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molecular analysis of vibrio vulnificus isolated from cockles and patients in thailand.vibrio vulnificus can cause septicemia, wound infection and gastroenteritis. the most severe infections are related to consumption of raw or undercooked seafood. virulence genes, biomarkers, antimicrobial resistance, and genetic relationships among v vulnificus isolated from clinical and environmental sources in thailand have not hitherto been investigated. viub encoding vulnibactin siderophore was detected in 33% and 50% of clinical and environmental (cockle) v. vulnificus isolates, respectivel ...201424964659
development and evaluation of a real-time fluorogenic loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay integrated on a microfluidic disc chip (on-chip lamp) for rapid and simultaneous detection of ten pathogenic bacteria in aquatic animals.rapid, low-cost, and user-friendly strategies are urgently needed for early disease diagnosis and timely treatment, particularly for on-site screening of pathogens in aquaculture. in this study, we successfully developed a real-time fluorogenic loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay integrated on a microfluidic disc chip (on-chip lamp), which was capable of simultaneously detecting 10 pathogenic bacteria in aquatic animals, i.e., nocardia seriolae, pseudomonas putida, streptococcus iniae, ...201424954661
antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties of wines and winery byproducts in relation to their flavonoid content.grapes produce organic compounds that may be involved in the defense of the plants against invading phytopathogens. these metabolites include numerous phenolic compounds that are also active against human pathogens. grapes are used to produce a variety of wines, grape juices, and raisins. grape pomace, seeds, and skins, the remains of the grapes that are a byproduct of winemaking, also contain numerous bioactive compounds that differ from those found in grapes and wines. this overview surveys an ...201424945318
cytotoxicity of the vibrio vulnificus martx toxin effector duf5 is linked to the c2a subdomain.the multifunctional-autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (martx) toxins are bacterial protein toxins that serve as delivery platforms for cytotoxic effector domains. the domain of unknown function in position 5 (duf5) effector domain is present in at least six different species' martx toxins and as a hypothetical protein in photorhabdus spp. its presence increases the potency of the vibrio vulnificus martx toxin in mouse virulence studies, indicating duf5 directly contributes to pathogenesis. in this ...201424935440
sequence and expression divergence of an ancient duplication of the chaperonin groesel operon in vibrio species.heat-shock proteins are molecular chaperones essential for protein folding, degradation and trafficking. the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus encodes a copy of the groesel operon in both chromosomes and these genes share <80 % similarity with each other. comparative genomic analysis was used to determine whether this duplication is prevalent among vibrionaceae specifically or gammaproteobacteria in general. among the vibrionaceae complete genome sequences in the database (31 species), seven vibr ...201424913685
uncertainty in model predictions of vibrio vulnificus response to climate variability and change: a chesapeake bay case study.the effect that climate change and variability will have on waterborne bacteria is a topic of increasing concern for coastal ecosystems, including the chesapeake bay. surface water temperature trends in the bay indicate a warming pattern of roughly 0.3-0.4°c per decade over the past 30 years. it is unclear what impact future warming will have on pathogens currently found in the bay, including vibrio spp. using historical environmental data, combined with three different statistical models of vib ...201424874082
glycan specificity of the vibrio vulnificus hemolysin lectin outlines evolutionary history of membrane targeting by a toxin family.pore-forming toxins (pfts) are a class of pathogen-secreted molecules that oligomerize to form transmembrane channels in cellular membranes. determining the mechanism for how pfts bind membranes is important in understanding their role in disease and for developing possible ways to block their action. vibrio vulnificus, an aquatic pathogen responsible for severe food poisoning and septicemia in humans, secretes a pft called v. vulnificus hemolysin (vvh), which contains a single c-terminal target ...201424862282
impact of hurricane irene on vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus concentrations in surface water, sediment, and cultured oysters in the chesapeake bay, md, usa.to determine if a storm event (i.e., high winds, large volumes of precipitation) could alter concentrations of vibrio vulnificus and v. parahaemolyticus in aquacultured oysters (crassostrea virginica) and associated surface water and sediment, this study followed a sampling timeline before and after hurricane irene impacted the chesapeake bay estuary in late august 2011. aquacultured oysters were sampled from two levels in the water column: surface (0.3 m) and near-bottom (just above the sedimen ...201424847319
emergency treatment of 16 patients with necrotizing fasciitis caused by vibrio vulnificus infection complicated with septic shock. 201424824268
quorum sensing-dependent metalloprotease vvpe is important in the virulence of vibrio vulnificus to invertebrates.vibrio vulnificus, a gram-negative bacterium, is an opportunistic human pathogen responsible for fatal septicemia caused by contaminated sea foods in eastern asia. quorum sensing (qs) is a cell-density dependent gene regulation mechanism that controls the expression of many virulence genes in various bacteria and v. vulnificus has been also suggested to express their virulence genes through the qs system. in this study, we investigated the role of qs system and qs-regulated exoproteases in the v ...201424769338
vibrio vulnificus phage pv94 is closely related to temperate phages of v. cholerae and other vibrio species.vibrio vulnificus is an important pathogen which can cause serious infections in humans. yet, there is limited knowledge on its virulence factors and the question whether temperate phages might be involved in pathogenicity, as is the case with v. cholerae. thus far, only two phages (ssp002 and vvaw1) infecting v. vulnificus have been genetically characterized. these phages were isolated from the environment and are not related to vibrio cholerae phages. the lack of information on temperate v. vu ...201424732980
multiplex pcr assays for the detection of vibrio alginolyticus, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus, and vibrio cholerae with an internal amplification control.a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay that can simultaneously detect 4 major vibrio spp., vibrio alginolyticus, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus, and vibrio cholerae, in the presence of an internal amplification control (iac) was developed. species-specific pcr primers were designed based on the gyrb gene for v. alginolyticus, the collagenase gene for v. parahaemolyticus, the vvha gene for v. vulnificus, and the ompw gene for v. cholerae. additionally, an iac primer pair wa ...201424731836
