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a phage-displayed single domain antibody fused to alkaline phosphatase for detection of porcine circovirus type 2.the fusion of single domain antibodies (sdabs) and alkaline phosphatase (ap) has been demonstrated to be useful as an immunodiagnostic reagent. in this work, a porcine circovirus type-2 (pcv2) specific sdab (psdab) was expressed as fusion with an ap. the binding activity of psdab-ap fusion was examined by western blot, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), and surface plasmon resonance (spr). to assess the practicality of psdab-ap fusion as a diagnostic reagent, the fusion was used in a wes ...201525512132
astrovirus as a possible cause of congenital tremor type aii in piglets?congenital tremor is associated with demyelination of the brain and spinal cord and is clinically noted as outbreaks of trembling and shaking in newborn piglets during a limited time-period. six forms of the disease have been described, where form aii may be caused by an, as yet, unidentified viral infection. this study aimed to investigate the presence of astrovirus and circovirus by sequencing and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis and by relating the findings to the occurrence of diseas ...201425510194
virus-like particles of chimeric recombinant porcine circovirus type 2 as antigen vehicle carrying foreign epitopes.virus-like particles (vlps) of chimeric porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) were generated by replacing the nuclear localization signal (nls; at 1-39 aa) of pcv2 capsid protein (cap) with classical swine fever virus (csfv) t-cell epitope (1446-1460 aa), csfv b-cell epitope (693-716 aa) and csfv t-cell epitope conjugated with b-cell epitope. the recombinant proteins were expressed using the baculovirus expression system and detected by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence assay. the abilit ...201425490764
phylogenetic analysis of 32 porcine circovirus type 2 isolates from shandong, china.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), the essential causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), can be divided into distinct genotypes. thirty-two pcv2 isolates obtained made from pigs in shandong province between 2005 and 2013. complete genome sequences were obtained in three replicates for each virus isolate, and the sequences were submitted to the ncbi database. the orf1-encoded amino acid sequences had 98.4 %-100 % identity among the 32 isolates, and there were no signi ...201525488291
enhanced th1-biased immune efficacy of porcine circovirus type 2 cap-protein-based subunit vaccine when coadministered with recombinant porcine il-2 or gm-csf in mice.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) capsid (cap) protein is the primary protective antigen responsible for inducing pcv2-specific protective immunity, so it is a desirable target for the development of recombinant subunit vaccines to prevent pcv2-associated diseases. interleukin 2 (il-2) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf), used as immune adjuvants, have been shown to enhance the immunogenicity of certain antigens or vaccines in various experimental models. in this study, ...201525487886
generation in yeast of recombinant virus-like particles of porcine circovirus type 2 capsid protein and their use for a serologic assay and development of monoclonal antibodies.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is considered to be an important emerging pathogen associated with a number of different syndromes and diseases in pigs known as pcv2-associated diseases. it has been responsible for significant mortality among pigs and remains a serious economic problem to the swine industry worldwide leading to significant negative impacts on profitability of pork production.201425487652
need for new technologies for detection of adventitious agents in vaccines and other biological products.from an industrial perspective, the conventional in vitro and in vivo assays used for detection of viral contaminants have shown their limitations, as illustrated by the unfortunate detection of porcine circovirus contamination in a licensed rotavirus vaccine. this contamination event illustrates the gaps within the existing adventitious agent strategy and the potential use of new broader molecular detection methods. this paper serves to summarize current testing approaches and challenges, along ...201625475629
variation in time and magnitude of immune response and viremia in experimental challenges with porcine circovirus 2b.porcine circovirus 2 is the primary agent responsible for inducing a group of associated diseases known as porcine circovirus associated diseases (pcvad), which can have detrimental effects on production efficiency as well as causing significant mortality. the objective of this study was to evaluate variation in viral replication, immune response and growth across pigs (n = 974) from different crossbred lines. the approach used in this study was experimental infection with a pcv2b strain of pigs ...201425472653
an emerging porcine circovirus type 2b mutant (mpcv2b) originally known as pcv2d. 201525467993
complete genome characterization and phylogenetic analysis of three distinct buffalo-origin pcv2 isolates from china.complete genome characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) for bovid origins was still unclear in china. therefore, in this study, pcv2 full-length genome of buffalo-origin was amplified and analyzed using pcr, dnastar and mega 5.1. genome size of three distinct pcv2 strains (buffalo1, buffalo2 and buffalo3) was 1767 bp (48.56% g+c), 1767 bp (48.67% g+c) and 1768 bp (48.08% g+c), respectively. at the nucleotide level, their identity varied from 95% to 96% for complete genome, from 97% ...201425460822
mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccines used in piglets.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccination is globally one of the most commonly used intervention strategies in growing pigs since several products became commercially available in 2006. while multiple trials have described the efficacy of individual pcv2 vaccines relative to non-vaccination, few studies provide product-to-product comparisons of efficacy. given the well-documented efficacy of pcv2 vaccines, information about the comparative efficacy of available vaccines is more relevant to pr ...201425457512
evaluation of cells and biological reagents for adventitious agents using degenerate primer pcr and massively parallel sequencing.we employed a massively parallel sequencing (mps)-based approach to test reagents and model cell substrates including chinese hamster ovary (cho), madin-darby canine kidney (mdck), african green monkey kidney (vero), and high five insect cell lines for adventitious agents. rna and dna were extracted either directly from the samples or from viral capsid-enriched preparations, and then subjected to mps-based non-specific virus detection with degenerate oligonucleotide primer (dop) pcr. mps by 454, ...201425454874
effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) load in serum on average daily weight gain during the postweaning period.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is a ubiquitous virus that mainly affects nursery and fattening pigs causing systemic disease (pcv2-sd) or subclinical infection. a characteristic sign in both presentations is reduction of average daily weight gain (adwg). the present study aimed to assess the relationship between pcv2 load in serum and adwg from 3 (weaning) to 21 weeks of age (slaughter) (adwg 3-21). thus, three different boar lines were used to inseminate sows from two pcv2-sd affected farms. ...201425448444
