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covid-19: pathophysiology, diagnosis, complications and investigational therapeutics.the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) outbreak started in early december 2019 in the capital city of wuhan, hubei province, people's republic of china, and caused a global pandemic. the number of patients confirmed to have this disease has exceeded 9 million in more than 215 countries, and more than 480 600 have died as of 25 june 2020. coronaviruses were identified in the 1960s and have recently been identified as the cause of a middle east respiratory syndrome (mers-cov) outbreak in 20 ...202032834902
sars-cov-2 in sewer systems and connected facilities.as for the sars coronavirus in the 2003 epidemic, the presence of sars-cov-2 has been demonstrated in faeces and, in some cases, urine of infected people, as well as in wastewater. this paper proposes a critical review of the state of the art regarding studies on the presence of sars-cov-2 in wastewater and sewage sludge, the factors affecting its inactivation and the main proposed treatments. in-vitro tests demonstrated low resistance of sars-cov-2 to high temperature, while even significant ch ...202032834559
[how did covid-19 pandemic change the way we attend the patients in an urogynaecological unit].the current sars-coronavirus type 2 pandemic caused, in few weeks, important changes in the health system organization and in the way we attend the patients. urogynaecological diseases affect quality of life, but without life risk in most cases, so it is possible to delay. moreover, urogynaecological diseases affect mostly women over 65 years old (a high risk population for contracting covid-19). in this manuscript we summarise the current evidence about telemedicine efectivity to manage to pelv ...202032834308
azafluorene derivatives as inhibitors of sars cov-2 rdrp: synthesis, physicochemical, quantum chemical, modeling and molecular docking analysis.the crystal structures of 2-(1h-indol-3-yl)-4-phenyl-5h-indeno [( cheng et al., 2007; lee et al., 2003) 1,21,2-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (ia) and 2-(1h-indol-3-yl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5h-indeno [( cheng et al., 2007; lee et al., 2003) 1,21,2-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (ib) were determined using single crystal x-ray diffraction. both the compounds belong to the triclinic system with the p-1 space group. the azafluorene ring system in both the compounds is effectively planar. the intermolecular int ...202032834110
coronaviruses: an updated overview of their replication and pathogenesis.coronaviruses (covs), enveloped positive-sense rna viruses, are characterized by club-like spikes that project from their surface, an unusually large rna genome, and a unique replication strategy. covs cause a variety of diseases in mammals and birds ranging from enteritis in cows and pigs, and upper respiratory tract and kidney disease in chickens to lethal human respiratory infections. most recently, the novel coronavirus, sars-cov-2, which was first identified in wuhan, china in december 2019 ...202032833200
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) exhibits high predicted binding affinity to ace2 from lagomorphs (rabbits and pikas).severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is responsible for the pandemic covid-19. the virus infects human cells by binding of the virus spike to the cell receptor ace2. the crystal structure of sars-cov-2 spikes in complex with human ace2 has recently been solved, and the main amino acid residues involved in the virus-receptor complex have been detected. to investigate the affinity of ace2 of lagomorphs to the sars-cov-2 spike, ace2 sequences from rabbits and american pikas ...202032825305
susceptibility to sars, mers, and covid-19 from animal health perspective.viruses are having great time as they seem to have bogged humans down. severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), middle east respiratory syndrome (mers), and novel coronavirus (covid-19) are the three major coronaviruses of present-day global human and animal health concern. covid-19 caused by sars-cov-2 is identified as the newest disease, presumably of bat origin. different theories on the evolution of viruses are in circulation, yet there is no denying the fact that the animal source is the s ...202032821661
susceptibility to sars, mers, and covid-19 from animal health perspective.viruses are having great time as they seem to have bogged humans down. severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), middle east respiratory syndrome (mers), and novel coronavirus (covid-19) are the three major coronaviruses of present-day global human and animal health concern. covid-19 caused by sars-cov-2 is identified as the newest disease, presumably of bat origin. different theories on the evolution of viruses are in circulation, yet there is no denying the fact that the animal source is the s ...202032821661
host-membrane interacting interface of the sars coronavirus envelope protein: immense functional potential of c-terminal domain.the envelope (e) protein in sars coronavirus (cov) is a small structural protein, incorporated as part of the envelope. a major fraction of the protein has been known to be associated with the host membranes, particularly organelles related to intracellular trafficking, prompting cov packaging and propagation. studies have elucidated the central hydrophobic transmembrane domain of the e protein being responsible for much of the viroporin activity in favor of the virus. however, newer insights in ...202032818817
structural basis of sars-cov-2 spike protein induced by ace2.the recent emergence of the novel sars-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) and its international spread pose a global health emergency. the spike (s) glycoprotein binds ace2 and promotes sars-cov-2 entry into host cells. the trimeric s protein binds the receptor using the receptor-binding domain (rbd) causing conformational changes in s protein that allow priming by host cell proteases. unraveling the dynamic structural features used by sars-cov-2 for entry might provide insights into viral transmission ...202032818261
intranasal exposure of african green monkeys to sars-cov-2 results in acute phase pneumonia with shedding and lung injury still present in the early convalescence phase.we recently reported the development of the first african green monkey (agm) model for covid-19 based on a combined liquid intranasal (i.n.) and intratracheal (i.t.) exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). here, we followed up on this work by assessing an i.n. particle only route of exposure using the lma mucosal atomization device (mad). six agms were infected with sars-cov-2; three animals were euthanized near the peak stage of virus replication (day 5) and th ...202032818211
