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persistent salmonella enteritidis environmental contamination on layer farms in the context of an implemented national control program with obligatory vaccination.the aim of this study was to closely examine the salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis environmental contamination on persistently positive layer farms in belgium during successive laying cycles. all of the farms were required to vaccinate their layers under the national control program for salmonella. seven farms with previous or current salmonella enteritidis contamination were monitored during different stages of the laying period and after cleaning and disinfection (cd). environmental samp ...201222252339
the architecture and ppgpp-dependent expression of the primary transcriptome of salmonella typhimurium during invasion gene expression.abstract: background: invasion of intestinal epithelial cells by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) requires expression of the extracellular virulence gene expression programme (stex), activation of which is dependent on the signalling molecule guanosine tetraphosphate (ppgpp). recently, next-generation transcriptomics (rna-seq) has revealed the unexpected complexity of bacterial transcriptomes and in this report we use differential rna sequencing (drna-seq) to define the ...201222251276
complete genome sequence of salmonella enterica serovar pullorum rks5078.salmonella enterica serovar pullorum is a chicken-adapted pathogen, causing pullorum disease. its strict host adaptation has been suspected to result in gene decay. to validate this hypothesis and identify the decayed genes, we sequenced the complete genome of s. pullorum rks5078. we found 263 pseudogenes in this strain and conducted functional analyses of the decayed genes.201222247537
structure, diversity, and mobility of the salmonella pathogenicity island 7 family of integrative and conjugative elements within enterobacteriaceae.integrative and conjugative elements (ices) are self-mobile genetic elements found in the genomes of some bacteria. these elements may confer a fitness advantage upon their host bacteria through the cargo genes that they carry. salmonella pathogenicity island 7 (spi-7), found within some pathogenic strains of salmonella enterica, possesses features indicative of an ice and carries genes implicated in virulence. we aimed to identify and fully analyze ices related to spi-7 within the genus salmone ...201222247511
septicemic salmonellosis caused by salmonella hessarek in wintering and migrating song thrushes (turdus philomelos) in spain.we investigated two mortality events in wintering and migrating song thrushes (turdus philomelos) in catalonia, northeastern spain in 2009 and 2010. both episodes occurred in late february to mid-march during the spring migration. salmonellosis produced by the serotype salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype hessarek (s. hessarek) was identified as the cause of death in both episodes. poor body condition, marked splenomegaly, and microscopic disseminated intravascular coagulation with numer ...201222247379
carriage of antibiotic-resistant enteric bacteria varies among sites in galapagos reptiles.increased overlap between humans and wildlife populations has increased the risk for novel disease emergence. detecting contacts with a high risk for transmission of pathogens requires the identification of dependable measures of microbial exchange. we evaluated antibiotic resistance as a molecular marker for the intensity of human-wildlife microbial connectivity in the galápagos islands. we isolated escherichia coli and salmonella enterica from the feces of land iguanas (conolophus sp.), marine ...201222247374
characterization of the elphis prophage from salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis strain lk5.phages are a primary driving force behind the evolution of bacterial pathogens by transferring a variety of virulence genes into their hosts. similar to other bacterial genomes, the salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis lk5 genome contains several regions that are homologous to phages. although genomic analyses demonstrated the presence of prophages, it was unable to confirm which phage elements within the genome were viable. genetic markers were used to tag one of the prophages in the genome ...201222247173
use of high hydrostatic pressure to inactivate escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica internalized within and adhered to preharvest contaminated green onions.green onions grown in soil and hydroponic medium contaminated with escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella were found to take up the pathogens in their roots, bulbs, stems, and leaves. pressure treatment at 400 to 500 mpa for 2 min at 20 to 40°c eliminated both pathogens that were internalized within green onions during plant growth.201222247156
oral co-administration of live attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium expressing chicken interferon-α and interleukin-18 enhances the alleviation of clinical signs caused by respiratory infection with avian influenza virus h9n2.the combined use of cytokines has shown synergistic and/or additive effects in controlling several viral infections of livestock animals. however, little is known concerning the practical use of chicken cytokine combinations to control avian diseases. here, we investigated the antiviral efficacy of oral co-administration of chicken interferon-α (chifn-α) and chicken interleukin-18 (chil-18) using attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in chickens infected with avian influenza virus ( ...201122245401
analysis of immune-related gene expression in chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells following salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis infection in vitro.we examined mrna expression of eight genes, tlr4, tlr5, tlr15, interleukin (il)-1β, il-6, transforming growth factor-β4 (tgf-β4), cxcli2, and a macrophage inflammatory protein (mip) family chemokine called ccli2, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) isolated from the blood of chickens after in vitro exposure to salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (se). the chickens of four chinese native lines, qingjiaoma, sanhuang, wugu, and xueshanma, were evaluated for mrna expression levels at 2 ...201222244688
electrospun poly(l-lactic acid)-co-poly(ɛ-caprolactone) nanofibres containing silver nanoparticles for skin-tissue engineering.silver nanoparticles (agnps) and silver ions (ag(+)) show growth-inhibitory activity against microorganisms and have been used for decades as antibacterial agents in various fields. to fabricate a nanofibrous scaffold which is antibacterial against bacteria and non-toxic to cells, we electrospun composite poly(l-lactic acid)-co-poly(ɛ-caprolactone) nanofibres containing silver nanoparticles (pllcl-agnps) with different concentrations (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 wt%) of silver nitrate (agno(3)) in pllcl ...201222244047
flagellin from recombinant attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium reveals a fundamental role in chicken innate immunity.recombinant attenuated salmonella vaccines have been extensively studied, with a focus on eliciting specific immune responses against foreign antigens. however, very little is known about the innate immune responses, particularly the role of flagellin, in the induction of innate immunity triggered by recombinant attenuated salmonella in chickens. in the present report, we describe two salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine strains, wild-type (wt) or flagellin-deficient (flhd) salmonella ...201222237893