transcriptional analysis of porcine circovirus-like virus p1.recently identified porcine circovirus-like virus p1 has the smallest dna viral genome. in this study, we identified the viral genes and their corresponding mrna transcripts.201425440084
investigating risk factors and possible infectious aetiologies of mummified fetuses on a large piggery in australia.to investigate risk factors and potential infectious aetiologies of an increased mummification rate (>2%) identified over time on a 1200-sow farrow-to-finish farm in australia.201425424759
influence of porcine circovirus type 2 vaccination on the probability and severity of pneumonia detected postmortem.to evaluate the influence of porcine circovirus type 2 vaccination (pcv-2) on the probability and severity of pneumonia, postmortem findings of 247,505 pigs slaughtered between 2008 and 2011 were analysed by applying a cumulative link mixed model. three major effects could be observed: (1) pcv-2 vaccination significantly (p<0.01) reduced the odds (coefficient: -0.05) of postmortem findings of mild, moderate and severe pneumonia for vaccinated pigs. (2) pigs from fattening farms were less likely ...201525413158
infection of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) in intestinal porcine epithelial cell line (ipec-j2) and interaction between pcv2 and ipec-j2 microfilaments.porcine circovirus-associated disease (pcvad) is caused by a small pathogenic dna virus, porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), and is responsible for severe economic losses. pcv2-associated enteritis appears to be a distinct clinical manifestation of pcv2. most studies of swine enteritis have been performed in animal infection models, but none have been conducted in vitro using cell lines of porcine intestinal origin. an in vitro system would be particularly useful for investigating microfilaments, ...201425407967
best practice and future challenges for vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-systemic disease (sd) (initially named as postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome) was discovered as an occasional disease affecting postweaning pigs in north-america by mid-1990s. soon afterward, it was noticed as a devastating disease worldwide. such scenario prompted to develop vaccine prototypes that worked fairly well under experimental conditions. in spite of the multifactorial nature of the pcv2-sd, the first commercialized vaccines containing inactivat ...201525400216
porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2): pathogenesis and interaction with the immune system.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated disease (pcvad). the virus preferentially targets the lymphoid tissues, which leads to lymphoid depletion and immunosuppression in pigs. the disease is exacerbated by immunostimulation or concurrent infections with other pathogens. pcv2 resides in certain immune cells, such as macrophage and dendritic cells, and modulates their functions. upregulation of il-10 and proinflammatory cytokines in infecte ...201325387012
transformed cell-specific induction of apoptosis by porcine circovirus type 1 viral protein 3.several members of the family circoviridae have been shown to encode proteins with apoptotic activity. for example, both porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and chicken anemia virus (cav) encode a third viral protein (vp3) that has been shown to be cytotoxic. interestingly, in the case of the cav protein (designated apoptin), apoptosis is specific to transformed cell types. similarities in genome structure and organization suggest that pcv type 1 (pcv1) may also contain a third orf, which codes for ...201525381055
multiplex serology for common viral infections in feral pigs (sus scrofa) in hawaii between 2007 and 2010.multiplex serology was performed for the detection of total immunoglobulin (ig) and igm antibodies against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), and swine influenza virus (siv) antigens in feral swine (sus scrofa). serum samples were collected from the islands of oahu (292 pigs) and hawaii (52 pigs) between 2007 and 2010. the highest antibody prevalence was to pcv2 (63%), followed by siv (7.8%) and prrsv (5.8%). antigen-specific igm was de ...201525380357
concentration and pattern changes of porcine serum apolipoprotein a-i in four different infectious diseases.apolipoprotein a-i (apo a-i) is a major protein in lipid/lipoprotein metabolism and decreased serum levels have been observed in many species in response to inflammatory and infectious challenges. little is known about the porcine homologue, therefore in this work we have characterized it through biochemical and proteomic techniques. in 2de, porcine serum apo a-i is found as three spots, the two more acidic ones corresponding to the mature protein, the more basic spot to the protein precursor. d ...201525377528
development of a surface plasmon resonance biosensing approach for the rapid detection of porcine circovirus type2 in sample solutions.a sensitive and label-free analytical approach for the detection of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) instead of pcv2 antibody in serum sample was systematically investigated in this research based on surface plasmon resonance (spr) with an establishment of special molecular identification membrane. the experimental device for constructing the biosensing analyzer is composed of an integrated biosensor, a home-made microfluidic module, and an electrical control circuit incorporated with a photoele ...201425354302
severity of bovine tuberculosis is associated with co-infection with common pathogens in wild boar.co-infections with parasites or viruses drive tuberculosis dynamics in humans, but little is known about their effects in other non-human hosts. this work aims to investigate the relationship between mycobacterium bovis infection and other pathogens in wild boar (sus scrofa), a recognized reservoir of bovine tuberculosis (btb) in mediterranean ecosystems. for this purpose, it has been assessed whether contacts with common concomitant pathogens are associated with the development of severe btb le ...201425350002
reliability of operational data from pig herds and performance ratings by veterinarians and pig farmers collected during telephone interviews for the evaluation of a pcv2 piglet vaccination.the aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of using a telephone survey in gaining an understanding of the possible herd and management factors influencing the performance (i.e. safety and efficacy) of a vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in a large number of herds and to estimate customers' satisfaction.201425348652
cd44 deficiency leads to decreased proinflammatory cytokine production in lung induced by pcv2 in mice.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary etiological agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). cd44 is a widely expressed class i transmembrane glycoprotein implicated in immunological and inflammatory responses. in previous studies, the role of cd44 in host defense against microorganism infection remains controversial. the role of cd44 in host defense against pcv2 infection has never been studied before. in this study, we investigated the role of cd44 in the development ...201425294252
