Publications

zoonoses and haemorrhagic fever.	virus zoonoses causing haemorrhagic fever have been recognized in three major families: arenaviridae, bunyaviridae and filoviridae. all are negative-stranded rna viruses, with genomes in two segments, three segments, or non-segmented, respectively. acquisition of haemorrhagic fever in man generally requires close contact with a vertebrate vector species, usually rodents, for the arenaviruses and bunyaviruses. in the case of filoviruses, the vector is currently unknown, but these viruses may infe ...	1998	9737374
mxa gtpase: oligomerization and gtp-dependent interaction with viral rnp target structures.	mxa protein is an interferon-induced gtpase of human cells that inhibits the multiplication of several rna viruses, including influenza viruses and bunyaviruses. studies on mxa transgenic mice have shown that mxa is a powerful antiviral agent in vivo. it has been suggested that this cellular protein also protects humans from viral disease, but the mechanism(s) by which mxa exerts its antiviral action is still poorly understood. using an in vitro cosedimentation assay, we now demonstrate that mxa ...	1998	9735310
vectors vs. humans in australia--who is on top down under? an update on vector-borne disease and research on vectors in australia.	australia has a diversity of vectors and vector-borne human diseases. mosquito-borne arboviruses are of greatest concern, but there are issues with other vector and pathogen systems. mosquitoes were responsible for more than 35,000 cases of ross river virus during 1991-1997. barmah forest virus is increasing nationwide, and unidentified bunyaviruses suspected of causing illness have been isolated. cases of murray valley encephalitis have occurred in 14 of the past 20 years in northern australia. ...	1998	9673928
mx proteins: mediators of innate resistance to rna viruses.	mx proteins are interferon-induced members of the dynamin superfamily of large guanosine triphosphatases. these proteins have attracted attention because some display antiviral activity against pathogenic rna viruses, for example against members of the orthomyxovirus (influenzavirus) family or the bunyavirus family. transfected cells and transgenic mice expressing mx proteins are highly resistant to mx-sensitive viruses, demonstrating that mx proteins are powerful antiviral agents. in humans, sy ...	1998	9638812
mosquito feeding-induced enhancement of cache valley virus (bunyaviridae) infection in mice.	cache-valley (cv) virus, an arthropod-borne bunyavirus, recently has emerged as a significant veterinary pathogen causing infertility and congenital malformations in north american ruminants. to investigate the role of vector feeding on cv infection, adult mice were injected subcutaneously with cv, cv and vector thorax extract (a source of vector saliva), or cv into the site of intense, noninfected-mosquito feeding. mice did not become infected after injection of cv or cv and vector saliva, nor ...	1998	9615544
transmission of tick-borne bunyaviruses by cofeeding ixodid ticks.	palma and bhanja bunyaviruses replicated in dermacentor marginatus, d. reticulatus, rhipicephalus sanguineus, r. appendiculatus and ixodes ricinus ticks after parenteral inoculation and appropriate incubation and feeding. palma virus was transmitted to d. marginatus and d. reticulatus males, d. reticulatus and r. sanguineus females, and r. appendiculatus nymphs while cofeeding with infected ticks on laboratory mice. bhanja virus was transmitted to d. marginatus males and r. appendiculatus nymphs ...	1997	9607090
pseudotype formation with la crosse virus glycoproteins.	pseudotype formation is a powerful tool for analysing mechanisms of virus neutralization and entry, since it allows for analysis of glycoprotein properties without the necessity for preparing recombinant genomes. using recombinant vaccinia viruses, we prepared pseudotypes of la crosse virus with recombinant glycoproteins cloned from the monoclonal antibody (mab)-resistant variant v31. the resulting pseudotypes became partially resistant to mab 807-31. furthermore, when the v31 glycoproteins were ...	1998	9568959
[diseases associated with viruses of the california encephalitis serogroup, in russia].	studies of 1986-1995 revealed diseases etiologically connected with california serogroup viruses (bunyaviridae, bunyavirus) all over the country. highly endemic zones are the tundra, taiga, and leafy forest. the disease occurs mainly in summer, the patients are mostly young: under 30 years of age. analysis of 183 cases confirmed by laboratory findings enabled us to distinguish the following forms: influenza-like (70.9%) with the predominant involvement of the bronchopulmonary system (bronchitis ...	1998	9559529
[circulation of viruses of the california serocomplex (bunyaviridae, bunyavirus) in the central and southern parts of the russian plain].	seventy strains of california group viruses were isolated in the central and southern territories of the russian plain situated in the southern taiga, mixed forest, broad-leaved forest, forest-steppe, steppe, and semiarid zones. sixty-three of these were isolated from 873,300 mosquitoes, 4 from patients, and 3 from rodents. 57.1% of strains were isolated from aedes communis and the associated species, 28.5% from aedes excrucians and associated species, and rarely from other mosquito species. the ...	1998	9559528
antibodies to alphavirus, flavivirus, and bunyavirus arboviruses in house sparrows (passer domesticus) and tree sparrows (p. montanus) in poland.	sparrows from central poland were examined by a hemagglutination-inhibition test (titer > or = 20) for the presence of antibodies to arboviruses, between 1995 and 1996. in house sparrows (passer domesticus) (n = 179), antibodies to sindbis, west nile, tick-borne encephalitis, tahyna, and calovo viruses were detected at seroprevalences of 1.1%, 2.8%, 1.1%, 2.8%, and 1.1%, respectively. in tree sparrows (p. montanus) (n = 33), antibodies to the sindbis, west nile, and tahyna viruses were detected ...	1998	9533098
rapid detection of antigenic diversity of akabane virus isolates by dot immunobinding assay using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies.	akabane (aka) virus is an arthropod-borne virus belonging to the simbu group of the genus bunyavirus. neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against aka virus were prepared, and the neutralizing epitopes of the virus were defined by competitive binding assay. five distinct antigenic domains were identified and were designated a, b, c, d, and e. domains a and c consisted of two epitopes each. it was demonstrated that seven neutralizing epitopes exist on the g1 glycoprotein of aka virus. dot im ...	1998	9521142
emerging infections in australia.	over the last 10 years, novel infectious agents including equine morbillivirus, lyssavirus, barmah forest virus, rickettsia honei and two as-yet-unnamed bunyaviruses have been identified as causes of human disease in australia. previously described agents, such as japanese b encephalitis virus, dengue virus, ross river virus, orientia tsutsugamushi, rickettsia australis, burkholderia pseudomallei, mycobacterium ulcerans and trichinella pseudospiralis, have increased their geographical distributi ...	1997	9494666