thermodynamic properties of the effector domains of martx toxins suggest their unfolding for translocation across the host membrane.martx (multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin) family toxins are produced by vibrio cholerae, vibrio vulnificus, aeromonas hydrophila and other gram-negative bacteria. effector domains of martx toxins cross the cytoplasmic membrane of a host cell through a putative pore formed by the toxin's glycine-rich repeats. the structure of the pore is unknown and the translocation mechanism of the effector domains is poorly understood. we examined the thermodynamic stability of the effector domai ...201424724536
cloning, crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of an intact dna methyltransferase of a type i restriction-modification enzyme from vibrio vulnificus.independently of the restriction (hsdr) subunit, the specificity (hsds) and methylation (hsdm) subunits interact with each other, and function as a methyltransferase in type i restriction-modification systems. a single gene that combines the hsds and hsdm subunits in vibrio vulnificus yj016 was expressed and purified. a crystal suitable for x-ray diffraction was obtained from 25%(w/v) polyethylene glycol monomethylether 5000, 0.1 m hepes ph 8.0, 0.2 m ammonium sulfate at 291 k by hanging-drop va ...201424699746
induction, resuscitation and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses of viable but nonculturable vibrio vulnificus in artificial sea water.vibrio vulnificus, an important food-borne pathogen, is known to enter viable but nonculturable (vbnc) state under low temperature and low nutrition stress conditions. present study examined the time required for induction of vbnc state and temperature which induces resuscitation of v. vulnificus yj016. the change in cell morphology and gene expression during vbnc state and in resuscitated cells was also examined. v. vulnificus incubated in artificial sea water at 4 °c entered vbnc state after c ...201424696138
vibrio vulnificus outbreaks in dutch eel farms since 1996: strain diversity and impact.vibrio vulnificus is a potentially zoonotic bacterial pathogen of fish, which can infect humans (causing necrotic fasciitis). we analysed 24 v. vulnificus isolates (from 23 severe eel disease outbreaks in 8 dutch eel farms during 1996 to 2009, and 1 clinical strain from an eel farmer) for genetic correlation and zoonotic potential. strains were typed using biotyping and molecular typing by high-throughput multilocus sequence typing (himlst) and rep-pcr (diversilab®). we identified 19 strains of ...201424695233
vibrio vulnificus mo6-24/o lipopolysaccharide stimulates superoxide anion, thromboxane b₂, matrix metalloproteinase-9, cytokine and chemokine release by rat brain microglia in vitro.although human exposure to gram-negative vibrio vulnificus (v. vulnificus) lipopolysaccharide (lps) has been reported to result in septic shock, its impact on the central nervous system's innate immunity remains undetermined. the purpose of this study was to determine whether v. vulnificus mo6-24/o lps might activate rat microglia in vitro and stimulate the release of superoxide anion (o₂⁻), a reactive oxygen species known to cause oxidative stress and neuronal injury in vivo. brain microglia we ...201424675728
draft genome sequence of israeli outbreak-associated vibrio vulnificus biotype 3 clinical isolate baa87.vibrio vulnificus is a seafood-associated pathogen that causes severe wound and intestinal infections. biotype 3 of v. vulnificus emerged in 1996 as the cause of an israeli outbreak associated with the handling of infected tilapia. here, we describe the whole-genome sequence of the atcc biotype 3 clinical isolate baa87 (cdc9530-96).201424652973
liposome-encapsulated cinnamaldehyde enhances zebrafish (danio rerio) immunity and survival when challenged with vibrio vulnificus and streptococcus agalactiae.cinnamaldehyde, which is extracted from cinnamon, is a natural compound with activity against bacteria and a modulatory immune function. however, the antibacterial activity and immunostimulation of cinnamaldehyde in fish has not been well investigated due to the compound's poor water solubility. thus, liposome-encapsulated cinnamaldehyde (lec) was used to evaluate the effects of cinnamaldehyde on in vitro antibacterial activity against aquatic pathogens and in vivo immunity and protection parame ...201424632045
skin and soft tissue infections following marine injuries and exposures in travelers.bacterial skin and soft tissue infections (sstis) in travelers often follow insect bites and can present a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from impetigo to necrotizing cellulitis. significant sstis can also follow marine injuries and exposures in travelers, and the etiologies are often marine bacteria.201424628985
vibrio vulnificus biotype 3 multifunctional autoprocessing rtx toxin is an adenylate cyclase toxin essential for virulence in mice.vibrio vulnificus is an environmental organism that causes both food-borne and wound infections with high morbidity and mortality in humans. the annual incidence and global distribution of infections associated with this pathogen are increasing with climate change. in the late 1990s, an outbreak of tilapia-associated wound infections in israel was linked to a previously unrecognized variant of v. vulnificus designated biotype 3. the sudden emergence and clonality of the outbreak suggest that thi ...201424614656
dietary supplementation of bacillus subtilis and fructooligosaccharide enhance the growth, non-specific immunity of juvenile ovate pompano, trachinotus ovatus and its disease resistance against vibrio vulnificus.a feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary administration of probiotic bacillus subtilis and prebiotic fructooligosaccharide (fos) on growth performance, immune responses and disease resistance of juvenile ovate pompano, trachinotus ovatus. one thousand six hundred and twenty individuals (initial body weight: 10.32 ± 0.46 g, mean ± s.e) were fed nine practical diets according to a 3 × 3 factorial design: the basal diet as the control diet supplemented with three levels o ...201424614017
disease-outcome trees, eq-5d scores, and estimated annual losses of quality-adjusted life years (qalys) for 14 foodborne pathogens in the united states.measures of disease burden such as quality-adjusted life years (qalys) are increasingly important to risk-based food safety policy. they provide a means of comparing relative risk from diverse health outcomes. we present detailed disease-outcome trees and eq-5d scoring for 14 major foodborne pathogens representing over 95% of foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths due to specified agents in the united states (campylobacter spp., clostridium perfringens, cryptosporidium parvum, cyclosp ...201424588853
antimicrobial susceptibility of vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus recovered from recreational and commercial areas of chesapeake bay and maryland coastal bays.vibrio vulnificus and v. parahaemolyticus in the estuarine-marine environment are of human health significance and may be increasing in pathogenicity and abundance. vibrio illness originating from dermal contact with vibrio laden waters or through ingestion of seafood originating from such waters can cause deleterious health effects, particularly if the strains involved are resistant to clinically important antibiotics. the purpose of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility among ...201424586914