hydroxychloroquine: mechanism of action inhibiting sars-cov2 entry.sars-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is currently causing a worldwide pandemic. potential drugs identified for the treatment of sars-cov-2 infection include chloroquine (cq), its derivative hydroxychloroquine (hcq), and the anesthetic propofol. their mechanism of action in sars-cov-2 infection is poorly understood. recently, anesthetics, both general and local, were shown to disrupt ordered lipid domains. these same lipid domains recruit the sars-cov-2 surface receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 ...202032817933
structure-based drug design of an inhibitor of the sars-cov-2 (covid-19) main protease using free software: a tutorial for students and scientists.this paper describes the structure-based design of a preliminary drug candidate against covid-19 using free software and publicly available x-ray crystallographic structures. the goal of this tutorial is to disseminate skills in structure-based drug design and to allow others to unleash their own creativity to design new drugs to fight the current pandemic. the tutorial begins with the x-ray crystallographic structure of the main protease (m<sup>pro</sup>) of the sars coronavirus (sars-cov) boun ...202032817929
low-cost polyester-tipped three-dimensionally printed nasopharyngeal swab for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2).case identification, isolation, and contact tracing are fundamental strategies used to control the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). this has led to widespread testing that interrupted the supply chain for testing materials around the world. a prospective study was conducted to compare inexpensive and easily sourced 3-dimensionally (3d)-printed polylactic acid and polyester nasopharyngeal swabs to commercially manufactured swabs for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome ...202032817232
geographical reconstruction of the sars-cov-2 outbreak in lombardy (italy) during the early phase.the first identification of autochthonous transmission of sars-cov-2 in italy was documented by the laboratory of clinical microbiology, virology and bioemergencies of l. sacco hospital (milano, italy) on 20th february 2020 in a 38 years old male patient, who was found positive for pneumonia at the codogno hospital. thereafter lombardy has reported the highest prevalence of covid-19 cases in the country, especially in milano, brescia and bergamo provinces. the aim of this study was to assess the ...202032816316
comparison of nonhuman primates identified the suitable model for covid-19.identification of a suitable nonhuman primate (nhp) model of covid-19 remains challenging. here, we characterized severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection in three nhp species: old world monkeys macaca mulatta (m. mulatta) and macaca fascicularis (m. fascicularis) and new world monkey callithrix jacchus (c. jacchus). infected m. mulatta and m. fascicularis showed abnormal chest radiographs, an increased body temperature and a decreased body weight. viral genomes wer ...202032814760
making lemonade from sars coronavirus-2 lemons: transitioning a smoking cessation trial to a virtual platform.clinical trials represent an essential component of improving treatment for substance use disorders (sud). the sars coronavirus-2 pandemic disrupted our ongoing clinical trial of smoking cessation and forced us to rapidly implement changes to assure participants access to ongoing counseling and monitoring via telephone calls and/or video chat sessions. our experiences suggest that this pandemic will lead to changes for both future clinical trial participants and project staff. while challenges r ...202032811627
intranasal exposure of african green monkeys to sars-cov-2 results in acute phase pneumonia with shedding and lung injury still present in the early convalescence phase.we recently reported the development of the first african green monkey (agm) model for covid-19 based on a combined liquid intranasal (i.n.) and intratracheal (i.t.) exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). here, we followed up on this work by assessing an i.n. particle only route of exposure using the lma mucosal atomization device (mad). six agms were infected with sars-cov-2; three animals were euthanized near the peak stage of virus replication (day 5) and th ...202032811514
heterogeneous antibodies against sars-cov-2 spike receptor binding domain and nucleocapsid with implications for covid-19 immunity.evaluation of potential immunity against the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus that emerged in 2019 (sars-cov-2) is essential for health, as well as social and economic recovery. generation of antibody response to sars-cov-2 (seroconversion) may inform on acquired immunity from prior exposure, and antibodies against the sars-cov-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (s-rbd) are speculated to neutralize virus infection. some serology assays rely solely on sars-cov-2 nuc ...202032796155
anal swab as a potentially optimal specimen for sars-cov-2 detection to evaluate hospital discharge of covid-19 patients.since december 2019, an outbreak of sars coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) began in wuhan, and has rapidly spread worldwide. previously, discharged patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) patients met the criteria of china's pneumonia diagnosis and treatment program of novel coronavirus infection (trial version 7) for cure of viral infection. nevertheless, positive detection of sars-cov-2 has been found again in several cured covid-19 patients, leading to conflicts with current criteria. here ...202032795131
one-step nested rt-pcr for covid-19 detection: a flexible, locally developed test for sars-cov2 nucleic acid detection.due to the coronavirus pandemic, identifying the infected individuals has become key to limiting its spread. virus nucleic acid real-time rt-pcr testing has become the current standard diagnostic method but high demand could lead to shortages. therefore, we propose a detection strategy using a one-step nested rt-pcr.202032794453
a rational design of a multi-epitope vaccine against sars-cov-2 which accounts for the glycan shield of the spike glycoprotein.the ongoing global health crisis caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the virus which leads to coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has impacted not only the health of people everywhere, but the economy in nations across the world. while vaccine candidates and therapeutics are currently undergoing clinical trials, there is yet to be a proven effective treatment or cure for covid-19. in this study, we have presented a synergistic computational platform, including ...202032793875
interdiction of protein folding for therapeutic drug development in sars cov-2.in this article, we predict the folding initiation events of the ribose phosphatase domain of protein nsp3 and the receptor binding domain of the spike protein from the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus-2. the calculations employ the sequential collapse model and the crystal structures to identify the segments involved in the initial contact formation events of both viral proteins. the initial contact locations may provide good targets for therapeutic drug development. the pro ...202032790379
