell-cycle modulation of mpm-2-specific spindle pole body phosphorylation in aspergillus nidulans.	mpm-2 is a monoclonal antibody that interacts with mitosis-specific phosphorylated proteins in many different organisms. immunocytochemistry of tissue culture cells has shown that mpm-2 stains centrosomes, chromosomes, kinetochores, and spindles. in this paper, we demonstrate that mpm-2 staining colocalizes with the spindle pole body (spb) of aspergillus nidulans and that spb staining varies during the mitotic cycle. in an unsynchronized population, about one-fourth to one-third of the cells sta ...	1988	3052873
induction of chromosome malsegregation by halogenated organic solvents in aspergillus nidulans: unspecific or specific mechanism?	three chloromethanes (dichloromethane, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride) and 8 chlorinated ethanes (1,1- and 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,1,1,2- and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, pentachloroethane and hexachloroethane) were assayed in tests for the induction of mitotic segregation in aspergillus nidulans diploid strain p1. eight of the 11 compounds assayed (dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1- and 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,1,1,2- a ...	1988	3050490
genetic regulation of the quinic acid utilization (qut) gene cluster in aspergillus nidulans.	a large number of quinic acid non-utilizing qut mutants of aspergillus nidulans deficient in the induction of all three quinic acid specific enzymes have been analysed. one class the qutd mutants, are all recessive and are non-inducible at ph 6.5 due to inferred deficiency in a quinate ion permease. two regulatory genes have been identified. the quta gene encodes an activator protein since most quta mutants are recessive and non-inducible although a few fully dominant mutants have been found. th ...	1988	3049934
every ribosomal suppressor mutation in aspergillus nidulans has a unique and highly pleiotropic phenotype.	18 suppressors of alcr125 have been selected in aspergillus nidulans. they have been located in genes as follows: 12 in suaa, 1 in suab and 5 in suac. suppressors have been examined to see whether their phenotype is diagnostic for their genotype. several new traits are described: conidial viability, cycloheximide resistance, fertility, suppression of niad500, niad501 and fwa1. these tests, added to those already in use, provide a battery of tests suitable for assigning suppressor mutations to ph ...	1988	3046761
chronic granulomatous disease of childhood. an unusual case of infection with aspergillus nidulans var. echinulatus.	aspergillus nidulans var. echinulatus was the sole agent cultured from the left lung, a paraspinal abscess, left ribs, and thoracic vertebral bodies from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease. hyphal elements were present in histologic sections of lung, vertebral bodies, and infected ribs along with granuloma formation. the patient was treated with two debridement procedures and insertion of a harrington rod followed by a long course of amphotericin b, flucytosine, and daily white blood c ...	1988	3046321
cloning and expression in escherichia coli of isopenicillin n synthetase genes from streptomyces lipmanii and aspergillus nidulans.	beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins and cephalosporins are synthesized by a wide variety of microbes, including procaryotes and eucaryotes. isopenicillin n synthetase catalyzes a key reaction in the biosynthetic pathway of penicillins and cephalosporins. the genes encoding this protein have previously been cloned from the filamentous fungi cephalosporium acremonium and penicillium chrysogenum and characterized. we have extended our analysis to the isopenicillin n synthetase genes from th ...	1988	3045077
identification of the sites of action for regulatory genes controlling the amds gene of aspergillus nidulans.	the amds gene of aspergillus nidulans, which encodes an acetamidase enzyme, is positively regulated by the trans-acting genes amdr, facb, amda, and area. sequence changes in several cis-acting mutations in the 5' region of the gene which specifically affect amds regulation were determined. the amdi9 mutation, which results in increased facb-dependent acetate induction, is due to a single-base change at base pair -210 relative to the start point of translation. the amdi93 mutation, which abolishe ...	1988	3043184
an asparaginase of aspergillus nidulans is subject to oxygen repression in addition to nitrogen metabolite repression.	of five amidohydrolase activities subject to nitrogen metabolite repression in aspergillus nidulans, l-asparaginase shows clearest evidence of also being subject to repression by atmospheric oxygen. such oxygen repressibility is only evident under nitrogen metabolite derepressed conditions. asparaginase levels are also considerably elevated by area300, an altered function allele of the positive acting wide domain regulatory gene area mediating nitrogen metabolite repression and are drastically r ...	1988	3043173
behaviour of a replicating mitochondrial dna sequence from aspergillus amstelodami in saccharomyces cerevisiae and aspergillus nidulans.	an amplified sequence of mitochondrial dna from a ragged (rgd) mutant of aspergillus amstelodami has been shown to exist in multimeric circular form, suggesting that it is excised from the genome and can exist independently of it. this sequence has replicative (ars) activity in saccharomyces cerevisiae, and a subfragment responsible for this activity has been identified and sequenced. a homologous sequence from aspergillus nidulans mtdna also has ars activity in s. cerevisiae. both a. amstelodam ...	1988	3042169
