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Molecular Techniques in Ecohealth Research Toolkit: Facilitating Estimation of Aggregate Gastroenteritis Burden in an Irrigated Periurban Landscape.Assessment of microbial hazards associated with certain environmental matrices, livelihood strategies, and food handling practices are constrained by time-consuming conventional microbiological techniques that lead to health risk assessments of narrow geographic or time scope, often targeting very few pathogens. Health risk assessment based on one or few indicator organisms underestimates true disease burden due a number of coexisting causative pathogens. Here, we employed molecular techniques i ...201122146856
development of a sensitive rrna-targeted reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction for detection of vibrio cholerae/mimicus, v. parahaemolyticus/alginolyticus and campylobacter jejuni/coli.a sensitive rrna-targeted reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (rt-qpcr) method was developed for detection of vibrio cholerae/mimicus, v. parahaemolyticus/alginolyticus and campylobacter jejuni/coli by using specific primers. counts of the enteric pathogens spiked in human stools were quantified at the lower detection limit of 10(3) cells /g of stools by rt-qpcr, in marked contrast with conventional quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) at the detection limit of ...201122146006
Polar Flagellar Biosynthesis and a Regulator of Flagellar Number Influence Spatial Parameters of Cell Division in Campylobacter jejuni.Spatial and numerical regulation of flagellar biosynthesis results in different flagellation patterns specific for each bacterial species. Campylobacter jejuni produces amphitrichous (bipolar) flagella to result in a single flagellum at both poles. These flagella confer swimming motility and a distinctive darting motility necessary for infection of humans to cause diarrheal disease and animals to promote commensalism. In addition to flagellation, symmetrical cell division is spatially regulated ...201122144902
the critical role of luxs in the virulence of campylobacter jejuni in a guinea pig model of abortion.previous studies on campylobacter jejuni have demonstrated the role of luxs in motility, cytolethal distending toxin production, agglutination and intestinal colonization, however its direct involvement in virulence has not been reported. in this study we demonstrate a direct role of luxs in the virulence of c. jejuni in two different animal hosts. the ia3902 strain, a highly virulent sheep abortion strain recently described by our laboratory, along with its isogenic luxs mutant and luxs complem ...201122144479
sialylation of lipooligosaccharides is dispensable for the virulence of haemophilus ducreyi in humans.sialylated glycoconjugates on the surfaces of mammalian cells play important roles in intercellular communication and self-recognition. the sialic acid preferentially expressed in human tissues is n-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5ac). in a process called molecular mimicry, many bacterial pathogens decorate their cell surface glycolipids with neu5ac. incorporation of neu5ac into bacterial glycolipids promotes bacterial interactions with host cell receptors called siglecs. these interactions affect ba ...201122144477
network analysis and protein function prediction with the prodistin web site.interactions between macromolecules are deciphered to gain information about biological processes and protein function. this information is hidden in large interaction networks, yet very complicated to dissect. in this context, the prodistin web site is dedicated to the clustering of network proteins according to the identity of their interaction partners, and to the subsequent functional annotation of these clusters. it allows analysing functionally networks and eventually leads to the predicti ...201222144161
guillain-barré syndrome associated with normal or exaggerated tendon reflexes.areflexia is part one of the clinical criteria required to make a diagnosis of guillain-barré syndrome (gbs). the diagnostic criteria were stringently developed to exclude non-gbs cases but there have been reports of patients with gbs following campylobacter jejuni enteritis with normal and exaggerated deep tendon reflexes (dtrs). the aim of this study is to expand the existing diagnostic criteria to preserved dtrs. from the cohort of patients referred for anti-ganglioside antibody testing from ...201122143612
quality control strain campylobacter jejuni atcc 33560 contains a frameshift mutation in the cmer regulator. 201122143527
synthesis of an antiviral drug precursor from chitin using a saprophyte as a whole-cell catalyst.recent incidents, such as the sars and influenza epidemics, have highlighted the need for readily available antiviral drugs. one important precursor currently used for the production of relenza, an antiviral product from glaxosmithkline, is n-acetylneuraminic acid (neunac). this substance has a considerably high market price despite efforts to develop cost-reducing (biotechnological) production processes. hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei) is a saprophyte noted for its abundant secretion of ...201122141613
emerging technologies for making glycan-defined glycoproteins.protein glycosylation is a common and complex posttranslational modification of proteins, which expands functional diversity while boosting structural heterogeneity. glycoproteins, the end products of such a modification, are typically produced as mixtures of glycoforms possessing the same polypeptide backbone but differing in the site of glycosylation and/or in the structures of pendant glycans, from which single glycoforms are difficult to isolate. the urgent need for glycan-defined glycoprote ...201122141574
emerging technologies for making glycan-defined glycoproteins.protein glycosylation is a common and complex posttranslational modification of proteins, which expands functional diversity while boosting structural heterogeneity. glycoproteins, the end products of such a modification, are typically produced as mixtures of glycoforms possessing the same polypeptide backbone but differing in the site of glycosylation and/or in the structures of pendant glycans, from which single glycoforms are difficult to isolate. the urgent need for glycan-defined glycoprote ...201122141574
development and evaluation of cmec subunit vaccine against campylobacter jejuni.campylobacter jejuni is the leading bacterial cause of human enteritis in many industrialized countries. there is no commercial vaccine against c. jejuni available to date. cmec is an essential outer membrane component of cmeabc multidrug efflux pump that plays a critical role in antibiotic resistance and in vivo colonization of c. jejuni. cmec is prevalent in c. jejuni strains and is dramatically induced and immunogenic in vivo. in this study, we analyzed cmec sequence homology, examined in vit ...201022140651
an unsual case of persistent inguinal swelling - beware immunodeficiency. 201122140612
Engineered single-domain antibodies with high protease resistance and thermal stability.The extreme pH and protease-rich environment of the upper gastrointestinal tract is a major obstacle facing orally-administered protein therapeutics, including antibodies. Through protein engineering, several Clostridium difficile toxin A-specific heavy chain antibody variable domains (V(H)Hs) were expressed with an additional disulfide bond by introducing Ala/Gly54Cys and Ile78Cys mutations. Mutant antibodies were compared to their wild-type counterparts with respect to expression yield, non-ag ...201122140551
