Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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| isolation and characterization of pepper genes interacting with the cmv-p1 helicase domain. | cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) is a destructive pathogen affecting capsicum annuum (pepper) production. the pepper cmr1 gene confers resistance to most cmv strains, but is overcome by cmv-p1 in a process dependent on the cmv-p1 rna1 helicase domain (p1 helicase). here, to identify host factors involved in cmv-p1 infection in pepper, a yeast two-hybrid library derived from a c. annuum 'bukang' cdna library was screened, producing a total of 76 potential clones interacting with the p1 helicase. beta- ... | 2016 | 26751216 |
| orchestration of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide in brassinosteroid-mediated systemic virus resistance in nicotiana benthamiana. | brassinosteroids (brs) play essential roles in modulating plant growth, development and stress responses. here, involvement of brs in plant systemic resistance to virus was studied. treatment of local leaves in nicotiana benthamiana with brs induced virus resistance in upper untreated leaves, accompanied by accumulations of h2o2 and no. scavenging of h2o2 or no in upper leaves blocked br-induced systemic virus resistance. br-induced systemic h2o2 accumulation was blocked by local pharmacological ... | 2016 | 26749255 |
| cucumber necrosis virus recruits cellular heat shock protein 70 homologs at several stages of infection. | rna viruses often depend on host factors for multiplication inside cells due to the constraints of their small genome size and limited coding capacity. one such factor that has been exploited by several plant and animal viruses is heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) family homologs which have been shown to play roles for different viruses in viral rna replication, viral assembly, disassembly, and cell-to-cell movement. using next generation sequence analysis, we reveal that several isoforms of hsp70 a ... | 2016 | 26719261 |
| an oomycete crn effector reprograms expression of plant hsp genes by targeting their promoters. | oomycete pathogens produce a large number of crn effectors to manipulate plant immune responses and promote infection. however, their functional mechanisms are largely unknown. here, we identified a phytophthora sojae crn effector pscrn108 which contains a putative dna-binding helix-hairpin-helix (hhh) motif and acts in the plant cell nucleus. silencing of the pscrn108 gene reduced p. sojae virulence to soybean, while expression of the gene in nicotiana benthamiana and arabidopsis thaliana enhan ... | 2015 | 26714171 |
| arp2/3 complex subunit arpc2 binds to microtubules. | arp2/3 complex plays a fundamental role in the nucleation of actin filaments (afs) in yeasts, plants, and animals. in plants, the aberrant shaping and elongation of several types of epidermal cells observed in arp2/3 complex knockout plant mutants suggest the importance of arp2/3-mediated actin nucleation for various morphogenetic processes. here we show that arpc2, a core arp2/3 complex subunit, interacts with both actin filaments (afs) and microtubules (mts). plant gfp-arpc2 expressed in nicot ... | 2015 | 26706062 |
| characterization, expression patterns and functional analysis of the mapk and mapkk genes in watermelon (citrullus lanatus). | mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades, which consist of three functionally associated protein kinases, namely mekks, mkks and mpks, are universal signaling modules in all eukaryotes and have been shown to play critical roles in many physiological and biochemical processes in plants. however, little or nothing is known about the mpk and mkk families in watermelon. | 2015 | 26700161 |
| cytorhabdovirus p3 genes encode 30k-like cell-to-cell movement proteins. | plant viruses encode movement proteins (mp) to facilitate cell-to-cell transport through plasmodesmata. in this study, using trans-complementation of a movement-defective turnip vein-clearing tobamovirus (tvcv) replicon, we show for the first time for cytorhabdoviruses (lettuce necrotic yellows virus (lnyv) and alfalfa dwarf virus (adv)) that their p3 proteins function as mp similar to the tvcv p30 protein. all three mp localized to plasmodesmata when ectopically expressed. in addition, we show ... | 2016 | 26700068 |
| production of h5n1 influenza virus matrix protein 2 ectodomain protein bodies in tobacco plants and in insect cells as a candidate universal influenza vaccine. | the spread of influenza a viruses is partially controlled and prevented by vaccination. the matrix protein 2 ectodomain (m2e) is the most conserved sequence in influenza a viruses, and is therefore a good potential target for a vaccine to protect against multiple virus subtypes. we explored the feasibility of an m2e-based universal influenza a vaccine candidate based on the highly pathogenic avian influenza a virus, h5n1. a synthetic m2e gene was human- and plant-codon optimized and fused in-fra ... | 2015 | 26697423 |
| transient expression of p-type atpases in tobacco epidermal cells. | transient expression in tobacco cells is a convenient method for several purposes such as analysis of protein-protein interactions and the subcellular localization of plant proteins. a suspension of agrobacterium tumefaciens cells carrying the plasmid of interest is injected into the intracellular space between leaf epidermal cells, which results in dna transfer from the bacteria to the plant and expression of the corresponding proteins. by injecting mixes of agrobacterium strains, this system o ... | 2016 | 26695049 |
| molecular characterization of two lysophospholipid:acyl-coa acyltransferases belonging to the mboat family in nicotiana benthamiana. | in the remodeling pathway for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (pc), acyl-coa-dependent lysophosphatidylcholine (lysopc) acyltransferase (lpcat) catalyzes the reacylation of lysopc. a number of genes encoding lpcats have been cloned and characterized from several plants in recent years. using arabidopsis and other plant lpcat sequences to screen the genome database of nicotiana benthamiana, we identified two cdnas encoding the putative tobacco lpcats (nblpcat1 and nblpcat2). both of them wer ... | 2015 | 26684752 |
| elucidation of the first committed step in betalain biosynthesis enables the heterologous engineering of betalain pigments in plants. | betalains are tyrosine-derived red-violet and yellow pigments, found in plants only of the caryophyllales order. although much progress has been made in recent years in the understanding of the betalain biosynthetic process, many questions remain open with regards to several of the proposed steps in the pathway. most conspicuous by its absence is the characterization of the first committed step in the pathway, namely the 3-hydroxylation of tyrosine to form l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa). ... | 2016 | 26683006 |
| establishment of an agrobacterium-mediated inoculation system for cucumber green mottle mosaic virus. | the infectious full-length cdna clones of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (cgmmv) isolates kw and kom, which were isolated from watermelon and oriental melon, respectively, were constructed under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter. we successfully inoculated nicotiana benthamiana with the cloned cgmmv isolates kw and kom by agrobacterium-mediated infiltration. virulence and symptomatic characteristics of the cloned cgmmv isolates kw and kom were tested on several indicat ... | 2015 | 26674677 |
| functional dissection of a plant argonaute. | rna guided ribonuclease complexes play central role in rna interference. members of the evolutionarily conserved argonaute protein family form the catalytic cores of these complexes. unlike a number of other plant argonautes, the role of ago2 has been obscure until recently. newer data, however, have indicated its involvement in various biotic and abiotic stress responses. despite its suggested importance, there is no detailed characterization of this protein to date. here we report cloning and ... | 2015 | 26673719 |
