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differentiation of salmonella gallinarum and salmonella pullorum by their whole-cell fatty acid methyl ester profiles.the whole-cell fatty acid methyl ester (fame) profiles of salmonella (s.) gallinarum and salmonella (s.) pullorum strains were compared in the computer-linked gas-liquid chromatography. the profiles of whole cellular fames allow the separation and identification s. gallinarum and s. pullorum by the microbial identification system and so can be used for their differentiation.19968794698
reduction in incidence of experimental fowl typhoid by incorporation of a commercial formic acid preparation (bio-add) into poultry feed.the experiment described evaluated the effect of a commercial in-feed preparation (bio-add) involving a mixture of formic acid and propionic acid on the incidence of experimental fowl typhoid in groups of 41 and 42 1-wk-old rhode island red chickens. the chickens were infected through contact with 12 identical chickens that had been inoculated orally with 10(8) cfu of salmonella gallinarum strain 9. the incidence of mortality and morbidity due to fowl typhoid was 31/41 (76%) in birds given untre ...19968778726
dna fingerprint analysis of standard, intermediate, and variant antigenic types of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum.dna fingerprint profiles and antigenic types of 150 salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum field isolates and seven reference strains were evaluated. field isolates were submitted to the national veterinary services laboratories (nvsl), ames, iowa, between oct. 1, 1990, and aug. 20, 1991. three antigenic types (standard [n = 96], intermediate [n = 50], and variant [n = 4]) were identified among the field isolates. the ncii fingerprint profiles of all field isolates were identical ...19958561745
research note: differential chemotaxis of physarum polycephalum to salmonella gallinarum and salmonella pullorum.the chemotactic and chemotropic responses of the plasmodial stage of the slime mold physarum polycephalum were used to distinguish salmonella gallinarum and salmonella pullorum from 10 salmonella serovars that are commonly isolated from domestic poultry. utilizing an in vitro plasmodium agar plate assay method, p. polycephalum was attracted to s. gallinarum and s. pullorum, but the organism was repelled by salmonella derby, salmonella dublin, salmonella enteritidis, salmonella heidelberg, salmon ...19938479960
construction of an aroa mutant of salmonella serotype gallinarum: its effectiveness in immunization against experimental fowl typhoid.an aroa mutant was produced from a virulent strain of salmonella gallinarum, the causative agent of fowl typhoid in poultry, by tn10 insertional inactivation and deletion. the mutant was highly attenuated for chickens. a single intramuscular immunization of 2-week-old chickens with 10(7) mutant organisms reduced mortality following oral challenge with 10(8) organisms of the parent strain from 63 to 30%. in a second experiment multiple immunizations with 10(8) mutant organisms reduced mortality a ...19938470431
resistance to salmonella gallinarum, s. pullorum, and s. enteritidis in inbred lines of chickens.chickens of six inbred lines were inoculated intramuscularly with a range of doses of either salmonella gallinarum, s. pullorum, or s. enteritidis, and levels of mortality were compared. for each serotype, large differences in mean lethal doses were observed for the different lines: lines that had previously been shown to be resistant to s. typhimurium were also found to be resistant to s. gallinarum, s. pullorum, and s. enteritidis, and lines susceptible to s. typhimurium were also more suscept ...19938452495
evolutionary origin and radiation of the avian-adapted non-motile salmonellae.multilocus enzyme electrophoresis was employed to estimate chromosomal genotypic diversity and relationships among 131 isolates of the non-motile salmonella biotypes gallinarum and pullorum (serotype 1, 9, 12:-:-) that cause fowl typhoid and pullorum disease, respectively. thirteen electrophoretic types (ets), marking clones, were distinguished, and construction of a neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree revealed three lineages: one consisted of five ets of gallinarum, a second included seven ets ...19938429538
ethiopian traditional herbal drugs. part ii: antimicrobial activity of 63 medicinal plants.a total of 315 extracts/fractions from 63 traditionally used ethiopian plants were subjected to antimicrobial screening using known strains of staphylococcus aureus, salmonella gallinarum, escherichia coli, proteus vulgaris, pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae and candida albicans. the agar plate well-diffusion method was used at a sample concentration of 1000 micrograms/ml; it was found that all of the plants showed activity against one or more of the microorganism(s). direct aqueous ...19938412246