crystallization of a 79 kda fragment of the hook protein flge from campylobacter jejuni.a 79 kda fragment of the bacterial flagellar hook protein flge from campylobacter jejuni was cloned, overexpressed, purified and crystallized. two different crystal forms were obtained. synchrotron x-ray diffraction data showed that the first crystal form, which diffracted to 4.9 å resolution, belonged to the tetragonal crystal system, with space group i4(1)22 and unit-cell parameters a = b = 186.2, c = 386.6 å, α = β = γ = 90°. the second crystal form diffracted to 2.5 å resolution and belonged ...201122139190
Survival of host-associated Bacteroidales cells and their relationship with Enterococcus spp., Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella Typhimurium and Adenovirus in freshwater microcosms as measured by PMA-qPCR.The ideal host-associated genetic fecal marker would be capable of predicting the presence of specific pathogens of concern. Flow-through freshwater microcosms containing mixed feces and inocula of the pathogens Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella Typhimurium and Adenovirus were placed at ambient temperature in the presence and absence of diurnal sunlight. The total Enterococcus DNA increased during the early periods (23 h) under sunlight exposure, even though cultivable Enterococcus and DNA in int ...201122139002
Development of a rapid and sensitive method combining a cellulose ester microfilter and a real-time qPCR assay to detect Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in 20 liters of drinking water or low turbidity waters.Investigation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in samples of drinking water suspected of being at the origin of outbreak very often leads to negative results. One of the reasons for this failure is the small volume of water typically used for detecting these pathogens (10 to 1000 mL). Efficiency of three microfilters and different elution procedures were determined using real-time qPCR to propose a procedure allowing detection of Campylobacter in 20 L drinking water or low turbidit ...201122138985
guillain-barre syndrome presenting with sensory disturbance following a herpes virus infection: a case report.abstract: introduction: we present a case of an unusual clinical manifestation of guillain-barre syndrome following a pre-existing herpes virus infection. although there have been several reports describing the co-existence of herpes virus infection and guillain-barre syndrome, we undertook a more in-depth study of the cross-reactivity between herpes viruses and recommend a follow-up study based on serology tests. case presentation: a 39-year-old healthy caucasian man with guillain-barre syndro ...201122136568
poultry as a host for the zoonotic pathogen campylobacter jejuni.abstract campylobacteriosis is the most reported foodborne gastroenteritic disease and poses a serious health burden in industrialized countries. disease in humans is mainly caused by the zoonotic pathogen campylobacter jejuni. due to its wide-spread occurrence in the environment, the epidemiology of campylobacter remains poorly understood. it is generally accepted, however, that chickens are a natural host for campylobacter jejuni, and for campylobacter spp. in general, and that colonized bro ...201122133236
applications of pcr (real-time and masstag) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in diagnosis of respiratory infections and diarrheal illness among deployed u.s. military personnel during exercise balikatan 2009, philippines.laboratory-based surveillance for diarrheal and respiratory illness was conducted at the 2009 republic of the philippines-united states balikatan exercise to determine the presence of specific pathogens endemic in the locations where the military exercises were conducted. ten stool and 6 respiratory specimens were obtained from individuals meeting case definitions for diarrhea or respiratory illness. stool specimens were frozen in dry ice and remotely tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent ass ...201122128641
a specificity determinant for phosphorylation in a response regulator prevents in vivo cross-talk and modification by acetyl phosphate.bacterial two-component systems (tcss) sense stimuli and transduce signals intracellularly through phosphotransfer between cognate histidine kinases (hks) and response regulators (rrs) to alter gene expression or behavioral responses. without high phosphotransfer specificity between cognate hks and rrs, cross-phosphorylation or cross-talk between different tcss may occur and diminish responses to appropriate stimuli. some mechanisms to reduce cross-talk involve hks controlling levels of cognate ...201122128335
crystal structure of the multicopper oxidase from the pathogenic bacterium campylobacter jejuni cgug11284: characterization of a metallo-oxidase.multicopper oxidases are a multi-domain family of enzymes that are able to couple oxidation of substrates with reduction of dioxygen to water. these enzymes are capable of oxidizing a vast range of substrates, varying from aromatic to inorganic compounds such as metals. this metallo-oxidase activity observed in several members of this family has been linked to mechanisms of homeostasis in different organisms. recently, a periplasmic multicopper oxidase, encoded by campylobacter jejuni, has been ...201122127520
Porphyromonas gingivalis: a clonal pathogen?: Diversities in housekeeping genes and the major fimbriae gene.The introduction of multilocus sequence typing (MLST) in infectious disease research has allowed standardized typing of bacterial clones. Through multiple markers around the genome, it is possible to determine the sequence type (ST) of bacterial isolates to establish the population structure of a species. For the periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis, the MLST scheme has been established at www.pubmlst.org/pgingivalis, and data from the database indicate a high degree of genetic diversi ...201122125739
evidence-based annotation of gene function in shewanella oneidensis mr-1 using genome-wide fitness profiling across 121 conditions.most genes in bacteria are experimentally uncharacterized and cannot be annotated with a specific function. given the great diversity of bacteria and the ease of genome sequencing, high-throughput approaches to identify gene function experimentally are needed. here, we use pools of tagged transposon mutants in the metal-reducing bacterium shewanella oneidensis mr-1 to probe the mutant fitness of 3,355 genes in 121 diverse conditions including different growth substrates, alternative electron acc ...201122125499
pathogenic potential of campylobacter ureolyticus.the recent detection and isolation of the aflagellate campylobacter ureolyticus (previously known as bacteroides ureolyticus) from intestinal biopsy specimens and fecal samples of children with newly diagnosed crohn's disease led us to investigate the pathogenic potential of this bacterium. adherence and gentamicin protection assays were employed to quantify the levels of adherence to and invasion into host cells. c. ureolyticus unswcd was able to adhere to the caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell ...201122124656