closing the serological gap in the diagnostic testing for covid-19: the value of anti-sars-cov-2 iga antibodies.during coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic, the early diagnosis of patients is a priority. serological assays, in particular immunoglobulin (ig)m and igg anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), have today several applications but the interpretation of their results remains an open challenge. given the emerging role of the iga isotype in the covid-19 diagnostics, we aimed to identify the sars-cov-2 iga antibodies in a covid-19 population seronegative for igm. a ...202032790181
results from a survey in healthy blood donors in south eastern italy indicate that we are far away from herd immunity to sars-cov-2.here we present results from a survey on anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) seroprevalence in healthy blood donors from a low incidence coronavirus disease 2019 area (apulia region, south eastern italy). among 904 subjects tested, only in nine cases (0.99%) antibodies against sars-cov-2 were demonstrated. all the nine seropositive patients were negative for the research of viral rna by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in nasopharyngeal swabs. these d ...202032790086
late onset infectious complications and safety of tocilizumab in the management of covid-19.tocilizumab (tcz) has been used in the management of covid-19-related cytokine release syndrome (crs). concerns exist regarding the risk of infections and drug-related toxicities. we sought to evaluate the incidence of these tcz complications among covid-19 patients.202032790075
sars-cov-2 natural transmission from human to cat, belgium, march 2020.in march 2020, a severe respiratory syndrome developed in a cat, 1 week after its owner received positive test results for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. viral rna was detected in the cat's nasopharyngeal swab samples and vomitus or feces; immunoglobulin against the virus was found in convalescent-phase serum. human-to-cat transmission is suspected.202032788033
epidemiological and clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease (covid-19) cases at a screening clinic during the early outbreak period: a single-centre study.introduction. coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory corona virus-2 (sars-cov-2). the disease was first identified in december 2019 in wuhan, the capital of china's hubei province, and has since spread globally, resulting in the ongoing 2019-2020 corona virus pandemic. sars-cov-2 is closely related to the original sars-cov. it is thought to have a zoonotic origin. the virus is primarily spread between people during close contact, often via ...202032783802
role of the renin-angiotensin system in the development of severe covid-19 in hypertensive patients.a new form of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) caused by sars-coronavirus 2 (cov-2), called covid-19, has become a global threat in 2020. the mortality rate from covid-19 is high in hypertensive patients, making this association especially dangerous. there appears to be a consensus, despite the lack of experimental data, that angiotensin ii (ang ii) is linked to the pathogenesis of covid-19. this process may occur due to acquired deficiency of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2), resu ...202032783619
development of an inactivated vaccine candidate, bbibp-corv, with potent protection against sars-cov-2.the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) threatens global public health. the development of a vaccine is urgently needed for the prevention and control of covid-19. here, we report the pilot-scale production of an inactivated sars-cov-2 vaccine candidate (bbibp-corv) that induces high levels of neutralizing antibodies titers in mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and nonhuman primates (cynomolgus monkeys and rhesus maca ...202032778225
coronavirus in cat flea: findings and questions regarding covid-19.the coronavirus disease 19 (covid-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has affected millions of people worldwide. recent evidence raised the question about the possibility that cats may be a domestic host for sars-cov-2 with unknown implications in disease dissemination. based on the fact that the domestic cat flea, ctenocephalides felis, are abundant ectoparasites infesting humans, companion animals and wildlife and that coronavirus-like agents hav ...202032778178
presence of sars-coronavirus-2 in the ileal mucosa: another evidence for infection of gi tract by this virus. 202032777284
delayed severe cytokine storm and immune cell infiltration in sars-cov-2-infected aged chinese rhesus macaques.as of june 2020, coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has killed an estimated 440 000 people worldwide, 74% of whom were aged ≥65 years, making age the most significant risk factor for death caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection. to examine the effect of age on death, we established a sars-cov-2 infection model in chinese rhesus macaques ( macaca mulatta) of varied ages. results indicated that infected young macaques manifested impaired respiratory funct ...202032772513
cutaneous, skin histopathological manifestations and relationship to covid-19 infection patients.covid-19 diseases have been a nationwide pandemic condition. however, cutaneous, skin histopathological manifestations of covid-19 infection are not well described. our study aims are to present heterogeneous cutaneous, histopathological manifestations in covid-19 patients, to investigate the possible relationship between cutaneous manifestations and histopathological features in covid-19 infection. we performed a systemic review in pubmed database and chinese medical journal search engines whic ...202032770717
expert panel consensus statement on the applications and precaution strategies of bronchoscopy in patients with covid-19.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is a novel coronavirus with higher transmissibility compared with sars coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus. coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by sars-cov-2 is an unprecedented global crisis that has not been experienced, which is still disrupting health systems, economies, and societies around the world by the rapid spread. bronchoscopy plays an important role in diagnosis and thera ...202032769235
sars-cov-2 detection in setting of viral swabs scarcity: are mrsa swabs and viral swabs equivalent?the global pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov2) has resulted in unprecedented challenges for healthcare systems. one barrier to widespread testing has been a paucity of traditional respiratory viral swab collection kits relative to the demand. whether other sample collection kits, such as widely available mrsa nasal swabs can be used to detect sars-cov-2 is unknown.202032756602