| pepino mosaic virus rna-dependent rna polymerase pol domain is a hypersensitive response-like elicitor shared by necrotic and mild isolates. | pepino mosaic virus (pepmv) is an emerging pathogen that represents a serious threat to tomato production worldwide. pepmv-induced diseases manifest with a wide range of symptoms, including systemic necrosis. our results showed that pepmv accumulation depends on the virus isolate, tomato cultivar, and environmental conditions, and associates with the development of necrosis. substitution of lysine for glutamic acid at position 67 in the triple gene block 3 (tgb3) protein, previously described as ... | 2016 | 26667188 |
| differentially expressed genes in healthy and plum pox virus-infected nicotiana benthamiana plants. | viruses use both material and energy sources of their hosts and redirect the production of disposable compounds in order to make viral replication more efficient. metabolism of infected organisms is modified by these enhanced requirements as well by their own defense response. resulting complex story consists of many regulation events on various gene expression levels. elucidating these processes may contribute to the knowledge on virus-host interactions and to evolving new antiviral strategies. ... | 2015 | 26666187 |
| rnai mediated inhibition of viroid infection in transgenic plants expressing viroid-specific small rnas derived from various functional domains. | previous attempts to develop rnai-mediated viroid-resistant transgenic plants using nearly full-length potato spindle tuber viroid (pstvd) hairpin rna (hprna) were successful; however unusual phenotypes resembling viroid infection occurred. therefore, in the present work, transgenic nicotiana benthamiana lines expressing both partial and truncated versions of pstvd hprna were developed. specifically, seven partial or truncated versions of pstvd sequences were selected according to the hotspots o ... | 2015 | 26656294 |
| identification of ourmiavirus 30k movement protein amino acid residues involved in symptomatology, viral movement, subcellular localization and tubule formation. | several plant viruses encode movement proteins (mps) classified in the 30k superfamily. despite a great functional diversity, alignment analysis of mp sequences belonging to the 30k superfamily revealed the presence of a central core region, including amino acids potentially critical for mp structure and functionality. we performed alanine-scanning mutagenesis of the ourmia melon virus (oumv) mp, and studied the effects of amino acid substitutions on mp properties and virus infection. we identif ... | 2016 | 26637973 |
| arabidopsis cml38, a calcium sensor that localizes to ribonucleoprotein complexes under hypoxia stress. | during waterlogging and the associated oxygen deprivation stress, plants respond by the induction of adaptive programs, including the redirected expression of gene networks toward the synthesis of core hypoxia-response proteins. among these core response proteins in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) is the calcium sensor cml38, a protein related to regulator of gene silencing calmodulin-like proteins (rgscams). cml38 transcripts are up-regulated more than 300-fold in roots within 6 h of hypoxia ... | 2016 | 26634999 |
| developments in the production of mucosal antibodies in plants. | recombinant mucosal antibodies represent attractive target molecules for the development of next generation biopharmaceuticals for passive immunization against various infectious diseases and treatment of patients suffering from mucosal antibody deficiencies. as these polymeric antibodies require complex post-translational modifications and correct subunit assembly, they are considered as difficult-to-produce recombinant proteins. beside the traditional, mammalian-based production platforms, pla ... | 2016 | 26626615 |
| plant expression and characterization of the transmission-blocking vaccine candidate pfgap50. | despite the limited success after decades of intensive research and development efforts, vaccination still represents the most promising strategy to significantly reduce the disease burden in malaria endemic regions. besides the ultimate goal of inducing sterile protection in vaccinated individuals, the prevention of transmission by so-called transmission blocking vaccines (tbvs) is being regarded as an important feature of an efficient malaria eradication strategy. recently, plasmodium falcipar ... | 2015 | 26625934 |
| production of recombinant cholera toxin b subunit in nicotiana benthamiana using geneware® tobacco mosaic virus vector. | here, we describe a method to produce a recombinant cholera toxin b subunit in nicotiana benthamiana plants (ctbp) using the geneware(®) tobacco mosaic virus vector system. infectious transcripts of the vector rna are generated in vitro and inoculated on n. benthamiana seedlings. after 11 days, ctbp is extracted in a simple tris buffer at room temperature. no protease inhibitor is required. the leaf homogenate is treated with mild heat and a ph shift to selectively precipitate host-derived prote ... | 2016 | 26614286 |
| attenuation of histone methyltransferase kryptonite-mediated transcriptional gene silencing by geminivirus. | although histone h3k9 methylation has been intensively studied in animals and a model plant arabidopsis thaliana, little is known about the evolution of the histone methyltransferase and its roles in plant biotic stress response. here we identified a nicotiana benthamiana homolog of h3k9 histone methyltransferase kryptonite (nbkyp) and demonstrated its fundamental roles on methylation of plant and virus, beside of leading to the suppression of endogenous gene expression and virus replication. nb ... | 2015 | 26602265 |
| the receptor-like kinase sobir1 interacts with brassica napus lepr3 and is required for leptosphaeria maculans avrlm1-triggered immunity. | the fungus leptosphaeria maculans (l. maculans) is the causal agent of blackleg disease of canola/oilseed rape (brassica napus) worldwide. we previously reported cloning of the b. napus blackleg resistance gene, lepr3, which encodes a receptor-like protein. lepr3 triggers localized cell death upon recognition of its cognate avr protein, avrlm1. here, we exploited the nicotiana benthamiana model plant to investigate the recognition mechanism of avrlm1 by lepr3. co-expression of the lepr3/avrlm1 g ... | 2015 | 26579176 |
| effect of temperature on the pathogenesis, accumulation of viral and satellite rnas and on plant proteome in peanut stunt virus and satellite rna-infected plants. | temperature is an important environmental factor influencing plant development in natural and diseased conditions. the growth rate of plants grown at c27°c is more rapid than for plants grown at 21°c. thus, temperature affects the rate of pathogenesis progression in individual plants. we have analyzed the effect of temperature conditions (either 21°c or 27°c during the day) on the accumulation rate of the virus and satellite rna (satrna) in nicotiana benthamiana plants infected by peanut stunt v ... | 2015 | 26579153 |
| protein composition of 6k2-induced membrane structures formed during potato virus a infection. | the definition of the precise molecular composition of membranous replication compartments is a key to understanding the mechanisms of virus multiplication. here, we set out to investigate the protein composition of the potyviral replication complexes. we purified the potyviral 6k2 protein-induced membranous structures from potato virus a (pva)-infected nicotiana benthamiana plants. for this purpose, the 6k2 protein, which is the main inducer of potyviral membrane rearrangements, was expressed i ... | 2016 | 26574906 |