evolutionary pressures on simple sequence repeats in prokaryotic coding regions.simple sequence repeats (ssrs) are indel mutational hotspots in genomes. in prokaryotes, ssr loci can cause phase variation, a microbial survival strategy that relies on stochastic, reversible on-off switching of gene activity. by analyzing multiple strains of 42 fully sequenced prokaryotic species, we measure the relative variability and density distribution of ssrs in coding regions. we demonstrate that repeat type strongly influences indel mutation rates, and that the most mutable types are m ...201122123746
evolutionary pressures on simple sequence repeats in prokaryotic coding regions.simple sequence repeats (ssrs) are indel mutational hotspots in genomes. in prokaryotes, ssr loci can cause phase variation, a microbial survival strategy that relies on stochastic, reversible on-off switching of gene activity. by analyzing multiple strains of 42 fully sequenced prokaryotic species, we measure the relative variability and density distribution of ssrs in coding regions. we demonstrate that repeat type strongly influences indel mutation rates, and that the most mutable types are m ...201122123746
closely related campylobacter jejuni strains from different sources reveal a generalist rather than a specialist lifestyle.abstract: background: campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli are human intestinal pathogens of global importance. zoonotic transmission from livestock animals or animal-derived food is the likely cause for most of these infections. however, little is known about their general and host-specific mechanisms of colonization, or virulence and pathogenicity factors. in certain hosts, campylobacter species colonize persistently and do not cause disease, while they cause acute intestinal disease i ...201122122991
fate of pathogens in a simulated bioreduction system for livestock carcasses.the eu animal by-products regulations generated the need for novel methods of storage and disposal of dead livestock. bioreduction prior to rendering or incineration has been proposed as a practical and potentially cost-effective method; however, its biosecurity characteristics need to be elucidated. to address this, salmonella enterica (serovars senftenberg and poona), enterococcus faecalis, campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter coli and a lux-marked strain of escherichia coli o157 were inoculate ...201122119516
pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of more than one clinical isolate of campylobacter spp. from each of 49 patients in new zealand.pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) analysis demonstrated that while 76% of patients had only one genotype of campylobacter, 10% carried two different but related genotypes (dice coefficients > 0.78), and 14% carried at least two unrelated genotypes (dice coefficients < 0.65). this supports the clustering of campylobacter isolates with similar pfge patterns, highlights the need to analyze multiple isolates from both sources and patients, and confirms that caution should be exercised before e ...201122116155
modulations of the chicken cecal microbiome and metagenome in response to anticoccidial and growth promoter treatment.with increasing pressures to reduce or eliminate the use of antimicrobials for growth promotion purposes in production animals, there is a growing need to better understand the effects elicited by these agents in order to identify alternative approaches that might be used to maintain animal health. antibiotic usage at subtherapeutic levels is postulated to confer a number of modulations in the microbes within the gut that ultimately result in growth promotion and reduced occurrence of disease. t ...201122114729
immunity to ricin: fundamental insights into toxin-antibody interactions.ricin toxin is an extraordinarily potent inducer of cell death and inflammation. ricin is also a potent provocateur of the humoral immune system, eliciting a mixture of neutralizing, non-neutralizing and even toxin-enhancing antibodies. the characterization of dozens of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the toxin's enzymatic (rta) and binding (rtb) subunits has begun to reveal fundamental insights into the underlying mechanisms by which antibodies neutralize (or fail to neutralize) ricin in s ...201222113742
a "sliding scale rule" for selectivity among no, co, and o₂ by heme protein sensors.selectivity among no, co, and o₂ is crucial for the physiological function of most heme proteins. although there is a million-fold variation in equilibrium dissociation constants (k(d)), the ratios for no:co:o₂ binding stay roughly the same, 1:~10(3):~10(6), when the proximal ligand is a histidine and the distal site is apolar. for these proteins, there is a "sliding scale rule" for plots of log(k(d)) versus ligand type that allows predictions of k(d) values if one or two are missing. the predic ...201122111978
a "sliding scale rule" for selectivity among no, co, and o₂ by heme protein sensors.selectivity among no, co, and o₂ is crucial for the physiological function of most heme proteins. although there is a million-fold variation in equilibrium dissociation constants (k(d)), the ratios for no:co:o₂ binding stay roughly the same, 1:~10(3):~10(6), when the proximal ligand is a histidine and the distal site is apolar. for these proteins, there is a "sliding scale rule" for plots of log(k(d)) versus ligand type that allows predictions of k(d) values if one or two are missing. the predic ...201122111978
Contribution of enteric infection, altered intestinal barrier function, and maternal malnutrition to infant malnutrition in bangladesh.Background. Malnourished children are at increased risk for death due to diarrhea. Our goal was to determine the contribution of specific enteric infections to malnutrition-associated diarrhea and to determine the role of enteric infections in the development of malnutrition. Methods. Children from an urban slum in Bangladesh were followed for the first year of life by every-other-day home visits. Enteropathogens were identified in diarrheal and monthly surveillance stools; intestinal barrier fu ...201222109945
Contribution of enteric infection, altered intestinal barrier function, and maternal malnutrition to infant malnutrition in bangladesh.Background. Malnourished children are at increased risk for death due to diarrhea. Our goal was to determine the contribution of specific enteric infections to malnutrition-associated diarrhea and to determine the role of enteric infections in the development of malnutrition. Methods. Children from an urban slum in Bangladesh were followed for the first year of life by every-other-day home visits. Enteropathogens were identified in diarrheal and monthly surveillance stools; intestinal barrier fu ...201222109945
prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of campylobacter in broiler flocks in japan.campylobacter was isolated from 67 (47.2%) of 142 broiler flocks between september 2009 and february 2010. the prevalence of campylobacter in broiler flocks was significantly lower during january and february than it was from september to december. campylobacter colonization was more common in flocks that were not provided with a disinfected water supply, which was consistent with the findings of a previous study. the prevalence of antimicrobial drug-resistant campylobacter spp. was investigated ...201122103704
Galactosaminogalactan, a new immunosuppressive polysaccharide of Aspergillus fumigatus.A new polysaccharide secreted by the human opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus has been characterized. Carbohydrate analysis using specific chemical degradations, mass spectrometry, ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance showed that this polysaccharide is a linear heterogeneous galactosaminogalactan composed of a1-4 linked galactose and a1-4 linked N-acetylgalactosamine residues where both monosacharides are randomly distributed and where the percentage of galactose per chain vari ...201122102815