occurrence and distribution of vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus--potential roles for fish, oyster, sediment and water.vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus are gram-negative marine bacteria naturally found in estuaries such as the gulf of mexico and can be pathogenic to humans. we quantified both of these organisms in fish, oyster, sediment, and water using culture-independent (quantitative pcr; qpcr) and culture-dependent (direct plating-colony hybridization; dp-ch) techniques during the transition period between winter and spring. we correlated these levels to environmental conditions and to abundance ...201424571291
starvation induces phenotypic diversification and convergent evolution in vibrio vulnificus.starvation is a common stress experienced by bacteria living in natural environments and the ability to adapt to and survive intense stress is of paramount importance for any bacterial population. a series of starvation experiments were conducted using v. vulnificus 93u204 in phosphate-buffered saline and seawater. the starved population entered the death phase during the first week and approximately 1% of cells survived. after that the population entered a long-term stationary phase, and could ...201424551129
bacterial infections from aquatic species: potential for and prevention of contact zoonoses.as aquaculture production and the consumption of aquaculture products increase, the possibility of contracting zoonotic infections from either handling or ingesting these products also increases. the principal pathogens acquired topically from fish or shellfish through spine/pincer puncture or open wounds are aeromonas hydrophila, edwardsiella tarda, mycobacterium marinum, streptococcus iniae, vibrio vulnificus and v. damsela. these pathogens, which are all indigenous to the aquatic environment, ...201324547653
low cell density regulator apha upregulates the expression of vibrio vulnificus iscr gene encoding the fe-s cluster regulator iscr.iscr is a global transcriptional regulator that contributes to the pathogenesis of vibrio vulnificus, a food-borne pathogen. in the present study, the regulatory mechanism for the iscr expression of v. vulnificus was evaluated. the expression of iscr was found to be upregulated by a transcriptional regulator apha, a homologue of the low cell density regulator apha of the vibrio species, in the exponential phase of growth. the promoter activity of iscr appeared to be activated and repressed by ap ...201424535746
tlr2 and tlr4 mediate the tnfα response to vibrio vulnificus biotype 1.vibrio vulnificus (vv) is a pathogenic bacterium that can cause life-threatening infections in humans. most fatal cases are due to septic shock that results from dysregulation of cytokines, particularly tnfα, which plays a critical role in the outcome of vv infection. the goal of this study was to investigate the toll-like receptor (tlr)-mediated tnfα response to four vv biotype 1 strains using mice deficient for tlr2, tlr4, and tlr2/tlr4. ex vivo assays were performed with blood, splenocytes, a ...201424532589
functional analysis of tolc homologs in vibrio vulnificus.gram-negative bacteria use tripartite pumps to transport antibacterial drugs and other toxic compounds across the inner and outer membranes, which are separated by the periplasmic space. the tolc protein is an outer membrane factor that participates in the formation of tripartite efflux pumps. the genome of vibrio vulnificus encodes two e. coli tolc homologs, tolcv1 and tolcv2. here, we show that both tolcv1 and tolcv2 are involved in the efflux of antimicrobial agents. deletion of tolcv1 result ...201424515351
interspecific quorum sensing mediates the resuscitation of viable but nonculturable vibrios.entry and exit from dormancy are essential survival mechanisms utilized by microorganisms to cope with harsh environments. many bacteria, including the opportunistic human pathogen vibrio vulnificus, enter a form of dormancy known as the viable but nonculturable (vbnc) state. vbnc cells can resuscitate when suitable conditions arise, yet the molecular mechanisms facilitating resuscitation in most bacteria are not well understood. we discovered that bacterial cell-free supernatants (cfs) can awak ...201424509922
interaction between the α-barrel tip of vibrio vulnificus tolc homologs and acra implies the adapter bridging model.the acrab-tolc multidrug efflux pump confers resistance to escherichia coli against many antibiotics and toxic compounds. the tolc protein is an outer membrane factor that participates in the formation of type i secretion systems. the genome of vibrio vulnificus encodes two proteins homologous to the e. coli tolc, designated tolcv1 and tolcv2. here, we show that both tolcv1 and tolcv2 partially complement the e. coli tolc function and physically interact with the membrane fusion protein acra, a ...201424500479
high-salt preadaptation of vibrio parahaemolyticus enhances survival in response to lethal environmental stresses.adaptation to changing environmental conditions is an important strategy for survival of foodborne bacterial pathogens. vibrio parahaemolyticus is a gram-negative seafoodborne enteric pathogen found in the marine environment both free living and associated with oysters. this pathogen is a moderate halophile, with optimal growth at 3% nacl. among the several stresses imposed upon enteric bacteria, acid stress is perhaps one of the most important. v. parahaemolyticus has a lysine decarboxylase sys ...201424490918
molecular characterization of vulnibactin biosynthesis in vibrio vulnificus indicates the existence of an alternative siderophore.vibrio vulnificus is a halophilic estuarine bacterium that causes fatal septicemia and necrotizing wound infections in humans. virulent v. vulnificus isolates produce a catechol siderophore called vulnibactin, made up of one residue of 2, 3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2, 3-dhba) and two residues of salicylic acid (sa). vulnibactin biosynthetic genes (vv2_0828 to vv2_0844) are clustered at one locus of chromosome 2, expression of which is significantly up-regulated in vivo. in the present study, we de ...201424478763
host-nonspecific iron acquisition systems and virulence in the zoonotic serovar of vibrio vulnificus.the zoonotic serovar of vibrio vulnificus (known as biotype 2 serovar e) is the etiological agent of human and fish vibriosis. the aim of the present work was to discover the role of the vulnibactin- and hemin-dependent iron acquisition systems in the pathogenicity of this zoonotic serovar under the hypothesis that both are host-nonspecific virulence factors. to this end, we selected three genes for three outer membrane receptors (vuua, a receptor for ferric vulnibactin, and hupa and hutr, two h ...201424478087
iscr is a global regulator essential for pathogenesis of vibrio vulnificus and induced by host cells.a mutant that exhibited less cytotoxic activity toward int-407 human intestinal epithelial cells than the wild type was screened from a random transposon mutant library of vibrio vulnificus, and an open reading frame encoding an fe-s cluster regulator, iscr, was identified using a transposon-tagging method. a mutational analysis demonstrated that iscr contributes to mouse mortality as well as cytotoxicity toward the int-407 cells, indicating that iscr is essential for the pathogenesis of v. vuln ...201424478072
prognostic factor of mortality and its clinical implications in patients with necrotizing fasciitis caused by vibrio vulnificus.in taiwan, the aquatic environment and endemic hepatitis contribute to the high susceptibility of vibrio vulnificus infection. a multidisciplinary treatment protocol for necrotizing fasciitis caused by v. vulnificus was developed in our institute, namely, ceftriaxone or ceftazidime combined with doxycycline or minocycline followed by an emergency fasciotomy and intensive care unit admission. we retrospectively reviewed 100 cases to evaluate the effectiveness of our treatment protocol and identif ...201424419406