erratum to: deletion of glucose-inhibited division (gida) gene alters the morphological and replication characteristics of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. 201222234847
recombinant antibodies encoded by ighv1-69 react with pul32, a phosphoprotein of cytomegalovirus and b-cell superantigen.leukemia cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (cll) express a highly restricted immunoglobulin heavy variable chain (ighv) repertoire, which suggests that a limited set of antigens reacts with leukemic cells. here, we evaluated the reactivity of a panel of different cll recombinant antibodies (rabs) encoded by the most commonly expressed ighv genes with a panel of selected viral and bacterial pathogens. six different cll rabs encoded by ighv1-69 or ighv3-21, but not a cll rab en ...201222234695
gut inflammation can boost horizontal gene transfer between pathogenic and commensal enterobacteriaceae.the mammalian gut harbors a dense microbial community interacting in multiple ways, including horizontal gene transfer (hgt). pangenome analyses established particularly high levels of genetic flux between gram-negative enterobacteriaceae. however, the mechanisms fostering intraenterobacterial hgt are incompletely understood. using a mouse colitis model, we found that salmonella-inflicted enteropathy elicits parallel blooms of the pathogen and of resident commensal escherichia coli. these blooms ...201222232693
nlrc4 inflammasomes in dendritic cells regulate noncognate effector function by memory cd8(+) t cells.memory t cells exert antigen-independent effector functions, but how these responses are regulated is unclear. we discovered an in vivo link between flagellin-induced nlrc4 inflammasome activation in splenic dendritic cells (dcs) and host protective interferon-γ (ifn-γ) secretion by noncognate memory cd8(+) t cells, which could be activated by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, yersinia pseudotuberculosis and pseudomonas aeruginosa. we show that cd8α(+) dcs were particularly efficient at s ...201222231517
bio-capture of s. typhimurium from surface water by aptamer for culture-free quantification.in this study, a dna aptamer was used to bio-capture salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium from surface water collected from highly endemic zone prior to culture-free detection through molecular-beacon based real-time pcr assay targeting inva gene. the assay could detect s. typhimurium cells (1cfu/pcr or 100cfu/ml) selectively captured by serovar specific dna aptamer. the observations indicate that all the water samples (n=40) collected from the river gomti were contaminated by s. typhimurium ...201222226327
bilateral breast abscesses due to salmonella enterica serotype typhi.focal infection is an uncommon complication of salmonella septicemia, particularly in immunocompetent patients. the localization of salmonella infection to breast tissue is regarded as a rare event. we report a case of bilateral breast abscesses due to salmonellaenterica serotype typhi in a nonlactating female and highlight the fact that salmonella spp. should be included in differential diagnosis of abscesses in individuals coming from endemic areas with the history of recent typhoid fever and ...201122224009
arginine 66 residue of fur is required for the regulatory function of this protein in the acid adaptation mechanism of helicobacter pylori.helicobacter pylori colonizes the gastric mucosa and must survive the acid ph of that environment. like other enteric bacterial pathogens, including salmonella enterica, h. pylori develops an acid tolerance response that is dependent on the function of the transcriptional regulator protein fur.201222221611
effect of high hydrostatic pressure and pressure cycling on a pathogenic salmonella enterica serovar cocktail inoculated into creamy peanut butter.the ability of salmonella enterica serovars to survive in high fat content, low water activity foods like peanut butter has been demonstrated by large foodborne illness outbreaks in recent years. this study investigates the potential of high hydrostatic pressure processing, including pressure cycling, to inactivate salmonella inoculated into creamy peanut butter. a cocktail of pathogenic strains of salmonella enteritidis pt30, salmonella tennessee, salmonella oranienburg, salmonella anatum, salm ...201222221373
prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of vibrio, salmonella, and aeromonas isolates from various uncooked seafoods in thailand.uncooked seafood samples were collected from open markets and supermarkets in bangkok, thailand, and were examined for the presence of vibrio, salmonella, and aeromonas species from january to february 2008. from 120 samples, 272 bacterial isolates were identified through biochemical testing. of all sea bass, shrimp, oyster, and blood cockle samples (30 of each) that were processed for culture, 114 (95%) samples had at least one detectable isolate of vibrio, salmonella, or aeromonas, leaving on ...201222221354
treatment of raw poultry with nonthermal dielectric barrier discharge plasma to reduce campylobacter jejuni and salmonella enterica.nonthermal plasma has been shown to be effective in reducing pathogens on the surface of a range of fresh produce products. the research presented here investigated the effectiveness of nonthermal dielectric barrier discharge plasma on salmonella enterica and campylobacter jejuni inoculated onto the surface of boneless skinless chicken breast and chicken thigh with skin. chicken samples were inoculated with antibiotic-resistant strains of s. enterica and c. jejuni at levels of 10(1) to 10(4) cf ...201222221351
spatial and temporal drivers of zoonotic pathogen contamination of an agricultural watershed.in regions where animal agriculture is prominent, such as southern alberta, higher rates of gastrointestinal illness have been reported when compared with nonagricultural regions. this difference in the rate of illness is thought to be a result of increased zoonotic pathogen exposure through environmental sources such as water. in this study, temporal and spatial factors associated with bacterial pathogen contamination of the oldman river, which transverses this region, were analyzed using class ...201522218192
effect of the salmonella pathogenicity island 2 type iii secretion system on salmonella survival in activated chicken macrophage-like hd11 cells.in order to better identify the role of the salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (spi-2) type iii secretion system (t3ss) in chickens, we used the well-known gentamicin protection assay with activated hd11 cells. hd11 cells are a macrophage-like chicken cell line that can be stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (pma) to exhibit more macrophage-like morphology and greater production of reactive oxygen species (ros). activated hd11 cells were infected with a wild-type salmonella enterica s ...201122216355
application of a mouse ligated peyer’s patch intestinal loop assay to evaluate bacterial uptake by m cells.the inside of our gut is inhabited with enormous number of commensal bacteria. the mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed to them and occasionally to pathogens. the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (galt) play a key role for induction of the mucosal immune response to these microbes(1, 2). to initiate the mucosal immune response, the mucosal antigens must be transported from the gut lumen across the epithelial barrier into organized lymphoid follicles such as peyer's ...201122215009