functional organization of the aspergillus nidulans trpc promoter.	we investigated the functional organization of the aspergillus nidulans trpc promoter by the sequential removal of sequences upstream of the major trpc mrna cap site (+1). dna fragments containing promoter mutations were fused to the escherichia coli lacz gene, and a novel method was used to select for integration of the fusion gene at the aspergillus argb locus. beta-galactosidase assays and s1 nuclease protection experiments demonstrated that the promoter mutations affected gene expression in ...	1987	3039345
selectable genes for transformation of the fungal plant pathogen glomerella cingulata f. sp. phaseoli (colletotrichum lindemuthianum).	glomerella cingulata f. sp. phaseoli (gcp) was transformed using either of two selectable markers: the amds + gene of aspergillus nidulans, which encodes acetamidase and permits growth on acetamide as the sole nitrogen source and the hygbr gene of escherichia coli which encodes hygromycin b (hy) phosphotransferase and permits growth in the presence of the antibiotic hy. the amds+ gene functioned in gcp under control of a. nidulans regulatory signals and hygbr was expressed after fusion to a prom ...	1987	3038698
cloning of the ribob locus of aspergillus nidulans.	we have complemented the ribob2 mutation of aspergillus nidulans by transformation with a plasmid library of wild-type (wt) sequences. we have isolated, by marker rescue from a ribob+ transformant, a plasmid that complements ribob2 efficiently. from this plasmid we have subcloned an a. nidulans sequence that complements ribob2 efficiently and that integrates by homologous recombination at a site closely linked to the ribob locus. we conclude that this sequence contains the wt ribob+ allele.	1987	3038695
nucleotide sequence of the arg3 gene of the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae encoding ornithine carbamoyltransferase. comparison with other carbamoyltransferases.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the arg3 structural gene encoding the monomer of the trimeric ornithine carbamoyltransferase (otcase) (ec 2.1.3.3) has been determined. it consists of 338 codons with a corresponding molecular mass of 37842 da. comparing otcases from escherichia coli, yeast, aspergillus, rat and man emphasizes peculiarities of the yeast enzyme but also brings to light an important degree of conservation between these proteins. comparing the various otcases with e. coli asparta ...	1987	3038540
the nucleotide sequence of the amds gene of aspergillus nidulans and the molecular characterization of 5' mutations.	the structure of the amds gene of aspergillus nidulans has been determined by nucleotide sequence analysis. the coding sequence is interrupted by three small introns with splicing signals consistent with other fungal genes. possible tata and caat elements are found upstream of the start point of transcription. sequence changes in mutations in the 5' region of the gene have been determined. two deletions including the start point of transcription abolish detectable transcripts. a series of mutati ...	1987	3036667
phycocyanin alpha-subunit gene of anacystis nidulans r2: cloning, nucleotide sequencing and expression in escherichia coli.	the cloning and nucleotide sequence determination of the anacystis nidulans r2 phycocyanin (pc) alpha-subunit gene are described. a 3.0-kb psti fragment of anacystis nidulans r2 genomic dna cloned in plasmid puc8 was found to hybridize with a heptadecameric oligodeoxynucleotide probe. sequencing using synthetic primers revealed the presence of the pc alpha-subunit gene and the 3' proximal end of the beta-subunit gene. the alpha-gene is separated from the upstream beta-gene by a spacer length of ...	1987	3036657
cloning and characterization of the alda gene of aspergillus nidulans.	we have cloned and sequenced the alda (encoding aldehyde dehydrogenase) gene of aspergillus nidulans. the gene contains two introns which are similar in size and structure to other fungal introns. the amino acid sequence of aldehyde dehydrogenase (497 residues) shows a significant level of homology with analogous sequences in other organisms. comparison of the primary structure of the active sites of the mammalian cytosolic and mitochondrial enzymes shows that the aspergillus enzyme closely rese ...	1987	3036652
site-directed mutagenesis of the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from anacystis nidulans.	using oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis of the gene encoding the small subunit (rbcs) from anacystis nidulans mutant enzymes have been generated with either trp-54 of the small subunit replaced by a phe residue, or with trp-57 replaced by a phe residue, whereas both trp-54 and trp-57 have been replaced by phe residues in a double mutant. trp-54 and trp-57 are conserved in all amino acid sequences or the small subunit (s) that are known at present. the wild-type and mutant forms of rubisco hav ...	1987	3030746
expression of the aspergillus nidulans argb gene in escherichia coli.	the aspergillus nidulans argb gene coding for ornithine carbamoyltransferase (otcase) is not expressed in escherichia coli. however, e. coli otcase-deficient strains transformed with plasmids carrying the argb gene from a. nidulans reverted to prototrophy at a high frequency. in these derivatives the argb gene became functional due to dna rearrangements upstream of the coding sequence. two types of rearrangement were characterized. one was identified as an insertion of is2. the second was a dele ...	1986	3027235