toscana virus infections of the central nervous system in children: a report of 14 cases.	to evaluate the pathogenicity of a recently discovered arthropod-transmitted bunyavirus (toscana virus) on the cns in children and to provide information on the epidemiologic and clinical aspects of toscana virus infection.	1998	9470016
[distribution of viruses from the californian encephalitis serogroup (bunyaviridae, bunyavirus) in the northern expanses of russia].	the study was carried out in 1983-1991 and covered a territory of about 10 x 10(6) km2 in various physico-geographic areas (east fennoscandia, northern russian plain, west siberia, central siberia, north-eastern siberia, and northern pacific region) in the arctic, subarctic, northern-central-southern taiga, forest-steppe, and steppe in northern russia. a total of 251 strains were isolated from 1391,900 mosquitoes, identified as the california group snowshoe hare (83), inkoo (44), and tahyna (2) ...	1997	9424850
sequence determination and phylogenetic analysis of the akabane bunyavirus s rna genome segment.	the nucleotide sequence of the small (s) rna segment of akabane (aka) bunyavirus was determined. the segment is 858 nucleotides long and contains two overlapping open reading frames (orfs), which encode the nucleocapsid (n) and nonstructural (nss) proteins, consistent with other bunyaviruses. comparisons with the aino virus s rna sequence indicated that there is 73.5% identity in nucleotide sequence. however, the sequence identity of the 5' non-coding region of the genomic rna between these two ...	1997	9367371
[the mx protein that confers the resistance to influenza virus].	the murine mx1 protein was identified as an interferon-inducible host factor that confers the resistance to influenza virus. mx proteins homologous to the murine mx1 are subsequently found in a wide variety of species including human, rat, chicken, fish and so on. mx proteins have the typical gtp-binding motif, and in fact, are shown to be gtp-binding proteins and gtpases. nuclear mx proteins selectively inhibit the primary transcription of orthomyxoviruses. in contrast, the cytoplasmic mx prote ...	1997	9360386
antigenic and genetic comparisons of japanese and australian simbu serogroup viruses: evidence for the recovery of natural virus reassortants.	the antigenicity and rna genome structures of five simbu serogroup bunyaviruses isolated in japan and australia were analyzed using monoclonal antibodies (mabs) raised to akabane (aka) virus and oligonucleotide fingerprinting. the virion surface glycoprotein (g1) and the nucleocapsid (n) protein of heterologous viruses showed no reactivity to the mabs, while the aka-derived anti-g1 mab (2f1) reacted with peaton virus and all three aka anti-n mabs reacted with tinaroo (tin) virus at almost the sa ...	1997	9282785
immunohistochemical and in situ localization of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus in human tissues and implications for cchf pathogenesis.	crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a potentially fatal disease that occurs in parts of africa, asia, and eastern europe, and that is caused by a recently emerged bunyavirus. rapid laboratory diagnosis of cchf infection is essential and is currently performed by virus isolation and serology. histopathologic studies have been limited to a small number of cases, and little is known about the cellular tropism of cchf virus and the pathogenesis of this disease.	1997	9278612
cladistic analysis of tospovirus using molecular characters.	the genus tospovirus was thought to be composed only of the tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv), but now at least four tospovirus species have been proposed based on serological and molecular data. a classification of tospoviruses has been proposed taking into account global similarities of the n gene and n protein sequences of 7 isolates of tospovirus. because phylogenetic analyses based on global similarities can lead to classifications which do not mirror the genealogy of the group, we have empl ...	1997	9242593
venezuelan equine encephalitis and oropouche virus infections among peruvian army troops in the amazon region of peru.	an outbreak of a febrile illness characterized by headache, ocular pain, myalgia, and arthralgia occurred during june 1994 among peruvian army troops in northern peru. on june 14-16, 1994, clinical data and blood samples were obtained from eight soldiers with a febrile illness, and from 26 others who had a history of febrile illness during the past three months. a follow-up blood sample was obtained 107 days later from four of the febrile and seven of the afebrile soldiers. serum samples were te ...	1997	9230800
rapid identification of australian bunyavirus isolates belonging to the simbu serogroup using indirect elisa formats.	the bunyavirus genus, belonging to the bunyaviridae family, is comprised of a large group of antigenically and geographically disparate arthropod-borne viruses of medical and veterinary significance. in australia, viruses belonging to the simbu serogroup of the bunyavirus genus, akabane, tinaroo, peaton, aino, douglas, thimiri and facey's paddock have been isolated. in this communication we describe two indirect elisas, referred to as the simbu serogroup elisa (sg-elisa), and the simbu typing el ...	1997	9220398
lack of serologic evidence for an association between cache valley virus infection and anencephaly and other neural tube defects in texas.	we tested the hypothesis that cache valley virus (cvv), an endemic north american bunyavirus, may be involved in the pathogenesis of human neural tube defects. this investigation followed a 1990 and 1991 south texas outbreak of neural tube defects with a high prevalence of anencephaly and the demonstration in 1987 that in utero infection by cvv was the cause of outbreaks of central nervous system and musculoskeletal defects in north american ruminants. sera from 74 women who gave birth to infant ...	1997	9204303
[a circulation study of california serogroup and batai viruses (fam. bunyaviridae, genus bunyavirus) on the territory of saratov province].	examining 337 sera from saratov healthy residents in the neutralization test with tyaginya and inco viruses has revealed 56 positive results (16.6%), of which 19 (5.6%) reacted only with tyaginya virus, 13 (3.9%) did only with inco virus, and 24 (7.1%) simultaneously with these two viruses. batai virus antibodies were not detected in the population. among 80 bovine serum samples collected in the saratov district of the region, type-specific antibodies to tyaginya virus were found in 10 (12.5%) a ...	1997	9182198
evidence that fatal human infections with la crosse virus may be associated with a narrow range of genotypes.	la crosse (lac) virus belongs to the california (cal) serogroup of the genus bunyavirus, family bunyaviridae. it is considered one of the most important mosquito-borne pathogens in north america, especially in the upper mid-west, where it is associated with encephalitis during the time of year when mosquitoes are active. infections occur most frequently in children and young adults and, while most cases are resolved after a period of intense illness, a small fraction (< 1%) are fatal. at present ...	1997	9175252