development of a novel in-water vaccination protocol for dna adenine methylase deficient salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine in adult sheep.intensive livestock production is associated with an increased incidence of salmonellosis. the risk of infection and the subsequent public health concern is attributed to increased pathogen exposure and disease susceptibility due to multiple stressors experienced by livestock from farm to feedlot. traditional parenteral vaccine methods can further stress susceptible populations and cause carcass damage, adverse reactions, and resultant increased production costs. as a potential means to address ...201122214887
dietary arginine supplementation alleviates immune challenge induced by salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis bacterin potentially through the toll-like receptor 4-myeloid differentiation factor 88 signalling pathway in weaned piglets.the present study evaluated whether dietary arginine (arg) supplementation could attenuate immune challenge induced by salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis c500 (s.c500) through the toll-like receptor (tlr) 4-myeloid differentiation factor 88 (myd88) signalling pathway in weaned piglets. a total of thirty-six weaned pigs were randomly allocated into six groups with six replicates per group. pigs were subjected to three dietary treatments (namely two groups per treatment) in the first week (0 ...201222214652
inhibition of bacterial carbonic anhydrases and zinc proteases: from orphantargets to innovative new antibiotic drugs.zinc-containing enzymes, such as carbonic anhydrases (cas) and metalloproteases (mps) play critical functions in bacteria, being involved in various steps of their life cycle, which are important for survival, colonization, acquisition of nutrients for growth and proliferation, facilitation of dissemination, invasion and pathogenicity. the development of resistance to many classes of clinically used antibiotics emphasizes the need of new antibacterial drug targets to be explored. there is a weal ...201222214451
foxp3(+) regulatory t cells, immune stimulation and host defence against infection.the immune system is intricately regulated allowing potent effectors to expand and become rapidly mobilized after infection, while simultaneously silencing potentially detrimental responses that averts immune-mediated damage to host tissues. this relies in large part on the delicate interplay between immune suppressive regulatory cd4(+) t (treg) cells and immune effectors that without active suppression by treg cells cause systemic and organ-specific autoimmunity. although these beneficial roles ...201222211994
Reduction of Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis carrying large virulence plasmids after the foot and mouth disease outbreak in swine in southern Taiwan, and their independent evolution in human and pig.BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis (S. Choleraesuis) is a highly invasive zoonotic pathogen that causes bacteremia in humans and pigs. The prevalence of S. Choleraesuis in man has gradually decreased since the outbreak of foot and mouth disease in pigs in 1997 in southern Taiwan. The goal of this study was to investigate the change in prevalence of S. Choleraesuis carrying the virulence plasmid (pSCV) in human and swine isolates collected in 1995-2005 and characterize t ...201122209685
Application of a 16S rRNA PCR/HRMA Assay for Rapid Detection of Salmonella Bacteremia: A Case Report.Current culture and phenotypic protocols for diagnosing Salmonella infections can be time consuming. Here, we describe the application of a 16S rRNA PCR coupled to high resolution melt analysis for species and serotype identification in six hours of blood sample collection from a patient with Salmonella serotype Enteritidis bacteremia.201122205823
characterization of salmonella enterica serovar stanley isolates; a serovar endemic to asia and associated with travel.salmonella enterica serovar stanley (s. stanley) is a common serovar in southeast asia; and was in the years 2002-2007, the second most common serovar implicated in human salmonellosis in thailand. in contrast, this serovar is relatively uncommon in europe.the objective of this study was to characterize a collection of s. stanley strains isolated from thai (n=62), danish (n=39) and french patients (n=24) to gain a broader understanding of the genetic diversity, population dynamics, and susceptib ...201122205822
genetic relationships of phage types and single nucleotide polymorphism typing of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is one of the leading causes of gastroenteritis in humans. phage typing has been used for epidemiological surveillance of typhimurium for over four decades. however, knowledge of the evolutionary relationships between phage types is very limited. in this study, we used single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) as molecular markers to determine the relationships between common typhimurium phage types. forty-four snps including 24 identified in a previous study ...201122205813
complete genome sequence of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium bacteriophage spn1s.to understand the interaction between the host of pathogenic salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and its bacteriophage, we isolated the bacteriophage spn1s. it is a lysogenic phage in the podoviridae family and uses the o-antigen of lipopolysaccharides (lps) as a host receptor. comparative genomic analysis of phage spn1s and the s. enterica serovar anatum-specific phage ε15 revealed different host specificities, probably due to the low homology of host specificity-related genes. here we repo ...201222205721
An outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis in goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutrosa subgutrosa) and a Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus).An outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis enteritis occurred in two juvenile goitered gazelles and an adult Malayan tapir over a period of 5 wk at the Minnesota Zoo. Diagnosis was made postmortem on one gazelle and one tapir, and a second gazelle was diagnosed via fecal culture. The death of the tapir was attributed to S. enterica serovar Choleraesuis septicemia, while salmonellosis was considered to be a contributing factor besides ostertagiasis for the death of one goitered gaze ...201122204065
innate immune response to salmonella typhimurium, a model enteric pathogen.the innate immune system provides the first line of defense against invading microorganisms by inducing a variety of inflammatory and antimicrobial responses. these responses are particularly important in the gastrointestinal tract, where the needs for efficient nutrient uptake and host defense collide. many pathogens have evolved to specifically colonize the intestine, causing millions of cases of enteric infections a year. a paradigm of an enteric pathogen is salmonella enterica, a gram-negati ...201122198618
nanostructured silver vanadate as a promising antibacterial additive to water-based paints.in this article, we report the use of nanostructured silver vanadate as a promising antibacterial additive to water-based paints that has potential for applications in bathrooms, kitchens, and hospital environments. this hybrid nanomaterial was prepared by a simple and fast precipitation reaction involving silver nitrate and ammonium vanadate, dismissing the hydrothermal treatment. the preparation involved using ag vanadate nanowires (β-agvo(3)) with diameters ranging from 20 to 60 nm and decora ...201122197722