oxidative phosphorylation and energy buffering in cyanobacteria.	the onset of respiration in the cyanobacteria anacystis nidulans and nostoc sp. strain mac upon a shift from dark anaerobic to aerobic conditions was accompanied by rapid energization of the adenylate pool (owing to the combined action of atp synthase and adenylate kinase) and also the guanylate, uridylate, and cytidylate pools (owing to nucleoside diphosphate and nucleoside monophosphate kinases). rates of the various transphosphorylation reactions were comparable to the rate of oxidative phosp ...	1986	3023299
molecular analysis of the argb gene of aspergillus nidulans.	the transcriptional organization and sequence of the aspergillus nidulans argb gene, encoding ornithine carbamoyl transferase (octase; e.c. 2.1.3.3.), was determined. transcription of the gene begins within a methionine-initiated open translation reading frame, indicating that a second methionine codon of the open reading frame is used for translation initiation. the predicted length of the octase precursor peptide is 359 amino acids, and it contains a highly basic amino terminus that is probabl ...	1986	3020372
heterologous insertion of transforming dna and generation of new deletions associated with transformation in aspergillus nidulans.	the analysis of four transformants for the proline catabolism (prn) gene cluster of aspergillus nidulans is reported. using a combination of traditional genetic methodology and southern hybridisation we have shown that in two cases multiple copies of the transforming plasmid have been integrated into linkage groups other than vii, which contains the prn cluster. in the other two cases integration of the plasmid has probably occurred homologously. the phenotype of these transformants is broadly c ...	1986	3018435
controlled gene expression utilising lambda phage regulatory signals in a cyanobacterium host.	this study presents plasmid systems that utilize regulatory signals of bacteriophage lambda to accomplish regulated expression of cloned genes in an a. nidulans r2 derivative strain. an operator-promoter region and the temperature-sensitive repressor gene ci857 of bacteriophage lambda were employed. linked to a cyanobacterial replicon, the plasmid vectors efficiently transformed anacystis and were stably maintained within this host. the cat structural gene, encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransfe ...	1986	3018433
regulation of gene expression by ph of the growth medium in aspergillus nidulans.	in the fungus aspergillus nidulans the levels of a number of enzymes whose location is at least in part extracellular (e.g. acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, phosphodiesterase) and of certain permeases (e.g. that for gamma-amino-n-butyrate) are controlled by the ph of the growth medium. for example, at acidic ph, levels of acid phosphatase are high and those of alkaline phosphatase are low whereas at alkaline ph the reverse is true. mutations in five genes, pala, b, c, e and f, mimic the e ...	1986	3016485
cloning of the regulatory gene area mediating nitrogen metabolite repression in aspergillus nidulans.	the area gene, which mediates nitrogen metabolite repression in the fungus aspergillus nidulans, lies sufficiently close to a telomere that no indispensable gene can be distal to it. we were able therefore to exploit the existence of a near terminal pericentric inversion to devise a method for cloning area plus the region beyond it towards the telomere. in crosses heterozygous for this inversion a class of duplication-deficient progeny lacking area and the region centromere-distal to it is obtai ...	1986	3013617
an immunochemical study of neurospora nucleases.	nucleases derived from neurospora crassa mycelia with neutral single-strand (ss) endodeoxyribonuclease activity have been examined by immunochemical techniques and by sodium dodecyl sulfate - dna gel electrophoresis. all of the intracellular nucleases, which have different divalent metal ion requirements, different strand specificities with single- and double-strand dna, different modes of action on dna and rna, and other distinguishing characteristics, are immunochemically related to neurospora ...	1986	3013242
cloning of the arg-12 gene of neurospora crassa and regulation of its transcript via cross-pathway amino acid control.	the arg-12 locus of neurospora crassa encodes ornithine carbamoyl transferase, which is one of many amino acid synthetic enzymes whose activity is regulated through cross-pathway (or general) amino acid control. we report here the use of probes derived from the functionally equivalent arg-b gene of aspergillus nidulans to identify and clone a 10 kb neurospora dna fragment carrying the arg-12 gene. short neurospora dna probes derived from this fragment were used to identify a 1.5 kb polya+ transc ...	1986	3012277
phosphatase regulation in aspergillus nidulans: responses to nutritional starvation.		1986	3011591
structural genes for phosphatases in aspergillus nidulans.		1986	3011590
endogenous energy supply to the plasma membrane of dark aerobic cyanobacterium anacystis nidulans: atpase-independent efflux of h+ and na+ from respiring cells.	the ejection of protons from oxygen-pulsed cells and the gradients of na+ concentration (na+o/na+i at 150 mm external nacl) and proton electrochemical potential (delta mu h+) across the plasma membrane of anacystis nidulans were studied in response to dark endogenous energy supply. saturating concentrations of the f0f1-atpase inhibitors dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (f0) and 7-chloro-4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (f1) eliminated oxidative phosphorylation and lowered the atp level from 2.6 +/- 0.15 to ...	1986	3010878