antigenic diversity of akabane virus detected by monoclonal antibodies.	the antigenic properties of 21 japanese field isolates and two australian strains of akabane (aka) virus (simbu serogroup, bunyavirus) isolated from 1959 to 1990 were compared by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), plaque-reduction neutralization (prnt) and hemagglutination inhibition (hi) tests using monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to the obe-1 strain of aka virus. sixteen mabs were established by fusing p3x63ag8u1 mouse myeloma cells and spleen cells from balb/c mice immunized with the obe ...	1997	9085550
ovine fetal malformations induced by in utero inoculation with main drain, san angelo, and lacrosse viruses.	the teratogenic potential of three bunyaviruses, two california serogroup bunyaviruses, lacrosse virus and san angelo virus, and a bunyamwera serogroup member, main drain virus, in sheep was studied following in utero inoculation of ewes in early gestation. although main drain virus appeared to be most teratogenic, all three viruses induced a range of lesions including arthrogryposis, hydrocephalus, fetal death, axial skeletal deviations, anasarca, and oligohydramnios. the teratogenic effects of ...	1997	9080876
completion of the impatiens necrotic spot virus genome sequence and genetic comparison of the l proteins within the family bunyaviridae.	the nucleotide sequence of the large (l) genome segment of impatiens necrotic spot virus (insv) has been determined, and herewith the complete nucleotide sequence of the whole, tripartite genome of this important tospovirus has been elucidated. the l rna is 8776 nucleotides long and of negative polarity, containing one large orf on the viral complementary strand. comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of the insv l rna primary translation product (330.3 kda) with those of the l rnas of ot ...	1997	9049402
[outbreak of oropouche virus fever in serra pelada, municipality of curionópolis, pará, 1994].	in the final of november 1994, an outbreak of a febrile disease was observed in the serra pelada gold mine (5 degrees 35's: 49 degrees 30'w) in the southeast region of pará state. twenty samples were collected and sent to the laboratory of arbovirus of instituto evandro chagas. the tests showed that the disease was caused by oropouche virus (bunyaviridae, bunyavirus, simbu serological group). between 8-22 december 296 serum samples were taken (54 from febrile patients, 16 paired samples and 242 ...	1996	9011877
immunocytochemical analysis of uukuniemi virus budding compartments: role of the intermediate compartment and the golgi stack in virus maturation.	previous studies have suggested that uukuniemi virus, a bunyavirus, matures at the membranes of the golgi complex. in this study we have employed immunocytochemical techniques to analyze in detail the budding compartment(s) of the virus. electron microscopy of infected bhk-21 cells showed that virus particles are found in the cisternae throughout the golgi stack. within the cisternae, the virus particles were located preferentially in the dilated rims. this would suggest that virus budding may b ...	1997	8995638
rescue of a segmented negative-strand rna virus entirely from cloned complementary dnas.	we provide the first report, to our knowledge, of a helper-independent system for rescuing a segmented, negative-strand rna genome virus entirely from cloned cdnas. plasmids were constructed containing full-length cdna copies of the three bunyamwera bunyavirus rna genome segments flanked by bacteriophage t7 promoter and hepatitis delta virus ribozyme sequences. when cells expressing both bacteriophage t7 rna polymerase and recombinant bunyamwera bunyavirus proteins were transfected with these pl ...	1996	8986823
molecular determinants of golgi retention in the punta toro virus g1 protein.	the g1 glycoprotein of punta toro virus, a member of the bunyavirus family, accumulates in the golgi complex when it is expressed from cloned cdna. we previously reported that the information necessary for golgi retention of the g1 protein is located within the transmembrane domain and a portion of the cytoplasmic domain adjacent to the transmembrane domain (matsuoka, y., chen, s.-y., and compans, r. w. (1994) j. biol. chem. 269, 22565-22573). to determine the features of the amino acid sequence ...	1996	8951050
[arbovirus circulation in the republic of guinea].	in 1978-1991 the ussr-guinea virological and microbiological laboratory functioned in kindia, the republic of guinea. arbovirus activity in this country was studied by a number of virologists and other specialists. their personal contribution and achievements in this collaboration are reflected in the present paper. about 74,000 mosquitoes, 100,000 ixodidae ticks, 1,500 wild birds, 2,700 bats, 106 monkeys, and 308 other mammals, 927 blood samples collected from febrile patients were examined in ...	1996	8926934
the extracellular domain of la crosse virus g1 forms oligomers and undergoes ph-dependent conformational changes.	the la crosse virus g1 glycoprotein plays a critical role in virus binding to susceptible cells and in the subsequent fusion of viral and cellular membranes. a soluble form of the g1 glycoprotein (sg1) prepared in a recombinant baculovirus system mimics the cell-binding pattern of la crosse virus and inhibits la crosse virus infection (a. pekosz et al., virology 214, 339-348, 1995), presumably by competing for a cellular receptor, a finding that implies that sg1 can perform some functions absent ...	1996	8918555
california encephalitis in alabama.	arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) infections in humans are primarily central nervous system infections, but other clinical manifestations include febrile illness and fever with hemorrhagic diathesis. in the genus bunyavirus there are several viruses that cause disease in humans, especially in north america; these include lacrosse, jamestown canyon, trivittatus, and snowshoe hare viruses. the disease seen mainly in children is california encephalitis (usually of the lacrosse subtype); this infect ...	1996	8865793
interactions between the ibv nucleocapsid protein and rna sequences specific for the 3' end of the genome.	the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) nucleocapsid protein was expressed as a fusion protein in bacteria. the coding sequence differed from the native protein only in the addition of six histidine residues at the amino terminus which were used for enrichment with a nickel affinity column. in gel shift assays, the mobility of labelled g rna was decreased with increasing concentrations of the fusion protein. competitive gel shift assays with labelled g rna indicated that the protein interacted wit ...	1995	8830535