immunopathology and th1/th2 immune response of campylobacter jejuni-induced paralysis resembling guillain-barré syndrome in chicken.immunopathogenesis of campylobacter jejuni-associated guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) is not yet well established probably due to lack of experimental model. therefore, we studied the th1/th2 immune response and pathological changes in c. jejuni-induced chicken model for gbs. c. jejuni (5 × 10(9) cfu/ml) and placebo were fed to 30 chickens each. stools of all birds were negative for c. jejuni by culture and pcr before experiment. the birds were regularly assessed for disease symptoms up to 30 days ...201122102098
crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies of campylobacter jejuni chuz, a member of a novel haem oxygenase family.the haem oxygenase chuz from campylobacter jejuni, a major enteric pathogen in humans, is part of the iron-acquisition mechanism that is involved in bacterial survival and persistence in hosts. the chuz-haemin complex has been purified and crystallized and diffraction data have been collected to 2.4 å resolution. the chuz-haemin complex crystals belonged to space group c222(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 106.474, b = 106.698, c = 52.464 å, α = β = γ = 90°. the asymmetric unit contained one ch ...201122102034
iron storage proteins are essential for the survival and pathogenesis of mycobacterium tuberculosis in thp-1 macrophages and the guinea pig model of infection.iron is one of the crucial elements required for the growth of mycobacterium tuberculosis. however, excess free iron becomes toxic for the cells because it catalyzes the production of reactive oxygen radicals, leading to oxidative damage. hence, it is essential for the pathogen to have the ability to store intracellular iron in an iron-rich environment and utilize it under iron depletion. m. tuberculosis has two iron storage proteins, namely bfra (rv1876; a bacterioferritin) and bfrb (rv3841; a ...201122101841
bacterial adaptation of respiration from oxic to microoxic and anoxic conditions: redox control.under a shortage of oxygen, bacterial growth can be faced mainly by two atp-generating mechanisms: (i) by synthesis of specific high-affinity terminal oxidases that allow bacteria to use traces of oxygen or (ii) by utilizing other substrates as final electron acceptors such as nitrate, which can be reduced to dinitrogen gas through denitrification or to ammonium. this bacterial respiratory shift from oxic to microoxic and anoxic conditions requires a regulatory strategy which ensures that cells ...201222098259
whole-genome comparison of two campylobacter jejuni isolates of the same sequence type reveals multiple loci of different ancestral lineage.campylobacter jejuni st-474 is the most important human enteric pathogen in new zealand, and yet this genotype is rarely found elsewhere in the world. insight into the evolution of this organism was gained by a whole genome comparison of two st-474, flaa svr-14 isolates and other available c. jejuni isolates and genomes. the two isolates were collected from different sources, human (h22082) and retail poultry (p110b), at the same time and from the same geographical location. solexa sequencing of ...201122096527
molecular mimicry as a mechanism of autoimmune disease.a variety of mechanisms have been suggested as the means by which infections can initiate and/or exacerbate autoimmune diseases. one mechanism is molecular mimicry, where a foreign antigen shares sequence or structural similarities with self-antigens. molecular mimicry has typically been characterized on an antibody or t cell level. however, structural relatedness between pathogen and self does not account for t cell activation in a number of autoimmune diseases. a proposed mechanism that could ...201222095454
at the membrane frontier: a prospectus on the remarkable evolutionary conservation of polyprenols and polyprenyl-phosphates.long-chain polyprenols and polyprenyl-phosphates are ubiquitous and essential components of cellular membranes throughout all domains of life. polyprenyl-phosphates, which include undecaprenyl-phosphate in bacteria and the dolichyl-phosphates in archaea and eukaryotes, serve as specific membrane-bound carriers in glycan biosynthetic pathways responsible for the production of cellular structures such as n-linked protein glycans and bacterial peptidoglycan. polyprenyl-phosphates are the only form ...201122093697
at the membrane frontier: a prospectus on the remarkable evolutionary conservation of polyprenols and polyprenyl-phosphates.long-chain polyprenols and polyprenyl-phosphates are ubiquitous and essential components of cellular membranes throughout all domains of life. polyprenyl-phosphates, which include undecaprenyl-phosphate in bacteria and the dolichyl-phosphates in archaea and eukaryotes, serve as specific membrane-bound carriers in glycan biosynthetic pathways responsible for the production of cellular structures such as n-linked protein glycans and bacterial peptidoglycan. polyprenyl-phosphates are the only form ...201122093697
Ciliate Ingestion and Digestion: Flow Cytometric Measurements and Regrowth of a Digestion-Resistant Campylobacter jejuni.We measured ingestion and digestion rates of the pathogenic bacterium Campylobacter jejuni by a freshwater ciliate Colpoda sp. to determine whether Campylobacter is able to resist protist digestion. Campylobacter and the nonpathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas putida LH1 were labeled with a 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate, which fluoresces in intact and active cells but fades when exposed to low pH environments, such as protistan food vacuoles. Ingestion and digestion rates were measured via flo ...201122092598
immunoreactive proteins of campylobacter concisus, an emergent intestinal pathogen.campylobacter concisus is an emerging pathogen of the human gastrointestinal tract. recently, a significantly higher prevalence of c. concisus dna and higher levels of antibodies specific to c. concisus was detected in children with crohn's disease when compared with controls. the aim of this study was to identify c. concisus immunoreactive antigens. proteins from c. concisus were separated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and sera from 10 c. concisus-positive children with crohn's dis ...201122092566
Delineation of the Pasteurellaceae-specific GbpA-family of glutathione-binding proteins.ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The Gram-negative bacterium Haemophilus influenzae is a glutathione auxotroph and acquires the redox-active tripeptide by import. The dedicated glutathione transporter belongs to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-transporter superfamily and displays more than 60% overall sequence identity with the well-studied dipeptide (Dpp) permease of Escherichia coli. The solute binding protein (SBP) that mediates glutathione transport in H. influenzae is a lipoprotein termed GbpA and is ...201122087650
Novel Protein Substrates of the Phospho-Form Modification System in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Their Connection to O-Linked Protein Glycosylation.The zwitterionic phospho-form moieties phosphoethanolamine (PE) and phosphocholine (PC) are important components of bacterial membranes and cell surfaces. The major type IV pilus subunit protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, PilE, undergoes posttranslational modifications with these moieties via the activity of the pilin phospho-form transferase PptA. A number of observations relating to colocalization of phospho-form and O-linked glycan attachment sites in PilE suggested that these modifications mi ...201222083701