molecular typing of environmental and clinical strains of vibrio vulnificus isolated in the northeastern usa.vibrio vulnificus is a ubiquitous marine bacterium that is responsible for infections and some seafood-related illnesses and deaths in the united states, mainly in individuals with compromised health status in the gulf of mexico region. most phylogenetic studies focus on v. vulnificus strains isolated in the southern united states, but almost no genetic data are available on northeastern bacterial isolates of clinical or environmental origin. our goal in this study was to examine the genetic div ...201324386187
insight into the evolution of vibrio vulnificus biotype 3's genome.vibrio vulnificus is an aquatic bacterium and an important human pathogen. strains of v. vulnificus are biochemically classified into three biotypes. the newly emerged biotype 3 appears to be rather clonal and geographically restricted to israel, where it caused an outbreak of wound infections and bacteremia. to understand the evolution of the bacterium's genome, we sequenced and analyzed the genome of biotype 3 strain vvyb1(bt3), and then conducted a microbial environmental survey of the hypoth ...201324385974
implications of chitin attachment for the environmental persistence and clinical nature of the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus.vibrio vulnificus naturally inhabits a variety of aquatic organisms, including oysters, and is the leading cause of seafood-related death in the united states. strains of this bacterium are genetically classified into environmental (e) and clinical (c) genotypes, which correlate with source of isolation. e-genotype strains integrate into marine aggregates more efficiently than do c-genotype strains, leading to a greater uptake of strains of this genotype by oysters feeding on these aggregates. t ...201424362430
pvv3, a new shuttle vector for gene expression in vibrio vulnificus.an efficient electroporation procedure for vibrio vulnificus was designed using the new cloning vector pvv3 (3,107 bp). transformation efficiencies up to 2 × 10(6) transformants per μg dna were achieved. the vector stably replicated in both v. vulnificus and escherichia coli and was also successfully introduced into vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio cholerae. to demonstrate the suitability of the vector for molecular cloning, the green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene and the vvhba hemolysin oper ...201424362421
the evaluation of four recent culture-based methods for the isolation and enumeration of vibrio vulnificus bacteria from oyster meat.the most common cause of seafood-borne death in the united states is the bacterium vibrio vulnificus which can be concentrated into high numbers in the tissues of oysters or other shellfish. the ability to quickly, accurately, and inexpensively isolate living strains of this organism from oyster tissues is crucial for effective research on this pathogen. in this report, we evaluate four methods for isolating and quantifying v. vulnificus from oyster tissues, the solid media cpc+ (a refined versi ...201424355773
predominant bacteria associated with red snapper from the northern gulf of mexico.since the deepwater horizon oil spill in 2010, anecdotal observations of red snapper lutjanus campechanus from the northern gulf of mexico exhibiting unusual external lesions have been reported. two opportunistic bacterial fish pathogens, vibrio vulnificus and photobacterium damselae, were recovered from the fish and were deemed responsible for the abnormalities. however, the culturable microbiota of healthy red snapper has not yet been characterized. we analyzed the heterotrophic bacteria assoc ...201324341770
relationship of aquatic environmental factors with the abundance of vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio mimicus and vibrio vulnificus in the coastal area of guaymas, sonora, mexico.members of the genus vibrio are common in aquatic environments. among them are v. cholerae, v. vulnificus, v. parahaemolyticus and v. mimicus. several studies have shown that environmental factors, such as temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen, are involved in their epidemiology. therefore, the main objective of this study is to determine if there is a correlation between the presence/amount of v. cholerae, v, vulnificus, v. parahaemolyticus and v. mimicus and the environmental conditions ...201324334844
peroxidase and photoprotective activities of magnesium protoporphyrin ix.magnesium-protoporphyrin ix (mg-ppn), which is formed through chelation of protoporphyrin ix (ppn) with mg ion by mg chelatase, is the first intermediate for the (bacterio)chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway. interestingly, mg-ppn provides peroxidase activity (approximately 4 × 10(-2) units/micrometer) detoxifying h2o2 in the presence of electron donor(s). the peroxidase activity was not detected unless ppn was chelated with mg ion. mg-ppn was found freely diffusible through the membrane of escheri ...201424317481
a bacterial flagellin in combination with proinflammatory cytokines activates human monocyte-derived dendritic cells to generate cytotoxic t lymphocytes having increased homing signals to cancer.flagellin, the cognate ligand for toll-like receptor 5, has potent adjuvant activity in various vaccines. however, its efficacy in generating dendritic cells (dcs) remains contentious. this study assessed how efficaciously vibrio vulnificus flab (v-flab) could be used in generating a potent dc to induce antigen-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls). mature dcs (mdcs) induced by the combination of v-flab/tnfα/ifnα were significantly more potent in inducing specific anticancer immune responses c ...201424316552
antibacterial activity of biosecur(®) citrus extract surface cleaner against vibrio vulnificus.this study evaluated the antibacterial activity of biosecur(®) citrus extract surface cleaner against vibrio vulnificus using plate count method. two concentrations, 0.5% and 2% of biosecur(®) surface cleaner were plated on vibrio vulnificus agar (vva) and tested for reduction of vibrio vulnificus. in order to investigate the lasting residual activity of biosecur(®), antibacterial activity tests were also performed at time intervals up to 2.5 h after biosecur(®) was plated on vva. biosecur(®) sh ...201324302976
molecular characterization and antibiotic susceptibility of vibrio vulnificus in retail shrimps in hangzhou, people's republic of china.vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative bacterium that occurs naturally in estuarine and marine water and is associated with wound infections or septicemia related to the consumption of raw shellfish in humans. the molecular characteristics and antibiotic susceptibilities of v. vulnificus strains in shrimps from retail markets in hangzhou, people's republic of china, were investigated in this study. thirty-three samples were positive for v. vulnificus in 78 shrimp samples which were collected from ...201324290683
protection against vibrio vulnificus infection by active and passive immunization with the c-terminal region of the rtxa1/martxvv protein.vibrio vulnificus is a foodborne pathogen that is prevalent in coastal waters worldwide. infection with v. vulnificus causes septicemia with fatality rates exceeding 50% even with aggressive antibiotic therapy. several vaccine studies to prevent v. vulnificus infection have been performed but have had limited success. in this study, we identified the c-terminal region (amino acids 3491 to 4701) of the v. vulnificus multifunctional autoprocessing rtx (martxvv or rtxa1) protein, rtxa1-c, as a prom ...201424252692