two subgroups of porcine circovirus 2 appearing among pigs in southern china.we report here two complete genome sequences of porcine circovirus 2. the complete genomes of bh5 and bh6 were amplified and analyzed. sequence analysis demonstrated that strains bh5 and bh6 belonged to pcv2d and pcv2b, respectively. knowledge regarding the complete genome sequences of strains bh5 and bh6 will be useful for epidemiological surveillance.201425291765
immune responses of piglets immunized by a recombinant plasmid containing porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine interleukin-18 genes.in this study, two recombinant plasmids containing the orf2 gene of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) with or without porcine interleukin-18 (il-18) were constructed and evaluated for their ability to protect piglets against pcv2 challenge. transient expression of the plasmids in pk-15 cells could be detected using western blot. piglets were given two intramuscular immunizations 3 weeks apart and were challenged with a virulent wuzhi strain of pcv2 at 42 days after the initial immunization. all a ...201425268976
recombination in truncated genome sequences of porcine circovirus type 2.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the causal agent of a serious disease found in pigs. here, we report the first detection of truncated genome sequences of pcv2 strain zj-r, with the genomic region encoding part of rep and cap with a nonviral insertion. to our knowledge, the genome of zj-r represents the first pcv2 dna with a coding insertion. the pcv2 zj-r genome is 694 nucleotides long and has two main open reading frames. the whole genome sequence of zj-r may facilitate further study of the ...201525267179
the presence of six potentially pathogenic viruses in pigs suffering from post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is an etiological agent of porcine circovirus diseases (pcvds). post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) as the most important pcvd is considered a multifactorial disease. it was demonstrated that not only pcv2 but several viruses are associated with pmws. studies of viral co-infections in pmws pigs led often to controversial results. the aim of this work was to determine the presence of emerging (prrsv), re-emerging (ptv) and newly-emerging (ttsuv1, tt ...201425266874
long-term monitoring of 10 selected pathogens in wild boar (sus scrofa) in sierra nevada national park, southern spain.wild boar (sus scrofa) populations are increasing in the iberian peninsula, and population management must include disease management and control. in this study, the epidemiology of 10 selected pathogens (aujeszky's disease virus - adv, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus - prrsv, porcine influenza virus, porcine circovirus, porcine parvovirus, erysipelotrix rhusiopathiae, leptospira pomona, chlamydia/chlamydiaceae sp., salmonella sp. and mycobacterium bovis) in the wild boar pop ...201425261921
first molecular detection of porcine circovirus type 2 in bovids in china.for the worldwide pig industries, porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is an economically important pathogen. at present, the prevalence of pcv2 is common in chinese swine herds. however, there is little information on pcv2 prevalence in non-porcine animals in china, such as bovids. therefore, the goal of this study is to obtain the firsthand prevalence data of pcv2 in bovids in china. two hundred and eighty serum and muscle samples from dairy cows (n = 180), buffalo (n = 50), and yellow cattle (n = ...201425248785
assessing pcv2 antibodies in field pigs vaccinated with different porcine circovirus 2 vaccines using two commercial elisa systems.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent for post-weaning, multisystemic, wasting syndrome. consequently, serologic detection of and vaccination against pcv2 are important for the swine industry. among several serological tests, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) is commonly used to measure anti-pcv2 antibody levels. in the present study, we used two commercial elisa systems to comparatively evaluate anti-pcv2 antibodies in field pigs treated with three differen ...201525234326
emergence of porcine circovirus 2 associated reproductive failure in southern india.incidence of unusually high numbers of stillbirths was observed at a piggery unit at the veterinary university research farm in tamil nadu state of india. systematic examination of the tissue from stillborn piglets led to the identification of presence of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2). detailed analysis utilizing electron microscopy, polymerase chain reaction and sequencing confirmed the presence of pcv2 in the tissue of affected piglets. histopathology analysis of the affected piglet tissue showe ...201625219406
the comparative profile of lymphoid cells and the t and b cell spectratype of germ-free piglets infected with viruses siv, prrsv or pcv2.lymphocyte subsets isolated from germ-free piglets experimentally infected with swine influenza virus (siv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) or porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) were studied and the profile of these subsets among these three infections was monitored. germ-free piglets were used since their response could be directly correlated to the viral infection. because siv infections are resolved even by colostrum-deprived neonates whereas prrsv and pcv2 infectio ...201425186625
porcine circovirus-2 capsid protein induces cell death in pk15 cells.studies have shown that porcine circovirus (pcv)-2 induces apoptosis in pk15 cells. here we report that cell death is induced in pcv2b-infected pk15 cells that express capsid (cap) protein and this effect is enhanced in interferon gamma (ifn-γ)-treated cells. we further show that transient pcv2a and 2b-cap protein expression induces cell death in pk15 cells at rate similar to pcv2 infection, regardless of cap protein localization. these data suggest that cap protein may have the capacity to trig ...201425169152
association of swine influenza h1n1 pandemic virus (siv-h1n1p) with porcine respiratory disease complex in sows from commercial pig farms in colombia.porcine respiratory disease complex (prdc) is a serious health problem that mainly affects growing and finishing pigs. prdc is caused by a combination of viral and bacterial agents, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), swine influenza virus (siv), mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (myh), actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (app), pasteurella multocida and porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2). to characterize the specific role of swine influenza virus in prdc presentation in colombia, 1 ...201425160760
chitosan microparticles loaded with yeast-derived pcv2 virus-like particles elicit antigen-specific cellular immune response in mice after oral administration.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-associated diseases are a major problem for the swine industry worldwide. in addition to improved management and husbandry practices, the availability of several anti-pcv2 vaccines provides an efficient immunological option for reducing the impact of these diseases. most anti-pcv2 vaccines are marketed as injectable formulations. although these are effective, there are problems associated with the use of injectable products, including laborious and time-consuming ...201425141864
adventitious agents in viral vaccines: lessons learned from 4 case studies.since the earliest days of biological product manufacture, there have been a number of instances where laboratory studies provided evidence for the presence of adventitious agents in a marketed product. lessons learned from such events can be used to strengthen regulatory preparedness for the future. we have therefore selected four instances where an adventitious agent, or a signal suggesting the presence of an agent, was found in a viral vaccine, and have developed a case study for each. the fo ...201425135887