immune suppression induced by vi capsular polysaccharide is overcome by vi-dt conjugate vaccine.the influence pre-exposure of mice to vi capsular polysaccharide, purified from salmonella enterica serovar typhi, on the subsequent immune response induced by a vi-diphtheria toxoid (vi-dt) conjugate was evaluated. vi induced low anti vi igg titers with the dominant subclass being igg3. the vi-dt conjugate induced high titers of anti vi igg with the dominant subclass being igg1 but with considerable quantities of igg2a, igg2b and igg3. priming of mice with vi suppressed the response to a subseq ...201122192846
salmonella enterica as a vaccine carrier.salmonella enterica is an invasive, facultative intracellular gastrointestinal pathogen causing human diseases such as gastroenteritis and typhoid fever. virulence-attenuated strains of this pathogen have interesting capacities for the generation of live vaccines. attenuated live typhoidal and nontyphoidal salmonella strains can be used for vaccination against salmonella infections and to target tumor tissue. such strains may also serve as live carriers for the development of vaccination strateg ...201222191450
molecular and cellular characterization of a salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a outbreak strain and the human immune response to its infection.enteric fever is an invasive life-threatening systemic disease caused by the salmonella enterica human adapted serovars typhi and paratyphi. increasing incidence of infections with salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a (s. paratyphi a) and the spreading of its antibiotic-resistant derivates pose a significant health concern in some areas of the world. herein we describe a molecular and phenotypic characterization of a s. paratyphi a strain accounted for a recent paratyphoid outbreak in nepal, ...201122190395
antimicrobial activity of lemongrass oil against salmonella enterica on organic leafy greens.aims:  we investigated the antimicrobial effectiveness of lemongrass essential oil on organic leafy greens, romaine and iceberg lettuces and mature and baby spinach, inoculated with salmonella newport. the influences of exposure times and abuse temperatures on bacterial survival were also investigated. methods and results:  leaf samples were washed, inoculated with salm. newport (6-log cfu ml(-1) ) and dried. inoculated leaves were immersed in solutions containing 0·1, 0·3 or 0·5% lemongrass oil ...201122188296
salmonella type iii effector spvc, a phosphothreonine lyase, contributes to reduction in inflammatory response during intestinal phase of infection.salmonella phosphothreonine lyase spvc inactivates the dual-phosphorylated host mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk) through β-elimination. while spvc can be secreted in vitro by both salmonella pathogenicity island (spi)-1 and spi-2 type iii secretion systems (t3sss), translocation of this protein into the host cell cytosol has only been demonstrated by spi-2 t3ss. in this study, we show that spvc can be delivered into the host cell cytoplasm by both spi-1 and spi-2 t3sss. dephosphorylation ...201122188134
The TCA cycle is not required for selection or survival of multidrug-resistant Salmonella.OBJECTIVES: The initial aim of this study was to use a systems biology approach to analyse a ciprofloxacin-selected multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, L664. METHODS: The whole genome sequence and transcriptome of L664 were analysed. Site-directed mutagenesis to recreate each mutation was carried out, followed by phenotypic characterization and mutation frequency analysis. As a mutation in the TCA cycle was detected we tested the controversial hypothesis regarding ...201122186876
A Salmonella Virulence Factor Activates the NOD1/NOD2 Signaling Pathway.ABSTRACT The invasion-associated type III secretion system (T3SS-1) of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) activates the transcription factor NF-?B in tissue culture cells and induces inflammatory responses in animal models through unknown mechanisms. Here we show that bacterial delivery or ectopic expression of SipA, a T3SS-1-translocated protein, led to the activation of the NOD1/NOD2 signaling pathway and consequent RIP2-mediated induction of NF-?B-dependent inflammatory ...201122186610
competition and resilience between founder and introduced bacteria in the caenorhabditis elegans gut.the microbial communities that reside within the intestinal tract in vertebrates are complex and dynamic. in this report, we establish the utility of c. elegans as a model system for identifying the factors that contribute to bacterial persistence and for host control of gut luminal populations. we found that for n2 worms grown on mixed lawns of bacteria, salmonella substantially out-competed e. coli even when e. coli was initially present at 100-fold higher concentrations. to address whether in ...201122184417
in vivo expression of salmonella enterica serotype typhi genes in the blood of patients with typhoid fever in bangladesh.salmonella enterica serotype typhi is the cause of typhoid fever. it is a human-restricted pathogen, and few data exist on s. typhi gene expression in humans.201122180799
genotyping of salmonella enterica serovar typhi strains isolated from 1959 to 2006 in china and analysis of genetic diversity by genomic microarray.aim. to determine the genotype of salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) strains in china and analyze their genetic diversity. methods. we collected s. typhi strains from 1959 to 2006 in five highly endemic chinese provinces and chose 40 representative strains. multilocus sequence typing was used to determine the genotypes or sequence types (st) and microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (m-cgh) to investigate the differences in gene content among these strains. results. forty ...201122180267
malaria impairs resistance to salmonella through heme- and heme oxygenase-dependent dysfunctional granulocyte mobilization.in sub-saharan africa, invasive nontyphoid salmonella (nts) infection is a common and often fatal complication of plasmodium falciparum infection. induction of heme oxygenase-1 (ho-1) mediates tolerance to the cytotoxic effects of heme during malarial hemolysis but might impair resistance to nts by limiting production of bactericidal reactive oxygen species. we show that co-infection of mice with plasmodium yoelii 17xnl (py17xnl) and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium 12023 (salmonella typh ...201122179318
ompr may regulate the putative yehu/yeht two-component system in salmonella enterica serovar typhi under hypotonic growth condition.decreased expression (twofold) of a putative yehuts operon of which yehut encodes a putative yehu/yeht two-component system in the ompr mutant from salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) gifu10007 under hypotonic growth condition was observed by qrt-pcr. purified recombinant protein ompr(his6) of gifu10007 was shown to bind the upstream region of the yehu gene by the gel-shift assay. in addition, the yeht deletion mutant (δyeht) displayed differential expression (twofold or higher) of 26 g ...201122179129
engineered salmonella allows real-time heterologous gene expression monitoring within infected zebrafish embryos.microbial host-pathogen interactions have been traditionally well studied at genetic and physiological levels, but cell-resolution analyses have been particularly scarce. this has been especially remarkable for intracellular parasites for two major reasons: first, the inherent loss of bacteria traceability once infects its hosts; second and more important, the limited availability of genetic tools that allow a tight regulated expression of bacterial virulence genes once inside the host tissues. ...201122178780