functional conservation of rnase iii-like enzymes: studies on a vibrio vulnificus ortholog of escherichia coli rnase iii.bacterial ribonuclease iii (rnase iii) belongs to the rnase iii enzyme family, which plays a pivotal role in controlling mrna stability and rna processing in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. in the vibrio vulnificus genome, one open reading frame encodes a protein homologous to e. coli rnase iii, designated vv-rnase iii, which has 77.9 % amino acid identity to e. coli rnase iii. here, we report that vv-rnase iii has the same cleavage specificity as e. coli rnase iii in vivo and in vitro. express ...201424241331
vibrio vulnificus bacteriophage ssp002 as a possible biocontrol agent.a novel vibrio vulnificus-infecting bacteriophage, ssp002, belonging to the siphoviridae family, was isolated from the coastal area of the yellow sea of south korea. host range analysis revealed that the growth inhibition of phage ssp002 is relatively specific to v. vulnificus strains from both clinical and environmental samples. in addition, a one-step growth curve analysis and a bacteriophage stability test revealed a latent period of 65 min, a burst size of 23 ± 2 pfu, as well as broad temper ...201424212569
comparison of plating media for recovery of total and virulent genotypes of vibrio vulnificus in u.s. market oysters.vibrio vulnificus is the leading cause of seafood associated mortality in the united states and is generally associated with consumption of raw oysters. two genetic markers have emerged as indicators of strain virulence, 16s rdna type b (rrnb) and virulence correlated gene type c (vcgc). while much is known about the distribution of v. vulnificus in oysters, a limited number of studies have addressed the more virulent subtypes. therefore, the goals of this study were to (1) determine the suitabi ...201324184610
a fish-stunning wound infection with acute cardiac injury.vibrio vulnificus typically causes septicemia and necrotic wound infection. among v vulnificus–related complications, acute nonthrombotic myocardial damage has not been reported. the most effective antibiotic treatment of v vulnificus infection includes combination of a third-generation cephalosporin and a tetracycline or its analogue. however, recommendations of a fourth-generation cephalosporinbased regimen for treating the disease are not established. a 67-year-old diabetic man acquired v vul ...201424176592
survival of vibrio vulnificus genotypes in male and female serum, and production of siderophores in human serum and seawater.vibrio vulnificus is an estuarine bacterium responsible for 95% of all seafood-related deaths in the united states. several studies have demonstrated that v. vulnificus infections are enhanced when host iron availability is increased, such as occurs with chronic liver disease. because of the gender difference seen in these infections, we examined whether there was a difference in the survival in both male and female serum by both the c (clinical) and e (environmental) genotypes of v. vulnificus. ...201424161025
multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for simultaneous detection of vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus.a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) method was developed for the identification of three vibrio species: vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus.201324159544
mathematical modeling of vibrio vulnificus infection in korea and the influence of global warming.to investigate the possible link between vibrio vulnificus population size in seawater and water temperature.201124159451
genotypic characterization of vibrio vulnificus clinical isolates in korea.vibrio vunificus is known to cause septicemia and severe wound infections in patients with chronic liver diseases or an immuno-compromised condition. we carried out the molecular characterization of v. vulnificus isolates from human vibrio septicemia cases based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) using noti and sfii.201124159444
differential expression of a sodium-phosphate cotransporter among vibrio vulnificus strains.vibrio vulnificus is an estuarine bacterium with pathogenic potential. its three known biotypes differ in host distribution. we have found the npta gene for a sodium-phosphate cotransporter, which is rare in bacteria, in each biotype. npta transcript abundance differed significantly among biotypes, leading to the hypothesis that transcript levels differ under environmental conditions associated with estuarine and host environments. npta transcript abundance was assessed in v. vulnificus biotypes ...201424141939
role of periplasmic binding proteins, fatb and vatd, in the vulnibactin utilization system of vibrio vulnificus m2799.vibrio vulnificus, an opportunistic marine bacterium that causes a serious, often fatal, infection in humans, requires iron for its pathogenesis. this bacterium uses iron from the environment via the vulnibactin-mediated-iron-uptake system. in this study, we constructed the deletion mutants of the genes encoding the proteins involved in the vulnibactin-mediated-iron-uptake system, isochorismate synthase (ics), vulnibactin utilization protein (vuub), periplasmic ferric-vulnibactin binding protein ...201324135791
prevalence and genetic characterization of vibrio vulnificus in raw seafood and seawater in malaysia.vibrio vulnificus is a highly invasive human pathogen that exists naturally in estuarine environment and coastal waters. in this study, we used different pcr assays to detect v. vulnificus in 260 seafood and 80 seawater samples. v. vulnificus was present in about 34 (13%) of the 260 seafood samples and 18 (23%) of the 80 seawater samples. repetitive extragenic palindromic pcr (rep-pcr) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus pcr (eric-pcr) were applied to subtype the v. vulnificus is ...201324112583
[preparation of monoclonal antibodies against flagellin core protein of vibrio vulnificus and its application in testing vibrio vulnificus from food products].to prepare the monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against flagellin core protein of vibrio (v.) vulnificus and establish the double-antibody sandwich elisa for testing v. vulnificus from food products.201324103267
role of capsular polysaccharide (cps) in biofilm formation and regulation of cps production by quorum-sensing in vibrio vulnificus.extracellular polysaccharides, such as lipopolysaccharide and loosely associated exopolysaccharides, are essential for vibrio vulnificus to form biofilms. the role of another major component of the v. vulnificus extracellular matrix, capsular polysaccharide (cps), which contributes to colony opacity, has been characterized in biofilm formation. a cps-deficient mutant, whose wbpp gene encoding udp-glcnac c4-epimerase was knocked out, formed significantly more biofilm than wild type, due to increa ...201324102883
contribution of six flagellin genes to the flagellum biogenesis of vibrio vulnificus and in vivo invasion.vibrio vulnificus is a halophilic pathogenic bacterium that is motile due to the presence of a single polar flagellum. v. vulnificus possesses a total of six flagellin genes organized into two loci (flafba and flacde). we proved that all six of the flagellin genes were transcribed, whereas only five (flaa, -b, -c, -d, and -f) of the six flagellin proteins were detected. to understand roles of the six v. vulnificus flagellins in motility and virulence, mutants with single and multiple flagellin d ...201424101693