The twin-arginine translocation system: contributions to the pathobiology of Campylobacter jejuni.The twin-arginine translocation (Tat) system is specialized in the transport of folded proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane. Although the mechanisms that govern the Tat transport and its scope are not well understood, this system and its cognate substrates are involved in important functions that facilitate the adaptation and survival of bacteria. Evidence also exists that connects the Tat system to virulent traits of clinically relevant pathogens. Of interest is Campylobacter jejuni, an imp ...201122082291
Perturbation of FliL Interferes with Proteus mirabilis Swarmer Cell Gene Expression and Differentiation.Proteus mirabilis is a dimorphic, motile bacterium often associated with urinary tract infections. Colonization of urinary tract surfaces is aided by swarmer cell differentiation, which is initiated by inhibition of flagellar rotation when the bacteria first contact a surface. Mutations in fliL, encoding a flagellar structural protein with an enigmatic function, result in the inappropriate production of differentiated swarmer cells, called pseudoswarmer cells, under noninducing conditions, indic ...201222081397
cj1386 is an ankyrin-containing protein involved in heme trafficking to catalase in campylobacter jejuni.campylobacter jejuni, a microaerophilic bacterium, is the most frequent cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis. c. jejuni is exposed to harmful reactive oxygen species (ros) produced during its own normal metabolic processes and during infection from the host immune system and from host intestinal microbiota. these ros will damage dna and proteins and cause peroxidation of lipids. consequently, identifying ros defense mechanisms is important for understanding how campylobacter survives this en ...201222081390
guillian-barre syndrome.guillian-barre syndrome (gbs) is the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis. all age groups can be affected, more common in elderly. campylobacter jejuni, a major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide has become recognized as a most frequent antecedent pathogen for gbs. a prospective case-controlled study showed, positive c. jejuni serology was found in an unprecedented high frequency of 57% as compared to 8% in family controls and 3% in control patients with other neurological dise ...201122081202
Spatial Distribution of Putative Growth Factors in the Guinea Pig Placenta and the Effects of These Factors, Plasma, and Bile on the Growth and Chemotaxis of Campylobacter jejuni.The pregnant guinea pig is an effective model for studying abortifacient Campylobacter spp, and previous experiments have demonstrated that C. jejuni IA3902 has a marked predilection for the subplacenta while sparing the placental disc in this species. In the study described here, the growth and chemotaxis of IA3902 and a reference strain (NCTC 11168) are compared in the presence of subplacental and placental factors, as well as bile and plasma, from pregnant and nonpregnant guinea pigs. Both st ...201122081135
dynamic proteome changes in campylobacter jejuni 81-176 after high pressure shock and subsequent recovery.campylobacter jejuni is one of the most intriguing human foodborne bacterial pathogen. its survival throughout the food processing chain and its pathogenesis mechanisms in humans remain enigmatic. living in the animal guts and particularly in avian intestine as a commensal bacterium, this microorganism is frequently isolated from meat products. ultra high pressure (hp) is a promising alternative to thermal technology for microbial safety of foodstuffs with less organoleptic and nutritional alter ...201122079248
Biogenesis of cbb(3)-type cytochrome c oxidase in Rhodobacter capsulatus.The cbb(3)-type cytochrome c oxidases (cbb(3)-Cox) constitute the second most abundant cytochrome c oxidase (Cox) group after the mitochondrial-like aa(3)-type Cox. They are present in bacteria only, and are considered to represent a primordial innovation in the domain of Eubacteria due to their phylogenetic distribution and their similarity to nitric oxide (NO) reductases. They are crucial for the onset of many anaerobic biological processes, such as anoxygenic photosynthesis or nitrogen fixati ...201122079199
Biogenesis of cbb(3)-type cytochrome c oxidase in Rhodobacter capsulatus.The cbb(3)-type cytochrome c oxidases (cbb(3)-Cox) constitute the second most abundant cytochrome c oxidase (Cox) group after the mitochondrial-like aa(3)-type Cox. They are present in bacteria only, and are considered to represent a primordial innovation in the domain of Eubacteria due to their phylogenetic distribution and their similarity to nitric oxide (NO) reductases. They are crucial for the onset of many anaerobic biological processes, such as anoxygenic photosynthesis or nitrogen fixati ...201122079199
[Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific for CjaA protein of Campylobacter jejuni].Expression, purification of Campylobacter jejuni CjaA protein and development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against this protein.201122078449
emerging dynamics of human campylobacteriosis in southern ireland.infections with campylobacter spp. pose a significant health burden worldwide. the significance of campylobacter jejuni/campylobacter coli infection is well appreciated but the contribution of non-c. jejuni/c. coli spp. to human gastroenteritis is largely unknown. in this study, we employed a two-tiered molecular study on 7194 patient faecal samples received by the microbiology department in cork university hospital during 2009. the first step, using entericbio(®) (serosep), a multiplex pcr syst ...201122077228
Simultaneous Detection of Six Diarrhea-Causing Bacterial Pathogens with an In-House PCR-Luminex Assay.Diarrhea can be caused by a range of pathogens, including several bacteria. Conventional diagnostic methods, such as culture, biochemical tests, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), are laborious. We developed a 7-plex PCR-Luminex assay to simultaneously screen for several of the major diarrhea-causing bacteria directly in fecal specimens, including pathogenic Aeromonas, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Salmonella, Shigella, enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC), Vibrio, and ...201222075596
Inaccuracy of the Disk Diffusion Method Compared with the Agar Dilution Method for Susceptibility Testing of Campylobacter spp.The agar dilution method has been standardized by the CLSI for the susceptibility testing of Campylobacter species, and according to these standards, the disk diffusion method should be used only in screening for macrolide and ciprofloxacin resistance. Nevertheless, the disk diffusion test is currently widely used, since it is easy to perform in clinical microbiology laboratories. In this study, the disk diffusion method was compared to the agar dilution method by analyzing the in vitro activiti ...201222075583