gene cloning in aspergillus nidulans: isolation of the isocitrate lyase gene (acud).	an aspergillus nidulans gene library was constructed in a high-frequency transformation vector, pdjb3, based on the neurospora crassa pyr4 gene. this gene library was used to isolate the structural gene for isocitrate lyase (acud) by complementation of a deficiency mutation following transformation of a. nidulans. plasmids rescued in escherichia coli were able to transform five different a. nidulans acud mutants. transformation using plasmids containing the cloned fragment resulted in integratio ...	1986	3010050
transformation of aspergillus nidulans with a cloned, oligomycin-resistant atp synthase subunit 9 gene.	an allele (olic31) of the a. nidulans olic gene has been cloned using homology with the equivalent gene from n. crassa. olic31 codes for an oligomycin-resistant, triethyltin-hypersensitive form of subunit 9 of the mitochondrial atp synthase complex. direct selection for oligomycin-resistance was possible following transformation of a. nidulans with the olic31 gene. the phenotypes of transformants cultured in the presence of oligomycin were indicative of the position of integration of the transfo ...	1986	3010049
self-cloning in the cyanobacterium anacystis nidulans r2: fate of a cloned gene after reintroduction.	functional analysis of cloned genes often makes use of complementation after introducing these genes into cells of a mutant strain. problems with this self-cloning step in the cyanobacterium anacystis nidulans r2 have been encountered, which were mainly due to recombinational instability of gene and vector after transformation. therefore, conditions determining the exchange of material between chromosome, insert and plasmids were studied to achieve the necessary stability. the fate of plasmid pm ...	1985	3006100
expression of an escherichia coli beta-galactosidase fusion gene in aspergillus nidulans.	we inserted in frame the escherichia coli lacz gene into the protein-coding region of the aspergillus nidulans trpc gene and introduced the resultant fused gene into the a. nidulans genome. a functional beta gal fusion protein was produced. removal of the trpc transcription and translation initiation sequences from the fusion gene abolished production of the fusion protein, showing that expression is dependent on these sequences. thus, lacz fusions should be of use for estimating gene activity i ...	1985	3005133
development of a high-frequency transforming vector for aspergillus nidulans.	the pyr4 gene of neurospora crassa, which codes for orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase, is capable of transforming an aspergillus nidulans pyrg mutant by chromosomal integration, despite low homology between the transforming dna and the recipient genome. integration of pfb6, a plasmid carrying pyr4 and capable of replication in escherichia coli, was not observed at the pyrg locus. the efficiency of transformation was considerably enhanced (50-100 fold) by inclusion in the transforming vector o ...	1985	3000883
nucleotide sequence of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene of the cyanobacterium anacystis nidulans.	nucleotide sequence of the open reading frame (orf) for the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene (ppc) of the cyanobacterium anacystis nidulans was determined. the orf consists of 3159 bp and codes for 1053 amino acid (aa) residues. the codon usage of the ppc of a. nidulans is not so markedly different from that of the escherichia coli ppc, yet, in a. nidulans the preferred codons are aag for lysine and ccc for proline, whereas those are seldom used in the e. coli ppc.	1985	2998946
identification and molecular analysis of a third aspergillus nidulans alcohol dehydrogenase gene.	an aspergillus nidulans functional cdna encoding an alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) was isolated by its ability to complement an adh1 mutation in saccharomyces cerevisiae. alignment of the cdna and cloned genomic dna sequences indicated that the adh gene contains two small introns. the presence of ethanol in the growth medium was shown to result in adh mrna accumulation presumably due to transcriptional induction of the gene. however, adh mrna accumulation was at most only partially repressed by the ...	1985	2998782
direct and indirect gene replacements in aspergillus nidulans.	we performed three sets of experiments to determine whether cloned dna fragments can be substituted for homologous regions of the aspergillus nidulans genome by dna-mediated transformation. a linear dna fragment containing a heteromorphic trpc+ allele was used to transform a trpc- strain to trpc+. blot analysis of dna from the transformants showed that the heteromorphic allele had replaced the trpc- allele in a minority of the strains. an a. nidulans trpc+ gene was inserted into the argb+ gene, ...	1985	2991748
helical packing in the hydrophobic sector of cytochrome c oxidase.	an arrangement for the membrane-spanning segments of the three larger subunits of cytochrome c oxidase is proposed on the basis of sequence comparison and polarity distribution estimated from the data available for 11 different organisms.	1985	2991455