distinct peripheral blood rna responses to salmonella in pigs differing in salmonella shedding levels: intersection of ifng, tlr and mirna pathways.transcriptomic analysis of the response to bacterial pathogens has been reported for several species, yet few studies have investigated the transcriptional differences in whole blood in subjects that differ in their disease response phenotypes. salmonella species infect many vertebrate species, and pigs colonized with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (st) are usually asymptomatic, making detection of these salmonella-carrier pigs difficult. the variable fecal shedding of salmonella is an ...201122174891
Production of a conjugate vaccine for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi from Citrobacter Vi.A conjugate vaccine for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi was produced by chemically linking Vi, purified from Citrobacter, to the non-toxic mutant diphtheria toxin CRM(197) via an adipic dihydrazide spacer using N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide coupling chemistry. The polysaccharide purification process was developed based on Vi precipitation from culture supernatant with cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), solubilization of the CTA-polysaccharide salt with ethanol followed by ...201122172503
salmonella enterica in pinnipeds, chile. 201122172111
evasion of host immunity by virulent salmonella: implications for vaccine design.dendritic cells (dcs) are professional antigen presenting cells (apcs) capable of linking innate and adaptive immunity during infection. after recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps), dcs can engulf, process and present bacteria-derived antigens on mhc molecules to t cells. because of the key role that dcs play on the initiation of innate and adaptive immunity, alterations in their function could render the host susceptible to bacterial dissemination. consistent with this n ...201122172071
Differential gene expression of antimicrobial peptides ß defensins in the gastrointestinal tract of Salmonella serovar Pullorum infected broiler chickens.Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum causes substantial mortality in chicks as well as results in persistent infection and vertical transmission in layer birds. An effective innate immune response in the early stages of infection could reduce bacterial colonization and mortality in chicks and persistency of infection in later stages. ß Defensins (AvBDs) are now considered as one of the key components of innate immunity in avian species. In the present study, we quantified the mRNA expression lev ...201122170093
Influence of prior growth conditions, pressure treatment parameters, and recovery conditions on the inactivation and recovery of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Typhimurium in turkey meat.The relatively high prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in various food products is of great concern to the food industry. The objective of this study was to determine the pressure-inactivation of the pathogens in a representative food model as affected by prior growth temperature, physiological age of the culture, pressure level and treatment temperature. The effect of post-treatment conditions (incubation temperature and g ...201122169000
Modification of the BAX Salmonella test kit to include a hot start functionality (modification of AOAC Official Method 2003.09).In 2010, the BAX System PCR assay for Salmonella was modified to include a hot start functionality designed to keep the reaction enzyme inactive until PCR begins. To validate the assay's Official Methods of Analysis status to include this procedure modification, an evaluation was conducted on four food types that were simultaneously analyzed with the BAX System and either the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual or the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Food Safety a ...201122165013
reveal salmonella 2.0 test for detection of salmonella spp. in foods and environmental samples. performance tested method 960801.reveal salmonella 2.0 is an improved version of the original reveal salmonella lateral flow immunoassay and is applicable to the detection of salmonella enterica serogroups a-e in a variety of food and environmental samples. a performance tested method validation study was conducted to compare performance of the reveal 2.0 method with that of the u.s. department of agriculture-food safety and inspection service or u.s. food and drug administration/bacteriological analytical manual reference cult ...201122165011
complex c-di-gmp signaling networks mediate transition between virulence properties and biofilm formation in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.upon salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection of the gut, an early line of defense is the gastrointestinal epithelium which senses the pathogen and intrusion along the epithelial barrier is one of the first events towards disease. recently, we showed that high intracellular amounts of the secondary messenger c-di-gmp in s. typhimurium inhibited invasion and abolished induction of a pro-inflammatory immune response in the colonic epithelial cell line ht-29 suggesting regulation of transi ...201122164276
typhoid fever: "you can't hit what you can't see"the host restricts dissemination of invasive enteric pathogens, such as non-typhoidal salmonella serovars, by mounting acute inflammatory responses characterized by the recruitment of neutrophils. however, some enteric pathogens, such as salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi), can bypass these defenses and cause an invasive bloodstream infection known as typhoid fever. recent studies on virulence mechanisms of s. typhi suggest that tight regulation of virulence gene expression during the t ...201222156762
The MgtR regulatory peptide negatively controls expression of the MgtA Mg(2+) transporter in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.MgtR is a 30 amino acid peptide that is encoded from the mgtCBR operon. This peptide has recently been demonstrated to interact with the MgtC virulence protein and lead to MgtC degradation. In the present study, we reveal that the MgtA Mg(2+) transporter is another protein under the direct control of the MgtR peptide. Salmonella expresses the MgtA transporter only in Mg(2+) depleted conditions. We determined that the MgtR peptide limits levels of the MgtA protein at low Mg(2+) concentrations. Mg ...201122155249
transcription of pattern recognition receptors and abortive agents induced chemokines in the bovine pregnant uterus.pattern recognition receptors (prrs) are important components of the innate immune system whose ligands are specific pathogen associated molecular patterns (pamps). considering the scarcity of studies on transcription of prrs in the pregnant uterus of cows, and its response to pamps and microorganisms that cause abortion in cattle, this study aimed to characterize the transcription of tlr1-10, nod1, nod2 and md2 in bovine uterus throughout gestation and to investigate the sensitivity of differen ...201122153993