optimal transfection methods and comparison of pk-15 and dulac cells for rescue of chimeric porcine circovirus type 1-2.a chimeric porcine circovirus type 1-2 (pcv1-2) infectious dna clone has low transfection efficiency and exhibits low levels of proliferation. electroporation and lipofection parameters were optimized for pk-15 and dulac cells with the purpose of increasing the efficiency for rescuing infectious pcv1-2. titers of pcv1-2 in dulac cells were 100-fold higher than those in pk-15 cells following transfection. the electroporation efficiency into dulac cells was high when three 400 μs pulses at 250 v w ...201425125130
a recombinant porcine circovirus type 2 expressing the vp1 epitope of the type o foot-and-mouth disease virus is infectious and induce both pcv2 and vp1 epitope antibodies.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the etiological agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, a disease that causes huge economic damage in swine industry. a recombinant pcv2 expressing the neutralizing vp1 epitope (aa 141-160) of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was rescued using an infectious cloning technique. the pcv2 antigen and fmdv-vp1 antigenic epitope of the cloned strain recpcv2-cl-vp1 were confirmed by an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (ipma) and a capture enzyme-l ...201425117547
establishment and application of a multiplex pcr for rapid and simultaneous detection of six viruses in swine.a multiplex pcr assay was developed and evaluated subsequently for its effectiveness in simultaneously detecting mixed viral infections of swine. specific primers were designed and used for testing the six swine viruses: three dna viruses, including pseudorabies virus (prv), porcine parvovirus (ppv), and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2); three common rna viruses, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), classical swine fever virus (csfv), and japanese encephalitis v ...201425116201
the inflammation-related gene s100a12 is positively regulated by c/ebpβ and ap-1 in pigs.s100a12 is involved in the inflammatory response and is considered an important marker for many inflammatory diseases in humans. our previous studies indicated that the s100a12 gene was abundant in the immune tissues of pigs and was significantly upregulated during infection with haemophilus parasuis (hps) or porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). in this study, the mechanism of transcriptional regulation of s100a12 was investigated in pigs. our results showed that s100a12, ccaat/enhancer-binding pro ...201425110868
detection and molecular characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 from piglets with porcine circovirus associated diseases in colombia.the porcine circovirus-associated disease (pcvad) has been known since 1991 in canada, but the first outbreak of pcvad in colombia was reported in 2007. in order to understand the molecular epidemiology of the disease and to establish the origin of the virus in the country, the study presented here intended to evaluate the presence of pcv2-associated systemic infection in piglets from different geographical regions over a period of 9-years (2002-2010). the analysis included samples collected bef ...201425106077
proteomic alteration of pk-15 cells after infection by porcine circovirus type 2.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) has been identified as the essential causal agent of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, which has spread worldwide. to discover cellular protein responses of pk-15 cells to pcv2 infection, two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ms) coupled with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (itraq) labeling was employed to quantitatively identify the proteins that were differentially expressed in pk-15 from the pcv2-infe ...201425103791
development of an evagreen-based multiplex real-time pcr assay with melting curve analysis for simultaneous detection and differentiation of six viral pathogens of porcine reproductive and respiratory disorder.concurrent infection of pigs with two or more pathogens is common in pigs under intensive rearing conditions. porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), porcine parvovirus (ppv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), classical swine fever virus (csfv), japanese encephalitis virus (jev) and pseudorabies virus (prv) are all associated with reproductive or respiratory disorders or both and can cause significant economic losses in pig production worldwide. an evagreen-based multiplex r ...201425102430
susceptibility of calves to porcine circovirus-2 (pcv2).circoviruses are known to infect pigs and birds and cause severe diseases with various clinical signs. porcine circovirus-2 (pcv2), associated with severe economic losses, was detected in rodents, mosquitoes, cattle, and in calves affected with bovine neonatal pancytopenia (bnp). however, molecular and serological investigations on circovirus infections in cattle revealed inconsistent results. the aim of the study was to investigate the susceptibility and immune response of calves to experimenta ...201425085519
identification of recently described porcine parvoviruses in archived north american samples from 1996 and association with porcine circovirus associated disease.the association of porcine circovirus (pcv) type 2 and porcine parvovirus (ppv) type 1 as a cause of porcine circovirus associated disease (pcvad) is well established. the objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence rates of classical ppv1 and recently recognized ppv2-5 in serum and lung samples from pigs and farms with known pcv2 status. a total of 586 serum samples and 164 lung homogenates collected from 1996 to 2013 in the usa and canada were utilized. all samples were tested fo ...201425081955
seroprevalence and associated risk factors of important pig viral diseases in bhutan.a cross-sectional serological study was conducted in bhutan between october 2011 and february 2012 to determine the prevalence of antibodies to classical swine fever virus (csfv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), swine influenza virus (siv) subtype h1n1 and aujeszky's disease virus (adv). furthermore, risk factors for the seropositive status were investigated. antibodies to siv, subtype h1n1 (likely pandemic h1n1 2009) were detected i ...201425081946
secretory expression of porcine circovirus type 2 capsid protein in pichia pastoris.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is associated with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws). the pcv2 capsid (cap) protein is a leading antigen candidate for vaccine and serological diagnostic testing, due to its immunogenic properties. in this study, the codon-optimized pcv2 cap gene was cloned into a ppiczαa vector for secretory expression in the methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris after methanol induction. the screening of recombinant yeasts was followed by detection of the recombi ...201425066279