cloning of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene from a cyanobacterium, anacystis nidulans, in escherichia coli.	the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene (ppc) from anacystis nidulans, a cyanobacterium (blue-green alga), was cloned in escherichia coli. chromosomal dna of a. nidulans was partially digested with sau3ai, and the obtained dna fragments were ligated in the bamhi site of pbr322. the hybrid plasmids were first transformed into e. coli k802 (hsdr-, hsdm+) to obtain the gene bank of a. nidulans. the bank consisted of about 12,000 clones. these hybrid plasmids were then transformed into e. coli pcr1 ...	1985	2989256
cloning and characterization of the rdna repeat unit of podospora anserina.	dna coding for ribosomal rna in podospora anserina has been cloned and was found as a tandemly repeated 8.3 kb sequence. the cloned rdna was characterized by restriction endonuclease mapping. the location of 5.8s, 18s and 28s rrna coding regions was established by dna-rna hybridization and s1 nuclease mapping. the organization of p. anserina rrna genes is similar to that of neurospora crassa and aspergillus nidulans. the rdna unit does not contain the sequence coding for 5s rna.	1985	2987647
molecular organisation of the quinic acid utilization (qut) gene cluster in aspergillus nidulans.	the functional integrity of the qutb gene (encoding quinate dehydrogenase) has been confirmed by transformation of a qutb mutant strain. the dna sequence of the contiguous genes qutd (quinate permease), qutb and qutg (function unknown) has been determined and analysed, together with that of qute (catabolic 3-dehydroquinase). the qutb sequence shows significant homology with the shikimate dehydrogenase function of the complex arom locus of aspergillus nidulans, and with the qa-3 quinate dehydroge ...	1988	2976880
aspergillus nidulans contains a single actin gene which has unique intron locations and encodes a gamma-actin.	the single actin gene from the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans has been isolated and characterized. the only other organism reported to contain just one actin gene is another ascomycete, the budding yeast saccharomyces. the nucleotide sequence of the a. nidulans actin gene predicts a polypeptide containing the n-terminal sequence identifying the gamma-actin isotype. until now this characteristic n terminus has only been reported to occur in vertebrate actin sequences. a monospecific anti ...	1988	2975248
comparison of the orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase sequences of eight species.	predicted amino acid sequences of the enzyme orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase (ec 4.1.1.23) from eight different organisms are compared. the comparisons are made on the basis of primary structural differences, primary amino acid sequence, hydropathy profiles, and secondary structure predictions. the organisms compared are mus musculus, aspergillus nidulans, neurospora crassa, kluyveromyces lactis, saccharomyces cerevisiae, schizosaccharomyces pombe, escherichia coli, and salmonella typhimuri ...	1988	2974823
molecular cloning vectors for aspergillus and neurospora.		1988	2974737
induction of multiple germ tubes in neurospora crassa by antitubulin agents.	the antitubulin fungicide benomyl suppressed the linear growth of neurospora crassa wild type strain st. lawrence 74 at micromolar concentrations. the rate of germination of macroconidia was not affected. macroconidia exposed to 1.7 microm benomyl for 5 h formed multiple germ tubes. when germlings incubated for 4 h were exposed to 1.7 microm benomyl for 3 h, their germ tube stopped growing, swelled and emitted several branches. normal linear growth was restored after removal of the fungicide. li ...	1988	2969337
aspergillus nidulans beta-tubulin genes are unusually divergent.	aspergillus nidulans has two beta-tubulin genes: bena, which is involved in both vegetative growth and asexual sporulation, and tubc, which is involved mainly in asexual sporulation. both genes have now been cloned and sequenced. bena encodes a polypeptide of 447 amino acids (aa) and tubc encodes one of 449 aa. the two polypeptides differ by 78 aa residues but the net charge for the two proteins remains the same. the divergence between the amino acid sequences of the aspergillus beta-tubulins is ...	1987	2959591
high level of complexity of small nuclear rnas in fungi and plants.	the complexity of the trimethylguanosine-capped, small nuclear rna (snrna) populations in a number of organisms has been examined using immunoprecipitation and two-dimensional gels. from the fungi aspergillus nidulans and schizosaccharomyces pombe, over 30 major snrnas can be resolved. the most abundant of these correspond to the putative analogues of vertebrate u1, u2, u4 and u5, which have been reported to be precipitated by anti-sm antibodies, but other snrnas are little less abundant than th ...	1987	2958638
complementation of area- regulatory gene mutations of aspergillus nidulans by the heterologous regulatory gene nit-2 of neurospora crassa.	loss-of-function mutations in the regulatory gene area of aspergillus nidulans prevent the utilization of a wide variety of nitrogen sources. the phenotypes of nit-2 mutants of neurospora crassa suggest that this gene may be analogous to the area gene. transformation has been used to introduce a plasmid containing the nit-2 gene into a. nidulans. the nit-2 gene of neurospora complemented mutations in the area gene, restoring the ability to use a variety of nitrogen sources. this indicated that t ...	1987	2954160