Changes in transcriptional orientation are associated with increases in evolutionary rates of enterobacterial genes.Changes in transcriptional orientation ("CTOs") occur frequently in prokaryotic genomes. Such changes usually result from genomic inversions, which may cause a conflict between the directions of replication and transcription and an increase in mutation rate. However, CTOs do not always lead to the replication-transcription confrontation. Furthermore, CTOs may cause deleterious disruptions of operon structure and/or gene regulations. The currently existing CTOs may indicate relaxation of selectio ...201122152004
Isolation and Characterization of small qnrS1-carrying plasmids from imported seafood isolates of Salmonella enterica that are highly similar to plasmids of clinical isolates.Dissemination of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance among pathogenic bacteria is a concern for public health due to decreased sensitivity to fluoroquinolones and increased potentials to develop high fluoroquinolone resistance. Two qnrS1-positive isolates of Salmonella enterica, Corvallis (468) and Typhimurium (484) from imported seafood (Thailand and Vietnam) were tested for quinolone sensitivity using disk agar diffusion and the Sensititre(®) system. The presence of qnr genes, qnr-carrying ...201122151215
Deletion of yncD gene in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi leads to attenuation in mouse model.TonB-dependent transporters (TBDTs) are bacterial outer membrane proteins that usually involve in uptake of certain key nutrients, for example, iron. In the genome of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi, yncD gene encodes a putative TBDT and was identified as an in vivo induced antigen recently. In the present study, a yncD-deleted mutant was constructed to evaluate the role of the yncD gene in virulence. Our results showed that the mutant is attenuated to a mouse model by intraper ...201122150228
transcriptional regulation of sdia by camp-receptor protein, leuo, and environmental signals in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.the sdia gene encodes for a luxr-type transcription factor, which is active when bound to n-acyl homoserine lactones (ahls). because salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium does not produce ahls, sdia senses signals produced by other organisms. sdia is not expressed constitutively, and response is limited to conditions in which elevated expression occurs, but little is known about the regulation of sdia expression. here we map the sdia promoter and define several regulators that directly or in ...201122149171
report of a salmonella enterica serovar typhi isolate from india producing cmy-2 ampc β-lactamase. 201122146877
Small intestinal CD8+TCR?d+ intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIELs) are involved in bacterial clearance during Salmonella typhimurium infection.The intestinal immune system is crucial for the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis and has evolved under the dual pressure of protecting the host from pathogenic infection and co-existence with the dense and diverse commensal organisms in the lumen. Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIELs) are the first element of the host T cell compartment available to respond to oral infection by pathogens. This study demonstrated that oral infection by Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) promoted t ...201122144492
identification of tumor-specific salmonella typhimurium promoters and their regulatory logic.conventional cancer therapies are often limited in effectiveness and exhibit strong side effects. therefore, alternative therapeutic strategies are demanded. the employment of tumor-colonizing bacteria that exert anticancer effects is such a novel approach that attracts increasing attention. for instance, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium has been used in many animal tumor models as well as in first clinical studies. these bacteria exhibit inherent tumoricidal effects. in addition, they ca ...201122140114
Bacterial rejuvenation: lag phase is a distinct growth phase that prepares bacteria for exponential growth and involves transient metal accumulation.Lag phase represents the earliest and most poorly understood stage of the bacterial growth cycle. We developed a reproducible experimental system and conducted functional genomic and physiological analyses of a 2 hour lag phase in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Adaptation began within four minutes of inoculation into fresh LB media, with the transient expression of genes involved in phosphate uptake. The main lag phase transcriptional programme initiated at twenty minutes with the up-r ...201122139505
Survival of host-associated Bacteroidales cells and their relationship with Enterococcus spp., Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella Typhimurium and Adenovirus in freshwater microcosms as measured by PMA-qPCR.The ideal host-associated genetic fecal marker would be capable of predicting the presence of specific pathogens of concern. Flow-through freshwater microcosms containing mixed feces and inocula of the pathogens Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella Typhimurium and Adenovirus were placed at ambient temperature in the presence and absence of diurnal sunlight. The total Enterococcus DNA increased during the early periods (23 h) under sunlight exposure, even though cultivable Enterococcus and DNA in int ...201122139002
salmonella persistence and transmission strategies.host-adapted strains of salmonella enterica cause systemic infections and have the ability to persist systemically for long periods of time and pose significant public-health problems. multidrug-resistant salmonella enteric serovar typhi (s. typhi) and non-typhoidal salmonella (nts) are on the increase, and are often associated with hiv infection. chronically infected hosts are often asymptomatic and transmit disease to naïve hosts via fecal shedding of bacteria, thereby serving as a critical re ...201122137596
evaluation of royal sun agaricus, agaricus brasiliensis s. wasser et al., aqueous extract in mice challenged with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.this study investigated the effects of agaricus brasiliensis s. wasser et al. (=agaricus blazei murrill sensu heinem.) aqueous extract on small intestinal siga levels, serum tnf-alpha, ifn-gamma and il-10 levels, splenic index, bacterial translocation, and histology of small intestine, spleen, and liver from mice orally challenged with 10(6) cfu of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (sest). splenic index values as well as siga, tnf-alpha, ifn-gamma, and il-10 levels were not affected by eit ...201122135880
BT cationic peptides: Small peptides that modulate innate immune responses of chicken heterophils and monocytes.Neonatal poultry exhibit a transient susceptibility to infectious diseases during the first week of life that stems from inefficient host defense mechanisms. Yet, the initial host immune response to pathogens is a critical determinant of disease resistance and susceptibility. With this context in mind, novel ways to stimulate or modulate the hosts' natural immune response is emerging as an important area of interest for food animal producers including the poultry industry. Specifically, we have ...201122129785
similarity of genes horizontally acquired by escherichia coli and salmonella enterica is evidence of a supraspecies pangenome.most bacterial and archaeal genomes contain many genes with little or no similarity to other genes, a property that impedes identification of gene origins. by comparing the codon usage of genes shared among strains (primarily vertically inherited genes) and genes unique to one strain (primarily recently horizontally acquired genes), we found that the plurality of unique genes in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica are much more similar to each other than are their vertically inherited genes ...201122128332