damage of zona pellucida reduces the developmental potential and quality of porcine circovirus type 2-infected oocytes after parthenogenetic activation.the present aimed to study if porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), which adhered to zona pellucida (zp), was able to enter mature porcine oocytes with intact and damaged zp. four groups, including uninfected zp-intact oocytes (uozi), uninfected zp-damaged oocytes (uozd), pcv2-infected zp-intact oocytes (pozi), and pcv2-infected zp-damaged oocytes (pozd) were studied. the oocytes were incubated with 1 ml minimum essential medium, containing 3.1 × 10(8) copies of pcv2 dna for 1 hour. mechanical proce ...201425062959
serological survey of porcine circovirus-2 in captive wild boars (sus scrofa) from registered farms of south and south-east regions of brazil.this study aimed to survey captive wild boars for antibodies against porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2) in registered farms. serum samples (n = 1305) were collected from 90-day-old wild boars from 118 farms of the brazilian south-east region, including the states of minas gerais and são paulo, and south region, including the states of paraná, rio grande do sul and santa catarina. all herds (100%) presented reactive animals, in varying numbers and from low-to-high antibody titres, with the occurrence r ...201625056836
mutant usa strain of porcine circovirus type 2 (mpcv2) exhibits similar virulence to the classical pcv2a and pcv2b strains in caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs.in 2012, a mutant porcine circovirus type 2 (mpcv2) strain was identified in cases of pcv-associated disease (pcvad) in the usa. the mpcv2 had an additional amino acid, lysine (k), in the capsid at position 234. the objectives of this study were to compare the pathogenicity of mpcv2, pcv2a and pcv2b in pigs using biologically pure infectious virus stocks derived from respective infectious dna clones, and to investigate the importance of genotype-specific orf2 and the presence of lysine at positi ...201425053562
a sensitive multiplex real-time pcr panel for rapid diagnosis of viruses associated with porcine respiratory and reproductive disorders.the objective of this study was to develop a multiplex real-time pcr panel using taqman probes for the detection and differentiation of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus north american type (prrsv-na), pseudorabies virus (prv), classical swine fever virus (csfv), porcine parvovirus type 1 (ppv1) and japanese encephalitis virus (jev). specific primer and probe combinations for pcv2, prrsv, prv, csfv, ppv1 and jev were selected within the conserv ...201425044282
comparison of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)-associated lesions produced by co-infection between two genotypes of pcv2 and two genotypes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.the objective of this study was to compare the virulence and pathogenicity of a combination of concurrent infections of two genotypes of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and two genotypes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) in terms of pcv2 viraemia, and pcv2-associated lesions and antigens in co-infected pigs. pigs with pcv2a (or 2b)/type 1 (or type 2) prrsv had significantly (p<0.05) higher mean clinical respiratory scores and lower average daily weight gain compared ...201425034866
genetic and antigenic characterization of a newly emerging porcine circovirus type 2b mutant first isolated in cases of vaccine failure in korea.this study describes the genetic and antigenic characterization of a newly emerging porcine circovirus type 2b (pcv2b) mutant first isolated in cases of vaccine failure in korea. the full genome of the pcv2b isolates (snuvr130689 and snuvr140004) is 1,767 base pairs (bp) in length. the size of orf1 is 945 bp, encoding a protein of 314 amino acids (aa), and the size of orf2 is 705 bp, encoding a protein of 234 aa, which is 1 aa longer than that of the common pcv2 (233 aa). korean pcv2b mutant str ...201425034669
enteric porcine viruses in farmed shellfish in denmark.bivalve shellfish are at constant risk of being exposed to pathogens as a consequence of contamination of the shellfish beds with human or animal waste originating from sewage treatment plants or slurry fertilized fields. consumption of contaminated oysters and mussels are frequently reported as causes of disease outbreaks caused by norovirus or hepatitis a virus. other zoonotic pathogens such as hepatitis e virus (hev), rotavirus (rv) and salmonella from livestock may also be transmitted to she ...201425016209
complete genome sequences of two porcine circovirus type 2 field isolates bearing an unusual sequence duplication in the rep gene.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) is the etiologic agent of porcine circovirus-associated disease (pcvad). pcv-2 is classified into three genotypes. here, we present the complete genomic sequences of two pcv-2 isolates (km and h026) with an unusual sequence duplication in the rep gene coding for viral replicase proteins.201425013131
current understanding of genomic dna of porcine circovirus type 2.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases in swine and is also described as the modulator of host immunity that exacerbates the clinical outcome of many bacterial and viral infections. to date, it has caused increasingly larger losses in the pig industry worldwide. the genomic dna of pcv2 is predicted to contain 11 open reading frames (orfs) and at least seven potential orfs-encoding proteins larger than 5 kda. currently, however, o ...201425011695
complex links between natural tuberculosis and porcine circovirus type 2 infection in wild boar.individuals in natural populations are exposed to a diversity of pathogens which results in coinfections. the aim of this study was to investigate the relation between natural infection with tuberculosis (tb) due to infection by bacteria of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in free-ranging eurasian wild boar (sus scrofa). apparent prevalence for tb lesions and pcv2 infection was extremely high in all age classes, including piglets (51% for tb; 85.7% for ...201424991567
detection of torque teno sus virus 1 and 2 in porcine tissues by in situ hybridization using multi-strained pooled probes.porcine torque teno sus virus (ttsuv) has been suggested as a co-factor for the development of porcine circovirus-associated diseases. however, the pathogenic role of ttsuv is still inconclusive, and the target cell and tissue tropism of this virus are also ambiguous. in the present study, a multi-strained pooled probe-based in situ hybridization was established to detect the nucleic acids of ttsuv1 and ttsuv2 in the tissue. the strategy of using polymerase chain reaction-derived digoxigenin-lab ...201424984843
evaluation of commercial polyclonal- and monoclonal-antibody-based immunohistochemical tests for 2 genotypes of porcine circovirus type 2 and comparison with in-situ hybridization assays.the objective of the present study was to evaluate polyclonal- and monoclonal-antibody-based immunohistochemical (ihc) tests for the detection of 2 genotypes of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), a and b, in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lymph-node tissue from pigs with experimental or natural postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome and to compare the ihc results with those of in-situ hybridization (ish) assays. the ish assays proved more sensitive than the ihc tests for the detection of p ...201424982556