transcriptomic analysis of genes modulated by cyclo(l-phenylalanine-l-proline) in vibrio vulnificus.diketopiperazine is produced by various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and animals, and has been suggested as a novel signal molecule involved in the modulation of genes with various biological functions. vibrio vulnificus, which causes septicemia in humans, produces cyclo(l-phenylalanine-l-proline) (cfp). to understand the biological roles of cfp, the effect of the compound on the expression of the total mrna in v. vulnificus was assessed by nextgeneration sequencing. based on the transc ...201324100622
the syp enhancer sequence plays a key role in transcriptional activation by the σ54-dependent response regulator sypg and in biofilm formation and host colonization by vibrio fischeri.biofilm formation by vibrio fischeri is a complex process that requires multiple regulators. one such regulator, the ntrc-like response regulator sypg, controls biofilm formation and host colonization by v. fischeri via its impact on transcription of the symbiosis polysaccharide (syp) locus. sypg is predicted to activate syp transcription by binding to the syp enhancer (se), a conserved sequence located upstream of four syp promoters. in this study, we performed an in-depth analysis of the seque ...201324097942
zernike phase contrast cryo-electron tomography of whole bacterial cells.cryo-electron tomography (cryo-et) provides three-dimensional (3d) structural information of bacteria preserved in a native, frozen-hydrated state. the typical low contrast of tilt-series images, a result of both the need for a low electron dose and the use of conventional defocus phase-contrast imaging, is a challenge for high-quality tomograms. we show that zernike phase-contrast imaging allows the electron dose to be reduced. this limits movement of gold fiducials during the tilt series, whic ...201424075950
effects of temperature, growth phase and luxo-disruption on regulation systems of toxin production in vibrio vulnificus strain l-180, a human clinical isolate.vibrio vulnificus is a halophilic estuarine bacterium while it causes fatal septicemia or necrotizing wound infections in humans. this pathogen secretes the metalloprotease (v. vulnificus protease: vvp) and the cytolysin (v. vulnificus hemolysin: vvh) as protein toxins; however, their production was coordinated in response to the bacterial cell density. this regulation is termed quorum sensing (qs) and is mediated by the small diffusible molecule called autoinducer 2 (ai-2). in the present study ...201424068537
identification of 62-kda protein as an immunogenic antigen of vibrio vulnificus for humans.vibrio vulnificus infection can cause necrotizing fasciitis and sepsis and can develop within a few days despite intensive care. the mortality rate is up to 60% in vulnerable people. most patients infected with this microbe have chronic liver disease, especially liver cirrhosis or cancer, as an underlying disease. v. vulnificus infection is opportunistic, and there is an urgent need to develop an anti- v. vulnificus vaccine. thus, it is important to identify immunogenic antigens. we collected hu ...201324040694
detection of vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus and vibrio cholerae with respect to seasonal fluctuations in temperature and plankton abundance.over a 1-year period, bi-monthly estuarine surface water and plankton samples (63-200 and > 200 μm fractions) were assayed by polymerase chain reaction for the prevalence of total vibrio parahaemolyticus, v. vulnificus and v. cholerae and select genes associated with clinical strains found in each species. neither temperature nor plankton abundance was a significant correlate of total v. parahaemolyticus; however, the prevalence of genes commonly associated with clinical strains (trh, tdh, orf8) ...201424024909
controlling vibrio vulnificus and spoilage bacteria in fresh shucked oysters using natural antimicrobials.this study evaluated the efficacy of grape seed extract (ge), citric acid (ca) and lactic acid (la) on the inactivation of vibrio vulnificus and inherent microflora in fresh shucked oysters. the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of ge, ca or la against v. vulnificus was determined. furthermore, the shucked oysters were artificially inoculated with v. vulnificus. the inoculated shucked oysters (25 g) were then dipped in 250 ml ge, ca or la solutions for 10 min. the population of v. vulnificu ...201424001001
electrotransfer of the epinecidin-1 gene into skeletal muscle enhances the antibacterial and immunomodulatory functions of a marine fish, grouper (epinephelus coioides).electrotransfer of plasmid dna into skeletal muscle is a common non-viral delivery system for the study of gene function and for gene therapy. however, the effects of epinecidin-1 (epi) on bacterial growth and immune system modulation following its electrotransfer into the muscle of grouper (epinephelus coioides), a marine fish species, have not been addressed. in this study, pcmv-gfp-epi plasmid was electroporated into grouper muscle, and its effect on subsequent infection with vibrio vulnificu ...201323973381
mechanistic and statistical models of total vibrio abundance in the neuse river estuary.bacteria in the genus vibrio are ubiquitous to estuarine waters worldwide and are often the dominant genus recovered from these environments. this genus contains several potentially pathogenic species, including vibrio vulnificus, vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio alginolyticus. these bacteria have short generation times, as low as 20-30 min, and can thus respond rapidly to changing environmental conditions. a five-parameter mechanistic model was generated based on environment ...201323948561
an improved method for quantification of vibrio vulnificus in oysters.chromogenic agar was compared with the fda recommended cellobiose-colistin agar for assessment of vibrio vulnificus in oysters. a two-step culture confirmation method was also evaluated. the inclusion of ca gave a 33% increase in the detection rate and the two-step culture confirmation eliminated 62.5% of false positives.201323933605
luxr homologue smcr is essential for vibrio vulnificus pathogenesis and biofilm detachment, and its expression is induced by host cells.quorum sensing is a cell-to-cell communication system known to control many bacterial processes. in the present study, the functions of quorum sensing in the pathogenesis of vibrio vulnificus, a food-borne pathogen, were assessed by evaluating the virulence of a mutant deficient in smcr, a quorum-sensing regulator and homologue of luxr. when biofilms were used as an inoculum, the smcr mutant was impaired in virulence and colonization capacity in the infection of mice. the lack of smcr also resul ...201323897607
retrospective analysis of epidemiological aspects of vibrio vulnificus infections in korea in 2001-2010.in this study, we performed a retrospective, quantitative analysis of the epidemiological aspects and risk factors of vibrio vulnificus infections in korea from 2001 to 2010. in a total of 588 v. vulnificus infection cases (prevalence rate, 0.12 cases/100,000 persons), 285 were fatal (case-fatality rate [cfr], 48.5%). males were more significantly infected by v. vulnificus than females (86.1% versus 13.9%; p < 0.01), and a higher incidence of v. vulnificus infections was observed in people aged ...201323883847
