Publications

characterization of orientia tsutsugamushi strains isolated in shandong province, china by immunofluorescence and restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analyses.	in order to identify the characteristics of the sta56 gene of the 23 isolates of orientia (o.) tsutsugamushi isolated in shandong province, indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) was used to identify the gene type of 23 strains o. tsutsugamushi isolated from scrub typhus patients, chigger mites, and rodents. restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis was also used to analyze the restriction profiles of the sta56 gene pcr amplification products of the 23 isolated strains of the o. ...	2004	15691135
blood-feeding of tunga penetrans males.	the jigger tunga penetrans (linnaeus, 1758: type-species of the family tungidae) is the smallest known species of flea (siphonaptera), causing serious ectoparasitosis of humans and domestic animals. the adult female tunga lodges in the epidermis of the mammalian host, grows by neosomy, becomes gravid and expels eggs. relatively little is known about the free-living male tunga adults. among impoverished communities of fortaleza in north-east brazil, we observed t. penetrans males as well as femal ...	2004	15642011
the animal reservoir of tunga penetrans in severely affected communities of north-east brazil.	tungiasis is a zoonotic ectoparasitosis caused by the sand flea tunga penetrans l. (siphonaptera: tungidae). this disease is hyperendemic in poor communities of north-east brazil, causing considerable morbidity in affected human populations, but the animal reservoirs have not been investigated previously in brazil. to assess the prevalence and intensity of t. penetrans infection in domestic and peri-domestic animals, as well as in the human population, we surveyed two typical communities of nort ...	2004	15641998
[variability in leptotrombidium europaeum and two new related chigger mite species (acari: trombiculidae) from caucasus].	two new chigger mite species closely related to leptotrombidium europaeum (daniel et brelih, 1959) are described from small mammals collected in caucasus and transcaucasia. l. alanicum sp. n. differs from l. europaeum in having shorter legs (taiii = 61-81, ip = 734-927 versus 72-90, and 855-1017), shorter scutal and idiosomal setae (d(min) = = 30-45, d(max) = 48-67, h = 59, pl = 58 versus 40-52, 54-69, 64, 63), slightly smaller scutum (ap = 25, sd = 47, pw = 89 versus 28, 50, 91), and more numer ...	2004	15553769
investigations on the biology, epidemiology, pathology and control of tunga penetrans in brazil. v. cytokine concentrations in experimentally infected wistar rats.	tungiasis is caused by the penetration of the female sand flea tunga penetrans into the skin of its host. this parasitic skin disease is almost invariably associated with an intense inflammation around embedded fleas, the underlying mechanisms being unknown. a study was undertaken to determine whether wistar rats can be used as an animal model to assess cytokine kinetics during the natural course of the infection. laboratory-raised wistar rats were exposed in cages put on the soil in an area wit ...	2004	15549386
high infection rate of wolbachia endobacteria in the sand flea tunga penetrans from brazil.	tunga penetrans is an ectoparasite causing considerable morbidity in endemic communities. recently, endobacteria of the genus wolbachia were identified also in t. penetrans. since wolbachia were suggested as targets for intervention of insect pests and human filariasis, sand fleas were collected from infested humans, dogs and rats in a hyperendemic area in northeastern brazil, and screened for wolbachia infections. twenty-one adult fleas and four batches of flea eggs were examined by pcr using p ...	2004	15533291
wolbachia infection in the newly described ecuadorian sand flea, tunga trimamillata.	wolbachia pipientis is an intracellular endosymbiont producing reproductive alterations in its hosts. this bacterium have been reported in many arthropods and nematodes. by pcr amplification and sequencing of the 16s rdna and ftsz genes we have identified a wolbachia strain in the newly described sand-flea, tunga trimamillata. prevalence of this endosymbiont in the 26 individuals screened is equal to 35%. sympatric and allopatric specimens of the related species tunga penetrans were also analyse ...	2004	15491544
[tsutusgamushi fever after travel to southeast asia].	a 49-year-old travel guide fell ill during his return from a 6-week-stay in vietnam, myanmar and thailand. he developed high fever and severe headache. on admission, the body temperature was at 39.5 degrees c with relative bradycardia. a black, crusted skin lesion of approximately 5 mm diameter was noted on the chest wall and was interpreted as an insect bite.	2004	15483757
[chigger infestation (trombidiosis); an endemic caused by leptus (trombicula) autumnalis in the thisted region].		1950	15443150