cloning and molecular characterization of a gene involved in salmonella adherence and invasion of cultured epithelial cells.our laboratories have independently identified a gene in salmonella choleraesuis and salmonella typhimurium that is necessary for efficient adherence and entry of these organisms into cultured epithelial cells. introduction of a mutated gene into several salmonella strains belonging to different serotypes rendered these organisms deficient for adherence and invasion of cultured cells. this effect was most pronounced in the host-adapted serotypes salmonella gallinarum, s. choleraesuis, and salmon ...19938382333
use of live and inactivated salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 vaccines to immunise laying hens against experimental infection.four groups of dekalb delta commercial layer hens (8 hens per group) were reared individually in cages in an isolation unit. at the age of 8 weeks, groups 1 and 2 were vaccinated with 9r salmonella gallinarum live (9r live) vaccine. at the age of 18 weeks, group 1 was re-vaccinated with 9r live s. enteritidis vaccine, while groups 2 and 3 were vaccinated with s. enteritidis bacterin. at the age of 22 weeks, groups 2 and 3 were re-vaccinated with s. enteritidis bacterin. group 4 was not vaccinate ...19947949358
host specificity of salmonella infection in chickens and mice is expressed in vivo primarily at the level of the reticuloendothelial system.by experimental infection, host-specific salmonella serotypes were shown to demonstrate specificities for chickens, mice, and other laboratory animals. following oral inoculation, four strains of salmonella gallinarum and two s. pullorum strains, isolated from diseased poultry, were more virulent for chickens than for mice. by contrast, four strains each of s. choleraesuis and s. dublin, isolated from diseased pigs and cattle, respectively, were more virulent for mice than for chickens. these re ...19947927727
detection of salmonella gallinarum and s. typhimurium dna in experimentally infected chicks by polymerase chain reaction.dna detection with polymerase chain reaction (pcr) as a mean of identifying salmonella infection in chickens was compared with the conventional culture procedure. dna was extracted from organs of experimentally infected chicks with either s. gallinarum or s. typhimurium. the pair of primers used were those directed at the inva gene. bacteria isolation was done by inoculating the pre-enrichment media with samples. as was expected a 284 bp fragment dna was amplified from extracted dna of infected ...19957756427
host restriction phenotypes of salmonella typhi and salmonella gallinarum.salmonella typhi and salmonella gallinarum phenotypes correlated with mouse host restriction have been identified by using in vitro and in vivo systems. s. typhi is capable of entering the murine intestinal epithelium via m cells, as is salmonella typhimurium, which causes systemic infection in the mouse. but, unlike s. typhimurium, s. typhi does not destroy the epithelium and is cleared from the peyer's patches soon after m-cell entry. s. gallinarum appears to be incapable of entering the murin ...19957591067
[differentiation of salmonella gallinarum rough and smooth strains using gas chromatography analysis of their cell-bound fatty acids].the whole cell fatty acids of 7 field isolates of smooth (s)-type s. gallinarum strains and 3 isolates of rough (r)-type s. gallinarum strain 9r were determined by the liquid-gas-chromatography using the microbial identification system (mis, microbial id, inc. [midi, newark, delaware usa]). the profiles of the bacterial cellular fatty acids of the s- and r-type isolates differ in the number as well as in the quantity of the fatty acids. on the basis of these differences the s-type isolates could ...19957495417
influence of time of exposure to high levels of minerals on the susceptibility of chicks to salmonella gallinarum.mercury, 500 ppm; cadmium, 100 ppm; vanadium, 25 ppm; copper, 1,000 ppm; or selenium, 20 ppm were fed to chicks for various times before and after inoculation with s. gallinarum. these levels have been found to be toxic to chicks as indicated by reduced growth. when the feeding of the elements was discontinued at the time of inoculation, early mortality was increased but the effects tended to diminish as the experiment progressed. the elements had no effect on mortality if the feeding was discon ...19807359214