| a single amino acid substitution in movement protein of tomato torrado virus influences totv infectivity in solanum lycopersicum. | tomato torrado virus (totv), which is a tomato-infecting member of the genus torradovirus, induces severe systemic necrosis in solanum lycopersicum cv. beta lux as well as leaf malformation and chlorosis in nicotiana benthamiana. to date, neither the tomato gene conferring resistance to the pathogen nor the totv-encoded necrosis determinant have been characterized. we herein revealed that the phenylalanine 210 residue in the movement protein domain encoded by totv rna2 is a necrosis-inducing pat ... | 2016 | 26562559 |
| the cotton wrky gene ghwrky41 positively regulates salt and drought stress tolerance in transgenic nicotiana benthamiana. | wrky transcription factors constitute a very large family of proteins in plants and participate in modulating plant biological processes, such as growth, development and stress responses. however, the exact roles of wrky proteins are unclear, particularly in non-model plants. in this study, gossypium hirsutum wrky41 (ghwrky41) was isolated and transformed into nicotiana benthamiana. our results showed that overexpression of ghwrky41 enhanced the drought and salt stress tolerance of transgenic ni ... | 2015 | 26562293 |
| crispr/cas9-mediated viral interference in plants. | the crispr/cas9 system provides bacteria and archaea with molecular immunity against invading phages and conjugative plasmids. recently, crispr/cas9 has been used for targeted genome editing in diverse eukaryotic species. | 2015 | 26556628 |
| reduced susceptibility to xanthomonas citri in transgenic citrus expressing the fls2 receptor from nicotiana benthamiana. | overexpression of plant pattern-recognition receptors by genetic engineering provides a novel approach to enhance plant immunity and broad-spectrum disease resistance. citrus canker disease associated with xanthomonas citri is one of the most important diseases damaging citrus production worldwide. in this study, we cloned the fls2 gene from nicotiana benthamiana cdna and inserted it into the binary vector pbinplus/ars to transform hamlin sweet orange and carrizo citrange. transgene presence was ... | 2016 | 26554734 |
| the exs domain of pho1 participates in the response of shoots to phosphate deficiency via a root-to-shoot signal. | the response of shoots to phosphate (pi) deficiency implicates long-distance communication between roots and shoots, but the participating components are poorly understood. we have studied the topology of the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) phosphate1 (pho1) pi exporter and defined the functions of its different domains in pi homeostasis and signaling. the results indicate that the amino and carboxyl termini of pho1 are both oriented toward the cytosol and that the protein spans the membrane ... | 2016 | 26546667 |
| overexpression of a phytophthora cytoplasmic crn effector confers resistance to disease, salinity and drought in nicotiana benthamiana. | the crinkler (crn) effector family is produced by oomycete pathogens and may manipulate host physiological and biochemical events inside host cells. here, pscrn161 was identified from phytophthora sojae based on its broad and strong cell death suppression activities. the effector protein contains two predicted nuclear localization signals and localized to nuclei of plant cells, indicating that it may target plant nuclei to modify host cell physiology and function. the chimeric gene gfp:pscrn161 ... | 2015 | 26546319 |
| exposure to double-stranded rna mediated by tobacco rattle virus leads to transcription up-regulation of effector gene mi-vap-2 from meloidogyne incognita and promotion of pathogenicity in progeny. | meloidogyne spp. are economically important plant parasites and cause enormous damage to agriculture world-wide. these nematodes use secreted effectors which modify host cells, allowing them to obtain the nutrients required for growth and development. a better understanding of the roles of effectors in nematode parasitism is critical for understanding the mechanisms of nematode-host interactions. in this study, mi-vap-2 of meloidogyne incognita, a gene encoding a venom allergen-like protein, was ... | 2016 | 26545953 |
| characterization and application of a common epitope recognized by a broad-spectrum c4 monoclonal antibody against capsid proteins of plant potyviruses. | a broad-spectrum monoclonal antibody (c4 mab) against the capsid proteins (cps) of plant potyviruses has been generated in previous studies. to clarify which epitope is recognized by this mab, epitope mapping was performed via phage display library screening and amino acid substitution analysis. subsequently, a 12-residue epitope in the core region of potyvirus cps was identified and termed the c4 epitope (wxmmdgxxqxxy/f). this epitope contains tryptophan and tyrosine residues that are crucial f ... | 2016 | 26541335 |
| functional analysis of cotton leaf curl kokhran virus/cotton leaf curl multan betasatellite rna silencing suppressors. | in south asia, cotton leaf curl disease (clcud) is caused by a complex of phylogenetically-related begomovirus species and a specific betasatellite, cotton leaf curl multan betasatellite (clcumub). the post-transcriptional gene silencing (ptgs) suppression activities of the transcriptional activator protein (trap), c4, v2 and βc1 proteins encoded by cotton leaf curl kokhran virus (clcukov)/clcumub were assessed in nicotiana benthamiana. a variable degree of local silencing suppression was observ ... | 2015 | 26512705 |
| cloning, molecular characterization, and expression analysis of a nucleoporin gene (rgnup98-96) from rehmannia glutinosa. | nucleoporin 98 (nup98) and nucleoporin 96 (nup96) are essential components of the nuclear pore complex (npc) in eukaryote cells. however, there is a lack of available information about complete rehmannia glutinosa nup98-96 (rgnup98-96) sequences. here, the full-length cdna sequence of rgnup96-98 was isolated from r. glutinosa using rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) technology, based on a cloned cdna sequence (genbank accession no. jz483329). the identified rgnup98-96 was 3476 bp, and it en ... | 2015 | 26505455 |
| tobacco rattle virus 16k silencing suppressor binds argonaute 4 and inhibits formation of rna silencing complexes. | the cysteine-rich 16k protein of tobacco rattle virus (trv), the type member of the genus tobravirus, is known to suppress rna silencing. however, the mechanism of action of the 16k suppressor is not well understood. in this study, we used a gfp-based sensor strategy and an agrobacterium-mediated transient assay in nicotiana benthamiana to show that 16k was unable to inhibit the activity of existing small interfering rna (sirna)- and microrna (mirna)-programmed rna-induced silencing effector com ... | 2016 | 26498945 |
| suppression and overexpression of ubiquitin extension protein s27a affects cell proliferation and in vitro regeneration in nicotiana benthamiana. | ubiquitin is a highly conserved 76-amino-acid protein found in all eukaryotic cells. ubiquitin's expression is encoded and expressed as multimeric head-to-tail repeats (polyubiquitins) that are post-translationally cleaved into monomers, or fused with ribosomal proteins s27a and l40. s27a is highly expressed in meristematic tissues, pollen and ovules and its ubiquitin moiety is thought to act as a chaperone in ribosome biogenesis prior to cleavage. this study suggests that the ribosomal protein ... | 2009 | 26493147 |
| identification and regulation of host genes related to rice stripe virus symptom production. | viral infections cause plant chlorosis, stunting, necrosis or other symptoms. the down-regulation of chloroplast-related genes (chrgs) is assumed to be responsible for chlorosis. we identified the differentially expressed genes (degs) in rice stripe virus (rsv)-infected nicotiana benthamiana, and examined the contribution of 75 down-regulated degs to rsv symptoms by silencing them one by one using tobacco rattle virus (trv)-induced gene silencing. silencing of 11 of the 75 down-regulated degs ca ... | 2016 | 26487490 |