a comprehensive evaluation of colonic mucosal isolates of sutterella wadsworthensis from inflammatory bowel disease.inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) arises in genetically susceptible individuals as a result of an unidentified environmental trigger, possibly a hitherto unknown bacterial pathogen. twenty-six clinical isolates of sutterella wadsworthensis were obtained from 134 adults and 61 pediatric patients undergoing colonoscopy, of whom 69 and 29 respectively had ibd. s. wadsworthensis was initially more frequently isolated from ibd subjects, hence this comprehensive study was undertaken to elucidate its ro ...201122073125
the biology of the cytolethal distending toxins.the cytolethal distending toxins (cdts), produced by a variety of gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, are the first bacterial genotoxins described, since they cause dna damage in the target cells. cdt is an a-b(2) toxin, where the cdta and cdtc subunits are required to mediate the binding on the surface of the target cells, allowing internalization of the active cdtb subunit, which is functionally homologous to the mammalian deoxyribonuclease i. the nature of the surface receptor is still poorly ...201122069704
diversity and impact of prokaryotic toxins on aquatic environments: a review.microorganisms are ubiquitous in all habitats and are recognized by their metabolic versatility and ability to produce many bioactive compounds, including toxins. some of the most common toxins present in water are produced by several cyanobacterial species. as a result, their blooms create major threats to animal and human health, tourism, recreation and aquaculture. quite a few cyanobacterial toxins have been described, including hepatotoxins, neurotoxins, cytotoxins and dermatotoxins. these t ...201022069558
identification of lactobacilli residing in chicken ceca with antagonism against campylobacter.bacteriocins produced by lactobacillus salivarius have been recently recognized as a natural means to control campylobacter and salmonella in live poultry. this finding is of relevance since campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli are the predominant species isolated from poultry that are associated with human campylobacteriosis. in the present work, lactic acid bacteria (lab) isolated from the cecum of twenty tunisian chickens were identified and those isolates with antagonism against campy ...201122069154
colonic mucosa-associated microbiota is influenced by an interaction of crohn disease and fut2 (secretor) genotype.the fut2 (secretor) gene is responsible for the presence of abo histo-blood group antigens on the gastrointestinal mucosa and in bodily secretions. individuals lacking a functional copy of fut2 are known as "nonsecretors" and display an array of differences in susceptibility to infection and disease, including crohn disease. to determine whether variation in resident microbial communities with respect to fut2 genotype is a potential factor contributing to susceptibility, we performed 454-based c ...201122068912
Reverse transcriptase real-time PCR for detection and quantification of viable Campylobacter jejuni directly from poultry faecal samples.Campylobacter spp. is the most common cause of bacterial diarrhoea in humans worldwide. Therefore, rapid and reliable methods for detection and quantification of this pathogen are required. In this study, we have developed a reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) for detection and quantification of viable Campylobacter jejuni directly from chicken faecal samples. The results of this method and a DNA-based quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) method were compared with those of a ...201122064380
antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of four garlic-derived organosulfur compounds in ground beef.the antioxidant and antimicrobial protection of diallyl sulfide (das), diallyl disulfide (dads), s-ethyl cysteine (sec), n-acetyl cysteine (nac) in ground beef against discoloration, lipid oxidation and microbial contamination were studied. the exogenous addition of these garlic-derived organosulfur compounds significantly delayed both oxymyoglobin and lipid oxidations (p<0.05). the antioxidant protection from these organosulfur compounds was dose-dependent (p<0.05), and showed significantly gre ...200322061980
Enteropathogens in acute diarrhea: a general practice-based study in a Nordic country.The epidemiology of infectious diarrhea influences the microbiological investigation of the disease, and is best elucidated through prospective studies. We undertook such a study in a Nordic country. Patients of all age groups who had acute diarrhea were recruited prospectively from general practice clinics in Iceland. They completed a questionnaire and provided stool samples for the detection of pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Of the 464 recruited patients, 211 (45%) had 224 infect ...201122057365
Prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in raw chicken on retail sale in the republic of Ireland.To assess the current risks to consumers from Campylobacter and Salmonella in raw chicken products sold in the Republic of Ireland, a retail survey was undertaken to define their prevalence. Samples (n = 510) were analyzed using protocols based on ISO 10272-1:2006 and ISO 6579:2002. Processor codes on pack labels showed that 67% of samples were produced in the Republic of Ireland and 25% in the United Kingdom. Salmonella was present in 5.1% of samples, but the eight serovars found caused less t ...201122054193
epidemiologic characteristics of human campylobacteriosis in the county primorsko-goranska (croatia), 2003-2007.the aim of the study was to investigate campylobacteriosis incidence in the county primorsko-goranska (croatia) between 2003 and 2007 and to find out possible connection with environmental factors (the average monthly temperature and total monthly precipitation). the data (number of stool samples examined, age and sex distribution of patients, monthly distribution of isolates and distribution of isolates according to the species) from the laboratory for diagnostics of enteric infections of the t ...201122053566
Thermofluor-based optimization strategy for the stabilization and crystallization of Campylobacter jejuni desulforubrerythrin.Desulforubrerythrin from Campylobacter jejuni has recently been biochemical and spectroscopically characterized. It is a member of the rubrerythrin family, and it is composed of three structural domains: the N-terminal desulforedoxin domain with a non-heme iron center, followed by a four-helix bundle domain harboring a binuclear iron center and finally a C-terminal rubredoxin domain. To date, this is the first example of a protein presenting this kind of structural domain organization, and there ...201222051151
culture-based indicators of fecal contamination and molecular microbial indicators rarely correlate with campylobacter spp. in recreational waters.campylobacter spp. are the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. most human infections result from contaminated food; however, infections are also caused by recreational waterway contamination. campylobacter culture is technically challenging and enumeration by culture-based methods is onerous. thus, we employed qpcr to quantify campylobacter spp. in fresh- and marine-water samples, raw sewage and animal feces. multiplex pcr determined whether campylobacter jejuni or c. coli, most commonly ...201122048429
salmonella typhimurium-specific bacteriophage φsh19 and the origins of species specificity in the vi01-like phage family.whole genome sequencing of bacteriophages suitable for biocontrol of pathogens in food products is a pre-requisite to any phage-based intervention procedure. trials involving the biosanitization of salmonella typhimurium in the pig production environment identified one such candidate, φsh19.201122047448