impact of 2003 state regulation on raw oyster-associated vibrio vulnificus illnesses and deaths, california, usa.us vibriosis rates have increased since 1996, and many vibrio vulnificus infections are fatal. in april 2003, california implemented a regulation restricting the sale of raw oysters harvested from the gulf of mexico during april 1-october 31, unless they were processed to reduce v. vulnificus to nondetectable levels. we analyzed california cases of v. vulnificus infection before and after the regulation's implementation and compared case data with data from other states. the annual number of rep ...201323876744
intranasal immunization with a flagellin-adjuvanted peptide anticancer vaccine prevents tumor development by enhancing specific cytotoxic t lymphocyte response in a mouse model.human papillomavirus (hpv) is a significant cause of cervical cancer-related deaths worldwide. because hpv is a sexually transmitted mucosal pathogen, enhancement of antigen-specific mucosal immune response likely serves good strategy for vaccination. however, mucosal vaccines generally do not induce strong enough immune responses. previously we proved that a bacterial flagellin, vibrio vulnificus flab, induce strong antigen-specific immune responses by stimulating the toll-like receptor 5. in t ...201323858404
seasonality, clinical types and prognostic factors of vibrio vulnificus infection.vibrio vulnificus infection, an uncommon but life-threatening illness, manifests as two main types, primary septicemia and primary wound infections.  little information regarding the seasonality of v. vulnificus infections in tropical areas and prognostic factors of primary v. vulnificus wound infections is available.201323857388
three-state mechanism couples ligand and temperature sensing in riboswitches.riboswitches are cis-acting gene-regulatory rna elements that can function at the level of transcription, translation and rna cleavage. the commonly accepted molecular mechanism for riboswitch function proposes a ligand-dependent conformational switch between two mutually exclusive states. according to this mechanism, ligand binding to an aptamer domain induces an allosteric conformational switch of an expression platform, leading to activation or repression of ligand-related gene expression. ho ...201323842498
pre-existing medical conditions associated with vibrio vulnificus septicaemia.vibrio vulnificus (vv) can result in severe disease. although pre-existing liver disease is a recognized risk factor for serious infection, the relative importance of other comorbidities has not been fully assessed. we analysed reports of vv infections submitted to cdc from january 1988 to september 2006 in order to assess the role of pre-existing conditions contributing to severe outcomes. a total of 1212 patients with vv infection were reported. only patients with liver disease [adjusted odds ...201423842472
structural insights into the regulation of sialic acid catabolism by the vibrio vulnificus transcriptional repressor nanr.pathogenic and commensal bacteria that experience limited nutrient availability in their host have evolved sophisticated systems to catabolize the mucin sugar n-acetylneuraminic acid, thereby facilitating their survival and colonization. the correct function of the associated catabolic machinery is particularly crucial for the pathogenesis of enteropathogenic bacteria during infection, although the molecular mechanisms involved with the regulation of the catabolic machinery are unknown. this stu ...201323832782
flagellin enhances tumor-specific cd8⁺ t cell immune responses through tlr5 stimulation in a therapeutic cancer vaccine model.tumor antigen (ta)-specific immunotherapy is an emerging approach for cancer treatment. potent adjuvants are prerequisites to the immunotherapy for overcoming the low immunogenicity of tas. we previously demonstrated that a bacterial flagellin, vibrio vulnificus flab, has potent adjuvant activity in various vaccination models. in this study, we investigated whether the flab protein could be a potent adjuvant for a human papillomavirus 16 e6 and e7 (e6/e7) peptide-based anticancer immunotherapy. ...201323831323
ubiquitin reference technique and its use in ubiquitin-lacking prokaryotes.in a pulse-chase assay, the in vivo degradation of a protein is measured through a brief labeling of cells with, for example, a radioactive amino acid, followed by cessation of labeling and analysis of cell extracts prepared at different times afterward ("chase"), using immunoprecipitation, electrophoresis and autoradiography of a labeled protein of interest. a conventional pulse-chase assay is fraught with sources of data scatter, as the efficacy of labeling and immunoprecipitation can vary, an ...201323825692
live and dead gfp-tagged bacteria showed indistinguishable fluorescence in caenorhabditis elegans gut.caenorhabditis elegans has been used for studying host-pathogen interactions since long, and many virulence genes of pathogens have been successfully identified. in several studies, fluorescent pathogens were fed to c. elegans and fluorescence observed in the gut was considered an indicator for bacterial colonization. however, the grinder in the pharynx of these nematodes supposedly crushes the bacterial cells, and the ground material is delivered to the intestine for nutrient absorption. theref ...201323812817
taxonomic and functional metagenomic profiling of gastrointestinal tract microbiome of the farmed adult turbot (scophthalmus maximus).metagenomics combined with 16s rrna gene sequence analyses was applied to unveil the taxonomic composition and functional diversity of the farmed adult turbot gastrointestinal (gi) microbiome. proteobacteria and firmicutes which existed in both gi content and mucus were dominated in the turbot gi microbiome. 16s rrna gene sequence analyses also indicated that the turbot gi tract may harbor some bacteria which originated from associated seawater. functional analyses indicated that the clustering- ...201323802730
increases in the amounts of vibrio spp. in oysters upon addition of exogenous bacteria.the bacterial pathogen vibrio vulnificus is found naturally in brackish coastal waters but can be greatly concentrated by filter-feeding organisms such as shellfish. numerous experiments in which exogenous v. vulnificus cells are added to oysters in an attempt to measure uptake and depuration have been performed. in nearly all cases, results have shown that laboratory-grown bacteria are rapidly taken up by the oysters but ultimately eliminated, while naturally present vibrio populations in oyste ...201323793640
vibrio vulnificus infection in southern brazil -- case report.the genus vibrio is a member of the family vibrionaceae, and among their disease-causing species, vibrio vulnificus, a lactose-positive gram-negative bacillus, is one of the most virulent pathogen of the noncholerae vibrios. we describe the case of a 39-year-old male patient, who was using immunosuppressive therapy, admitted to the hospital for liver transplantation. twelve hours later, the patient presented high fever, myalgia, anuria and erythematous plaques on lower limbs, of rapid growth and ...201523793212
transcriptome profiling analysis of vibrio vulnificus during human infection.vibrio vulnificus is a waterborne pathogen that was responsible for an outbreak of severe soft-tissue infections among fish farmers and fish consumers in israel. several factors have been shown to be associated with virulence. however, the transcriptome profile of the pathogen during human infection has not been determined yet. we compared the transcriptome profile, using rna sequencing, of a human-pathogenic strain harvested directly from tissue of a patient suffering from severe soft-tissue in ...201323782800