fungal small nuclear ribonucleoproteins share properties with plant and vertebrate u-snrnps.	snrnas with properties closely related to those of the major vertebrate u-snrnas are present in the fungi aspergillus nidulans, neurospora crassa and schizosaccharomyces pombe. these rnas possess a tri-methyl guanosine cap structure and a subset cross-hybridizes with human u1 and u2 clones. in the form of snrnps, snrnas from these fungi as well as from saccharomyces cerevisiae and pea plants are immunoprecipitated by human and anti-sm or anti-(u1)rnp autoimmune antibodies. on micro-injection int ...	1987	2953599
sequence analysis and transformation by the catabolic 3-dehydroquinase (qute) gene from aspergillus nidulans.	the induction of catabolic 3-dehydroquinase by quinic acid in aspergillus nidulans has been shown to involve transcriptional control and yields a single major 0.8 kb mrna. the nucleotide sequence of the catabolic 3-dehydroquinase qute gene has been determined and contains a single uninterrupted open reading frame of 462 bases encoding a 16,505 da protein of 153 residues. comparison with the corresponding qa2 gene of neurospora crassa reveals the absence of 75 nucleotides encoding 25 amino acids ...	1986	2949740
localization of alkaline phosphatase activity at microbody membranes of neurospora crassa and aspergillus nidulans.	hyphal cells of neurospora crassa and aspergillus nidulans, grown in sabouraud glucose broth or in a defined medium with xanthine or its catabolites as the nitrogen source, contained single membrane-bound organelles cytochemically identified as microbodies. modified gomori procedures at the ultrastructural level revealed putative alkaline phosphatase activity sites in thin sections of cells of both species of fungi. microbody membranes displayed electron opaque deposits (lead phosphate) which we ...	1986	2948778
amino acid transport in eucaryotic microorganisms.		1986	2947629
genetics of filamentous fungi.		1986	2945991
a cloned tryptophan-synthesis gene from the ascomycete cochliobolus heterostrophus functions in escherichia coli, yeast and aspergillus nidulans.	a gene (trp1) in the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway of the fungal plant pathogen cochliobolus heterostrophus was isolated by complementation of an escherichia coli trpf mutant which lacked phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase (prai) activity. the cloned gene also complemented an e. coli trpc mutant lacking indoleglycerolphosphate synthase (igps) activity, a yeast trp1 mutant missing prai activity and an aspergillus nidulans trpc mutant. it functioned in e. coli and a. nidulans without apparent ...	1986	2941339
isolation and characterization of the aspergillus niger trpc gene.	the aspergillus niger trpc gene was isolated by complementation experiments with an escherichia coli trpc mutant. plasmid dna containing the a. niger trpc gene transforms an aspergillus nidulans mutant strain, defective in all three enzymatic activities of the trpc gene, to trp+, indicating the presence of a complete and functional trpc gene. southern blot analysis of dna from these trp+ transformants showed that plasmid dna was present but that this dna was not integrated at the site of the chr ...	1985	2936650
cloning and nucleotide sequence of the aroa gene of bordetella pertussis.	the aroa locus of bordetella pertussis, encoding 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase, has been cloned into escherichia coli by using a cosmid vector. the gene is expressed in e. coli and complemented an e. coli aroa mutant. the nucleotide sequence of the b. pertussis aroa gene was determined and contains an open reading frame encoding 442 amino acids, with a calculated molecular weight for 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase of 46,688. the amino acid sequence derived from the nuc ...	1988	2897356
the involvement of glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase in ammonia assimilation by aspergillus nidulans.	wild-type aspergillus nidulans grew equally well on nh4cl, kno3 or glutamine as the only nitrogen source. nadp+-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (ec 1.4.1.4) and glutamine synthetase (gs; ec 6.3.1.2) activities varied with the type and concentration of nitrogen source supplied. glutamate synthase (gogat) activity (ec 1.4.7.1) was detected but it was almost unaffected by the type and concentration of nitrogen source supplied. ion exchange chromatography showed that the gogat activity was due to ...	1987	2888838
the atp synthase subunit 9 gene of aspergillus nidulans: sequence and transcription.	we have determined the nucleotide sequence of the aspergillus nidulans nuclear gene olic31, which encodes subunit 9 of mitochondrial atp synthase. the open reading frame contains no introns and specifies a predicted protein of 143 amino acids comprising a pre-sequence of 62 residues and a mature protein of 81 residues. the amino acid homology with the equivalent neurospora crassa protein is 50% for the pre-sequence and 80% for the mature protein. a comparison with this and other imported mitocho ...	1986	2880279
nitrogen catabolite repression in yeasts and filamentous fungi.		1985	2869649
the effect of sorbose on nad(p)ase production by aspergillus nidulans.	1. nad(p)ase activity was stimulated when 1% sorbose was present in the culture medium of a. nidulans, and this effect was partially reversed by 1% glucose. 2. the level of extracellular nad(p)ase was more affected by sorbose in the culture medium than the intracellular enzyme and no morphological changes were obtained. 3. the sorbose effect on nad(p)ase activity appears to be specific since two other exoenzymes tested (beta-glucosidase and alkaline protease) show normal secretion patterns. 4. t ...	1988	2853639