[relation between the dietary proteins in animal feed and agglutinin formation in chickens infected with salmonella gallinarum pullorum].experiments were carried out with birds of the leghorn and cornish breeds, aged 2, 45, and 120 days and divided into two groups: i--birds given standard mixtures, and ii--birds fed mixtures with a higher content of proteins. both groups were infected with salmonella gallinarum pullorum. at given intervals of time after that the chickens were bled, and their agglutinin titer was determined by the agglutination reaction. it was found that agglutinin production in all birds correlated with the amou ...19817344280
some epidemiological aspects of salmonella gallinarum infection in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). 19817342580
[effect of feed proteins on serum proteins in poultry infected with s. gallinarum pullorum].the effect was studied of the protein component of feed on the serum-protein profile in a salmonella gallinarum pullorum infection on a model of birds of the leghorn and cornish breeds, participating in three age groups. in terms of feeding the birds were divided into two groups: i - controls, fed standard mixtures, and ii - test birds, fed mixtures of low protein amounts. the birds were bled at definite intervals following their inoculations. the total proteins of the blood serum were determine ...19817340110
cross-protection against fowl typhoid. ii. hypersensitivity reactions and quantitative estimation of the elimination of the challenge organisms. 19817274524
the influence of native gut microflora on the colonization and infection of salmonella gallinarum in chickens.a native intestinal microflora of chickens that is protective against paratyphoid salmonellae appeared to be partially protective against salmonella gallinarum and abbreviated the excretion time of s. gallinarum in white leghorn chicks. treated birds had a lower incidence of systemic infection measured by liver and spleen culture, and fewer birds developed infection in the intestinal tract. most of the chickens positive by cloacal swabs excreted s. gallinarum throughout the test period. the low ...19817271664
studies on the use of 9r strain of salmonella gallinarum as a vaccine in chickens.the 9r strain of salmonella gallinarum produced hepatitis and splenic lesions without mortality in meat-type and brown-egg-producing strains of chicks, but not in leghorns. it was not recovered from leghorns for as long following vaccination as from the other strains of chicks. the infectivity of the 9r strain was determined by the genetic susceptibility and age of the host. subcutaneous vaccination of 9r produced partial immunity to s. gallinarum in leghorns as well as in meat-type and brown-eg ...19817271663
furazolidone resistance in salmonella gallinarum: the relationship between in vitro and in vivo determinations of resistance.of 22 strains of salmonella gallinarum isolated from recent outbreaks of infection in poultry in greece (15). amman (3), kenya (2), lebanon (1) and yemen (1), 20 were more resistant to furazolidone in vitro than 6 strains that had been isolated in the u.k. in the 1950s; the minimum inhibitory concentration of furazolidone was approximately 0.3 microgram/ml for the sensitive strains and 1.3 or 2.5 microgram/ml for the more resistant strains. furazolidone given continuously in the food did not con ...19817252139
[serum protein spectrum in chickens with different degrees of resistance to salm. gallinarum, and the relation between globulin levels and antibody formation].an experiment was carried out with 231 chickens of the leghorn breed, 177--of the cornish breed, and 532--of the white plymouth rock breed. in order to check the resistance of the birds to typhoid all of them were infected orally at the age of 2.5 months with an 18-hour broth culture of salmonella gallinarum. depending on the clinical course of the disease and the results of the bacteriologic investigations the birds were divided into three groups: a--chickens that did not develop the infection; ...19827182995
[biological effects of gamma rays on salmonella gallinarum and their use in controlling fowl typhoid].the results are given of following up some biologic effects produced by gamma-rays on salmonella gallinarum with a view of disclosing the possibilities of their use in the control of fowl typhoid. used were strains of salmonella gallinarum isolated from birds affected with acute typhoid. the possibility is stated of the detoxication of an endotoxin of salmonella gallinarum parallel to the growing intensity of the gamma-rays (1 to 10 mrad). it was found that the process of detoxication was better ...19827179730
[phagocytic activity and antibody formation in relation to the resistance of poultry to fowl typhoid-pullorum disease].vulchanov's method (1954) was employed to study the phagocytic activity, and the classic method with the agglutination test served to follow up the production of antibodies. some breed-associated differences were observed in the phagocytic activity and the normal serologic antibody titer prior to the infection with salmonella pullorum and salmonella gallinarum. highest were the indices with the leghorn breed, followed by the cornish and plymouth rock breeds. certain breed differences were also e ...19827170772