[sars-cov-2 and microbiological diagnostic dynamics in covid-19 pandemic].we have been introduced to "coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19)" disease with high mortality and transmission rate caused by a novel human coronavirus, in december 2019 and the microbiological diagnosis of the infection has been in the center of the focus to control the pandemic. it is necessary to understand the dynamics of the virus which was classified among the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) related coronaviruses and named as sars coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), to manage testing in th ...202032755524
can phytotherapy with polyphenols serve as a powerful approach for the prevention and therapy tool of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19)?much more serious than the previous severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (cov) outbreaks, the novel sars-cov-2 infection has spread speedily, affecting 213 countries and causing ∼17,300,000 cases and ∼672,000 (∼+1,500/day) deaths globally (as of july 31, 2020). the potentially fatal coronavirus disease (covid-19), caused by air droplets and airborne as the main transmission modes, clearly induces a spectrum of respiratory clinical manifestations, but it also affects the immune, g ...202032755302
sars-cov-2 screening test for japanese returnees from wuhan, china, january 2020.severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) was found to be the causative microorganism of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), which started to spread in wuhan, china. this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of questionnaire, symptoms-based screening, and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) screening of returnees from covid-19-endemic areas on a chartered flight, to examine the proportion of infected persons and the proportion of asymptomatic persons among infected per ...202032754627
is there antibody-dependent enhancement in sars coronavirus 2? 202032754556
identification of sars-cov-2 cell entry inhibitors by drug repurposing using in silico structure-based virtual screening approach.the rapidly spreading, highly contagious and pathogenic sars-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) associated coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has been declared as a pandemic by the world health organization (who). the novel 2019 sars-cov-2 enters the host cell by binding of the viral surface spike glycoprotein (s-protein) to cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ace2) receptor. the virus specific molecular interaction with the host cell represents a promising therapeutic target for identifying sars ...202032754161
designing multi-epitope vaccines to combat emerging coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) by employing immuno-informatics approach.a recent pandemic caused by a single-stranded rna virus, covid-19, initially discovered in china, is now spreading globally. this poses a serious threat that needs to be addressed immediately. genome analysis of sars-cov-2 has revealed its close relation to sars-coronavirus along with few changes in its spike protein. the spike protein aids in receptor binding and viral entry within the host and therefore represents a potential target for vaccine and therapeutic development. in the current study ...202032754160
engineering human ace2 to optimize binding to the spike protein of sars coronavirus 2.the spike (s) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) binds angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) on host cells to initiate entry, and soluble ace2 is a therapeutic candidate that neutralizes infection by acting as a decoy. by using deep mutagenesis, mutations in ace2 that increase s binding are found across the interaction surface, in the asparagine 90-glycosylation motif and at buried sites. the mutational landscape provides a blueprint for understanding the sp ...202032753553
placental sars-cov-2 in a pregnant woman with mild covid-19 disease.the full impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) on pregnancy remains uncharacterized. current literature suggests minimal maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. covid-19 manifestations appear similar between pregnant and nonpregnant women. we present a case of placental severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) virus in a woman with mild covid-19 disease, then review the literature. reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect ...202032749712
failure of non-invasive ventilation after use of high-flow oxygen therapy in patients with sars-coronavirus-2 pneumonia. 202032747154
antibody response against sars-cov-2 spike protein and nucleoprotein evaluated by four automated immunoassays and three elisas.the aim was to determine the antibody response against sars-cov-2 spike protein and nucleoprotein using four automated immunoassays and three elisas for the detection of total ig antibodies (roche) or igg (abbott, diasorin, snibe, euroimmun, mikrogen) in covid-19 patients.202032745595
evaluation of three fully-automated sars-cov-2 antibody assays.objectives serological assays for detection of sars-cov-2 antibodies are increasingly used during the covid-19 pandemic caused by the sars-coronavirus-2. here we evaluated the analytical and clinical performance of three commercially available sars-cov-2 antibody assays. methods a total of 186 samples from 58 patients with pcr-confirmed covid-19 infection were measured using sars-cov-2 antibody assays by siemens healthineers, roche diagnostics and euroimmun. additionally, 123 control samples, in ...202032745068
small particle aerosol exposure of african green monkeys to mers-cov as a model for highly pathogenic coronavirus infection.emerging coronaviruses are a global public health threat because of the potential for person-to-person transmission and high mortality rates. middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged in 2012, causing lethal respiratory disease in »35% of cases. primate models of coronavirus disease are needed to support development of therapeutics, but few models exist that recapitulate severe disease. for initial development of a mers-cov primate model, 12 african green monkeys were expos ...202032744989
transmission mode associated with coronavirus disease 2019: a review.in late december 2019 in wuhan (china), health commission reported a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown etiology, subsequently isolated and named severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus 2 (cov-2). in this review, the main transmission routes and causes of mortality associated with covid-19 were investigated.202032744718
inhibitors of vps34 and lipid metabolism suppress sars-cov-2 replication.therapeutics targeting replication of sars coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) are urgently needed. coronaviruses rely on host membranes for entry, establishment of replication centers and egress. compounds targeting cellular membrane biology and lipid biosynthetic pathways have previously shown promise as antivirals and are actively being pursued as treatments for other conditions. here, we tested small molecule inhibitors that target membrane dynamics or lipid metabolism. included were inhibitors of th ...202032743584