differences in the regulation of aldehyde dehydrogenase genes in aspergillus niger and aspergillus nidulans.	in order to study mechanisms of gene regulation in a. niger, and to compare these to similar systems in a. nidulans, a gene encoding an aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme has been cloned. in wild-type strains of a. niger the gene shows expression which is regulated by induction and repression. levels of induction by various compounds and the extent of repression under various growth conditions differs from that seen for the a. nidulans alda gene. unlike the a. nidulans alda gene, the a. niger gene ha ...	1988	2846191
do metal ions promote the re-activation of the 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutases?	it has been reported [smith, mcwilliams & hass (1986) biochem. biophys. res. commun. 136, 336-340] that addition of certain metal ions, notably co2+ and mn2+, promoted the refolding of denatured phosphoglycerate mutase from wheat germ. we have re-investigated these experiments and have shown that, when precautions are taken to avoid artefacts in the assay system, the metal ions do not promote any re-activation of the denatured wheat-germ or aspergillus nidulans enzymes. an alternative explanatio ...	1988	2844142
isolation and transformation of the pyruvate kinase gene of aspergillus nidulans.	the aspergillus nidulans pyruvate kinase gene was isolated by heterologous hybridization using the corresponding yeast gene as a probe. a 2.9 kb ecori/bamhi fragment, which exclusively hybridized to the yeast gene, was subcloned in pbr322. this clone was used to transform an a. nidulans pkia deletion mutant to pki+. the analysis of transformants with respect to the kind of integration revealed about 80% homologous integration--55% by a double cross-over event (type iii integration), 25% by a sin ...	1988	2839306
an amds-lacz fusion for studying gene regulation in aspergillus.	a translational fusion has been constructed between the amds gene of aspergillus nidulans and the lacz gene of escherichia coli. sequencing across the fusion junction confirmed the generation of an in-frame fusion at amino acid 34 of amds and a novel protein has been detected in transformants carrying the fusion plasmid. transformants of a. nidulans and aspergillus niger carrying the fusion plasmid were obtained by co-transformation with a second selectable plasmid. these transformants were read ...	1988	2838387
nucleotide sequence of the aspergillus niger trpc gene: structural relationship with analogous genes of other organisms.	the nucleotide sequence of the aspergillus niger tryptophan c (trpc) gene was determined. northern hybridization and s1-mapping experiments showed the presence of a 2.6 kb trpc poly(a)+ rna with two very short (5 and 6 nucleotides) noncoding 5'-regions. comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence with that of trp gene proteins of pro- and eukaryotic organisms revealed three functional domains (g, c, f) in the a. niger trpc protein which catalyse the glutamine amidotransferase reaction (gat), ...	1988	2836085
transformation of aspergillus niger using the homologous orotidine-5'-phosphate-decarboxylase gene.	a homologous transformation system for the filamentous fungus aspergillus niger has been developed, based on the orotidine-5'-phosphate-decarboxylase gene. a. niger pyr- mutants have been selected from 5-fluoro-orotic acid resistant mutants. these mutants were found to comprise two complementation groups, pyra and pyrb. the a. niger omp-decarboxylase gene was isolated from a gene library by heterologous hybridization with the neurospora crassa pyr4 gene. the cloned gene is capable to transform a ...	1987	2836081
the complex arom locus of aspergillus nidulans. evidence for multiple gene fusions and convergent evolution.	the physical positions of the dna sequences encoding the five consecutive enzyme activities required to metabolise 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonic acid-7-phosphate to 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3phosphate, which are encoded by the a. nidulans arom polypeptide have been determined. subfragments of the arom locus encoding epsp synthase and 3-dehydroquinase have been expressed in appropriate e. coli aro mutants. the dna sequence of the a. nidulans arom locus has been shown to have homology with the cor ...	1987	2836080
calmodulin-dependent multifunctional protein kinase in aspergillus nidulans.	a ca2+/calmodulin (cam)-dependent multifunctional protein kinase has been isolated from aspergillus nidulans and purified to homogeneity. unlike any cam-dependent multifunctional protein kinase described previously, the native enzyme from aspergillus behaves as a monomer. the calculated molecular weight is 41,200. nadodso4/page reveals a single protein band with an apparent mr of 51,000. two-dimensional isoelectric focusing/nadodso4/page of the purified enzyme showed one major and one minor more ...	1988	2835766
identification and isolation of a putative permease gene in the quinic acid utilization (qut) gene cluster of aspergillus nidulans.	mutations in the qutd gene of aspergillus nidulans cause the loss of ability to grow upon quinic acid as sole carbon source in media at normal ph 6.5 and failure to induce three enzyme activities specifically required for metabolism to protochatechuic acid. all 9 qutd mutants recovered are recessive and have been found to be ph sensitive, growing strongly on quinic acid media at ph 3.5 and producing significant induced enzyme activities. these properties are consistent with the hypothesis that t ...	1987	2835177