coxarthritis as the presenting symptom of gaucher disease type 1.gaucher disease (gd) type 1 is the most common lysosomal storage disorder due to beta glucocerebrosidase deficiency leading to an abnormal accumulation of its substrate, glucocerebroside, in the mononuclear phagocyte system. the disease presentation is usually characterized by signs and symptoms related to hypersplenism, such as splenomegaly, anaemia, thrombocytopenia and leucopenia. skeletal disease may occur later for the infiltration of bone marrow by macrophages infiltration and bone resorpt ...201122046515
Multifaceted SlyD from Helicobacter pylori: implication in [NiFe] hydrogenase maturation.SlyD belongs to the FK506-binding protein (FKBP) family with both peptidylprolyl isomerase (PPIase) and chaperone activities, and is considered to be a ubiquitous cytosolic protein-folding facilitator in bacteria. It possesses a histidine- and cysteine-rich C-terminus binding to selected divalent metal ions (e.g., Ni(2+), Zn(2+)), which is important for its involvement in the maturation processes of metalloenzymes. We have determined the solution structure of C-terminus-truncated SlyD from Helic ...201122045417
Multifaceted SlyD from Helicobacter pylori: implication in [NiFe] hydrogenase maturation.SlyD belongs to the FK506-binding protein (FKBP) family with both peptidylprolyl isomerase (PPIase) and chaperone activities, and is considered to be a ubiquitous cytosolic protein-folding facilitator in bacteria. It possesses a histidine- and cysteine-rich C-terminus binding to selected divalent metal ions (e.g., Ni(2+), Zn(2+)), which is important for its involvement in the maturation processes of metalloenzymes. We have determined the solution structure of C-terminus-truncated SlyD from Helic ...201122045417
in vivo and in silico determination of essential genes of campylobacter jejuni.in the united kingdom, the thermophilic campylobacter species c. jejuni and c. coli are the most frequent causes of food-borne gastroenteritis in humans. while campylobacteriosis is usually a relatively mild infection, it has a significant public health and economic impact, and possible complications include reactive arthritis and the autoimmune diseases guillain-barré syndrome. the rapid developments in "omics" technologies have resulted in the availability of diverse datasets allowing predicti ...201122044676
Comparative Genomics of Helicobacter pylori and the human-derived Helicobacter bizzozeronii CIII-1 strain reveal the molecular basis of the zoonotic nature of non-pylori gastric Helicobacter infections in humans.ABSTRACT:201122039924
finnish campylobacter jejuni strains of multilocus sequence type st-22 complex have two lineages with different characteristics.campylobacter jejuni is the major cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, and in a minority of cases, post-infectious complications may occur. st-22 complex (usually penner serotype 19) strains have been overrepresented among patients with postinfectious complications of campylobacteriosis. we here present a characterization of a collection of 27 finnish c. jejuni strains of st-22 complex, from humans (22 strains) and animal sources (five strains), with the aim of contributing to our ...201122039552
proglycprot: a repository of experimentally characterized prokaryotic glycoproteins.proglycprot (http://www.proglycprot.org/) is an open access, manually curated, comprehensive repository of bacterial and archaeal glycoproteins with at least one experimentally validated glycosite (glycosylated residue). to facilitate maximum information at one point, the database is arranged under two sections: (i) procgp-the main data section consisting of 95 entries with experimentally characterized glycosites and (ii) prougp-a supplementary data section containing 245 entries with experiment ...201122039152
proglycprot: a repository of experimentally characterized prokaryotic glycoproteins.proglycprot (http://www.proglycprot.org/) is an open access, manually curated, comprehensive repository of bacterial and archaeal glycoproteins with at least one experimentally validated glycosite (glycosylated residue). to facilitate maximum information at one point, the database is arranged under two sections: (i) procgp-the main data section consisting of 95 entries with experimentally characterized glycosites and (ii) prougp-a supplementary data section containing 245 entries with experiment ...201122039152
Bacteriocin production: a probiotic trait?Bacteriocins are an abundant and diverse group of ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria and archaea. Traditionally, bacteriocin production has been considered an important trait in the selection of probiotic strains, but until recently, few studies have definitively demonstrated the impact of bacteriocin production on the ability of a strain to compete within complex microbial communities and/or positively influence the health of the host. Although research in this ...201222038602
Translational Repression of NhaR, a Novel Pathway for Multi-Tier Regulation of Biofilm Circuitry by CsrA.The RNA binding protein CsrA (RsmA) represses biofilm formation in several proteobacterial species. In Escherichia coli, it represses the production of the polysaccharide adhesin poly-ß-1,6-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (PGA) by binding to the pgaABCD mRNA leader, inhibiting pgaA translation, and destabilizing this transcript. In addition, CsrA represses genes responsible for the synthesis of cyclic di-GMP, an activator of PGA production. Here we determined that CsrA also represses NhaR, a LysR-type tr ...201222037401
incidence, risk factors and treatment of diarrhoea among dutch travellers: reasons not to routinely prescribe antibiotics.travellers' diarrhoea (td) is the most common infectious disease among travellers. in the netherlands, stand-by or prophylactic antibiotics are not routinely prescribed to travellers. this study prospectively assessed the incidence rate, risk factors, and treatment of td among immunocompetent travellers.201122035314
Mycobacterium tuberculosis thymidylate synthase gene thyX is essential and potentially bifunctional, while thyA deletion confers resistance to para-aminosalicylic acid.Thymidylate synthase (TS) enzymes catalyse the biosynthesis of deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP), and so are important for DNA replication and repair. Two different types of TS proteins have been described (ThyA and ThyX), which have different enzymatic mechanisms and unrelated structures. Mycobacteria are unusual as they encode both thyA and thyX, and the biological significance of this is not yet understood. Mycobacterium tuberculosis ThyX is thought to be essential and a potential drug targ ...201122034487
Native X-DING-CD4 protein secreted by HIV-1 resistant CD4+ T cells blocks activity of IL-8 promoter in human endothelial cells infected with enteric bacteria.Onsets of bacterial infections devastate the compromised immune system in AIDS patients. Damaged gut mucosa permits dissemination of bacterial toxins into deeper layers and hyper-activation of the immune system. We previously reported that the unfractionated supernatants of HIV-resistant CD4(+) T cells impeded the NF-?B/DNA binding in macrophages induced by either HIV-1 or LPS. The active component of this soluble material was identified as X-DING-CD4 (extracellular DING from CD4 T cells). We hy ...201122031506