understanding genomic diversity, pan-genome, and evolution of sars-cov-2.coronovirus disease 2019 (covid-19) infection, which originated from wuhan, china, has seized the whole world in its grasp and created a huge pandemic situation before humanity. since december 2019, genomes of numerous isolates have been sequenced and analyzed for testing confirmation, epidemiology, and evolutionary studies. in the first half of this article, we provide a detailed review of the history and origin of covid-19, followed by the taxonomy, nomenclature and genome organization of its ...202032742815
is loss of sense of smell a diagnostic marker in covid-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.to systematically review the currently available evidence investigating the association between olfactory dysfunction (od) and the novel coronavirus (covid-19). to analyse the prevalence of od in patients who have tested positive on polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for covid-19. to perform a meta-analysis of patients presenting with olfactory dysfunction, during the pandemic, and to investigate the positive predictive value for a covid-19-positive result in this population. to assess whether olfa ...202032741085
systematic review of changes and recovery in physical function and fitness after severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus infection: implications for covid-19 rehabilitation.this review sought to (1) compare physical function and fitness outcomes in people infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (sars-cov) with healthy controls, (2) quantify the recovery of physical function and fitness following sars-cov infection, and (3) determine the effects of exercise following sars-cov infection.202032737507
the four horsemen of a viral apocalypse: the pathogenesis of sars-cov-2 infection (covid-19).the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) may be envisaged as the dynamic interaction between four vicious feedback loops chained or happening at once. these are the viral loop, the hyperinflammatory loop, the non-canonical renin-angiotensin system (ras) axis loop, and the hypercoagulation loop. severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-coronavirus (cov)-2 lights the wick by infecting alveolar epithelial cells (aecs) and downregulating the angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ace2)/angi ...202032736307
[statutory obligations of a doctor in the field of prevention and control of infectious diseases].the spread of infectious diseases has been and poses a serious threat to the health of the entire population. the world is currently struggling with a sars-cov-2 coronavirus infection pandemic. the problem also concerns poland and results in new legal regulations being issued. the law defines instruments for preventing and combating infectious diseases and infections. every doctor has legal obligations related to infectious diseases. they are determined primarily by the act of 5 december 2008 on ...202032731721
chadox1 ncov-19 vaccine prevents sars-cov-2 pneumonia in rhesus macaques.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) emerged in december 20191,2 and is responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic3. vaccines are an essential countermeasure and are urgently needed to control the pandemic4. here we show that the adenovirus-vector-based vaccine chadox1 ncov-19, which encodes the spike protein of sars-cov-2, is immunogenic in mice and elicites a robust humoral and cell-mediated response. this response was predominantly mediated by typ ...202032731258
single-shot ad26 vaccine protects against sars-cov-2 in rhesus macaques.a safe and effective vaccine for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) may be required to end the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic1-8. for global deployment and pandemic control, a vaccine that requires only a single immunization would be optimal. here we show the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a single dose of adenovirus serotype 26 (ad26) vector-based vaccines expressing the sars-cov-2 spike (s) protein in non-human primates. fifty-two rhesus macaq ...202032731257
differential tropism of sars-cov and sars-cov-2 in bat cells.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 did not replicate efficiently in 13 bat cell lines, whereas severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus replicated efficiently in kidney cells of its ancestral host, the rhinolophus sinicus bat, suggesting different evolutionary origins. structural modeling showed that rbd/rsace2 binding may contribute to the differential cellular tropism.202032730733
sars-cov-2 and guillain-barré syndrome: molecular mimicry with human heat shock proteins as potential pathogenic mechanism.severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 infection has been associated with guillain-barré syndrome. we investigated here the potential mechanism underlying the virus-induced damage of the peripheral nervous systems by searching the viral amino acid sequence for peptides common to human autoantigens associated with immune-mediated polyneuropathies. our results show molecular mimicry between the virus and human heat shock proteins 90 and 60, which are associated with guillain-barré ...202032729001
identification of an anti-sars-cov-2 receptor-binding domain-directed human monoclonal antibody from a naïve semisynthetic library.there is a desperate need for safe and effective vaccines, therapies, and diagnostics for sars- coronavirus 2 (cov-2), the development of which will be aided by the discovery of potent and selective antibodies against relevant viral epitopes. human phage display technology has revolutionized the process of identifying and optimizing antibodies, providing facile entry points for further applications. herein, we use this technology to search for antibodies targeting the receptor-binding domain (rb ...202032727845
attenuated novel sars coronavirus 2 infection in an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patient on ruxolitinib.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars cov-2) has a high death rate in patients with comorbidities or in an immunocompromised state. we report a mild and attenuated sars cov-2 infection in a patient who is 17 months post stem cell transplantation and maintained on the jak/stat inhibitor ruxolitinib, a proposed novel therapy for sars cov-2 pneumonia.202032727701
a vaccine targeting the rbd of the s protein of sars-cov-2 induces protective immunity.severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) causes a respiratory disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), the spread of which has led to a pandemic. an effective preventive vaccine against this virus is urgently needed. as an essential step during infection, sars-cov-2 uses the receptor-binding domain (rbd) of the spike protein to engage with the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) on host cells1,2. here we show that a recombinant vaccine that comprises re ...202032726802