multiple copies of the amds gene of aspergillus nidulans cause titration of trans-acting regulatory proteins.	it has been established that a plasmid containing the amds gene of aspergillus nidulans may be used to transform amds+ strains by selecting for increased utilization of acetamide as sole nitrogen source. analysis of transformants has shown that multiple tandem copies of the plasmid can be integrated into the chromosome, commonly at sites other than the amds locus. while the transformed phenotype was relatively stable through mitotic and meiotic divisions evidence was found for variation in plasm ...	1987	2835171
regulation of alcr, the positive regulatory gene of the ethanol utilization regulon of aspergillus nidulans.	the alcr positive control gene is necessary for the expression of both alca (coding for alcohol dehydrogenase adh i), and alda (coding for aldehyde dehydrogenase, alddh) in aspergillus nidulans. using a cloned alcr probe and northern blots analysis we show that: (1) alcr itself is inducible; (2) alcr inducibility depends on the expression of the alcr gene itself; and (3) alcr is subject to carbon catabolite repression and its expression is controlled by the negatively acting crea wide specificit ...	1987	2834622
isolation and identification of the aspergillus nidulans gdha gene encoding nadp-linked glutamate dehydrogenase.	the neurospora crassa am gene was used as a heterologous probe to identify clones from two independently constructed aspergillus nidulans gene libraries. these clones have a common hindiii 1.85 kb fragment. this a. nidulans nucleotide stretch hybridises to a n. crassa 2.7 kb bamhi fragment of wild type dna but not to a co-migrating fragment from the dna of the n. crassa am132 deletion mutant. one a. nidulans clone was shown to complement the n. crasse am132 deletion strain. the n. crassa transfo ...	1986	2834076
the pentafunctional arom enzyme of saccharomyces cerevisiae is a mosaic of monofunctional domains.	the nucleotide sequence of the saccharomyces cerevisiae aro1 gene which encodes the arom multifunctional enzyme has been determined. the protein sequence deduced for the pentafunctional arom polypeptide is 1588 amino acids in length and has a calculated mr of 174555. functional regions within the polypeptide chain have been identified by comparison with the sequences of the five monofunctional escherichia coli enzymes whose activities correspond with those of the arom multifunctional enzyme. the ...	1987	2825635
sequence and centromere proximal location of a transformation enhancing fragment ans1 from aspergillus nidulans.	the aspergillus nidulans sequence ans1, previously known to enhance transformation frequencies of pyr4-based vectors, was shown to enhance the efficiency of argb and trpc-based vectors. increased efficiencies could be obtained by constructing vectors containing argb and ans1 or by cotransforming selectable plasmids (containing argb, trpc, or pyr4) with the non-selectable ans1 sequence. the preponderance of evidence suggests that the mechanism of ans1 activity does not involve homologous recombin ...	1987	2825130
transformation of aspergillus based on the hygromycin b resistance marker from escherichia coli.	a new, heterologous, dominant marker for selection of aspergillus transformants is described. this marker is based on the escherichia coli hygromycin b (hmb) phosphotransferase gene (hph). expression of the hph gene is controlled by a. nidulans gpd and trpc expression signals. an aspergillus transformation vector was constructed which contains this marker and confers hmb resistance to aspergillus species. with both a. niger and a. nidulans, transformation frequencies of 5-20 transformants per mi ...	1987	2824287
isolation and physical characterization of three essential conidiation genes from aspergillus nidulans.	we cloned and characterized three genes from aspergillus nidulans, designated brla, abaa, and weta, whose activities are required to complete different stages of conidiophore development. inactivation of these genes causes major abnormalities in conidiophore morphology and prevents expression of many unrelated, developmentally regulated genes, without affecting the expression of nonregulated genes. the three genes code for poly(a)+ rnas that begin to accumulate at different times during conidiat ...	1987	2823119
instability of tn5 inserts in cyanobacterial cloning vectors.	transposon tn5 was used to produce random insertions in two hybrid cloning vectors for the unicellular cyanobacterium anacystis nidulans. the transposon-containing plasmids were used to localize essential replication functions and to characterize the stability of large inserts in these vectors. the effect of the insertions on plasmid function was tested by transformation into a derivative of a. nidulans that had been cured of the endogenous plasmid used to construct the vectors. a region of appr ...	1987	2820923
improved transformation efficiency of aspergillus niger using the homologous niad gene for nitrate reductase.	aspergillus niger transformation frequencies of up to 1,176 transformants per micrograms dna were achieved using the plasmid vector psta10 containing the a. niger nitrate reductase structural gene. analysis of genomic endonuclease cleaved dna from nitrate utilising transformants by dna hybridisation, showed that most integration events are as a result of homologous recombination. the niad transformation system was used successfully for the introduction of the unselected escherichia coli fusion g ...	1989	2791035