investigations on the biology, epidemiology, pathology and control of tunga penetrans in brazil: iv. clinical and histopathology.	tungiasis is a parasitic skin disease caused by the sand flea tunga penetrans. this ectoparasitosis is endemic in south america, the caribbean and sub-saharan africa, where it is an important but neglected health problem in resource-poor communities. as part of a study of tungiasis-related morbidity in a typical slum in fortaleza, brazil, we identified 86 individuals with tungiasis. lesions were counted, classified according to the stage of development, and clinical pathology was documented. one ...	2004	15368123
molecular phylogeny of isolates of ctenocephalides felis and related species based on analysis of its1, its2 and mitochondrial 16s rdna sequences and random binding primers.	the phylogenetic relationships among 31 different flea isolates representing seven different species were studied by nucleotide sequence comparison of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (its1), internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) and/or mitochondrial 16s ribosomal rna gene (mt16s-rdna) to examine the patterns of variation. results show that all regions are useful in discriminating among flea species. in ctenocephalides felis and tunga penetrans, some differences in these gene regions occurred am ...	2004	15340839
ectoparasites of gray squirrels in two different habitats and screening of selected ectoparasites for bartonellae.	gray squirrels, sciurus carolinensis, were livetrapped in 2 different habitat types, woodland (67 squirrels) and parkland (53 squirrels), in southeastern georgia. ectoparasites were recovered from anesthetized squirrels and compared between hosts from the 2 habitats. because of the absence of low vegetation in parkland habitats, it was hypothesized that the ectoparasite fauna, especially ticks and chiggers, would be more diverse on woodland squirrels. the results were generally in agreement with ...	2004	15270090
the role of mite pocket-like structures on agama caudospinosa (agamidae) infested by pterygosoma livingstonei sp. n. (acari: prostigmata: pterygosomatidae).	pterygosoma livingstonei sp. n. collected from the kenyan lizard agama caudospinosa meek shows morphological affinities with other south african congener species parasitizing lizards of the genus agama, especially with p. triangulare lawrence, 1936, but it differs in having glabrous genua ii and iii. p. livingstonei shows affinities with the lawrence's hispida species group in the characters of genital and peripheral setae. this new species was found concentrated in a nuchal "mite pocket-like st ...	2004	15139379
high attack rate of tunga penetrans (linnaeus 1758) infestation in an impoverished brazilian community.	tungiasis (jigger) is endemic in many impoverished communities in many parts of brazil. forty-seven individuals entering an endemic area were followed up for a period of six weeks and regularly examined for the presence of newly embedded sand fleas. at the end of the third week, the attack rate of tunga penetrans infestation had already approached 100%.	2004	15138080
epidemiological studies on host animals of scrub typhus of the autumn-winter type in shandong province, china.	in order to elucidate the host animals of scrub typhus in shandong province, epidemiological studies on host rodents of the autumn-winter type scrub typhus were carried out from 1995 to 2002 at four localities in the shandong province. based upon ecological observations of the composition, seasonal fluctuation of animal hosts, isolation of orientia tsutsugamushi, detection and identification of serotypes of antibodies to o. tsutsugamushi were conducted. two thousand eight hundred and eighty-four ...	2003	15115095
differential diagnosis between tunga penetrans (l., 1758) and t. trimamillata pampiglione et al., 2002 (insecta, siphonaptera), the two species of the genus tunga parasitic in man.	of the ten currently known species of sand fleas, only two, tunga penetrans and tunga trimamillata, are known to be parasites of man, besides other warm blooded animals, most of which are peridomestic. the hosts of the other eight are limited to a few genera of wild mammals. t. trimamillata was only recently identified and differentiated from t. penetrans by features of the gravid female phase. in the present paper the different morphological characters of both for non-gravid females and males o ...	2004	15071827
[effectiveness of 20% salicylated vaseline in the treatment of profuse tungiasis. report of 8 cases in french guiana].	the treatment of tungiasis involves the mechanic extraction of the gravid females of tunga penetrans. we have observed on 8 patients profuse tungiasis diagnosed in the centre hospitalier de cayenne. we have carried out different types of treatment, including the occlusive application of 20% of salicylated vaseline during 12 or 24 hours. this procedure causes the death of the parasites and facilitates their extraction.	2003	15015851
mite vectors (acari: trombiculidae) of scrub typhus in a new endemic area in northern kyoto, japan.	between 1983 and 1999, 27 human cases of scrub typhus (two fatal) occurred in the nodagawa river basin of northern kyoto, japan, an area where no cases had been previously reported. antibody screening of infected patients' sera showed that nine of 15 patients had high titers against the gilliam type of orientia tsutsugamushi (hayashi). to determine the vector mite transmitting the disease, we studied rodent and chigger populations in and near a rice field alongside the nodagawa river between 199 ...	2004	14989353