analysis of ace2 gene-encoded proteins across mammalian species.human beings are currently experiencing a serious public health event. novel coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov-2), has infected about 3 million people worldwide and killed more than 200,000, most being the elderly or people with potential chronic diseases or in immunosuppressive states. according to big data analysis, there are many proteins homologous to or interacting with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2), ...202032719819
establishing a unified covid-19 "immunome": integrating coronavirus pathogenesis and host immunopathology. 202032719686
the protein expression profile of ace2 in human tissues.the novel sars-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) poses a global challenge on healthcare and society. for understanding the susceptibility for sars-cov-2 infection, the cell type-specific expression of the host cell surface receptor is necessary. the key protein suggested to be involved in host cell entry is angiotensin i converting enzyme 2 (ace2). here, we report the expression pattern of ace2 across > 150 different cell types corresponding to all major human tissues and organs based on stringent immu ...202032715618
early transmissibility assessment of a novel coronavirus in wuhan, china.between december 1, 2019 and january 26, 2020, nearly 3000 cases of respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus originating in wuhan, china have been reported. in this short analysis, we combine publicly available cumulative case data from the ongoing outbreak with phenomenological modeling methods to conduct an early transmissibility assessment. our model suggests that the basic reproduction number associated with the outbreak (at time of writing) may range from 2.0 to 3.1. though these e ...202032714102
understanding covid-19 via comparative analysis of dark proteomes of sars-cov-2, human sars and bat sars-like coronaviruses.the recently emerged coronavirus designated as sars-cov-2 (also known as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) or wuhan coronavirus) is a causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), which is rapidly spreading throughout the world now. more than 1.21 million cases of sars-cov-2 infection and more than 67,000 covid-19-associated mortalities have been reported worldwide till the writing of this article, and these numbers are increasing every passing hour. the world health organization (who ...202032712910
neonatal management and outcomes during the covid-19 pandemic: an observation cohort study.the risk of vertical and perinatal transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2, which causes covid-19), the most appropriate management, and the neonate's risk of developing covid-19 during the perinatal period are unknown. therefore, we aimed to elucidate best practices regarding infection control in mother-newborn dyads, and identify potential risk factors associated with transmission.202032711687
multimodality imaging in evaluation of cardiovascular complications in patients with covid-19: jacc scientific expert panel.standard evaluation and management of the patient with suspected or proven cardiovascular complications of coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19), the disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome related-coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), is challenging. routine history, physical examination, laboratory testing, electrocardiography, and plain x-ray imaging may often suffice for such patients, but given overlap between covid-19 and typical cardiovascular diagnoses such as heart failure and acute myo ...202032710927
antibody responses to sars-cov-2 in healthy individuals returning to shenzhen.to verify reliability of antibody detection and investigate population immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) in the local chinese population. a cross-sectional study was conducted in shenzhen to detect anti-coronavirus antibodies including, immunoglobulin g (igg), immunoglobulin m (igm), and immunoglobulin a (iga). in the covid-19 group, nine patients were enrolled after diagnosis. in the control group, 1589 individuals without clinical symptoms (cough, ...202032710647
coinfection of other respiratory pathogens and hiv in covid-19 patients: is there a pattern?the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has led to the elaboration of multiple studies to increase knowledge and understanding, hence, having the ability to accomplish an adequate and timely diagnosis and give an optimal treatment according to the patient's condition. the clinical manifestations of covid-19 pose a series of challenges both in understanding and delimiting the disease secondary to the sars-cov-2 infection. this is due to the fact that th ...202032706411
the mechanistic rationale of drugs, primary endpoints, geographical distribution of clinical trials against severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2: a systematic review.there are numerous ongoing studies assessing treatment options for preventing, treating, and managing complications of coronavirus disease-2019 disease. the objective of this study was to do a systematic review and critical appraisal of the ongoing clinical trials with an aim to provide insight into the various interventions tested, clinical rationale, geographical distribution of the trials as well as the endpoints assessed in the studies. clinicaltrials.gov, world health organization internati ...202032706390
human sars-cov-2 has evolved to reduce cg dinucleotide in its open reading frames.the outbreak of covid-19 has brought great threat to human health. its causative agent is a severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus which has been officially named sars-cov-2. here we report the discovery of extremely low cg abundance in its open reading frames. we found that cg reduction in sars-cov-2 is achieved mainly through mutating c/g into a/t, and cg is the best target for mutation. meanwhile, 5'-untranslated region of sars-cov-2 has high cg content and is capable of formin ...202032704018
hydroxychloroquine-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. 202032702948
development of a multi-antigenic sars-cov-2 vaccine using a synthetic poxvirus platform.modified vaccinia ankara (mva) is a highly attenuated poxvirus vector that is widely used to develop vaccines for infectious diseases and cancer. we developed a novel vaccine platform based on a unique three-plasmid system to efficiently generate recombinant mva vectors from chemically synthesized dna. in response to the ongoing global pandemic caused by sars coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), we used this novel vaccine platform to rapidly produce fully synthetic mva (smva) vectors co-expressing sars-c ...202032702732