[poultry resistance to typhoid-pullorum disease by sex and breed].studied was the resistance of a total of 1729 birds of the leghorn, cornish, and white plymouth rock breeds with regard to typhoid and pullorum disease after the oral infection with strain 2348 of salmonella pullorum and strain 2307 of salmonella gallinarum. in accordance with the manifested clinical picture and the results of the bacteriologic investigations all birds were divided into three groups--unaffected, survived, and died. there existed breed- and sex-associated variations in the resist ...19827168143
cross protection against fowl typhoid. immunisation trials and humoral immune response. 19817016618
development of delayed hypersensitivity in gnotobiotic mice.germ-free mice develop low levels of delayed hypersensitivity following exposure to sensitizing doses of sheep erythrocytes, compared to that seen in conventionally raised mice. infection of the germ-free animal with either salmonella gallinarum or salmonella pullorum was followed by extensive growth of the organisms within the intestine and the gut-associated lymphoid organs. as many as 5,000 viable salmonellae were recovered from the cecal and ileal peyer's patches as well as the mesenteric ly ...19806965376
[ampicillin and rivanol in pullorum disease-fowl typhoid in chicks]. 19806771914
influence of dietary protein levels on susceptibility of pullets to experimental fowl typhoid. 19836637158
[pharmacological, toxicological, microbiological and pathohistological studies of gentamycin complex ii].the acute toxicity was determined of the gentamycin complex ii (gmc-ii) for albino mice, containing gentamycin components in a varying ratio. the ld50 at intraperitoneal application was 347.7 mg/kg body mass, while at oral application it was 5,180 mg (4933 divided by 5439) mg/kg body mass. histopathologically, (mice killed with high doses of gmc-ii, given orally) there were diffuse hyperemia of the liver, parenchymal degeneration of the kidney tubuli epithelium, and edema and emphysema of the lu ...19836623911
[trial of trimedin action on chickens].investigations were carried out with a total of 421 broiler birds (four-line cornish x plymouth rock hydbrids) within the age range of 2 days to 5 weeks. determined was the acute toxicity of the combination sulfadimidine (sdm) + trimetoprim (tmp)--5 + 1 and the water-soluble formula of trimedin following the intraingluvial introduction with week-old birds. ld50 of the combinations sdm+tmp (5+1) was 3980 mg/kg (2780: 5690), and that of trimedin was 2038 mg/kg body mass. the biologic half-life of ...19836607565
[relation of salmonella typhi and salmonella gallinarum auxotrophicity to the ability to grow on simmons' medium].a total of 9 s. typhi strains and 1 s. gallinarum strain isolated from clinical material are auxotrophic with respect to tryptophan. the growth of s. typhi is accelerated in a glucose- and tryptophan-containing minimal medium with cysteine and methionine added. s. typhi strains are incapable of using sodium citrate as the only source of carbon. s. typhi cannot grow on simmons citrate agar as these organisms are auxotrophic with respect to tryptophan and incapable of using sodium citrate as the o ...19846524173
[cocks with experimentally induced acute typhoid].acute typhoid infection was induced in cocks of the new hampshire breed at the age of 14 months within the period of intense productivity. bacteriologically, there were in the viscera of cocks died of the acute infection organisms of salmonella gallinarum--the isolates were from the heart, liver, spleen, and testis, while in the viscera of infected birds that were killed no such organisms were isolated. histologically, there were necrobiotic and degenerative lesions in the epithelial cells of th ...19846474821
[comparison of the diagnostic indices in poultry treated against fowl typhoid pullorum].a study was carried out on the influence of the treatment with furasolidon and altabactin, alone and in combination with spectam and esb3, in naturally infected and chronically suffering from typhus-puporosis fowls. it was proved that the treatment leads to a clinical but not to a epizootological recovery. it was also proved that the treatment of fowls against typhus-pulorosis, did not have any effect on the sensitivity, the specificity and the detectability of the allergic reaction, whereas the ...19806453457