two new venezuelan chiggers (acarina: trombiculidae).		1952	14946627
the copperhead snake as a host for the chigger mite trombicula (eutrombicula) alfreddugèsi.		1950	14795335
patterns of infestation by chigger mites in four diurnal lizard species from a restinga habitat (jurubatiba) of southeastern brazil.	we studied the parasitism by larvae of the chigger mite eutrombicula alfreddugesi on the lizard community of restinga de jurubatiba, rio de janeiro state, southeastern brazil. we investigated the patterns of infestation (prevalence and intensity) of chigger mites in four sympatric lizards: tropidurus torquatus, mabuya agilis, m. macrorhyncha and cnemidophorus littoralis. all lizards collected were checked for the presence of mites, which were counted under stereomicroscope. we tested the relatio ...	2004	14758698
topical treatment of tungiasis: a randomized, controlled trial.	tungiasis is caused by the penetration of the female sand flea tunga penetrans into the epidermis of its host. human infestation with this ectoparasite is hyper-endemic in many resource-poor communities in sub-saharan africa, the caribbean and south america and is associated with considerable morbidity. currently, there is no effective drug available to treat tungiasis (or at least none for which a parasiticidal effect has been clearly demonstrated). in an attempt to fill this gap, the effects o ...	2003	14613633
investigations on the biology, epidemiology, pathology and control of tunga penetrans in brazil: iii. cytokine levels in peripheral blood of infected humans.	tungiasis is caused by penetration of the female jigger flea, tunga penetrans, into the skin of its host. this parasitic skin disease is almost invariably associated with intense inflammation around embedded fleas, the underlying mechanisms being unknown. a study was undertaken to determine whether the inflammatory process can be attributed to immune activation induced by a biologically active foreign body. we determined the concentrations of th1-mediated (ifn-gamma, tnf-alpha) and th2-mediated ...	2003	14574559
chigger mites (acari: trombiculidae) new to the fauna of cuba, with the description of two new species.	two new species of chigger mites, hyponeoculta monocoxalae sp. n. from bats and reptiles, and perares nudosetosus sp. n. from bats, are described. the first finding of larvae of tectumpilosum negreai feider, 1983 in nature is reported from a bat collected at the type locality, and the description of this species is emended. four species, perates monops (brennan et jones, 1960), parasecia manueli (brennan et jones, 1960), beamerella acutascuta brennan, 1958, and blankaartia sinnamaryi (floch et f ...	2003	14560976
[intraspecific variability and sympatry in closely related chigger mite species of the genus hirsutiella (acari: trombiculidae)].	intraspecific variability in three closely related chigger mite species of the genus hirsutiella schluger et vysotzkaya, 1970, h. steineri (kepka, 1966), h. llogorensis (daniel, 1960), and h. alpina stekolnikov, 2001 has been studied based on materials collected in caucasus and turkey. it is established that both h. steineri and h. llogorensis include western caucasian and asian forms, the first one being larger than the second one. western caucasian samples of h. steineri are also split into la ...	2003	14515506
a new species and new records of chiggers (acarina, trombiculidae) from reptiles of southern california.		1962	14488363
change in authorship of two chigger species, euschongastia diversa and e. trigenula (acarina, trom-biculidae), with designation of lectotypes.		1962	14466538
parasitic phase of chigger mite, hannemania hegeneri, on experimentally infested amphibians.		1961	14450331
chiggers and children.		1960	14434919
new bat chiggers from thailand and the solomon islands with notes on the subgenus sasatrombicula vercammengrandjean (acarina: trombiculidae).		1965	14306215
two new schoengastiine chiggers from thailand (acarina: trombiculidae).		1965	14280483
five new chiggers from southwestern united states (acarina:trombiculidae).		1965	14259470
five new species of chiggers from south america (acarina: trombiculidae).		1964	14222872
four new chiggers from argentina (acarina: trombiculidae).		1964	14215495
relation of tick and chigger infestations to home areas of california meadow mice.		1964	14188828
new species of chiggers from rodents in laos (acarina, trombiculidae).		1964	14188827
the anatomy of an adult chigger mite blankaartia acuscutellaris (walch).		1964	14165131
endoparasitic chiggers. i. chiroptera, a new host order for intranasal chiggers, with descriptions of two new genera and species (acarina: trombiculidae).		1961	14009464
[on the control of chiggers at the east fuji maneuver grounds].		1963	13995199