the role of deer as a possible reservoir host of potosi virus, a newly recognized arbovirus in the united states.	potosi (pot) virus (bunyaviridae) was isolated from aedes albopictus, an introduced asian mosquito species, collected at a used tire yard in potosi, missouri (usa), in august and september, 1989. in september, 1990, small animals were trapped at the tire yard and six cattle were sampled at an adjacent farm; in november 1990 and 1991, blood samples were collected with filter paper strips from 364 hunter-killed, white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in the region to determine the possible res ...	1996	8827670
the complete nucleotide sequence and genome organization of the m rna segment of peanut bud necrosis tospovirus and comparison with other tospoviruses.	the m rna of peanut bud necrosis virus (pbnv; synonym groundnut bud necrosis virus) is 4801 nucleotides in length. it comprised two orfs in an ambisense organization and terminal inverted repeats. the 3' large orf (3363 nucleotides in the virus-complementary strand) encoded a protein with a predicted size of 127.2 kda which was identified as the glycoprotein precursor (gp) of the g1 and g2 glycoproteins. a comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of gp revealed 37% identity and 58-59% simil ...	1996	8811036
antiviral activities of tragacanthin polysaccharides on punta toro virus infections in mice.	tragacanthin polysaccharides from astragalus brachycentrus (av208) and astragalus echidnaeformis (av212) plants, which are devoid of in vitro antiviral activity, were evaluated in a mouse model of punta toro virus (ptv) infection. the ptv (a phlebovirus member of the bunyaviridae family of viruses) is a model for studying the treatment of rift valley fever and hantavirus infections. single intraperitoneal treatments with 12.5-200 mg/kg/day doses of av212 given 24 h before or 4 and 24 h after vir ...	1996	8804797
detection of california serogroup bunyaviruses in tissue culture and mosquito pools by pcr.	a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) protocol was developed for rapid detection of 14 california serogroup viruses using universal primer pairs. these primers are specific for the small rna (s rna) and middle rna (m rna) segments. the method has been employed to detect jamestown canyon (jc) virus in naturally infected mosquitoes. with this technique, it is possible to detect virus in an amount of material equivalent to as little as 0.03 mosquito.	1996	8801229
sandfly fever viruses in italy.	two serologically distinct agents, the sandfly fever sicilian and the sandfly fever naples viruses, were isolated by sabin from blood samples taken during an italian epidemic of febrile illness. since then, several different viruses have been isolated from sandflies and/or humans in both the old and new world. toscana virus, a new virus closely antigenically related to sandfly fever naples virus, was isolated in 1971 from the sandfly phlebotomus perniciosus in italy. extensive studies on the imp ...	1996	8800804
use of the yellow fever virus vaccine strain 17d for the study of strategies for the treatment of yellow fever virus infections.	we have employed the attenuated vaccine strain 17d of yellow fever virus (yfv) to evaluate the inhibitory effect of a selected series of compounds on yfv in vero cells. use of the vaccine strain does not require high-level microbiological containment facilities and should allow extensive screening. in addition, yfv may serve as a model for other flaviviruses including hepatitis c virus (hcv), and thus strategies for the treatment of yfv infections may apply to flavivirus infections in general. i ...	1996	8783804
arbovirus surveillance in italy.	a high number of different arboviruses have been demonstrated to be present in italy, due to the coexistence of climates that are characteristic of continental areas in the north of the country and of subtropical areas in the south. viruses circulating in central europe, such as the tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus, are present in central and northern regions, whereas viruses circulating in mediterranean areas, such as the sandfly fever viruses are present in central and southern italy. virus ...	1995	8778650
[ngari virus (bunyaviridae: bunyavirus). first isolation from humans in senegal, new mosquito vectors, its epidemiology].	ngari virus (nri) (bunyaviridae, genus bunyavirus) was isolated first from male aedes simpsoni mosquitoes in southeastern senegal in 1979. then, it was recovered from several mosquito species in senegal, burkina faso, central african republic and madagascar. a potential pathogenicity of nri virus in humans was suspected when the virus was isolated from two patients in dakar in october and november 1993. the large diversity of culicidae vectors and feeding patterns showed a large heterogeneity of ...	1996	8765950
inkoo and tahyna, the european california serogroup bunyaviruses: sequence and phylogeny of the s rna segment.	inkoo (ink) and tahyna (tah) viruses, european representatives of the california serogroup (cal), genus bunyavirus, family bunyaviridae, are transmitted by mosquitoes and frequently infect man. the s segments of ink and tah prototype strains were amplified, cloned and sequenced. ink s consists of 986 and tah s of 977 nucleotides (nt) coding for a nucleocapsid protein of 235 amino acids (aa) and, in an overlapping reading frame, for a nonstructural protein of 92 or 97 aa, respectively. by s segme ...	1996	8760424
the s rna genomic sequences of inkoo, san angelo, serra do navio, south river and tahyna bunyaviruses.	the complete nucleotide sequences of the small (s) genomic rna segments of five california (cal) serogroup bunyaviruses (two inkoo virus strains, san angelo virus, serra do navio virus, south river virus and tahyna virus) were determined. in agreement with previously published data concerning cal serogroup viruses, the nucleocapsid (n) and non-structural (nss) proteins were encoded in over-lapping open reading frames (orfs). all n protein orfs were 708 nucleotides in length and encoded a 235 ami ...	1996	8760423
detecting bunyaviruses of the bunyamwera and california serogroups by a pcr technique.	many bunyaviruses of the bunyamwera and california serogroups are medically important human pathogens. the development of an effective technique to detect the viruses by using molecular biologic tools, such as pcr, improves not only clinical diagnosis but also virologic surveillance of mosquito vectors in the field. in this study, we evaluated eight pairs of primers for reactivity with 44 viruses of the genus bunyavirus, using a reverse transcriptase pcr technique. with a pair of serogroup-speci ...	1996	8727900
geographic distribution and serologic and genomic characterization of morro bay virus, a newly recognized bunyavirus.	more than 75,000 immature mosquitoes in three genera were collected from coastal california, reared to the adult stage, and tested for virus by plaque assay in vero cell cultures. twenty-six strains of morro bay (mb) virus, a newly recognized member of the california (cal) serogroup, were isolated from aedes squamiger, a pestiferous salt marsh mosquito species restricted to intertidal salt marshes in coastal california and baja california. the geographic distribution of the isolates was 10 from ...	1996	8686772