[immunogenicity of attenuated salmonella choleraesuis vaccine strain expressing immunogenic genes of mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in mice].the study was carried out to construct and characterize salmonella choleraesuis vaccine strain expressing immunogenic genes of mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and to test its immunogenicity in mice.201122126084
binding of the ramr repressor to wild-type and mutated promoters of the rama gene involved in efflux-mediated multidrug resistance in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.the transcriptional activator rama is involved in multidrug resistance (mdr) by increasing expression of the acrab-tolc rnd-type efflux system in several pathogenic enterobacteriaceae. in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium), rama expression is negatively regulated at the local level by ramr, a transcriptional repressor of the tetr family. we here studied the dna-binding activity of the ramr repressor with the rama promoter (p(rama)). as determined by high-resolution footprin ...201122123696
death receptor 3 is essential for generating optimal protective cd4(+) t-cell immunity against salmonella.the tnf receptor superfamily member death receptor 3 (dr3) exacerbates th2 and th17-mediated inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, yet no role in host defence has been reported. here we examined the role of dr3 during infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. infection resulted in protracted expression of the dr3 ligand tl1a but not the related tnf superfamily proteins ox40l or cd30l. tl1a expression was localized to splenic f4/80(+) macrophages where s. enterica typhimurium rep ...201122120936
transfer of foodborne pathogenic bacteria to non-inoculated beef fillets through meat mincing machine.the aim of this study was to evaluate the transfer of pathogens population to non-inoculated beef fillets through meat mincing machine. in this regard, cocktails of mixed strain cultures of each listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium and escherichia coli o157:h7 were used for the inoculation of beef fillets. three different initial inoculum sizes (3, 5, or 7 log cfu/g) were tested. the inoculated beef fillets passed through meat mincing machine and then, six non-inoculated ...201222119672
fate of pathogens in a simulated bioreduction system for livestock carcasses.the eu animal by-products regulations generated the need for novel methods of storage and disposal of dead livestock. bioreduction prior to rendering or incineration has been proposed as a practical and potentially cost-effective method; however, its biosecurity characteristics need to be elucidated. to address this, salmonella enterica (serovars senftenberg and poona), enterococcus faecalis, campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli and a lux-marked strain of escherichia coli o157 were inoculate ...201122119516
antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of non-typhoidal salmonella isolates in the gambia and senegal.the prevalence of virulence genes in non-typhoidal salmonella (nts) and its association with commonly used antibiotics in west africa is unknown.201122112729
developing next generation antimicrobials by intercepting ai-2 mediated quorum sensing.bacteria have been evolving antibiotic resistance since their discovery in the early twentieth century. most new antibiotics are derivatives of older generations and there are now bacteria that are virtually resistant to almost all antibiotics. this poses a global threat to human health and has been classified as a clinical "super-challenge", which has necessitated research into new antimicrobials that inhibit bacterial virulence while minimizing selective pressures that lead to the emergence of ...201122112397
Deletion of glucose-inhibited division (gidA) gene alters the morphological and replication characteristics of Salmonella enterica Serovar typhimurium.Salmonella is an important food-borne pathogen that continues to plague the United States food industry. Characterization of bacterial factors involved in food-borne illnesses could help develop new ways to control salmonellosis. We have previously shown that deletion of glucose-inhibited division gene (gidA) significantly altered the virulence potential of Salmonella in both in vitro and in vivo models of infection. Most importantly, the gidA mutant cells displayed a filamentous morphology comp ...201122109813
Multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis for subtyping Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum.Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum causes a severe systemic disease, fowl typhoid, primarily in chickens and turkeys, and it remains a disease of worldwide significance. Multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) has proved to be very useful for subtyping other Salmonella serovars. We describe the development of a simple MLVA assay for S. enterica serovar Gallinarum that is comparable with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) in resolution. The genome sequence of S. enterica ...201122107089
complete genome sequence of salmonella bacteriophage spn3us.salmonella bacteriophage spn3us was isolated from a chicken fecal sample. it is a virulent phage belonging to the myoviridae family and showing effective inhibition of salmonella enterica and a few escherichia coli o157:h7 strains. here we announce the completely sequenced first genome of a salmonella phage using flagella as receptors. it is the largest genome among salmonella phages sequenced to date, and major findings from its annotation are described.201122106383
expansion of tfh-like cells during chronic salmonella exposure mediates the generation of autoimmune hypergammaglobulinemia in myd88-deficient mice.the role of tlr signaling in linking the innate and adaptive immune systems has been a controversial issue that remains to be solved. here, we determined whether myd88-dependent tlr signals are required for the generation of b-cell responses during chronic salmonella infection. oral administration of recombinant attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine (rasv) strain in myd88(-/-) mice resulted in chronic infection. infection was accompanied by enlarged germinal centers and hyp ...201122105301
the production and detoxification of a potent cytotoxin, nitric oxide, by pathogenic enteric bacteria.the nitrogen cycle is based on several redox reactions that are mainly accomplished by prokaryotic organisms, some archaea and a few eukaryotes, which use these reactions for assimilatory, dissimilatory or respiratory purposes. one group is the enterobacteriaceae family of gammaproteobacteria, which have their natural habitats in soil, marine environments or the intestines of humans and other warm-blooded animals. some of the genera are pathogenic and usually associated with intestinal infection ...201122103543
functional recruitment of human complement inhibitor c4b-binding protein to outer membrane protein rck of salmonella.resistance to complement mediated killing, or serum resistance, is a common trait of pathogenic bacteria. rck is a 17 kda outer membrane protein encoded on the virulence plasmid of salmonella enterica serovars typhimurium and enteritidis. when expressed in either e. coli or s. enterica typhimurium, rck confers lps-independent serum resistance as well as the ability to bind to and invade mammalian cells. having recently shown that rck binds the inhibitor of the alternative pathway of complement, ...201122102907