isolation of pasteurella tularensis from ticks and chiggers parasitized on tularemia-wild hares, with some tularemia transmission experiment.		1962	13986518
early references to the occurrence of tunga penetrans in tropical africa.		1963	13963854
four new chiggers from mexico.		1962	13872818
new records and descriptions of chiggers (acarina: trombiculidae) on bats in alabama.		1960	13804186
a review of the reptile chiggers, genus fonsecia (acarina, trombiculidae), with descriptions of two new american species.		1959	13631572
occurrence of rickettsia tsutsugamushi in korean rodents and chiggers.		1957	13478581
spermatophores; the mode of insemination of chiggers (acarina: trombiculidae).		1957	13439461
a new species of chigger mite, hannemania hegeneri (acarina; trombiculidae).		1956	13320259
shunsennia biplumulosa, a new species of chigger from japan (acarina: trombiculidae).		1956	13320258
a new species of chigger mite from colorado (acarina, trombiculidae).		1955	13252502
a new chigger mite (genus euschöngastia) from the central united states.		1954	13192537
chigger mite infestation.	this article reports on a 45-year-old woman who presented with pruritus and was diagnosed as having chigger mite infestation, a rare condition. the chigger mite larvae were encountered while the patient was traveling in south america. a small erythematous area with a well-circumscribed papule in the sulcus of the second digit of the right foot was incised and drained. follow-up examination showed relief of all symptoms, including pain and pruritus. this unusual case presentation underscores the ...	2003	13130088
four new species of harvest mite or chigger and a new furmite (acarina: trombiculidae and listrophoridae).		1953	13111806
chiggers in the fuji maneuver area.		1953	13110410
a note on the chiggers of jamaica (acarina: trombiculidae).		1953	13053313
trombicula (trombiculindus) kansai, a new chigger from central honshu, japan.		1953	13053305
[tunga penetrans induced tetanus].		1953	13037604
severe tungiasis in underprivileged communities: case series from brazil.	tungiasis is caused by infestation with the sand flea (tunga penetrans). this ectoparasitosis is endemic in economically depressed communities in south american and african countries. tungiasis is usually considered an entomologic nuisance and does not receive much attention from healthcare professionals. during a study on tungiasis-related disease in an economically depressed area in fortaleza, northeast brazil, we identified 16 persons infested with an extremely high number of parasites. these ...	2003	12967492
stowaways with wings: two case reports on high-flying insects.	more people than ever before are traversing continents, either for business purposes or on holiday. because 3-10 percent of these travelers experience skin, hair, or nail disorders related to these trips there is an increasing likelihood that western physicians will be expected to treat exotic conditions imported from different countries. tungiasis and furunculoid myiasis are two typical disorders of intertropical regions. they represent nuisances induced by the presence of arthropod larvae or e ...	2003	12952757
seroprevalence of rickettsial infection in commensal rodents and shrews trapped in the bangkok metropolitan area.	murine typhus and scrub typhus are important human rickettsial diseases in thailand. small mammals, including many species of rodents and shrews, serve as the reservoir host of rickettsial diseases. rickettsia typhi can be transmitted to humans by fleas causing murine typhus, while infection with orientia tsutsugamushi causing scrub typhus in humans is transmitted by chiggers. the prevalence of rickettsial infection depends on the geographic area. the seroprevalence of antibody to r. typhi and o ...	2003	12924799
[detection of hantaan virus from gamasid mite and chigger mite by molecular biological methods].	to study the proliferation and location of hantaan virus (hv) in gamasid mites and chigger mites.	2003	12869987
characterization of orientia tsutsugamushi isolated from wild-caught rodents and chiggers in northern thailand.	we previously reported orientia tsutsugamushi detection from tissue samples (kidney, liver, spleen, and whole blood) of 12 wild-caught rodents from chiangrai province, northern thailand. of the 30 chiggers individually removed from scrub typhus-infected rodents, 2 were found positive for o. tsutsugamushi. we further characterized the o. tsutsugamushi detected from these rodents and chiggers by rflp using three different enzyme digestions. all 14 o. tsutsugamushi samples (12 from tissue samples a ...	2003	12860627
scrub typhus: vector competence of leptotrombidium chiangraiensis chiggers and transmission efficacy and isolation of orientia tsutsugamushi.	a total of 4,281 rodents, belonging to 20 species, was collected from three villages in chiangrai province, northern thailand, from january 1994 to december 2001. the predominant species were rattus rattus, r. losea and bandicota indica, accounting for 96% of the total. more than 135,000 chigger mites were removed from wild rodents of which 1% were identified as leptotrombidium chiangraiensis, a new species vector of scrub typhus. five orientia tsutsugamushi-infected l. chiangraiensis colonies e ...	2003	12860596