| overexpression of ghwrky27a reduces tolerance to drought stress and resistance to rhizoctonia solani infection in transgenic nicotiana benthamiana. | wrky proteins constitute transcriptional regulators involved in various biological processes, especially in coping with diverse biotic and abiotic stresses. however, in contrast to other well-characterized wrky groups, the functions of group iii wrky transcription factors are poorly understood in the economically important crop cotton (gossypium hirsutum). in this study, a group iii wrky gene from cotton, ghwrky27a, was isolated and characterized. our data indicated that ghwrky27a localized to t ... | 2015 | 26483697 |
| engineering and expression of a rhoa peptide against respiratory syncytial virus infection in plants. | main conclusion : a rhoa-derived peptide fused to carrier molecules from plants showed enhanced biological activity of in vitro assays against respiratory syncytial virus compared to the rhoa peptide alone or the synthetic rhoa peptide. a rhoa-derived peptide has been reported for over a decade as a potential inhibitor of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection both in vitro and in vivo and is anticipated to be a promising alternative to monoclonal antibody-based therapy against rsv infectio ... | 2016 | 26474991 |
| a shift in plant proteome profile for a bromodomain containing rna binding protein (brp1) in plants infected with cucumber mosaic virus and its satellite rna. | host proteins are the integral part of a successful infection caused by a given rna virus pathogenic to plants. therefore, identification of crucial host proteins playing an important role in establishing the infection process is likely to help in devising approaches to curbing disease spread. cucumber mosaic virus (q-cmv) and its satellite rna (qsatrna) are important pathogens of many economically important crop plants worldwide. in a previous study, we demonstrated the biological significance ... | 2016 | 26463137 |
| removal of bacterial suspension water occupying the intercellular space of detached leaves after agroinfiltration improves the yield of recombinant hemagglutinin in a nicotiana benthamiana transient gene expression system. | the use of detached leaves instead of whole plants provides an alternative means for recombinant protein production based on agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient gene overexpression. however, the process for high-level protein production in detached leaves has not yet been established. in this study, we focused on leaf handling and maintenance conditions immediately after infiltration with agrobacterium suspension (agroinfiltration) to improve recombinant protein expression in detached n ... | 2016 | 26461274 |
| transgenic down-regulation of argonaute2 expression in nicotiana benthamiana interferes with several layers of antiviral defenses. | the present study aimed to analyze the contribution of nicotiana benthamiana argonaute2 (nbago2) to its antiviral response against different viruses. for this purpose, dsrna hairpin technology was used to reduce nbago2 expression in transgenic plants as verified with rt-pcr. this reduction was specific because the expression of other nbagos was not affected, and did not cause obvious developmental defects under normal growth conditions. inoculation of transgenic plants with an otherwise silencin ... | 2015 | 26454664 |
| evaluation and identification of candidate genes for artificial microrna-mediated resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus. | tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) is an economically important viral pathogen of a wide range of field and horticultural crops. we developed an artificial microrna (amirna) strategy against tswv, targeting the nucleoprotein (n) and silencing suppressor (nss) genes. the amirna constructs replaced the natural mirna in a shortened arabidopsis 173-nucleotide (nt) mir159a precursor backbone (athmir159a) without the stem base extending beyond the mir/mir* duplex. further, each amirna was modified to co ... | 2016 | 26454192 |
| aphid transmission of the ontario isolate of plum pox virus. | utilization of timed virus acquisition access probes in studies of plum pox virus (ppv) transmission by aphids demonstrated that endemic species transmitted the virus readily from plum, prunus domestica (l.) batsch; peach, p. persica (l.); or dwarf flowering almond, p. glandulosa thunberg., to peach seedlings. the green peach aphid, myzus persicae (sulzer), was shown to be the most efficient vector. acquisition of virus by green peach aphids from infected peach leaves resulted in 18-28% infected ... | 2015 | 26453705 |
| multiple avirulence loci and allele-specific effector recognition control the pm3 race-specific resistance of wheat to powdery mildew. | in cereals, several mildew resistance genes occur as large allelic series; for example, in wheat (triticum aestivum and triticum turgidum), 17 functional pm3 alleles confer agronomically important race-specific resistance to powdery mildew (blumeria graminis). the molecular basis of race specificity has been characterized in wheat, but little is known about the corresponding avirulence genes in powdery mildew. here, we dissected the genetics of avirulence for six pm3 alleles and found that three ... | 2015 | 26452600 |
| physiological functions of the copi complex in higher plants. | copi vesicles are essential to the retrograde transport of proteins in the early secretory pathway. the copi coatomer complex consists of seven subunits, termed α-, β-, β'-, γ-, δ-, ε-, and ζ-cop, in yeast and mammals. plant genomes have homologs of these subunits, but the essentiality of their cellular functions has hampered the functional characterization of the subunit genes in plants. here we have employed virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) and dexamethasone (dex)-inducible rnai of the copi ... | 2015 | 26434491 |
| plant-derived h7 vlp vaccine elicits protective immune response against h7n9 influenza virus in mice and ferrets. | in march 2013, the chinese centre for disease control and prevention confirmed the first reported case of human infection with an avian influenza a h7n9 virus. infection with this virus often caused severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome resulting in a case fatality rate >35%. the risk of pandemic highlighted, once again, the need for a more rapid and scalable vaccine response capability. here, we describe the rapid (19 days) development of a plant-derived vlp vaccine based on ... | 2015 | 26432915 |
| comparison of small rna profiles in nicotiana benthamiana and solanum lycopersicum infected by polygonum ringspot tospovirus reveals host-specific responses to viral infection. | viral small rnas (vsrnas) are one of the key elements involved in rna silencing-based defense against viruses in plants. we analyzed the vsrna profiles in nicotiana benthamiana and solanum lycopersicum infected by polygonum ringspot virus (polrsv) (tospovirus, bunyaviridae). vsrnas were abundant in both hosts, but a different size profile was observed, with an abundance peak at 21 in n. benthamiana and at 22 nt in tomato. vsrnas mapping to the polrsv l genomic segment were under-represented in b ... | 2016 | 26432447 |
| myosin-powered membrane compartment drives cytoplasmic streaming, cell expansion and plant development. | using genetic approaches, particle image velocimetry and an inert tracer of cytoplasmic streaming, we have made a mechanistic connection between the motor proteins (myosins xi), cargo transported by these motors (distinct endomembrane compartment defined by membrane-anchored myob receptors) and the process of cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells. it is shown that the myob compartment in nicotiana benthamiana is highly dynamic moving with the mean velocity of ~3 μm/sec. in contrast, golgi, mitoch ... | 2015 | 26426395 |