quantification of vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus and vibrio cholerae in french mediterranean coastal lagoons.vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus and vibrio cholerae are human pathogens. little is known about these vibrio spp. in the coastal lagoons of france. the purpose of this study was to investigate their incidence in water, shellfish and sediment of three french mediterranean coastal lagoons using the most probable number-polymerase chain reaction (mpn-pcr). in summer, the total number of v. parahaemolyticus in water, sediment, mussels and clams collected from the three lagoons varied from ...201323770313
vibrio vulnificus genome suggests two distinct ecotypes.the genus vibrio contains several of the most important pathogens known. one member of this group, vibrio vulnificus, is an estuarine bacterium which is the causative agent of both food-borne disease and wound infection. vibrio vulnificus is ubiquitous in estuarine waters and occurs in molluscan shellfish in high numbers. however, the incidence of disease is relatively low and it has been suggested that not all strains of v. vulnificus are equally virulent. we have previously shown that there is ...201023766007
uptake and depuration of the c- and e-genotypes of vibrio vulnificus by the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica).the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative estuarine bacterium that infect via wounds and ingestion, and is the leading cause of seafood-borne death in the united states. vibrio vulnificus is part of the naturally occurring flora of both estuaries and estuarine mollusks (especially oysters). vibrio vulnificus is divided into two genotypes, including a clinically associated c-type, and an environmentally associated e-type that is more rarely involved in septicemia. these two genotype ...201023766004
rapid in situ detection of virulent vibrio vulnificus strains in raw oyster matrices using real-time pcr.vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative bacterial pathogen responsible for the vast majority of bacterially mediated fatalities from the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood in the usa. vibrio vulnificus-associated septicaemia can occur rapidly (< 24 h); however, methods for the isolation and confirmation of v. vulnificus from seafood samples typically require several days. a real-time pcr assay was developed for v. vulnificus biotype 1 that provides a rapid means of identifying a gene fragmen ...201023766001
environmental occurrence and clinical impact of vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus: a european perspective.vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus are ubiquitous gram-negative bacterial pathogens found naturally in marine and estuarine waters, and are a leading cause of seafood-associated bacterial illness. these pathogens are commonly reported in the usa and in many asian countries, including china, japan and taiwan; however, there is growing concern that v. vulnificus and v. parahaemolyticus may represent an important and increasing clinical problem in europe. several factors underlie the nee ...201023765993
backbone and side-chain assignments of an effector membrane localization domain from vibrio vulnificus martx toxin.(1)h, (13)c, and (15)n chemical shift assignments are presented for the isolated four-helical bundle membrane localization domain from the domain of unknown function 5 (duf5) effector (mld(vvduf5)) of the martx toxin from vibrio vulnificus in its solution state. we have assigned 97% of all backbone and side-chain carbon atoms, including 96% of all backbone residues. secondary chemical shift analysis using talos+ demonstrates four helices that align with those predicted by structure homology mode ...201423765285
genetic and quantitative assessment of vibrio vulnificus populations in oyster (crassostrea virginica) tissues.vibrio vulnificus is a leading cause of shellfish-associated food-borne illness. us regulations stipulate shellfish processing procedures to limit v. vulnificus densities; however, the effect of these procedures on v. vulnificus strain distribution and/or genetic diversity is unknown. vibrio vulnificus concentrations and strain diversity were analysed in various oyster tissues stored overnight at 26°c that were subsequently divided into two treatment groups: one received post-harvest processing ...201123761333
tigecycline salvage therapy for necrotizing fasciitis caused by vibrio vulnificus: case report in a child.necrotizing fasciitis caused by vibrio vulnificus is rarely reported in children. we describe a 12-year-old immunocompetent boy with necrotizing fasciitis caused by v. vulnificus. he was cured by radical and serial debridement and salvage therapy with intravenous cefpirome plus tigecycline. the in vitro antibacterial activity of combination regimens and a literature review of pediatric v. vulnificus infection are described.201623751766
the fur-iron complex modulates expression of the quorum-sensing master regulator, smcr, to control expression of virulence factors in vibrio vulnificus.the gene vvpe, encoding the virulence factor elastase, is a member of the quorum-sensing regulon in vibrio vulnificus and displays enhanced expression at high cell density. we observed that this gene was repressed under iron-rich conditions and that the repression was due to a fur (ferric uptake regulator)-dependent repression of smcr, a gene encoding a quorum-sensing master regulator with similarity to luxr in vibrio harveyi. a gel mobility shift assay and a footprinting experiment demonstrated ...201323716618
rapid emergency medicine score as a main predictor of mortality in vibrio vulnificus-related patients.vibrio vulnificus causes potentially life-threatening and rapidly progressing infections. therefore, the severity-of-illness assessment appears to be important for v vulnificus-infected patients at the time of admission. the aim of our study was to evaluate the performance of the severity-of-illness scoring model on admission in v vulnificus-infected patients.201323702054
a pentaplex pcr assay for detection and characterization of vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates.vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus are the leading causes of seafood-related illnesses and also can cause wound infections. these bacteria often co-exist in marine and estuarine environments. however, there have been no reported protocols that can detect and characterize (i.e. pathogenic or nonpathogenic) them in a single pcr. in this study, we developed a ppcr assay with a combination of two species-specific and three pathogenic-specific pcr primers to simultaneously detect virulent ...201323682646
a novel agar formulation for isolation and direct enumeration of vibrio vulnificus from oyster tissue.a new selective and differential medium, vibrio vulnificus x-gal (vvx), was developed for direct enumeration of v. vulnificus (vv) from oyster samples. this agar utilizes cellobiose and lactose as carbon sources, and the antibiotics colistin and polymyxin b as selective agents. hydrolysis of 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl- beta-d-galactopyranoside (x-gal), used in the agar as a lactose analog, produces an insoluble blue dye that makes lactose positive colonies easily distinguishable from any non-lac ...201323660708
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