tunga penetrans: molecular identification of wolbachia endobacteria and their recognition by antibodies against proteins of endobacteria from filarial parasites.	in search of wolbachia in human parasites, wolbachia were identified in the sand flea tunga penetrans. pcr and dna sequencing of the bacterial 16s rdna, the ftsz cell division protein, the wolbachia surface protein (wsp) and the wolbachia aspartate aminotransferase genes revealed a high similarity to the respective sequences of endosymbionts of filarial nematodes. using these sequences a phylogenetic tree was generated, that indicates a close relationship between wolbachia from t. penetrans and ...	2002	12856318
investigations on the biology, epidemiology, pathology and control of tunga penetrans in brazil. ii. prevalence, parasite load and topographic distribution of lesions in the population of a traditional fishing village.	tungiasis is hyperendemic in many poor communities in brazil and is associated with considerable morbidity. in order to understand the factors that determine the distribution of this ectoparasitosis in a rural community, an epidemiological study was carried out in a traditional fishing village in ceará state, north-eastern brazil. based on active case detection and voluntary participation, 91% of the population (belonging to 95% of all families) was examined. embedded fleas were looked for over ...	2003	12768415
septic shock secondary to scrub typhus: characteristics and complications.	scrub typhus is an acute febrile illness caused by infection with orientia tsutsugamushi transmitted by the bite of larval trombiculid mites (chiggers). a prospective study was conducted in septic shock patients in maharat hospital, nakhon ratchasima province, thailand, from 12 november 2001 to 5 january 2002. of the 51 septic shock patients studied during the 7 week period, 18 (35.3%) were found to have evidence of scrub typhus infection; 3 patients (16.7%) died. in this study, septic shock cau ...	2002	12757226
investigations on the biology, epidemiology, pathology and control of tunga penetrans in brazil: i. natural history of tungiasis in man.	tungiasis is an important health problem in poor communities in brazil and is associated with severe morbidity, particularly in children. the causative agent, the female flea tunga penetrans, burrows into the skin of its host, where it develops, produces eggs and eventually dies. from the beginning of the penetration to the elimination of the carcass of the ectoparasite by skin repair mechanisms, the whole process takes 4-6 weeks. the present study is based on specimens from 86 patients, for som ...	2003	12756541
the patterns of tungiasis in araruama township, state of rio de janeiro, brazil.	this paper describes patterns of infestation with tunga penetrans (l., 1758) within the poor community of araruama municipality, state of rio de janeiro, brazil, assessed by the number of persons and domestic animals parasitized. the overall prevalence of infestation was 49.2% (211 parasitized hosts) of the 429 examined. humans (p < 0.01) and dogs (p < 0.01) were the most important hosts with 62.6% and 35.6% respectively. dogs were considered as the potential infestation source to humans. consid ...	2003	12700859
additional description of a new species of tunga (siphonaptera) from ecuador.	a new species of chigoe flea belonging to the genus tunga jarocki, 1838 (siphonaptera, pulicidae, tunginae), tunga trimamillata, was recently described by pampiglione et al. (2002). a better description and more details of the epidemiology of the flea are now presented. it is a species found in goats, pigs and cattle in santa isabel in andean ecuador. this new species differs from its most similar congener, tunga penetrans (l., 1758), by several features, the most important of which are a) the p ...	2003	12669344
hantavirus transmission: potential role of ectoparasites.	hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is an often-fatal disease thought to be transmitted exclusively by rodents. we report the first evidence of hantavirus-specific rna (bayou) from two trombiculid mites (chiggers) and an ixodid tick parasitizing wild-caught rodents at a field site in texas and also from a trombiculid mite in the free-living predatory stage of the chigger life cycle collected from the same site.	2001	12653138
[structure and seasonal dynamics of the biotic community ectoparasites of the bank vole in the il'men'-volkhov lowland].	a biodiversity, seasonal dynamics and parasite load of a single individual and local population of the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) were studied in coniferous and mixed forests of the ilmen-volkhov lowland (neighborhood of oskuy village, chudovo region, novgorod province) in the period from june 1999 till may 2002. the gero's traps were used for collecting the host. lines of traps stood in each place during 3-5 days and were checked twice a day. trapping of micromammalian hosts and collec ...	2002	12624960