analysis of the intracellular transport properties of recombinant la crosse virus glycoproteins.	the g1 and g2 glycoproteins of la crosse virus, a member of the bunyavirus genus of the bunyaviridae, are encoded as a single open reading frame (orf) in the viral middle-sized rna segment. the primary product from this orf is processed, either cotranslationally or shortly after translation, into the two glycoproteins and a nonstructural protein, nsm, of unknown function. we have expressed la crosse glycoproteins using vaccinia vectors and studied their processing and localization. when expresse ...	1996	8661399
molecularly engineered resistance to california serogroup virus replication in mosquito cells and mosquitoes.	introduction of genetic elements derived from a viral pathogen's genome may be used to reduce the vectorial capacity of mosquitoes for that virus. a double subgenomic sindbis virus expression system was utilized to transcribe sequences of lacrosse (lac) virus small (s) or medium (m) segment rna in sense or antisense orientation; wild-type sindbis and lacrosse viruses have single-stranded rna genomes, the former being positive sense and the latter being negative sense. recombinant viruses were ge ...	1996	8633038
the infectious bronchitis virus nucleocapsid protein binds rna sequences in the 3' terminus of the genome.	the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) nucleocapsid protein was expressed as a bacterial fusion protein which differed from the native protein only in the addition of six amino terminus histidine residues. using rna overlay protein blot assays, the recombinant protein was shown to bind to rna fragments specific for the positive sense 3' noncoding end of the ibv genome. at greater concentrations of sodium chloride, the native and fusion nucleocapsid proteins similarly bound to g rna, representing ...	1996	8599203
typing of lacrosse, snowshoe hare, and tahyna viruses by analyses of single-strand conformation polymorphisms of the small rna segments.	single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis was developed to differentiate the small rna segments of three california serogroup bunyaviruses. the small rna segments of la crosse, snowshoe hare, and tahyna viruses were reverse transcribed and pcr amplified. the cdnas were then denatured, rapidly chilled to promote intrastrand reassociation, separated electrophoretically on a nondenaturing gel at room temperature, and silver stained. the resulting single-strand conformation polymorphism patte ...	1995	8586697
hantaviruses: clinical, microbiologic, and epidemiologic aspects.	hantaviruses comprise a genus of the family bunyaviridae. bunyaviruses are enveloped viruses with a negative-sense, tripartite rna genome. hantaviruses are etiologic agents for two acute and severe illnesses of man, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps). each hantavirus is primarily associated with a single rodent host species or genus, and is transmitted to man through accidental inhalation or ingestion of virus-contaminated rodent excreta. the dis ...	1995	8561891
tropism of bunyaviruses: evidence for a g1 glycoprotein-mediated entry pathway common to the california serogroup.	the california serogroup is composed of antigenically and biologically related viruses within the bunyavirus genus of the bunyaviridae. we used a large panel of murine cells to study their tissue tropisms and found virtually identical patterns of viral replication among all of the members of this serogroup, in contrast to other members of the family (bunyamwera, cache valley, and punta toro viruses). by analyzing the nonpermissive infections with both an rna dot-blot and a virus binding assay, w ...	1995	8553534
inhibition of bunyaviruses, phleboviruses, and hantaviruses by human mxa protein.	viruses of the bunyaviridae family cause a variety of diseases ranging from uncomplicated fever to potentially lethal encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever. little is known about the factors determining pathogenicity in the vertebrate host. interferons have been reported to be inhibitory, but their mode of action against members of the bunyaviridae has not yet been elucidated. the interferon-induced mxa protein encoded on human chromosome 21 is a large gtpase with antiviral activity against distinc ...	1996	8551631
isolation of batai virus (bunyaviridae:bunyavirus) from the blood of suspected malaria patients in sudan.	from august through november 1988, 77,500 patients with fever presented to the municipal hospital and to eight government health centers in kassala, a town of approximately 400,000 individuals in eastern sudan. a diagnosis of malaria, based primarily on clinical presentation, was made in 14,395 individuals during this four-month period; fevers of unknown origin were diagnosed in 29 patients. a bunyavirus that was antigenically similar or identical to batai virus by complement fixation and plaque ...	1993	8517485
polygenic control of neuroinvasiveness in california serogroup bunyaviruses.	the pathogenesis of the california serogroup bunyaviruses includes both extraneural and intraneural replicative phases that can be separated experimentally. the present study dissects the viral genetic determinants of extraneural replication. we have previously described two attenuated reassortant clones of california serogroup bunyaviruses which exhibit reduced neuroinvasiveness after subcutaneous inoculation into suckling mice. clone b1-1a bears an attenuated middle rna segment (neuroinvasiven ...	1993	8510208
the nucleotide sequence of the m rna segment of tomato spotted wilt virus, a bunyavirus with two ambisense rna segments.		1993	8468562
characterization of murine caraparu bunyavirus liver infection and immunomodulator-mediated antiviral protection.	a rapid, peripheral disease model utilizing the bunyavirus, caraparu, was established in mice for the evaluation of antiviral therapy with immunomodulators. 4-6-week-old b6c3f1 female mice, inoculated intraperitoneally with virus, developed coagulative liver necrosis and died between 4-6 days after infection. this caraparu disease model was relatively resistant to treatment with immunomodulators, such as abmp, ampligen, alpha-interferon (ifn-alpha) or beta-interferon (ifn-beta). however, a signi ...	1993	8460932
toscana virus genomic l segment: molecular cloning, coding strategy and amino acid sequence in comparison with other negative strand rna viruses.	the complete nucleotide sequence of toscana (tos) virus (bunyaviridae, phlebovirus) l segment was determined. the l segment is 6404 nucleotides long, containing a single open reading frame (orf) in the viral complementary sense coding for a protein of 2095 amino acids that, as in the case of negative strand rna viruses, could be part of the rna polymerase of tos virus. this orf is expressed by a messenger rna (mrna) as long as the genomic segment. like the mrnas expressed by the genomic segments ...	1993	8460526