[erythrocyte antigen for the rapid intravital diagnosis of fowl typhoid and pullorum disease].a stable erythrocyte antigen was obtained for the rapid diagnosis of typhoid and pullorum disease in birds, which was tested under laboratory and field conditions. it was found that with the use of whole blood or serum taken from birds that had been either experimentally infected or had died of spontaneous infection of salmonella gallinarum and salmonella enteritidis the erythrocyte antigen was substantially superior to the routinely used colour ordinary test-antigen in terms of time consumed, i ...19836364560
a pilot study of the potency of a combined newcastle disease (fowl pox) fowl typhoid vaccine. i. the newcastle disease component. 19806252730
[effect of therapeutic agents on the antibody titer and allergic reaction in fowl typhoid-pullorum disease].studies were carried out on the effect of furazolidon, spectam, esb-3 and altabactin on the production of agglutinins and the initiation and development of an allergic response in chickens affected with pullorum disease. it was found that these preparations, when used three times at intervals of 20 days, in the course of 10 days each time at the respective therapeutic rates led to the decrease in the titer of agglutinins in the treated birds as early as the tenth day from the beginning of treatm ...19816211823
the emergence of a furazolidone-resistant strain of salmonella gallinarum. 19676035886
an investigation of the resistance of white leghorn chicks to salmonella gallinarum. 19665972250
amino acid deficiencies and reaction of chicks to salmonella gallinarum. 19665971746
[influence of ultrasound on the high-molecular fraction (hmf) of the somatic o-antigen of salmonella gallinarum]. 19665956702
infection-immunity in experimental salmonellosis.salmonella enteritidis is highly virulent for the mouse causing an infection resembling mouse typhoid. survivors of the infection are completely resistant to reinfection and eliminate a large challenge dose of virulent organisms within 72 hr. the antigenically related salmonella gallinarum was almost avirulent for the mouse but animals vaccinated with this organism were equally capable of eliminating a lethal dose of virulent s. enteritidis. living salmonella pullorum, on the other hand, was qui ...19665922286
surface inoculation technique. a new simple method for isolation salmonella gallinarum-pullorum from hen's faeces in a liquid medium containing sodium tetrathionate and streptomycin. 19665917819
[studies on the antigen structure and the serological reaction of salmonella gallinarum. 3. the differentiation on non-specific agglutination reactions]. 19655893002
[a new method of preparation of salmonella gallinarum antigen]. 19655889901
experimental studies on an isolate of salmonella gallinarum apparently resistant to furazolidone. 19635888522
bacterial resistance to chemotherapy. i. effect of continuous feeding of chlortetracycline, sulfaethoxypyridazine, sulfaquinoxaline, and chlortetracyclie-sulfaethoxypyridazine combinations on the development of resistance by salmonella gallinarum in chickens. 19635888505
[on the optimal conditions for the detoxication of the complex o-antigen of salmonella gallinarum under the influence of ultrasound]. 19655868974
[antigenic structural studies of salmonella gallinarum-pullerum]. 19655868958
[studies on the structure of antigens and serological behavior of salmonella gallinarum. 2. formation of antibodies against various strains of salmonella gallinarum]. 19655842574
correlation between origin and biochemical behaviour of salmonella gallinarum and salmonella pullorum cultures. 19645832431
the influence of diets containing low or high levels of fish meal, casein plus gelatin or meat meal on the survival of chicks infected with salmonella gallinarum. 19695786620
protection against experimental fowl typhoid by vaccination with strain 9r reconstituted from the freeze-dried state. 19695779035
[a test of iodinol in fowl typhoid]. 19685737637
changes in the structure and biological properties of salmonella gallinarum o-antigens induced by physical and chemical factors. 19685698603
a study on the immunological response in chickens to the somatic antigen of salmonella gallinarum. 19685697013
immunity to salmonella gallinarum during ontogeny of the chicken. 3. bactericidal antibody. 19685691710
immunity to salmonella gallinarum during ontogeny of the chicken. iv. immunocyto-adherence and a cytophilic antibody. 19685673284
immunity to salmonella gallinarum during ontogeny of the chicken. ii. induction of tolerance or priming by single doses of live or killed bacteria. 19685673283
immunity to salmonella gallinarum during ontogeny of the chicken. i. onset of resistance to infection; the minor role of opsonins. 19685673282
serological response of chickens infected artificially with salmonella gallinarum and treated with tikofuran. 19685665843
measurement of antigen-antibody complexes in salmonella gallinarum infection. 19685653815
[a study of the phagoresistance mechanism of salmonella gallinarum and salmonella pullorum]. 19675618087