| effects of elevated co₂and temperature on pathogenicity determinants and virulence of potato virus x/potyvirus-associated synergism. | infections of plants by multiple viruses are common in nature and may result in synergisms in pathologies. several environmental factors influence plant-virus interactions and act on virulence and host defense responses. mixed viral infections may be more frequent under environmental conditions associated with global warming. here, we address how changes in the two main parameters behind global warming, carbon dioxide concentrations ([co₂]) and temperature, may affect virulence of potato virus x ... | 2015 | 26422405 |
| genome-wide analysis and expression profiling of the phospholipase c gene family in soybean (glycine max). | phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c (pi-plc) hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate to produce diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. it plays an important role in plant development and abiotic stress responses. however, systematic analysis and expression profiling of the phospholipase c (plc) gene family in soybean have not been reported. in this study, 12 putative plc genes were identified in the soybean genome. soybean plcs were found on chromosomes 2, 11, 14 and ... | 2015 | 26421918 |
| nitric oxide is involved in brassinosteroid-induced alternative respiratory pathway in nicotiana benthamiana seedlings' response to salt stress. | recent studies reported that brassinosteroids (brs) can induce plant tolerance to different environmental stresses via the nitric oxide (no) signaling pathway. previous reports have indicated that alternative oxidase (aox) plays an important role in plants under various stresses. the mechanisms governing how no is involved as a signal molecule which connects br with aox in regulating stress tolerance are still unknown. recently, we found that nicotiana benthamiana seedlings which were pretreated ... | 2015 | 26419322 |
| glycan modulation and sulfoengineering of anti-hiv-1 monoclonal antibody pg9 in plants. | broadly neutralizing anti-hiv-1 monoclonal antibodies, such as pg9, and its derivative rsh hold great promise in aids therapy and prevention. an important feature related to the exceptional efficacy of pg9 and rsh is the presence of sulfated tyrosine residues in their antigen-binding regions. to maximize antibody functionalities, we have now produced glycan-optimized, fucose-free versions of pg9 and rsh in nicotiana benthamiana. both antibodies were efficiently sulfated in planta on coexpression ... | 2015 | 26417081 |
| nbrabg3f, a member of rab gtpase, is involved in bamboo mosaic virus infection in nicotiana benthamiana. | the screening of differentially expressed genes in plants after pathogen infection can uncover the potential host factors required for the pathogens. in this study, an up-regulated gene was identified and cloned from nicotiana benthamiana plants after bamboo mosaic virus (bamv) inoculation. the up-regulated gene was identified as a member of the rab small guanosine triphosphatase (gtpase) family, and was designated as nbrabg3f according to its in silico translated product with high identity to t ... | 2016 | 26416342 |
| ghwrky25, a group i wrky gene from cotton, confers differential tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses in transgenic nicotiana benthamiana. | wrky transcription factors are involved in various processes, ranging from plant growth to abiotic and biotic stress responses. group i wrky members have been rarely reported compared with group ii or iii members, particularly in cotton (gossypium hirsutum). in this study, a group i wrky gene, namely, ghwrky25, was cloned from cotton and characterized. expression analysis revealed that ghwrky25 can be induced or deduced by the treatments of abiotic stresses and multiple defense-related signaling ... | 2016 | 26410829 |
| antimicrobial activity of bacteriophage endolysin produced in nicotiana benthamiana plants. | the increasing spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens has raised the interest in alternative antimicrobial treatments. in our study, the functionally active gram-negative bacterium bacteriophage cp933 endolysin was produced in nicotiana benthamiana plants by a combination of transient expression and vacuole targeting strategies, and its antimicrobial activity was investigated. expression of the cp933 gene in e. coli led to growth inhibition and lysis of the host cells or production of trace am ... | 2016 | 26403819 |
| a protein kinase binds the c-terminal domain of the readthrough protein of turnip yellows virus and regulates virus accumulation. | turnip yellows virus (tuyv), a phloem-limited virus, encodes a 74kda protein known as the readthrough protein (rt) involved in virus movement. we show here that a tuyv mutant deleted of the c-terminal part of the rt protein (tuyv-∆rtcter) was affected in long-distance trafficking in a host-specific manner. by using the c-terminal domain of the rt protein as a bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen of a phloem cdna library from arabidopsis thaliana we identified the calcineurin b-like protein-interact ... | 2015 | 26402374 |
| accumulation of cynaropicrin in globe artichoke and localization of enzymes involved in its biosynthesis. | globe artichoke (cynara cardunculus var. scolymus) belongs to the asteraceae family, in which one of the most biologically significant class of secondary metabolites are sesquiterpene lactones (stls). in globe artichoke the principal stl is the cynaropicrin, which contributes to approximately 80% of its characteristic bitter taste. cynaropicrin content was assessed in globe artichoke tissues and was observed to accumulate in leaves of different developmental stages. in the receptacle, a progress ... | 2015 | 26398797 |
| mitochondrial alternative oxidase is involved in both compatible and incompatible host-virus combinations in nicotiana benthamiana. | the alternative oxidase (aox) functions in the resistance to biotic stress. however, the mechanisms of aox in the systemic antiviral defense response and n (a typical resistance gene)-mediated resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) are elusive. a chemical approach was undertaken to investigate the role of nbaox in the systemic resistance to rna viruses. furthermore, we used a virus-induced gene-silencing (vigs)-based genetics approach to investigate the function of aox in the n-mediated resist ... | 2015 | 26398788 |
| a population genetics perspective on geminivirus infection. | the selective accumulation of both dna components of a bipartite geminivirus, abutilon mosaic virus, was recorded during early systemic infection of nicotiana benthamiana plants. purified nuclei were diagnosed for viral dna using hybridization specific for dna a or dna b to detect these individual genome components either alone or both simultaneously by dual-color staining. although this virus needs both components for symptomatic infection, dna a alone was transported to upper leaves, where it ... | 2015 | 26378173 |
| grapevine and arabidopsis cation-chloride cotransporters localize to the golgi and trans-golgi network and indirectly influence long-distance ion transport and plant salt tolerance. | plant cation-chloride cotransporters (cccs) have been implicated in conferring salt tolerance. they are predicted to improve shoot salt exclusion by directly catalyzing the retrieval of sodium (na(+)) and chloride (cl(-)) ions from the root xylem. we investigated whether grapevine (vitis vinifera [vvi]) ccc has a role in salt tolerance by cloning and functionally characterizing the gene from the cultivar cabernet sauvignon. amino acid sequence analysis revealed that vviccc shares a high degree o ... | 2015 | 26378102 |
| the multifunctional protein ci of potyviruses plays interlinked and distinct roles in viral genome replication and intercellular movement. | the multifunctional cylindrical inclusion (ci) protein of potyviruses contains atp binding and rna helicase activities. as part of the viral replication complex, it assists viral genome replication, possibly by binding to rna and unwinding the rna duplex. it also functions in viral cell-to-cell movement, likely via the formation of conical structures at plasmodesmata (pd) and the interaction with coat protein (cp). | 2015 | 26373859 |