prevalence of salmonella in fecal samples of western grey kangaroos (macropus fuliginosus).this is the first extensive study of the prevalence of naturally acquired salmonella infection in wild-caught kangaroos in australia. given the close association between kangaroos, livestock, and humans and the growing popularity of kangaroo meat, it is important to identify epidemiologic factors associated with infection in these marsupials in order to minimize the risk of salmonella transmission. the overall prevalence of fecal salmonella in 645 western grey kangaroos (macropus fuliginosus) sa ...201122102658
purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray analysis of the dnde protein from salmonella enterica serovar cerro 87, which is involved in dna phosphorothioation.the phenomenon of dna phosphorothioation (dna sulfur modification) is widespread among prokaryotes and may serve as a mechanism to restrict gene transfer among bacteria. dnde is one of five essential proteins that are required for the dna phosphorothioation process. however, its exact biochemical role in sulfur modification of dna remains unclear. in this study, the dnde protein homologue from salmonella enterica serovar cerro 87 was overexpressed, purified and crystallized. the crystals of the ...201122102252
Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of an Ig-domain-encompassing fragment of the giant adhesion protein SiiE from Salmonella enterica.Salmonella infections can be life-threatening. SiiE is a giant adhesion molecule of 5559 amino acids that is encoded in Salmonella pathogenicity island 4 (SPI4) and that promotes the initial contact between the pathogen and polarized epithelial cells in the intestine of the host. Starting from an engineered deletion version of SiiE (mini-SiiE; 97 kDa), limited proteolysis was used to reproducibly generate a 30 kDa fragment that readily crystallized. Mass spectrometry hints that this fragment spa ...201122102234
decreased transport restores growth of a salmonella enterica apbc mutant on tricarballylate.mutants of salmonella enterica lacking apbc have nutritional and biochemical properties indicative of defects in iron-sulfur ([fe-s]) cluster metabolism. an apbc mutant is unable to grow on tricarballylate as a carbon source. based on the ability of apbc to transfer an [fe-s] cluster to an apoprotein, this defect was attributed to poor loading of the [fe-s] cluster-containing tcub enzyme. consistent with these observations, a previous study showed that overexpression of iscu, which encodes an [f ...201122101844
genetic characterization of the mechanisms of resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate and third-generation cephalosporins in salmonella enterica from three spanish hospitals.the mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance were characterized in 90 salmonella enterica isolates either resistant or with intermediate resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate (amc(r/i)) or resistant to third-generation cephalosporins (c3g(r)). these isolates were recovered in three spanish hospitals during 2007-2009. the c3g(r) phenotype was expressed by three isolates that carried the following extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes: phage-associated bla(ctx m-10) in s. virchow, bla(ctx-m-14a) surro ...201122101415
both the unique and repeat regions of the porphyromonas gingivalis hemagglutin a are involved in adhesion and invasion of host cells.porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the major etiologic agents of adult periodontitis and has been associated with cardiovascular diseases. it expresses multiple hemagglutinins that are significant virulence factors and play an important role in bacterial attachment and invasion of host cells. the objective of this study was to determine the impact of p. gingivalis hemagglutinin a (haga) on the attachment to and invasion of human coronary artery endothelial cells (hcaec) and gingival epithelial c ...201122100486
molecular characterisation of high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant salmonella enterica with multiple antibiotic resistance and class 1 integrons isolated from imported foods. 201122100280
internal colonization of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in tomato plants.several salmonella enterica outbreaks have been traced back to contaminated tomatoes. in this study, the internalization of s. enterica typhimurium via tomato leaves was investigated as affected by surfactants and bacterial rdar morphotype, which was reported to be important for the environmental persistence and attachment of salmonella to plants. surfactants, especially silwet l-77, promoted ingress and survival of s. enterica typhimurium in tomato leaves. in each of two experiments, 84 tomato ...201122096553
role of spi-1 secreted effectors in acute bovine response to salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium: a systems biology analysis approach.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) causes enterocolitis with diarrhea and polymorphonuclear cell (pmn) influx into the intestinal mucosa in humans and calves. the salmonella type iii secretion system (t3ss) encoded at pathogenicity island i translocates salmonella effector proteins sipa, sopa, sopb, sopd, and sope2 into epithelial cells and is required for induction of diarrhea. these effector proteins act together to induce intestinal fluid secretion and transcription of c ...201122096503
Identification of transferable DHA-1 type AmpC beta-lactamases and two mutations in quinolone resistance-determining regions in Salmonella enterica Thompson.Human illnesses caused by Salmonella species often require antibiotic treatment, and antibiotic resistance for Salmonella species is conferred through multiple mechanisms. Salmonella enterica Thompson, a pathogen commonly infecting poultry, causes human infection following food-borne transmission, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance for this pathogen have not been well characterized. We isolated Salmonella enterica Thompson (Salmonella enterica Thompson NC24) from the stool of a 3-year-old p ...201122096136
the conserved yjgf protein family deaminates enamine/imine intermediates of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (plp)-dependent enzyme reactions.the yjgf/yer057c/uk114 family of proteins is conserved in all domains of life, suggesting that the role of these proteins arose early and was maintained throughout evolution. metabolic consequences of lacking this protein in salmonella enterica and other organisms have been described, but the biochemical function of yjgf remained unknown. this work provides the first description of a conserved biochemical activity for the yjgf protein family. our data support the conclusion that yjgf proteins ha ...201122094463
Genetic analysis of the pnp-deaD genetic region reveals membrane lipoprotein NlpI as an independent participant in cold acclimatization of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.The cold acclimatization response in many bacterial species is a tightly regulated process, which ensures the correct folding of macromolecules. In enterobacteria, this response is in part dependent on polynucleotide phosphorylase, which is encoded by the gene pnp. Based on transcriptional analysis of the pnp locus of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, we show that pnp and the adjacent membrane lipoprotein nlpI gene form an operon with both genes contributing independently to the cold accl ...201122092862
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