comparison of sow and/or piglet vaccination of 3 commercial porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) single-dose vaccines on pigs under experimental pcv2 challenge.the objective of the present study was to compare the effect of sow and/or piglet vaccination regimen by three commercial porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccines on pigs experimentally challenged with pcv2 at 84 days of age based on immunological, virological, and pathological evaluation. one hundred and nineteen piglets born to vaccinated or non-vaccinated sows were divided into 17 groups. a portion of the pigs with or without passively acquired immunity was vaccinated at 21 or 49 days of age ...201424970364
characterization of vascular lesions in pigs affected by porcine circovirus type 2-systemic disease.vascular lesions and their association with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) were evaluated in multiple organs from 10 pigs affected with pcv2-systemic disease (pcv2-sd). animals had vascular lesions in multiple organs, consisting of lymphohistiocytic lymphangitis and/or phlebitis, mild to severe necrotizing arteritis, and thrombosis within splenic arterioles and choroid plexus capillaries. variable amounts of pcv2 nucleic acid detected by in situ hybridization were present within endothelial ce ...201524963088
impact of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccination on boar semen quality and quantity using two different vaccines.porcine circovirus type-2 (pcv2) is widespread in domestic pig populations. it can be shed with boar semen, but the role boars have in epidemiology is still unclear. vaccinating boars against pcv2 can reduce disease and virus load in semen, but may have unwanted side effects, that is, impairment of spermatogenesis. therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect and impact of two different pcv2 vaccines on boar semen quality and quantity. healthy normospermic large white boars in ...201424954420
unusual outcome of in utero infection and subsequent postnatal super-infection with different pcv2b strains.vc2002, isolated from postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws)-affected pig, is a mixture of two porcine circovirus genotype 2b (pcv2b) viruses, k2 and k39. preliminary experiments disclosed short-term adverse effects of k39, but not k2, on porcine foetuses. these findings led to the hypothesis that infection of immuno-incompetent foetuses with k2 confers a status of immunotolerance, and postnatal super-infection with k39 triggers pmws. to explore this hypothesis, nine 55-day-old foetus ...201424950783
commercial pcv2a-based vaccines are effective in protecting naturally pcv2b-infected finisher pigs against experimental challenge with a 2012 mutant pcv2.current commercial pcv2 vaccines are all based on pcv2a and have been shown to be effective in reducing pcv2a and pcv2b viremia and pcv2-associated lesions and disease. the recent emergence of novel mutant pcv2 (mpcv2) strains and linkage of mpcv2 with cases of porcine circovirus associated disease (pcvad) in vaccinated herds have raised concerns over emergence of vaccine-escape mutants and reduced efficacy of pcv2a-based vaccines. the aim of this study was to determine the ability of three comm ...201424929119
comparison of the immunoperoxidase monolayer assay and three commercial elisas for detection of antibodies against porcine circovirus type 2.the aim of this study was to compare and correlate antibody titres against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in porcine sera (n = 1270) obtained by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (ipma) with the results of three commercial elisas (designated e1, e2 and e3). the correlation between ipma and elisa results was excellent (r(2) ≥ 0.90). compared to ipma, e2 had the highest sensitivity (93.0%), followed by e3 (90.1%) and e1 (85.0%); the specificity was 100% for all tests. all three commercial elisas ...201424928421
heat shock protein 27 is involved in pcv2 infection in pk-15 cells.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) has been identified as the etiologic agent which causing postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in swine farms in the world. some quantitative proteomic studies showed that many proteins significantly changed in pcv2-infected cells. to explore the role of cellular chaperones during pcv2 infection, cytoprotective chaperone hsp27 was analyzed in pcv2-infected pk-15 cells in this study. the results showed that hsp27 could up-regulate and accumulate in phosphoryl ...201424907481
can porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection be eradicated by mass vaccination?the feasibility to eradicate porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in a conventional pcv2 infected farm by vaccinating both sows and piglets using a commercially subunit vaccine was assessed. vaccination strategy implied that all sows, boars and gilts of the farm were vaccinated every four months, and all piglets vaccinated and revaccinated with the same vaccine at 4 and 7 weeks of age, respectively. this vaccination strategy was applied during 12 consecutive months. blood samples from 15 piglets of ...201424906871
the ubiquitin-proteasome system is required for the early stages of porcine circovirus type 2 replication.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases (pcvad). it has been shown that the ubiquitin-proteasome system (ups) is correlated with viral infection, but its role in pcv2 replication remains unknown. in the present study, we explored the interplay between pcv2 replication and the ups in pk15 cells and found that treatment with a proteasome inhibitor (mg132 and lactacystin) significantly decreased the pcv2 titer at the early infection ...201424889239
porcine circovirus type 2 in china: an update on and insights to its prevalence and control.currently, porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is considered the major pathogen of porcine circovirus associated-diseases (pcvad) that causes large economic losses for the swine industry in the world annually, including china. since the first report of pcv2 in 1998, it has been drawing tremendous attention for the government, farming enterprises, farmers, and veterinary practitioners. chinese researchers have conducted a number of molecular epidemiological work on pcv2 by molecular approaches in th ...201424885983
a novel herbal medicine, kiom-c, induces autophagic and apoptotic cell death mediated by activation of jnk and reactive oxygen species in ht1080 human fibrosarcoma cells.kiom-c was recently demonstrated to have anti-metastatic activity in highly malignant cancer cells via suppression of nf-κb-mediated mmp-9 activity. in addition, it was reported to be effective for clearance of the influenza virus by increasing production of anti-viral cytokines, such as tnf-α and ifn-γ, and efficacious in the treatment of pigs suffering from porcine circovirus-associated disease (pcvad). in this study, we investigated whether kiom-c induces cancer cell death and elucidated the ...201424878898
[inheritance and disease in the pig: possibilities of use for breeding].single-locus disorders in domesticated animals were among the first mendelian traits to be documented, and to be included in early linkage maps. the use of linkage maps and comparative genomics has been essential to the identification of the causative genes for disorders. a dna marker for selection of resistance to f18+ e. coli in the pig is available since several years. the use of this marker decreases mortality due to post-weaning diarrhoea and/or oedema disease. for more than 100 disorders t ...201424867239