viruses of chelonia.	viruses occurring in turtles and tortoises are hetergeneous but according to ecologic characteristics and pathogenic properties they can be divided in two major groups: 1. arboviruses (toga-, flavi-, rhabdo- and bunyaviruses) transmitted by arthropods cause severe diseases in homoiothermic vertebrates. the viruses are of great epidemiological interest in human and veterinary medicine. chelonia and other reptiles infected by bites of vectors e.g. aedes, anopheles, culex develop cyclic viremia wit ...	1993	8456570
characterization of bunyamwera virus s rna that is transcribed and replicated by the l protein expressed from recombinant vaccinia virus.	analysis of the 5' termini of bunyamwera virus s segment mrnas by cloning and sequence analysis revealed the presence of nonviral, heterogeneous sequences 12 to 17 bases long. this is similar to reports for other members of the family bunyaviridae and is taken to indicate that mrna transcription is primed by a "cap-snatching" mechanism. the 3' end of the bunyamwera virus s mrna was mapped, by using an rnase protection assay, to 100 to 110 nucleotides upstream of the 3' end of the template. previ ...	1993	8437222
non-viral sequences at the 5' ends of dugbe nairovirus s mrnas.	analyses of the mrna transcription processes of viruses in four genera (bunyavirus, hantavirus, phlebovirus and tospovirus) of the family bunyaviridae have revealed a common mechanism of initiation using host-derived primers, known as cap-snatching. to provide similar information on the fifth genus in the family, the 5' ends of dugbe nairovirus s mrna species were specifically cloned and sequenced. this revealed the presence of non-viral heterogeneous sequences, five to 16 nucleotides in length ...	1993	8409954
inhibitory effect of heparin on rhabdovirus and bunyavirus isolated from cattle.		1993	8368970
molecular determinants of the virulence and infectivity of california serogroup bunyaviruses.	california bunyaviruses cause encephalitis in mammalian hosts after peripheral infection. the virulence of these viruses is determined by their ability to replicate sequentially in striated muscle, cause viremia, and invade and replicate in the central nervous system. these viruses are also able to infect vector mosquitoes following ingestion of a blood meal containing virus. bunyaviruses are negative stranded rna viruses with a trisegmented genome, and the large, medium, and small rna segments ...	1993	8257095
detection of the l protein of tomato spotted wilt virus.	the 5'-terminal and 3'-terminal parts of the single open reading frame (orf) in the l rna of tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) were expressed using a prokaryotic expression system. using antibodies raised against the translational products obtained a 330-kda protein could be specifically detected in preparations of purified virions and in nucleocapsid preparations from tswv-infected leaf tissue. the results obtained indicate that the l protein of tswv, though much larger than that of the animal-i ...	1993	8212587
replication in cultured c2c12 muscle cells correlates with the neuroinvasiveness of california serogroup bunyaviruses.	the neuroinvasiveness of california serogroup bunyaviruses is determined by the ability of the virus to replicate in striated muscle after peripheral inoculation of mice. neuroinvasiveness was mapped to the medium (m) rna segment of the virus, which encodes the viral glycoproteins, when reassortants were made between la crosse/original virus, a neuroinvasive isolate, and tahyna-181/57 virus, a nonneuroinvasive clone. we have tested the murine muscle cell line c2c12 as a surrogate for myotropism ...	1994	8184551
the s rna genome segments of batai, cache valley, guaroa, kairi, lumbo, main drain and northway bunyaviruses: sequence determination and analysis.	bunyaviruses have a genome comprising three segments of negative-sense rna. the smallest rna segment, s, encodes the nucleocapsid protein, n, and a nonstructural protein, nss, in overlapping reading frames. the sequences of the s genome rna segments of seven bunyaviruses (batai, cache valley, guaroa, kairi, main drain, northway and lumbo) were determined from cloned cdnas obtained using a one-step reverse transcription-pcr protocol. these sequences were compared to those of six viruses previousl ...	1994	8126455
medically important arboviruses of the united states and canada.	of more than 500 arboviruses recognized worldwide, 5 were first isolated in canada and 58 were first isolated in the united states. six of these viruses are human pathogens: western equine encephalitis (wee) and eastern equine encephalitis (eee) viruses (family togaviridae, genus alphavirus), st. louis encephalitis (sle) and powassan (pow) viruses (flaviviridae, flavivirus), lacrosse (lac) virus (bunyaviridae, bunyavirus), and colorado tick fever (ctf) virus (reoviridae, coltivirus). their scien ...	1994	8118792
vector competence of selected mosquito species (diptera: culicidae) for california strains of northway virus (bunyaviridae: bunyavirus).	selected mosquito species from central valley, coastal, and alpine habitats of california were evaluated for their vector competence for northway (nor) virus. culiseta incidens thomson, culiseta inornata (williston), and anopheles freeborni aitken were the only competent vectors when fed virus. aedes sierrensis (ludlow), as well as alpine snow pool aedes (i.e., ae. cataphylla dyar, ae. hexodontus dyar, ae. increpitus dyar and ae. tahoensis dyar), ae. melanimon dyar, ae. washinoi lanzaro & eldrid ...	1993	8099625
a signal for golgi retention in the bunyavirus g1 glycoprotein.	the g1 and g2 glycoproteins of punta toro virus, a member of the bunyaviruses, are targeted to the golgi complex, where viral budding occurs. we found that the g1 protein, when expressed in the absence of g2, is also targeted to the golgi complex. a series of g1 proteins truncated at the carboxyl-terminal region was constructed, and the localization of the expressed proteins was examined. it was found that the proteins expressed from constructs with partial deletions in the cytoplasmic domain we ...	1994	8077205
arboviruses causing human disease in the australasian zoogeographic region.	over 65 arboviruses have been reported from countries in the australasian zoogeographic region, but only a few have been implicated in human disease. these include the flaviviruses murray valley encephalitis (mve), kunjin (kun), kokobera (kok), and dengue, particularly types 1 and 2; the alphaviruses ross river (rr), barmah forest (bf), and sindbis (sin); and the bunyaviruses, gan gan and trubanaman. in this paper recent epidemiological and clinical results pertaining to these viruses are review ...	1994	8031248
[the antiviral activity of inhibitors of adp ribosylation in experimental alpha- and bunyavirus infections].	the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of adp-ribosylation inhibitors, 3,n-acetylaminobenzamide and 3,n-butyrylaminobenzamide, were studied in mice inoculated with an alphavirus or a bunyavirus. both drugs were shown to have high levels of antiviral activity when given as a single subcutaneous injection in a dose of 10 mg/kg while increasing the number of injections did not increase their efficacy or might even decrease it.	1994	8017062