the chief scientist office cardiovascular and pulmonary imaging in sars coronavirus disease-19 (cisco-19) study.covid-19 is typically a primary respiratory illness with multisystem involvement. the prevalence and clinical significance of cardiovascular and multisystem involvement in covid-19 remain unclear.202032702087
an analysis of youtube videos as educational resources for dental practitioners to prevent the spread of covid-19.coronavirus disease (covid-19) was first reported on 31 december 2019 and has rapidly been spreading day by day. dental patients and professionals have a high risk of the coronavirus infection and also have a huge responsibility to prevent its spread during emergency dental treatment over the period of the covid-19 outbreak.202032700083
evolutionary arms race between virus and host drives genetic diversity in bat severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus spike genes.the chinese horseshoe bat (rhinolophus sinicus), reservoir host of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), carries many bat sars-related covs (sarsr-covs) with high genetic diversity, particularly in the spike gene. despite these variations, some bat sarsr-covs can utilize the orthologs of the human sars-cov receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2), for entry. it is speculated that the interaction between bat ace2 and sarsr-cov spike proteins drives diversity. here, we ...202032699095
hydroxychloroquine use against sars-cov-2 infection in non-human primates.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has rapidly become a global pandemic and no antiviral drug or vaccine is yet available for the treatment of this disease1-3. several clinical studies are ongoing to evaluate the efficacy of repurposed drugs that have demonstrated antiviral efficacy in vitro. among these candidates, hydroxychloroquine (hcq) has been given to thousands of individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2)-the virus that causes covid-19-worldwi ...202032698191
chloroquine does not inhibit infection of human lung cells with sars-cov-2.the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), has been associated with more than 780,000 deaths worldwide (as of 20 august 2020). to develop antiviral interventions quickly, drugs used for the treatment of unrelated diseases are currently being repurposed to treat covid-19. chloroquine is an anti-malaria drug that is used for the treatment of covid-19 as it inhibits the spread of sars-cov-2 in the african green ...202032698190
deciphering the role of host genetics in susceptibility to severe covid-19.coronavirus disease-19 (covid-19) describes a set of symptoms that develop following infection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). whilst covid-19 disease is most serious in patients with significant co-morbidities, the reason for healthy individuals succumbing to fulminant infection is largely unexplained. in this review, we discuss the most recent findings in terms of clinical features and the host immune response, and suggest candidate immune pathways that may ...202032695122
the antiviral and coronavirus-host protein pathways inhibiting properties of herbs and natural compounds - additional weapons in the fight against the covid-19 pandemic?as of march 11th, 2020, the world health organization declared the covid-19 outbreak a pandemic. articles published after the sars-cov-1 (2002) epidemic suggest that the use of an herbal-drug integrative medical approach could have contributed to a lower fatality rate and a more rapid response in controlling the outbreak.202032691005
an alphavirus-derived replicon rna vaccine induces sars-cov-2 neutralizing antibody and t cell responses in mice and nonhuman primates.the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic, caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), is having a deleterious impact on health services and the global economy, highlighting the urgent need for an effective vaccine. such a vaccine would need to rapidly confer protection after one or two doses and would need to be manufactured using components suitable for scale up. here, we developed an alphavirus-derived replicon rna vaccine candidate, reprn ...202032690628
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and covid-19: the causes of failure.venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (vv-ecmo) is a therapeutic strategy for the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards). there are inconclusive data in this regard and causes of vv-ecmo failure are not yet understood well.202032678961
a critical review of the pathophysiology of thrombotic complications and clinical practice recommendations for thromboprophylaxis in pregnant patients with covid-19.those who are infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 are theoretically at increased risk of venous thromboembolism during self-isolation if they have reduced mobility or are dehydrated. should patients develop coronavirus disease (covid-19) pneumonia requiring hospital admission for treatment of hypoxia, the risk for thromboembolic complications increases greatly. these thromboembolic events are the result of at least two distinct mechanisms - microvascular thrombo ...202032678949
blocking inflammation on the way: rationale for cxcr2 antagonists for the treatment of covid-19.an exacerbated and unbalanced immune response may account for the severity of covid-19, the disease caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus 2, sars-cov-2. in this viewpoint, we summarize recent evidence for the role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of covid-19 and propose cxcr2 inhibition as a promising treatment option to block neutrophil recruitment and activation.202032678432
rapid sars-cov-2 whole-genome sequencing and analysis for informed public health decision-making in the netherlands.in late december 2019, a cluster of cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology were reported linked to a market in wuhan, china1. the causative agent was identified as the species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus and was named sars-cov-2 (ref. 2). by 16 april the virus had spread to 185 different countries, infected over 2,000,000 people and resulted in over 130,000 deaths3. in the netherlands, the first case of sars-cov-2 was notified on 27 february. the outbreak started with s ...202032678356
ace2 and tmprss2 expression by clinical, hla, immune, and microbial correlates across 34 human cancers and matched normal tissues: implications for sars-cov-2 covid-19.pandemic covid-19 by severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection is facilitated by the ace2 receptor and protease tmprss2. modestly sized case series have described clinical factors associated with covid-19, while ace2 and tmprss2 expression analyses have been described in some cell types. patients with cancer may have worse outcomes to covid-19.202032675312
impact of covid-19 pandemic on treatment patterns in metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma.the coronavirus pandemic has provoked discussions among healthcare providers how to manage cancer patients when faced with the threat of severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection. immune checkpoint inhibitor (ici) containing regimens are standard of care in the majority of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccrcc) patients. it remains unclear whether therapies should be modified in response to the covid-19 pandemic.202032669298