protective immunity conferred by porcine circovirus 2 orf2-based dna vaccine in mice.post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) has caused the swine industry significant health challenges and economic damage. although inactivated and subunit vaccines against pmws have been used widely, so far no dna vaccine is available. in this study, with the aim of exploring a new route for developing a vaccine against pcv2, the immunogenicity of a dna vaccine was evaluated in mice. the pegfp-n1 vector was used to construct a pcv2 cap g ...201424845706
preclinical detection of porcine circovirus type 2 infection using an ultrasensitive nanoparticle dna probe-based pcr assay.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) has emerged as one of the most important pathogens affecting swine production globally. preclinical identification of pcv2 is very important for effective prophylaxis of pcv2-associated diseases. in this study, we developed an ultrasensitive nanoparticle dna probe-based pcr assay (undp-pcr) for pcv2 detection. magnetic microparticles coated with pcv2 specific dna probes were used to enrich pcv2 dna from samples, then gold nanoparticles coated with pcv2 specific o ...201424842840
activation of the tlr/myd88/nf-κb signal pathway contributes to changes in il-4 and il-12 production in piglet lymphocytes infected with porcine circovirus type 2 in vitro.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) causes immunosuppression in pigs. one causative factor is an imbalance in cytokine levels in the blood and lymphoid tissues. many studies have reported changes in cytokine production, but the regulatory mechanisms involved have not yet been elucidated. in this study, we investigated alteration and regulation of il-4 and il-12 production in lymphocytes following incubation with pcv2 in vitro. the levels of il-4 decreased and levels of il-12 increased in lymphocyte ...201424841678
phylogenetic comparison of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) strains detected in domestic pigs until 2008 and in 2012 in croatia.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) have been present for the last 2 decades in croatia, causing large economical losses in the pig production. the clinical features of the infections are mostly manifested by the development of respiratory problems, weight loss and poor growth performance, as well as reproductive failure in pregnant sows. even though the infections are continuously recognized in some regions in croatia, the heterogenei ...201424839544
[immune efficacy in mice by recombinant pseudorabies virus pgo expressing orf2 gene of porcine circovirus type 2].we developed a recombinant pseudorabies virus (prv) vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2).201424818470
immunohistochemical investigation of extracellular matrix components in the lymphoid organs of healthy pigs and pigs with systemic disease caused by circovirus type 2.the extracellular matrix (ecm) provides a scaffold for cell growth, impacts on cellular behaviour and plays an important role in pathological conditions. several components of the ecm of lymphoid tissues have been shown to be crucial in the maturation, differentiation and migration of lymphocytes and other immune cells and, therefore, in the development of immune responses. little is known of the composition and function of the ecm in porcine lymphoid tissues. the present study characterizes imm ...201424813154
comparative analyses of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses upon vaccination with different commercially available single-dose porcine circovirus type 2 vaccines.the objective of this study was to compare the induction of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses by four commercially available single-dose porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2) vaccines. a total of 50 3-week-old piglets were assigned to five groups (10 pigs per group). four commercial pcv-2 vaccines were administered according to the manufacturer's instructions and the piglets were observed for 154 days post vaccination (dpv). inactivated chimeric pcv-1-2 vaccines induced higher levels of pcv ...201424794246
genetic variability of porcine circovirus 2 in vaccinating and non-vaccinating commercial farms.vaccines against porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) are now widely used to control the diseases caused by the virus. although the vaccines protect pigs against the disease, they do not lead to sterilizing immunity and therefore infections with pcv2 continue in farms. it is expected that, due to its high evolutionary rate, pcv2 can adapt quickly to environmental pressures such as vaccination. the goal of this study was to elucidate the molecular variation of pcv2 in relation to vaccination. pcv2 variabi ...201424781444
screening of viral pathogens from pediatric ileal tissue samples after vaccination.in 2010, researchers reported that the two us-licensed rotavirus vaccines contained dna or dna fragments from porcine circovirus (pcv). although pcv, a common virus among pigs, is not thought to cause illness in humans, these findings raised several safety concerns. in this study, we sought to determine whether viruses, including pcv, could be detected in ileal tissue samples of children vaccinated with one of the two rotavirus vaccines. a broad spectrum, novel dna detection technology, the lawr ...201424778651
complete genomic sequence of a novel porcine circovirus 2 strain, cc12.the genome sequence of a novel porcine circovirus 2 strain (cc12) is composed of 1,767 nucleotides, with two major open reading frames (orfs). orf1 encodes two replication-associated proteins (rep and rep') with the unique mutation n186s, and orf2 encodes a viral capsid protein (cap) with two rare mutations, r59k and a190t.201424744337
the preparation of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) virus-like particles using a recombinant pseudorabies virus and its application to vaccine development.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the primary causative agent of an economically important swine disease, now known as porcine-associated disease (pcvad). the only structural protein of viral capsid, cap has become the major target for development of pcv2 subunit vaccines. the purpose of this study is to express cap of pcv2 using a recombinant pseudorabies virus (prv) that is ge gene deficient, which is a widely used prv marker vaccine. the recombinant prv, ge(-)/pcv2cap(+)prv, was constructed ...201424739460
selection and identification of single-domain antibody fragment against capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) from c. bactrianus.single-domain variable heavy chain (vhh) antibody fragments are derived from heavy-chain antibodies of camelids. their comparatively small size, solubility, high affinity and specificity to the targets antigen make them suitable for many biotechnological applications. in this study, a vhh library was constructed from porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccine immunized c. bactrianus and three vhh fragments specific to the capsid protein of pcv2 (pcv2 cap) were selected and characterized. the selec ...201424736187
memory t cell proliferative responses and ifn-γ productivity sustain long-lasting efficacy of a cap-based pcv2 vaccine upon pcv2 natural infection and associated disease.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccination represents an important measure to cope with pcv2 infection; however, data regarding the modulation of the immune cell compartment are still limited, especially under field conditions. this study is aimed at investigating the features of the cellular immune response in conventional piglets induced by vaccination using a capsid (cap) protein-based pcv2 vaccine compared to unvaccinated animals when exposed to pcv2 natural infection. immune reactivity wa ...201424735253