| maize homologs of hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis, bind the nucleotide binding leucine-rich repeat rp1 proteins to modulate the defense response. | in plants, most disease resistance genes encode nucleotide binding leu-rich repeat (nlr) proteins that trigger a rapid localized cell death called a hypersensitive response (hr) upon pathogen recognition. the maize (zea mays) nlr protein rp1-d21 derives from an intragenic recombination between two nlrs, rp1-d and rp1-dp2, and confers an autoactive hr in the absence of pathogen infection. from a previous quantitative trait loci and genome-wide association study, we identified a single-nucleotide ... | 2015 | 26373661 |
| wrky transcription factors phosphorylated by mapk regulate a plant immune nadph oxidase in nicotiana benthamiana. | pathogen attack sequentially confers pattern-triggered immunity (pti) and effector-triggered immunity (eti) after sensing of pathogen patterns and effectors by plant immune receptors, respectively. reactive oxygen species (ros) play pivotal roles in pti and eti as signaling molecules. nicotiana benthamiana rbohb, an nadph oxidase, is responsible for both the transient pti ros burst and the robust eti ros burst. here, we show that rbohb transactivation mediated by mapk contributes to r3a/avr3a-tr ... | 2015 | 26373453 |
| production of bioactive wheat puroindoline proteins in nicotiana benthamiana using a virus-based transient expression system. | the emergence of antibiotic resistant pathogenic strains of bacteria has necessitated the development of novel antimicrobial agents. the puroindoline a and b (pina and pinb) proteins of wheat, well-known for their roles in determining the important phenotype of grain texture, are also antimicrobial, making them attractive as natural bio-control agents. however, the biochemical basis of pin functionality remains unclear due to limitations in expressing them at the required yield and purity and la ... | 2016 | 26363114 |
| arabidopsis seipin proteins modulate triacylglycerol accumulation and influence lipid droplet proliferation. | the lipodystrophy protein seipin is important for lipid droplet (ld) biogenesis in human and yeast cells. in contrast with the single seipin genes in humans and yeast, there are three seipin homologs in arabidopsis thaliana, designated seipin1, seipin2, and seipin3. essentially nothing is known about the functions of seipin homologs in plants. here, a yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) seipin deletion mutant strain and a plant (nicotiana benthamiana) transient expression system were used to test t ... | 2015 | 26362606 |
| the bifurcation of the cyanogenic glucoside and glucosinolate biosynthetic pathways. | the biosynthetic pathway for the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin in sorghum has previously been shown to involve the sequential production of (e)- and (z)-p-hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime. in this study we used microsomes prepared from wild-type and mutant sorghum or transiently transformed nicotiana benthamiana to demonstrate that cyp79a1 catalyzes conversion of tyrosine to (e)-p-hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime whereas cyp71e1 catalyzes conversion of (e)-p-hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime into the corresponding geo ... | 2015 | 26361733 |
| interaction of hsp20 with a viral rdrp changes its sub-cellular localization and distribution pattern in plants. | small heat shock proteins (shsps) perform a fundamental role in protecting cells against a wide array of stresses but their biological function during viral infection remains unknown. rice stripe virus (rsv) causes a severe disease of rice in eastern asia. oshsp20 and its homologue (nbhsp20) were used as baits in yeast two-hybrid (yth) assays to screen an rsv cdna library and were found to interact with the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) of rsv. interactions were confirmed by pull-dow ... | 2015 | 26359114 |
| inter-organ defense networking: leaf whitefly sucking elicits plant immunity to crown gall disease caused by agrobacterium tumefaciens. | plants have elaborate defensive machinery to protect against numerous pathogens and insects. plant hormones function as modulators of defensive mechanisms to maintain plant resistance to natural enemies. our recent study suggests that salicylic acid (sa) is the primary phytohormone regulating plant responses to agrobacterium tumefaciens infection. tobacco (nicotiana benthamiana domin.) immune responses against agrobacterium-mediated crown gall disease were activated by exposure to the sucking in ... | 2015 | 26357873 |
| a new cyanogenic metabolite in arabidopsis required for inducible pathogen defence. | thousands of putative biosynthetic genes in arabidopsis thaliana have no known function, which suggests that there are numerous molecules contributing to plant fitness that have not yet been discovered. prime among these uncharacterized genes are cytochromes p450 upregulated in response to pathogens. here we start with a single pathogen-induced p450 (ref. 5), cyp82c2, and use a combination of untargeted metabolomics and coexpression analysis to uncover the complete biosynthetic pathway to 4-hydr ... | 2015 | 26352477 |
| the protein disulfide isomerase 1 of phytophthora parasitica (pppdi1) is associated with the haustoria-like structures and contributes to plant infection. | protein disulfide isomerase (pdi) is a ubiquitous and multifunction enzyme belonging to the thioredoxin (trx) superfamily, which can reduce, oxidize, and catalyze dithiol-disulfide exchange reactions. other than performing housekeeping functions in helping to maintain proteins in a more stable conformation, there is some evidence to indicate that pdi is involved in pathogen infection processes. in a high-throughput screening for necrosis-inducing factors by agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated tra ... | 2015 | 26347756 |
| genetic diversity and silencing suppression activity of the p22 protein of tomato chlorosis virus isolates from tomato and sweet pepper. | as for other bipartite criniviruses (genus crinivirus, family closteroviridae), the genome of tomato chlorosis virus encodes an rna silencing suppressor, the protein p22, in the 3'-proximal region of rna1. this protein has been reported as having one of the longest lasting local suppressor activities when transiently expressed in nicotiana benthamiana. here, we examined the genetic diversity of the p22 gene in tocv isolates from tomato and sweet pepper. the p22 gene sequences clearly grouped int ... | 2015 | 26334965 |
| identification and genome organization of saponin pathway genes from a wild crucifer, and their use for transient production of saponins in nicotiana benthamiana. | the ability to evolve novel metabolites has been instrumental for the defence of plants against antagonists. a few species in the barbarea genus are the only crucifers known to produce saponins, some of which make plants resistant to specialist herbivores, like plutella xylostella, the diamondback moth. genetic mapping in barbarea vulgaris revealed that genes for saponin biosynthesis are not clustered but are located in different linkage groups. using co-location with quantitative trait loci (qt ... | 2015 | 26333142 |
| development of an agroinoculation system for full-length and gfp-tagged cdna clones of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus. | the complete 6243-nucleotide sequence of a cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (cgmmv) isolate from bottle gourd in zhejiang province, china, was determined. a full-length cdna clone of this isolate was constructed by inserting the cdna between the 35s promoter and the ribozyme in the binary plasmid pcb301-ch. a suspension of an agrobacterium tumefaciens eha105 clone carrying this construct was highly infectious in nicotiana benthamiana and bottle gourd. another infectious clone containing the gr ... | 2015 | 26323263 |