potently neutralizing and protective human antibodies against sars-cov-2.the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), is a major threat to global health1 and the medical countermeasures available so far are limited2,3. moreover, we currently lack a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of humoral immunity to sars-cov-24. here we analyse a large panel of human monoclonal antibodies that target the spike (s) glycoprotein5, and identify several that exhibit potent neutral ...202032668443
sars-cov-2 infects and damages the mature and immature olfactory sensory neurons of hamsters.coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is primarily an acute respiratory tract infection. distinctively, a substantial proportion of covid-19 patients develop olfactory dysfunction of uncertain underlying mechanism which can be severe and prolonged. the roles of inflammatory obstruction of the olfactory clefts leading to conductive impairment, inflammatory cytokines affecting olfactory neuronal function, destruction of olfactory neurons or their supporting cells, and direct invasion of olfactory bu ...202032667973
systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness of treatment options against sars-cov-2 infection.treatment options for severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) are limited with no clarity on efficacy and safety profiles. we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on patients ≥18 years reporting data on therapeutic interventions in sars-cov-2. primary outcome was all-cause mortality and secondary outcomes were rates of mechanical ventilation, viral clearance, adverse events, discharge, and progression to severe disease. pooled rates and odds rat ...202032667699
clinical and pathological findings in sars-cov-2 disease outbreaks in farmed mink (neovison vison).sars-cov-2, the causative agent of covid-19, caused respiratory disease outbreaks with increased mortality in 4 mink farms in the netherlands. the most striking postmortem finding was an acute interstitial pneumonia, which was found in nearly all examined mink that died at the peak of the outbreaks. acute alveolar damage was a consistent histopathological finding in mink that died with pneumonia. sars-cov-2 infections were confirmed by detection of viral rna in throat swabs and by immunohistoche ...202032663073
safety, pharmacokinetics, and activity of high-dose ivermectin and chloroquine against the liver stage of plasmodium cynomolgi infection in rhesus macaques.previously, ivermectin (1 to 10 mg/kg of body weight) was shown to inhibit the liver-stage development of plasmodium berghei in orally dosed mice. here, ivermectin showed inhibition of the in vitro development of plasmodium cynomolgi schizonts (50% inhibitory concentration [ic50], 10.42 μm) and hypnozoites (ic50, 29.24 μm) in primary macaque hepatocytes when administered as a high dose prophylactically but not when administered in radical cure mode. the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of ...202032660993
the global emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in human.coronaviruses are spherical and enveloped rna viruses that infect diverse vertebrates like mammals, birds and fish. there are five human coronavirus species and all of their origin is linked to animal like bat and rodent. the two coronavirus species, middle east respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus are lethal to human. in the second week of december 2019, there was an outbreak of pneumonia of unknown cause in the people associated wit ...202032656303
antibody kinetics in primary- and secondary-care physicians with mild to moderate sars-cov-2 infection.three hundred and ninety-seven primary- and secondary-care physicians were tested for the presence of igg (and iga) antibodies against sars-coronavirus-2 with a commercially available elisa. in 19 of 20 individuals with pcr-proven infection and only mild to moderate symptoms not requiring hospitalization positive igg levels occurred within two to three weeks. among the remaining 377 persons without clear-cut evidence of infection, unequivocally positive igg antibodies were found in only one, sho ...202032654611
characterization of heparin and severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) spike glycoprotein binding interactions.severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has resulted in a pandemic and continues to spread around the globe at an unprecedented rate. to date, no effective therapeutic is available to fight its associated disease, covid-19. our discovery of a novel insertion of glycosaminoglycan (gag)-binding motif at s1/s2 proteolytic cleavage site (681-686 (prrars)) and two other gag-binding-like motifs within sars-cov-2 spike glycoprotein (sgp) led us to hypothesize that host cell ...202032653452
therapeutic targets and computational approaches on drug development for covid-19.world health organization declared coronavirus disease (covid-19) caused by sars coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) as pandemic. its outbreak started in china in dec 2019 and rapidly spread all over the world. sars-cov-2 has infected more than 800,000 people and caused about 35,000 deaths so far, moreover, no approved drugs are available to treat covid-19. several investigations have been carried out to identify potent drugs for covid-19 based on drug repurposing, potential novel compounds from ligand l ...202032648845
evolving geographic diversity in sars-cov2 and in silico analysis of replicating enzyme 3clpro targeting repurposed drug candidates.severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) has been initiating pandemics since the beginning of the century. in december 2019, the world was hit again by a devastating sars episode that has so far infected almost four million individuals worldwide, with over 200,000 fatalities having already occurred by mid-april 2020, and the infection rate continues to grow exponentially. sars coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is a single stranded rna pathogen which is characterised by a high mutation rate. it is vital ...202032646487
current pharmacological modalities for management of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) and the rationale for their utilization: a review.sars-cov-2 has caused a pandemic which is putting strain on the health-care system and global economy. there is much pressure to develop both preventative and curative therapies for sars-cov-2 as there is no evidence to support therapies to improve outcomes in patients with sars-cov-2. medications that inhibit certain steps of virus life cycle that are currently used to treat other illnesses such as malaria, ebola, hiv and hepatitis c are being studied for use against sars-cov-2. to date, data i ...202032644275
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