a novel vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus (sez) co-infection.to develop a vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) and streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus (sez) co-infection, the genes of porcine il-18, capsid protein (cap) of pcv2 and m-like protein (szp) of sez were inserted into the swinepox virus (spv) genome by homologous recombination. the recombinant swinepox virus rspv-ics was verified by pcr and indirect immunofluorescence assays. to evaluate the immunogenicity of rspv-ics, 28 pcv2 and sez seronegative bama minipigs were immunized with ...201424726504
lack of genetic diversity in newly sequenced porcine circovirus type 1 strains isolated 20 years apart.the complete genome sequences of a porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) strain isolated in 1990 and one isolated in 2011 were obtained and compared to the sequences of other available pcv1 isolates. phylogenetic analyses revealed very low genetic diversity among these viruses, indicating an advanced state in the evolution of pcv1.201424723701
viral metagenomics analysis demonstrates the diversity of viral flora in piglet diarrhoeic faeces in china.to investigate the diversity of viral flora, we used metagenomics to study the viral communities in a pooled faecal sample of 27 diarrhoeic piglets from intensive commercial farms in china. the 15 distinct mammalian viruses identified in the pooled diarrhoeic sample were, in order of abundance of nucleic acid sequence, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), sapovirus, porcine bocavirus-4 (pbov-4), sapelovirus, torovirus, coronavirus, pbov-2, stool-associated single-stranded dna virus (poscv), a ...201424718833
complete genome sequence of a porcine circovirus 2 strain isolated in central china.we report here the complete genome sequence of the porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) xzbk strain, isolated from central china. this is the first report of a member of the 1b subgroup of pcv2b central china. this finding will help in understanding the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of pcv2.201424699961
expression, purification and antibody preparation using different constructs of pcv2 capsid protein.capsid protein (cap) of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) contained critical epitopes for inducing a protective immune response. here, different fragments of pcv2 cap protein were cloned, expressed, purified and used to raise polyclonal antibodies. the result showed the recombinant plasmids expressed efficiently in the prokaryotic system. western blot and elisa showed the recombinant protein had antigenicity and immunogenicity. furthermore, efficiency of different constructs to produce antibody agains ...201424690536
enhancing mucosal immunity in mice by recombinant adenovirus expressing major epitopes of porcine circovirus-2 capsid protein delivered with cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotides.a recombinant replication-defective adenovirus expressing the major epitopes of porcine circovirus-2 (pcv-2) capsid protein (rad/cap/518) was previously constructed and shown to induce mucosal immunity in mice following intranasal delivery. in the present study, immune responses induced by intranasal immunization with a combination of rad/cap/518 and cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotides (cpg odn) were evaluated in mice. the levels of pcv-2-specific igg in serum and iga in saliva, l ...201424675838
effects of porcine circovirus type 2 and pseudorabies vaccine co-inoculation on regulatory cytokine mrna expression in pig peripheral blood mononuclear cells.we investigated the immune response effects of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) on cells inoculated with pseudorabies attenuated vaccine (prv). real-time pcr was used to detect the mrna expression levels of the regulatory cytokines il-4, il-10, il-12p40, and ifn-γ in pig peripheral blood mononuclear cells, after in vitro single vaccination and co-inoculation with pcv2 and the prv. we found that prv causes upregulation of il-4, il-12p40, and ifn-γ mrna expression, while pcv2 causes mrna upregulat ...201424668628
unbiased analysis by high throughput sequencing of the viral diversity in fetal bovine serum and trypsin used in cell culture.fetal bovine serum (fbs) and trypsin are reagents used in cell culture and have been the source of viral contamination of pharmaceutical products. we performed high throughput sequencing (hts) of two pools of commercial batches of fbs and three commercial batches of trypsin. taxonomies were assigned by comparing sequences of contigs and singletons to the entire ncbi nucleic acid and protein databases. the same major viral species were evidenced between batches of a given reagent but the proporti ...201424661556
evolutionary characterization of pig interferon-inducible transmembrane gene family and member expression dynamics in tracheobronchial lymph nodes of pigs infected with swine respiratory disease viruses.studies have found that a cluster of duplicated gene loci encoding the interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (ifitms) family have antiviral activity against several viruses, including influenza a virus. the gene family has 5 and 7 members in humans and mice, respectively. here, we confirm the current annotation of pig ifitm1, ifitm2, ifitm3, ifitm5, ifitm1l1 and ifitm1l4, manually annotated ifitm1l2, ifitm1l3, ifitm5l, ifitm3l1 and ifitm3l2, and provide expressed sequence tag (est) and/or ...201424656980
identification of an emergent porcine circovirus-2 in vaccinated pigs from a brazilian farm during a postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome outbreak.three porcine circovirus-2 strains were isolated from pigs on a brazilian farm during an outbreak, indicating a vaccine failure. they present identical genomic sequences, with high identities to other isolates that were also related to vaccination failures, supporting the recent theory about an antigen drift being associated with vaccine failures throughout the world.201424652974
anti-porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) antibody placental barrier leakage from sow to fetus: impact on the diagnosis of intra-uterine pcv2 infection. 201424643939
hmg-coa reductase is negatively associated with pcv2 infection and pcv2-induced apoptotic cell death.we examined the role of hmg-coa reductase (hmgcr) during porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) infection. the results demonstrated that levels of endogenous hmgcr were not significantly different in pcv2-infected cells and mock-infected cells. however, the level of phosphorylated hmgcr, an inactivated form of hmgcr, was increased in pcv2-infected cells. furthermore, hmgcr was upregulated by overexpression, silenced by sirna or inactivated using its dominant-negative form in pk-15 cells. the results showed ...201424643880
a new nanopcr molecular assay for detection of porcine bocavirus.nanoparticle-assisted polymerase chain reaction (nanopcr) is a novel method for the rapid amplification of dna and has been used for the detection of virus. for detection of porcine bocavirus (pbov), a sensitive and specific nanopcr assay was developed with a pair of primers that were designed based on ns1 gene sequences available in genbank. under the optimized conditions of the pbov nanopcr assay, the nanopcr assay was 100-fold more sensitive than a conventional pcr assay. the lower detection ...201424642242
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