Native X-DING-CD4 protein secreted by HIV-1 resistant CD4+ T cells blocks activity of IL-8 promoter in human endothelial cells infected with enteric bacteria.Onsets of bacterial infections devastate the compromised immune system in AIDS patients. Damaged gut mucosa permits dissemination of bacterial toxins into deeper layers and hyper-activation of the immune system. We previously reported that the unfractionated supernatants of HIV-resistant CD4(+) T cells impeded the NF-?B/DNA binding in macrophages induced by either HIV-1 or LPS. The active component of this soluble material was identified as X-DING-CD4 (extracellular DING from CD4 T cells). We hy ...201122031506
simple media and conditions for inter-laboratory transport of campylobacter jejuni isolates.background: campylobacter jejuni is one of the most important agents of zoonotic disease. production as well as companion animals can be the infectious source for campylobacteriosis in humans. hence, epidemiological research on animal colonization, survival in food of animal origin, and human campylobacteriosis is of high priority. as such studies involve worldwide co-operations and should include further typing of isolates in reference centers, using a reliable method for transportation is esse ...201122029851
contribution of tat system translocated phox to campylobacter jejuni phosphate metabolism and resilience to environmental stresses.campylobacter jejuni is a common gastrointestinal pathogen that colonizes food animals; it is transmitted via fecal contamination of food, and infections in immune-compromised people are more likely to result in serious long-term illness. environmental phosphate is likely an important sensor of environmental fitness and the ability to obtain extracellular phosphate is central to the bacteria's core metabolic responses. phox is the sole alkaline phosphatase in c. jejuni, a substrate of the tat tr ...201122028859
Alternative Spermidine Biosynthetic Route Is Critical for Growth of Campylobacter jejuni and Is the Dominant Polyamine Pathway in Human Gut Microbiota.The availability of fully sequenced bacterial genomes has revealed that many species known to synthesize the polyamine spermidine lack the spermidine biosynthetic enzymes S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and spermidine synthase. We found that such species possess orthologues of the sym-norspermidine biosynthetic enzymes carboxynorspermidine dehydrogenase and carboxynorspermidine decarboxylase. By deleting these genes in the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni, we found that the carboxynor ...201122025614
perinuclear localization of internalized outer membrane vesicles carrying active cytolethal distending toxin from aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans.aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is implicated in aggressive forms of periodontitis. similarly to several other gram-negative species, this organism produces and excretes a cytolethal distending toxin (cdt), a genotoxin associated with cell distention, g(2) cell cycle arrest, and/or apoptosis in many mammalian cell types. in this study, we have identified a. actinomycetemcomitans outer membrane vesicles (omvs) as a vehicle for simultaneous delivery of multiple proteins, including cdt, into ...201222025516
transcriptome analysis of adaptive heat shock response of streptococcus thermophilus.streptococcus thermophilus, a gram-positive facultative anaerobe, is one of the most important lactic acid bacteria widely used in the dairy fermentation industry. in this study, we have analyzed the global transcriptional profiling of s. thermophilus upon temperature change. during a temperature shift from 42°c to 50°c, it is found that 196 (10.4%) genes show differential expression with 102 up-regulated and 94 down-regulated at 50°c. in particular, 1) heat shock genes, such as dnak, groesl and ...201122022447
Genotypes and Antibiotic Resistances of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Isolates from Domestic and Travel-Associated Human Cases.Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) extended with flaB typing of 425 Campylobacter jejuni isolates and 42 Campylobacter coli isolates revealed quite a low overlap between human isolates from travel-associated and domestic cases in Switzerland. Men were more frequently affected by Campylobacter than women, but strains from women and, overall, from travel-associated cases showed mutations conferring quinolone resistance more frequently than strains from men and domestic cases, respectively.201222020515
fecal indicators and zoonotic pathogens in household drinking water taps fed from rainwater tanks in southeast queensland, australia.in this study, the microbiological quality of household tap water samples fed from rainwater tanks was assessed by monitoring the numbers of escherichia coli bacteria and enterococci from 24 households in southeast queensland (seq), australia. quantitative pcr (qpcr) was also used for the quantitative detection of zoonotic pathogens in water samples from rainwater tanks and connected household taps. the numbers of zoonotic pathogens were also estimated in fecal samples from possums and various s ...201222020514
crystal structure of campylobacter jejuni chuz: a split-barrel family heme oxygenase with a novel heme-binding mode.the heme oxygenase chuz is part of the iron acquisition mechanism of campylobacter jejuni, a major pathogen causing enteritis in humans. chuz is required for c. jejuni to use heme as the sole iron source. the crystal structure of chuz was resolved at 2.5å, and it was revealed to be a homodimer with a split-barrel fold. one heme-binding site was at the dimer interface and another novel heme-binding site was found on the protein surface. heme was bound in this site by four histidine side-chains th ...201122020097
campylobacter jejuni infection in guillain-barré syndrome: a prospective case control study in a tertiary care hospital.guillain-barré syndrome (gbs), is a common post-infectious polyradiculoneuropathy worldwide. the commonest implicated causative organism the world over is campylobacter jejuni (c. jejuni). this study was carried out to determine the relationship between c. jejuni infection and gbs in an indian setting.201122019657
Genes coding for virulence determinants of Campylobacter jejuni in human clinical and cattle isolates from Alberta, Canada, and their potential role in colonization of poultry.Forty nine Campylobacter jejuni isolates from cattle feces collected from Alberta feedlots and 50 clinical C. jejuni isolates from people in Alberta were tested for the presence of 14 genes encoding putative virulence factors by PCR. These included genes implicated in adherence and colonization (flaC, cadF, docC, racR, jlpA, peb1, and dnaJ), invasion (virB11, ciaB, pldA, and iamA) and protection against harsh conditions (htrA, cbrA, and sodB). The genes examined were widely distributed in both t ...201122015699
cytokine-induced alterations of gastrointestinal motility in gastrointestinal disorders.inflammation and immune activation in the gut are usually accompanied by alteration of gastrointestinal (gi) motility. in infection, changes in motor function have been linked to host defense by enhancing the expulsion of the infectious agents. in this review, we describe the evidence for inflammation and immune activation in gi infection, inflammatory bowel disease, ileus, achalasia, eosinophilic esophagitis, microscopic colitis, celiac disease, pseudo-obstruction and functional gi disorders. w ...201122013552
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