[studies of the effect of temperature on the high-molecular fraction of o-antigen of salmonella gallinarum]. 19675601505
the immunopathology in fowls (gallus domesticus) of acute and subacute salmonella gallinarum infection. 19715572535
serological diagnosis of pullorum disease with the microagglutination system.the application of a tetrazolium-stained salmonella pullorum antigen in the microagglutination test is described and compared with the macroscopic tube agglutination test for detecting carriers of pullorum disease and fowl typhoid in chickens. titers revealed by both testing procedures are similar; however, the microagglutination test is preferred because of the savings in time, space, and cost.19715553281
an immunological basis for the anaemia of acute salmonella gallinarum infection of chicken. ii. the relationship of the immune response to the development of the haemolytic anaemia. 19705493531
an immunological basis for the anaemia of acute salmonella gallinarum infection of chicken. i. haematological changes and their association with in vivo modification of the erythrocytes. 19705493530
haematological changes in acute experimental salmonella gallinarum infection in chickens. 19705478006
pathogenicity of salmonella gallinarum after metabolic injury by freezing.freezing (-75 c) and storage (-20 c) of a cell suspension of salmonella gallinarum resulted in a heterogeneous population of dead, metabolically injured, and unharmed cells. injured cells constituted as much as 40% of those surviving freezing and storage for 1 day. replica plating of frozen and thawed cells indicated metabolic injury was repairable and not a stable mutation. penicillin was used to increase the ratio of injured to uninjured cells from a frozen and thawed cell suspension. pathogen ...19705461164
the titre of bactericidal antibody against salmonella gallinarum in chicks. 19705421037
inhibition of salmonella gallinarum by culture filtrates of leuconostoc citrovorum. 19705413658
[changes in the structure and biological properties of o-antigens of salmonella gallinarum under the effects of physical and chemical factors]. 19695400478
[biocenosis of ascaridia galli, heterakis gallinarum and salmonella gallinarum and its importance in the pathogenesis of chicken typhoid]. 19695392120
relationship of aflatoxicosis to salmonella gallinarum infections of chickens.aflatoxicosis and salmonella gallinarum exert their effects on the body weight and mortality of chickens without any interaction.19695370466
the influence of meat meal and other high-protein feeding-stuffs on the survival of chicks inoculated with salmonella gallinarum. 19695353338
diet and experimental fowl typhoid. the influence of the level and source of dietary protein. 19695351415
the in vitro inhibition of salmonella gallinarum by pancreatic-intestinal extracts from chickens exposed to fowl typhoid. 19715095821
diet and experimental fowl typhoid. further observations on the influence of origin of dietary protein on mortality. 19725067994
further observations on the significance of positive brucella reaction in fowl sera-cross-reaction between salmonella gallinarum-pollorum variant strains and brucella abortus. 19654954684
the mammalian red nucleus. 20164864540
specificity of cellular immunity to renal cell carcinoma. 20164819368
[effectiveness of antibiotics in pullorum disease-fowl typhoid in chicks]. 19734771648
[allergic diagnosis of pullorum disease--fowl typhoid in chickens]. 19734756645
characterization of eight rough mutants of salmonella gallinarum. 19724664248
[salmonella gallinarum-pullorum control in chicken flocks using the random sample method]. 19744603816
[use of ionic silver aerosols in pullorum disease-fowl typhoid and colibacillosis in chicks]. 19734589234
the effect of furazolidone on artificially induced salmonella typhimurium and salmonella gallinarum infection in chickens. 19724566747
effect of aortocoronary by-pass graft on graded anginal symptoms, exercise performance, and left ventricular function. 20154540709
hospital physician relations. 20154523826
[aiming at scientific practice. 7. for the student who studies nursing]. 20134495512
[continuing education or recycling?]. 20154487049
[clinico-pharmacologic data on the effectiveness of the oral penicillin penamecillin]. 20144486601
[clinico-pharmacologic data on the effectiveness of the oral penicillin penamecillin]. 20144486601
the clinical pharmacist: emerging role. 20154483509
[chemical studies on the boivin o-antigen of local strains of salmonella gallinarum-pullorum]. 19744446330
word associations of schizophrenic children. 20154438517
influence of high levels of minerals on the susceptibility of chicks to salmonella gallinarum. 19744413865
collagen synthesis in keloid and hypertrophic scar following intralesional use of triamcinolone. 20154377040
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