development of an in vitro method for the evaluation of candidate repellents against leptotrombidium (acari: trombiculidae) chiggers.	we developed a rapid and economical in vitro procedure with which to evaluate the efficacy of candidate repellents against chiggers. the procedure requires only 5 min and a small number of chiggers to obtain a valid estimate of the median effective dose. we used this procedure to evaluate the repellent activity of 11 compounds against the chigger, leptotrombidium imphalum vercammen-grandjean and langston. median effective doses were determined for 10 of the 11 compounds. dm-165-2 (n,n-diethyl-3- ...	2003	12597654
[proliferation and location of hantaan virus in gamasid mites and chigger mites, a molecular biological study].	to study the proliferation and location of hantaan virus (hv) in gamasid mites and chigger mites and the significance of gamasid mites and chigger mites as vectors of transmission of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs).	2002	12509926
[morphological variablility in the chigger mite species neotrombicula sympatrica (acariformes: trombiculidae) from kyrgyzstan].	aberrations (quantitative chaetotactic deviations, i.e. decreasing or increasing of setae numbers and variations in arrangement of setae) and anomalies (qualitative chaetotactic deviations, for example, partial reduction of scutum, shortening of a seta more than 1.5-2 times, merging of setae) were recorded for 13 taxonomically important morphological structures in the chigger mite species neotrombicula sympatrica stekolnikov, 2001. 3308 specimens were studied as a total. 17.2% of them had variou ...	2002	12481606
[distribution of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome virus in gamasid mites and chigger mites].	to study the distribution of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome virus (hfrsv) in mites.	2002	12411201
ectopic localization of tungiasis.	tungiasis is caused by the penetration of the female sand flea tunga penetrans into the epidermis. it is generally assumed that lesions are confined to the feet. to determine to what degree tungiasis occurs at other topographic sites, 1,184 inhabitants of a poor neighborhood in northeastern brazil were examined; 33.6% were found to have tungiasis (95% confidence interval = 30.9-36.4%). six percent presented lesions at locations other than the feet, with the hands being the most common ectopic si ...	2002	12389950
high prevalence of tungiasis in a poor neighbourhood in fortaleza, northeast brazil.	tungiasis has been reported to occur in many latin american, caribbean and african countries. however, epidemiological data are still very scanty and do not exist at all for brazil. to fill this gap, a cross-sectional study has been undertaken in a shantytown (favela) in fortaleza, ceará state, northeast brazil. all 327 households of a circumscribed sub-area were visited, and 1185 out of the 1460 household members were thoroughly examined for the presence of tungiasis. thirty-four% (95% ci: 30.9 ...	2002	12204399
bacterial superinfection in human tungiasis.	tungiasis is caused by penetration of the female sand flea tunga penetrans into the epidermis of its host. it is endemic in many countries in latin america, the caribbean and sub-saharan africa. although superinfection is a common clinical observation, the frequency and the pattern of bacterial pathogens associated with tungiasis have never been investigated systematically. we conducted a prospective clinico-bacteriological study with patients living in a shantytown in fortaleza, capital of cear ...	2002	12100437
acari ectoparasites of bats from minas gerais, brazil.	ectoparasites were recovered from brazilian bats captured from april to november 1997 at or near parque estadual do rio doce, state of minas gerais, southeastern brazil. sixty bats were collected, representing three families and 13 species. five acari families were recorded: myobiidae, trombiculidae, labidocarpidae, macronyssidae, and spinturnicidae. the macronyssid radfordiella desmodi radovsky (71 specimens) and the spinturnicid periglichrus iheringi oudemans (45 specimens) were the most abund ...	2002	12061455
efficiency of leptotrombidium chiggers (acari: trombiculidae) at transmitting orientia tsutsugamushi to laboratory mice.	thirteen different laboratory colonies of leptotrombidim chiggers [l. chiangraiensis tanskul & linthicum, l. deliense walch and l. imphalum (vercammen-grandjean &langston)] were evaluated for their ability to transmit orientia tsutsugamushi (hyashi) to mice. of 4,372 transmission attempts using individual chiggers from all 13 colonies, 75% (n = 3,275) successfully infected mice. transmission rates for the individual chigger colonies ranged from 7 to 80%. increasing the number of chiggers that fe ...	2002	12061450
typical histologic features of tunga penetrans in skin biopsies.	tunga penetrans is a flea that burrows into human skin, causing the disease tungiasis. although the parasite is not endemic in the united states, patients may present with this disease upon returning from tropical locales. histologic sections contain a variety of flea parts that may present a diagnostic dilemma for pathologists unfamiliar with this disease.	2002	12033962