| analysis of globodera rostochiensis effectors reveals conserved functions of sprysec proteins in suppressing and eliciting plant immune responses. | potato cyst nematodes (pcns), including globodera rostochiensis (woll.), are important pests of potato. plant parasitic nematodes produce multiple effector proteins, secreted from their stylets, to successfully infect their hosts. these include proteins delivered to the apoplast and to the host cytoplasm. a number of effectors from g. rostochiensis predicted to be delivered to the host cytoplasm have been identified, including several belonging to the secreted spry domain (sprysec) family. sprys ... | 2015 | 26322064 |
| the activation of phytophthora effector avr3b by plant cyclophilin is required for the nudix hydrolase activity of avr3b. | plant pathogens secrete an arsenal of effector proteins to impair host immunity. some effectors possess enzymatic activities that can modify their host targets. previously, we demonstrated that a phytophthora sojae rxlr effector avr3b acts as a nudix hydrolase when expressed in planta; and this enzymatic activity is required for full virulence of p. sojae strain p6497 in soybean (glycine max). interestingly, recombinant avr3b produced by e. coli does not have the hydrolase activity unless it was ... | 2015 | 26317500 |
| high temperature, high ambient co₂ affect the interactions between three positive-sense rna viruses and a compatible host differentially, but not their silencing suppression efficiencies. | we compared infection of nicotiana benthamiana plants by the positive-sense rna viruses cucumber mosaic virus (cmv), potato virus y (pvy), and by a potato virus x (pvx) vector, the latter either unaltered or expressing the cmv 2b protein or the pvy hcpro suppressors of silencing, at 25°c vs. 30°c, or at standard (~401 parts per million, ppm) vs. elevated (970 ppm) co2 levels. we also assessed the activities of their suppressors of silencing under those conditions. we found that at 30°c, accumula ... | 2015 | 26313753 |
| structural basis of pathogen recognition by an integrated hma domain in a plant nlr immune receptor. | plants have evolved intracellular immune receptors to detect pathogen proteins known as effectors. how these immune receptors detect effectors remains poorly understood. here we describe the structural basis for direct recognition of avr-pik, an effector from the rice blast pathogen, by the rice intracellular nlr immune receptor pik. avr-pikd binds a dimer of the pikp-1 hma integrated domain with nanomolar affinity. the crystal structure of the pikp-hma/avr-pikd complex enabled design of mutatio ... | 2015 | 26304198 |
| comparative genomic analysis of multiple strains of two unusual plant pathogens: pseudomonas corrugata and pseudomonas mediterranea. | the non-fluorescent pseudomonads, pseudomonas corrugata (pcor) and p. mediterranea (pmed), are closely related species that cause pith necrosis, a disease of tomato that causes severe crop losses. however, they also show strong antagonistic effects against economically important pathogens, demonstrating their potential for utilization as biological control agents. in addition, their metabolic versatility makes them attractive for the production of commercial biomolecules and bioremediation. an e ... | 2015 | 26300874 |
| a crispr/cas9 toolbox for multiplexed plant genome editing and transcriptional regulation. | the relative ease, speed, and biological scope of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (crispr)/crispr-associated protein9 (cas9)-based reagents for genomic manipulations are revolutionizing virtually all areas of molecular biosciences, including functional genomics, genetics, applied biomedical research, and agricultural biotechnology. in plant systems, however, a number of hurdles currently exist that limit this technology from reaching its full potential. for example, sig ... | 2015 | 26297141 |
| roles of agrobacterium tumefaciens c58 znta and zntb and the transcriptional regulator zntr in controlling cd2+/zn2+/co2+ resistance and the peroxide stress response. | the putative zinc exporters znta (a p1b-type atpase) and zntb (2-tm-gxn family) in agrobacterium tumefaciens were characterized. the expression of the znta gene is inducible by cdcl2, zncl2 and cocl2, of which cdcl2 is the most potent inducer, whereas zntb is constitutively expressed. the metal-induced expression of znta is controlled by the merr-like regulator zntr. the znta and zntr mutants were highly sensitive to cdcl2 and zncl2, and cocl2 sensitivity was demonstrated to a lesser extent. by ... | 2015 | 26296876 |
| rice grassy stunt virus nonstructural protein p5 serves as a viral suppressor of rna silencing and interacts with nonstructural protein p3. | rice grassy stunt virus (rgsv), a member of the genus tenuivirus, causes serious rice disease in southeast asian countries. in this study, a green fluorescent protein (gfp)-based transient expression assay was conducted to show that p5, encoded on rna5 in the viral sense, is a viral suppressor of rna silencing (vsr). protein-protein interactions (ppis) between p5 and all rgsv proteins except pc1 and pc2 were investigated using gal4-based yeast two-hybrid (y2h) experiments. the results demonstrat ... | 2015 | 26296721 |
| translation of the shallot virus x tgb3 gene depends on non-aug initiation and leaky scanning. | triple gene block (tgb), a conserved gene module found in the genomes of many filamentous and rod-shaped plant viruses, encodes three proteins, tgb1, tgb2 and tgb3, required for viral cell-to-cell movement through plasmodesmata and systemic transport via the phloem. the genome of shallot virus x, the type species of the genus allexivirus, includes tgb1 and tgb2 genes, but contains no canonical orf for tgb3 protein. however, a tgb3-like protein-encoding sequence lacking an aug initiator codon has ... | 2015 | 26296665 |
| leaf proteome rebalancing in nicotiana benthamiana for upstream enrichment of a transiently expressed recombinant protein. | a key factor influencing the yield of biopharmaceuticals in plants is the ratio of recombinant to host proteins in crude extracts. postextraction procedures have been devised to enrich recombinant proteins before purification. here, we assessed the potential of methyl jasmonate (meja) as a generic trigger of recombinant protein enrichment in nicotiana benthamiana leaves before harvesting. previous studies have reported a significant rebalancing of the leaf proteome via the jasmonate signalling p ... | 2015 | 26286859 |
| the xanthomonas effector xopj triggers a conditional hypersensitive response upon treatment of n. benthamiana leaves with salicylic acid. | xopj is a xanthomonas type iii effector protein that promotes bacterial virulence on susceptible pepper plants through the inhibition of the host cell proteasome and a resultant suppression of salicylic acid (sa) - dependent defense responses. we show here that nicotiana benthamiana leaves transiently expressing xopj display hypersensitive response (hr) -like symptoms when exogenously treated with sa. this apparent avirulence function of xopj was further dependent on effector myristoylation as w ... | 2015 | 26284106 |
| the complete genome sequences of two isolates of cnidium vein yellowing virus, a tentative new member of the family secoviridae. | we determined the complete genome sequences of two isolates of cnidium vein yellowing virus (cnvyv-1 and -2) that co-infected all field samples collected from cnidium officinale in korea. unlike cnvyv-2, however, cnvyv-1 was sap-transmissible to nicotiana benthamiana. cnvyv-1 and -2 have bipartite genomes of 7,263 and 3,110 nucleotides and 7,278 and 3,112 nucleotides, respectively, excluding the poly(a) tails. phylogenetic analysis of the cnvyv-1 and -2 sequences indicated close relationships to ... | 2015 | 26282235 |