localization of bunyamwera bunyavirus g1 glycoprotein to the golgi requires association with g2 but not with nsm.	the bunyamwera bunyavirus (bun) m rna genome segment encodes three proteins, two glycoproteins termed g1 and g2 and a non-structural protein called nsm, in the form of a polyprotein precursor that is co-translationally cleaved to give the mature proteins. indirect immunofluorescence experiments have shown that these proteins localize to the golgi complex in bun-infected cells. we have used a recombinant vaccinia virus (vtf7-3), which expresses bacteriophage t7 rna polymerase, to drive the expres ...	1994	7996137
viruses isolated from mosquitoes collected in sri lanka.	attempts to isolate viruses from 178,181 unengorged female mosquitoes collected from different ecologic areas of sri lanka yielded 31 isolates: 17 of japanese encephalitis (je) virus, nine of getah virus, three of a batai-related bunyavirus, and two of arkonam virus. culex tritaeniorhynchus and mansonia uniformis mosquitoes were found to carry je virus in a dry zone nonepidemic area, and cx. pseudovishnui was found to carry it in a wet zone nonepidemic area. japanese encephalitis virus was isola ...	1994	7915499
determination and comparative analysis of the small rna genomic sequences of california encephalitis, jamestown canyon, jerry slough, melao, keystone and trivittatus viruses (bunyaviridae, genus bunyavirus, california serogroup).	the nucleotide sequences of the small (s) genomic rnas of six california (cal) serogroup bunyaviruses (bunyaviridae: genus bunyavirus) were determined. the s rnas of two california encephalitis virus strains, two jamestown canyon virus strains, jerry slough virus, melao virus, keystone virus and trivittatus virus contained the overlapping nucleocapsid (n) and non-structural (nss) protein open reading frames (orfs) as described previously for the s rnas of other cal serogroup viruses. all n prote ...	1995	7897347
an rna-dependent rna polymerase activity associated with virions of tomato spotted wilt virus, a plant- and insect-infecting bunyavirus.	an rna-dependent rna polymerase activity was found associated with virions of tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv), a plant- and insect-infecting member of the family bunyaviridae. radiolabeled nucleoside triphosphates were incorporated into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable products by detergent-disrupted, purified tswv virions. incorporation was reduced to near-background levels when rnase was present in the reaction mixture. the predominantly double-stranded rna products were rnase-resistant at h ...	1995	7871744
completion of the la crosse virus genome sequence and genetic comparisons of the l proteins of the bunyaviridae.	la crosse virus is a member of the bunyavirus genus in the family bunyaviridae, viruses with trisegmented rna genomes of mostly negative polarity composed of large (l), medium (m), and small (s) segments. the sequences of the la crosse/original m and s rna segments have been previously characterized. using reverse transcriptase in conjunction with pcr amplification, we have obtained the nucleotide sequence of the l rna segment, which encodes the viral polymerase in a single large open reading fr ...	1995	7831835
[nephropathia epidemica. hantavirus nephritis--a differential diagnosis in acute abdomen].	nephropathia epidemica (ne) is an infectious disease caused by hantavirus of the bunyavirus family and carried by little rodents, in denmark presumably by the bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus). the disease usually presents with self-limiting renal failure, thrombocytopenia, fever, lower back and/or abdominal pain. as such it might be confused with for example acute abdomen as shown by the two cases given. final diagnosis is based upon demonstrating antibody formation against hantavirus.	1994	7810017
bluetongue and douglas virus activity in new south wales in 1989: further evidence for long-distance dispersal of the biting midge culicoides brevitarsis.	infection of cattle with bluetongue and douglas viruses was detected on the central and southern coast of new south wales from january to april 1989. bluetongue virus infection was found well south of areas of expected occurrence. evidence is presented to support wind-borne dispersal of infected vectors, culicoides brevitarsis, southwards from the hunter valley.	1995	7779035
protection from la crosse virus encephalitis with recombinant glycoproteins: role of neutralizing anti-g1 antibodies.	la crosse virus, a member of the california serogroup of bunyaviruses, is an important cause of pediatric encephalitis in the midwestern united states. like all bunyaviruses, la crosse virus contains two glycoproteins, g1 and g2, the larger of which, g1, is the target of neutralizing antibodies. to develop an understanding of the role of each of the glycoproteins in the generation of a protective immune response, we immunized 1-week-old mice with three different preparations: a vaccinia virus re ...	1995	7745694
akabane virus.	akabane virus, an arthropod-borne bunyavirus, is the major cause of epizootics of congenital malformations in ruminants in australia, japan, korea, and israel, and is suspected to be a cause of sporadic outbreaks elsewhere. blood-sucking insects, such as biting midges, transmit the virus horizontally to vertebrates. climatic factors influence the seasonal activity and geographic range of the vector population and, therefore, occurrence of related disease. inoculated ruminants seroconvert rapidly ...	1994	7728635
cache valley virus.	cache valley virus (cvv) is a causative agent of a mosquito-borne disease syndrome of sheep and, possibly, of all ruminants, characterized by embryonic and fetal death, stillbirths, and multiple congenital malformations. cvv is endemic in canada, mexico, and the united states. several related bunyaviruses also may play a role in syndromes of congenital malformations and embryonic losses in north america.	1994	7728634
bluetongue and douglas virus activity in new south wales in 1989: further evidence for long-distance dispersal of the biting midge culicoides brevitarsis.		1995	7661825
homodimeric association of the spike glycoproteins g1 and g2 of uukuniemi virus.	we have studied the interactions of the g1 and g2 membrane glycoproteins of uukuniemi virus, a bunyavirus, in virus particles and in triton x-100-solubilized virus. the g1 glycoprotein in intact virus or in triton solution could be oxidized into a covalent homodimer using cu2+ ion as a catalyst. immunoprecipitations of the glycoproteins from triton-solubilized virus lysates showed that g1 and g2 do not form a stable heterodimeric or heterooligomeric complex. the oligomeric association of g1 and ...	1995	7645217
isolation of potosi virus from aedes albopictus in north carolina.	a total of 4,169 adult mosquitoes were aspirated from 3 tire disposal sites in north carolina for virus assays. aedes albopictus was the dominant species, with a relative abundance of approximately 99%. potosi virus was isolated from one pool of 68 female ae. albopictus. priorities for future potosi virus research and the implications of the north carolina isolate are discussed.	1995	7595449