chronic ulcers and myasis as ports of entry for clostridium tetani.	evaluating tetanus immune status is not yet the usual clinical practice regarding patients with chronic ulcers or myasis. however, of 858 tetanus patients at hospital couto maia (salvador, bahia, brazil) aged 1 year or above, 2 had pressure ulcers and 17 had chronic ulceration of the lower limbs where these skin lesions were the ports of entry for clostridium tetani. in these 19 cases, the following predisposing factors were described: venous insufficiency (n=6), sickle cell anemia (n=2), hansen ...	2003	11980594
[new species and sympatric relations of the chigger mite species group talmiensis (trombiculidae, neotrombicula)].	a revision of chigger mites species being closely related to neotrombicula talmiensis (schluger, 1955) has been performed. 2 new species are described: n. pontica sp. n. from krasnodar territory (western caucasus) and n. sympatrica sp. n. from krasnodar territory, daghestan, tuva, armenia, kirghizia and turkey (rize province). n. pontica sp. n. is closely related to n. carpathica schluger et vysotzkaya, 1970 and differs from this species by the larger number of idiosomal setae (ndv = = 75-99 aga ...	2001	11881135
[detection and proliferation of hemorrhagic fever virus in chigger mites].	to study the impact of leptotromhidium scutellaris as a vector in transmission of hemorrhagic fever.	1999	11864463
[investigation on natural foci of autumn-winter type tsutsugamushi disease in shandong province].	in order to provide basic data of tsutsugamushi disease in shandong province, for the control and prevention of this disease in residents and army-men.	2000	11860801
[studies on three types of natural foci of tsutsugamushi disease in eastern part of china].	in order to identify the types of natural foci of tsutsugamushi disease to provide basis for prevention, a series of studies were carried out in fujian, zhejiang and jiangsu provinces.	2000	11860755
[experimental study on the roles of gasmid mite and chigger mite in the transmission of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome virus].	to study the roles of gasmid mite and chigger mite in the transmission of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome virus (hfrsv).	2001	11769690
stereochemical effects in an insect repellent.	racemic 1-[3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl]-2-methylpiperidine repels blood-feeding arthropods such as mosquitoes, chiggers, and ticks. the compound contains two asymmetric carbon atoms and the racemate consists of four stereoisomers. quantitative mosquito bioassays using aedes aegypti (l.) showed that (1s,2's) and (1r,2's) configurations were 2.8-3.1 and 1.6-1.8 times more effective, respectively, than the other two stereoisomers in reducing mosquito bites. (1s,2's) was 2.5 more repellent than the ra ...	2001	11761378
determination and geographical distribution of orientia tsutsugamushi serotypes in korea by nested polymerase chain reaction.	field rodents and chigger mites were collected at 30 locations in korea in october and november 1997-1999 to determine the serotypes of orientia tsutsugamushi and their geographical distribution. a nested polymerase chain reaction was performed with the spleen tissues from 546 field-striped mice (apodemus agrarius) and 104 pools of chigger mites. the positivity rate of o. tsutsugamushi was 45.6% in a. agrarius and 39.4% in the chigger mite pools. two serotypes, boryong and karp, were found in th ...	2001	11716109
tungiasis in north america: a report of 2 cases in internationally adopted children.	tungiasis is a cutaneous infestation caused by the gravid female sand flea, tunga penetrans. we describe 2 cases of tungiasis that occurred in siblings who recently emigrated as international adoptees from liberia to the united states. both patients had infectious complications as a result of the infestation with t penetrans.	2001	11713458
epidemiological progresses of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in china.	to summarize the major achievements of chinese work on the epidemiology and prevention of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) in recent years, and to give a general review on the present situation of hfrs in china.	1999	11593522
identification of the target cells of orientia tsutsugamushi in human cases of scrub typhus.	orientia tsutsugamushi is the etiologic agent of scrub typhus, a chigger-borne zoonosis that is a highly prevalent, life-threatening illness of greatest public health importance in tropical asia and the islands of the western pacific ocean. the target cell of this bacterium is poorly defined in humans. in this study, o. tsutsugamushi were identified by immunohistochemistry using a rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against o. tsutsugamushi karp strain in paraffin-embedded archived autopsy tissues ...	2001	11504834