| an improved cucumber mosaic virus-based vector for efficient decoying of plant micrornas. | we previously devised a cucumber mosaic virus (cmv)-based vector system carrying microrna target mimic sequences for analysis of microrna function in arabidopsis thaliana. we describe an improved version in which target mimic cloning is achieved by annealing two partly-overlapping complementary dna oligonucleotides for insertion into an infectious clone of cmv rna3 (ls strain) fused to the cauliflower mosaic virus-derived 35s promoter. ls-cmv variants carrying mimic sequences were generated by c ... | 2015 | 26278008 |
| analysis of tospovirus nss proteins in suppression of systemic silencing. | rna silencing is a sequence-specific gene regulation mechanism that in plants also acts antiviral. in order to counteract antiviral rna silencing, viruses have evolved rna silencing suppressors (rss). in the case of tospoviruses, the non-structural nss protein has been identified as the rss. although the tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) tospovirus nss protein has been shown to exhibit affinity to long and small dsrna molecules, its ability to suppress the non-cell autonomous part of rna silencin ... | 2015 | 26275304 |
| expression and functional analysis of wrky transcription factors in chinese wild hazel, corylus heterophylla fisch. | plant wrky transcription factors are known to regulate various biotic and abiotic stress responses. in this study we identified a total of 30 putative wrky unigenes in a transcriptome dataset of the chinese wild hazel, corylus heterophylla, a species that is noted for its cold tolerance. thirteen full-length of these chwrky genes were cloned and found to encode complete protein sequences, and they were divided into three groups, based on the number of wrky domains and the pattern of zinc finger ... | 2015 | 26270529 |
| heterologous expression of moss light-harvesting complex stress-related 1 (lhcsr1), the chlorophyll a-xanthophyll pigment-protein complex catalyzing non-photochemical quenching, in nicotiana sp. | oxygenic photosynthetic organisms evolved mechanisms for thermal dissipation of energy absorbed in excess to prevent formation of reactive oxygen species. the major and fastest component, called non-photochemical quenching, occurs within the photosystem ii antenna system by the action of two essential light-harvesting complex (lhc)-like proteins, photosystem ii subunit s (psbs) in plants and light-harvesting complex stress-related (lhcsr) in green algae and diatoms. in the evolutionary intermedi ... | 2015 | 26260788 |
| the arabidopsis lectin euls3 is involved in stomatal closure. | plants synthesize carbohydrate binding proteins in response to adverse environmental conditions such as drought, heat, pathogen attack, etc. the arabidopsis euls3 lectin (referred to as aratheuls3, encoded by at2g39050) has recently been linked to the drought stress response. in this study, endogenous binding partners for this protein have been investigated. tandem affinity purifications and mass spectrometry analyses allowed the identification of two putative interacting proteins, embryo-specif ... | 2015 | 26259197 |
| transcriptional transitions in nicotiana benthamiana leaves upon induction of oil synthesis by wrinkled1 homologs from diverse species and tissues. | carbon accumulation and remobilization are essential mechanisms in plants to ensure energy transfer between plant tissues with different functions or metabolic needs and to support new generations. knowledge about the regulation of carbon allocation into oil (triacylglycerol) in plant storage tissue can be of great economic and environmental importance for developing new high-yielding oil crops. here, the effect on global gene expression as well as on physiological changes in leaves transiently ... | 2015 | 26253704 |
| xanthomonas campestris cell-cell signalling molecule dsf (diffusible signal factor) elicits innate immunity in plants and is suppressed by the exopolysaccharide xanthan. | several secreted and surface-associated conserved microbial molecules are recognized by the host to mount the defence response. one such evolutionarily well-conserved bacterial process is the production of cell-cell signalling molecules which regulate production of multiple virulence functions by a process known as quorum sensing. here it is shown that a bacterial fatty acid cell-cell signalling molecule, dsf (diffusible signal factor), elicits innate immunity in plants. the dsf family of signal ... | 2015 | 26248667 |
| l-type lectin receptor kinases in nicotiana benthamiana and tomato and their role in phytophthora resistance. | membrane-bound receptors play crucial roles as sentinels of plant immunity against a large variety of invading microbes. one class of receptors known to be involved in self/non-self-surveillance and plant resistance comprises the l-type lectin receptor kinases (lecrks). previously, we reported that several arabidopsis lecrks play a role in resistance to phytophthora pathogens. in this study, we determined whether homologues of these lecrks from the solanaceous plants nicotiana benthamiana and to ... | 2015 | 26248665 |
| additional diterpenes from physcomitrella patens synthesized by copalyl diphosphate/kaurene synthase (ppcps/ks). | the bifunctional diterpene synthase, copalyl diphosphate/kaurene synthase from the moss physcomitrella patens (ppcps/ks), catalyses the formation of at least four diterpenes, including ent-beyerene, ent-sandaracopimaradiene, ent-kaur-16-ene, and 16-hydroxy-ent-kaurene. the enzymatic activity has been confirmed through generation of a targeted ppcps/ks knock-out mutant in p. patens via homologous recombination, through transient expression of ppcps/ks in nicotiana benthamiana, and expression of p ... | 2015 | 26248039 |
| distinct cellular locations of carbonic anhydrases mediate carbon dioxide control of stomatal movements. | elevated carbon dioxide (co2) in leaves closes stomatal apertures. research has shown key functions of the β-carbonic anhydrases (βca1 and βca4) in rapid co2-induced stomatal movements by catalytic transmission of the co2 signal in guard cells. however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, because initial studies indicate that these arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) βcas are targeted to distinct intracellular compartments upon expression in tobacco (nicotiana benthamiana) cells. which cell ... | 2015 | 26243620 |
| anti-infective immunoadhesins from plants. | immunoadhesins are recombinant proteins that combine the ligand-binding region of a receptor or adhesion molecule with immunoglobulin constant domains. all fda-approved immunoadhesins are designed to modulate the interaction of a human receptor with its normal ligand, such as etanercept (enbrel(®) ), which interferes with the binding of tumour necrosis factor (tnf) to the tnf-alpha receptor and is used to treat inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. like antibodies, immunoadhesins h ... | 2015 | 26242703 |
| characterisation and diagnosis of frangipani mosaic virus from india. | frangipani mosaic virus (frmv) is known to infect frangipani tree (plumeria rubra f. acutifolia) in india but the virus has not been characterized at genomic level and diagnosis is not available. in the present study, an isolate of frmv (frmv-ind-1) showing greenish mosaic and vein-banding symptoms in p. rubra f. acutifolia in new delhi was characterized based on host reactions, serology and genome sequence. the virus isolate induced local symptoms on several new experimental host species: capsi ... | 2015 | 26239043 |
| five xanthomonas type iii effectors suppress cell death induced by components of immunity-associated map kinase cascades. | mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades play a fundamental role in signaling of plant immunity and mediate elicitation of cell death. xanthomonas spp. manipulate plant signaling by using a type iii secretion system to deliver effector proteins into host cells. we examined the ability of 33 xanthomonas effectors to inhibit cell death induced by overexpression of components of mapk cascades in nicotiana benthamiana plants. five effectors inhibited cell death induced by overexpression of m ... | 2015 | 26237448 |