effect of heparin on hemagglutination by akabane and aino viruses belonging to the simbu group of bunyaviruses.	heparin inhibited the hemagglutinin activity of akabane and aino viruses. the minimal inhibitory concentration of heparin required to inhibit 8 hemagglutination (ha) u of akabane and aino viruses was 10 u/ml. goose erythrocytes failed to combine with the ha inhibitory factor of heparin. on the other hand, goose erythrocytes treated with heparinase had greatly reduced agglutinability by akabane virus. virus-heparin complex formation was observed by sedimenting heparin with the virus particles.	1995	7571376
[searching for hepatitis c virus by immunoelectron microscopy and its morphology].	many investigators have searched for the causative agent(s) of blood-borne non-a, non-b hepatitis in sera and liver from patients and experimental animals, and have reported various virus-like particles, morphologically resembling parvovirus, togavirus, picornavirus, hepadnavirus, paramyxovirus, papovavirus, retrovirus or bunyavirus. despite extensive effort, none of these virus-like particles has been confirmed universally as an etiologic virus because of the absence of immunological identifica ...	1995	7563652
transcription of a recombinant bunyavirus rna template by transiently expressed bunyavirus proteins.	we describe a convenient system for analyzing bunyavirus transcription using a recombinant rna template derived from the plasmid pbunscat, which comprises a negative-sense reporter gene (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase or cat) flanked by the exact 5' and 3' untranslated regions of the bunyamwera virus (bun) s rna segment. when cells which expressed bunyavirus proteins (either by recombinant vaccinia viruses or by the vaccinia virus-t7 system) were transfected with bunscat rna, cat activity cou ...	1995	7544044
rift valley fever virus l segment: correction of the sequence and possible functional role of newly identified regions conserved in rna-dependent polymerases.	the sequence of rift valley fever virus l segment that we published in a previous paper was erroneous in the 3'-terminal region of the antigenomic rna molecule. here, we have shown that the l segment is in fact 6404 nucleotides long and encodes a polypeptide of 237.7k in the viral complementary sense. sequence comparisons performed between the rna-dependent rna polymerases of 22 negative-stranded rna viruses revealed the existence of two novel regions located at the amino termini of the proteins ...	1994	7515937
[mosquito-borne arboviruses in the baikal region].	a total of 20 virus strains were isolated from arthropods and rodents in the baikal region in 1992. thirteen of these were california serogroup viruses, 4 batai virus strains (bunyaviridae, bunyavirus), and 3 gheta virus strains (togaviridae, alphavirus, semliki complex). the rates of mosquito infection with california, batai, and gheta viruses were 1:6500, 1:24000, and 1:24000, respectively. the results of the neutralization test indicate the similarity of the isolated california complex strain ...	1995	7483568
monoclonal anti-fc receptor igg blocks antibody enhancement of viral replication in macrophages.	flaviviruses, when complexed with antibody at subneutralizing concentrations, show enhanced replication in human and simian peripheral blood leukocytes (ref. 1, and j.s.m.p. and j.s.p., unpublished observations) and in p388 d1 and other macrophage cell lines. a comparable phenomenon has been demonstrated with alphaviruses and bunyaviruses in p388 d1 cells, (j.s.m.p. and j.s.p., unpublished observations) but cells lacking macrophage characteristics fail to show antibody-dependent enhancement (ade ...	1981	7453820
analyses of the 3'-terminal sequences of snowshoe hare and la crosse bunyaviruses.		1980	7423860
the effect of glycosylation inhibitors on the maturation and intracellular polypeptide synthesis induced by snowshoe hare bunyavirus.		1980	7368577
evidence from recombinant bunyavirus studies that the m rna gene products elicit neutralizing antibodies.		1980	7368566
antigenic relationships among simbu serogroup (bunyaviridae) viruses.	antigenic relationships among 24 bunyaviruses of the simbu serogroup were determined by complement-fixation (cf), serum dilution-plaque reduction neutralization (n) and, where possible, hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) tests. by cf, three distinct complexes of closely related viruses were identified within the serogroup. nola and thimiri viruses, which showed little relationship with other members of the serogroup, may represent two additional complexes. n tests in vero cells showed that individ ...	1981	7325288
orbiviruses and bunyaviruses from a seabird colony in scotland.	viruses isolated from ticks (ixodes uriae) and a kittiwake (rissa tridactyla) from a seabird colony at st. abb's head, scotland, were shown by complement fixation tests (cft) to be antigenically related to the uukuniemi and kemerovo serogroups. electron microscopic examination of cell cultures infected with the kemerovo group viruses revealed particles characteristic of orbiviruses, 72 +/- 3 nm in diam., with an inner core 37 +/- 3 nm in diam., in association with intracytoplasmic, densely stain ...	1981	7320703
structural characteristics of nairoviruses (genus nairovirus, bunyaviridae).	viruses from six antigenic groups of arthropod-borne viruses [crimean--congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf), nairobi sheep disease (nsd), qalyub (qyb), sakhalin (sak), dera ghazi khan (dgk) and hughes (hug) serogroups], some previously categorized as bunyavirus-like viruses and others previously ungrouped, have recently been assembled by serological analyses into a new genus of viruses (nairovirus genus) in the bunyaviridae. molecular studies of the virion rna and viral polypeptides have been underta ...	1981	7299367
proteins and glycoproteins specified by bunyamwera virus and by belmont virus, a possible bunyavirus, in mammalian cells.	purified preparations of belmont virus were shown to be very similar morphologically and biochemically to those of bunyamwera virus. comparisons of the synthesis of virus-specified proteins in vero and bhk-21 cells confirm the close taxonomic relationship. total protein synthesis was inhibited 95% by 23 h post-infection with belmont virus; a similar reduction occurred earlier in bunyamwera virus-infected cells. this inhibition was multiplicity dependent, and synthesis of the host protein compone ...	1981	7288403
comparisons of belmont virus, a possible bunyavirus unique to australia, with bunyamwera virus.	belmont virus is an arbovirus isolated from mosquitoes and has a preference for marsupial hosts. the diameter of virions by negative staining (122 nm before fixation and 91 nm after fixation) was greater than that of bunyamwera virus (94 nm and 79 nm respectively). however, the particles of both viruses appeared morphologically identical and sedimented at the same rate in sucrose density gradients. belmont virus had a tripartite segmented rna genome (28s, 24s and 11s) similar to bunyamwera virus ...	1981	7288402
role of the middle-sized bunyavirus rna segment in mouse virulence.		1981	7281516