trombiculiasis in the florida black bear.	we found trombiculid mite (trombiculidae) infestations in 32 of 101 (32%) freeranging florida black bears (ursus americanus floridanus) live-captured or necropsied in florida from january 1999 to april 2000. prevalence of chigger infestation was greatest in june with no infestations seen october to march. chigger infestations were recognized as accumulations of bright orange granular material usually associated with hair shafts. mites were found in clusters of one to 102 (mean +/- sd = 8.5+/-19. ...	2001	11504241
eradication of ectoparasites in children. how to treat infestations of lice, scabies, and chiggers.	infestations of head lice, body lice, scabies, and chiggers are common causes of rash and pruritus in children. concern has arisen about development of resistance to often-used treatments, but a comprehensive approach to eradication is usually very effective. in this article, dr potts describes the presentation of ectoparasites and discusses conservative treatment and the safe use of pediculicides.	2001	11467042
tungiasis: a neglected health problem of poor communities.	tungiasis is caused by the flea tunga penetrans. growing urbanization, improved housing and use of appropriate footwear presumably have led to an overall reduction of the occurrence of this ectoparasitosis within the last decades. however, it is still highly prevalent where people live in extreme poverty, occurring in many latin american and african countries. although the infection has long been known, data on the ectoparasite's biology and the epidemiology of the disease are scant. methods for ...	2001	11348517
detection of orientia tsutsugamushi (rickettsiales: rickettsiaceae) in unengorged chiggers (acari: trombiculidae) from oita prefecture, japan, by nested polymerase chain reaction.	the current study surveyed the 56-kda type-specific antigen (tsa) gene dnas of orientia tsutsugamushi (hayashi) in approximately 4.000 unengorged chiggers obtained from the soil or ground surface in an endemic and a nonendemic area of the tsutsugamushi disease in oita prefecture, southwestern japan, by nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr). serotypes of o. tsutsugamushi were identified by restriction fragment-length polymorphism (rflp) analysis. in the endemic area, 242 pools from five species ...	2001	11296840
temporal changes in prevalence of scrub typhus rickettsia (orientia tsutsugamushi) infecting the eggs of leptotrombidium imphalum (acari: trombiculidae).	eggs from seven colony lines of the chigger mite leptotrombidium imphalum (vercammen-grandjean & langston) were examined for infection with orientia tsutsugamushi (hyashi), the etiologic agent of scrub typhus. the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using primers otp 56.809 and otm 56.1221, which amplify a 291 bp region of the p56 gene of o. tsutsugamushi, was used to detect scrub typhus within single eggs. all seven chigger mite lines produced infected eggs with varying rates of infection (li1 = 8. ...	2001	11268679
rodent ectoparasites from two locations in northwestern florida.	from feb.-apr. 1999, 19 species of ectoparasitic arthropods (2 sucking lice, 4 fleas, 4 ticks, 2 mesostigmatid mites, 5 chiggers, 2 fur mites) were recovered from 106 rodents belonging to 5 species (cotton mouse, peromyscus gossypinus, n = 64; cotton rat, sigmodon hispidus, n = 23; eastern woodrat, neotoma floridana, n = 9; golden mouse, ochrotomys nuttalli, n = 9; eastern gray squirrel, sciurus carolinensis, n = 1) at tall timbers research station, leon county, florida. during the same period, ...	2000	11217221
health status of northern bobwhite quail (colinus virginianus) in eastern kansas.	the health status of wild northern bobwhite quail (colinus virginianus) from lyon county, kansas, was evaluated by conducting comprehensive health assessments on 25 birds. gross lesions indicative of avian pox, ulcerative enteritis, and quail bronchitis were not present. serologic tests for antibodies to salmonella pullorum, salmonella gallinarum, pasteurella multocida, mycoplasma gallisepticum, mycoplasma synoviae, and avian adenoviruses were all negative. intestinal coccidia (eimeria spp.) wer ...	2000	11195653
evaluation on the occurrence of tsutsugamushi disease in tottori prefecture.	in tottori prefecture, we gathered the data of all patients known to have been infected with tsutsugamushi disease (td) over a span of 49 years, from 1950 to 1998. the total number of patients reported so far has been 19, 16 of which occurred after 1988. recently, it has been observed that the incidence tended to increase. of the 13 laboratory confirmed patients, 7 came from saji village and chizu town, in the yazu district, a place whereby, a body of water known as the sendai river partly passe ...	2000	11138539
ectoparasites and gastrointestinal helminths of southern flying squirrels in southeast georgia.	southern flying squirrels (glaucomys volans) from southeastern georgia were examined for ectoparasites and gastrointestinal helminths. ten species of ectoparasites were recovered, including 3 species of sucking lice (hoplopleura trispinosa, microphthirus uncinatus, and neohaematopinus sciuropteri), 1 species of flea (orchopeas howardi), 2 species of ticks (amblyomma maculatum and ixodes scapularis), 3 species of mesostigmatid mites (androlaelaps casalis, a. fahrenholzi, and haemogamasus ambulans ...	2000	11128479