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the first genotype determination of acanthamoeba potential threat to human health, isolated from natural water reservoirs in poland.different species of amoebae belonging to the genus acanthamoeba are widely distributed in many parts of the world and known as free-living organisms. some strains of the protozoans may exist as parasites and cause risk to human health as causative agents of serious human diseases. currently, in poland, there is no sufficient information about the distribution of acanthamoeba strains and their genotypes in the environment. therefore, 20 environmental surface water samples were collected from dif ...201424770720
an expanded set of fluorogenic sulfatase activity probes.fluorogenic probes that are activated by an enzymatic transformation are ideally suited for profiling enzyme activities in biological systems. here, we describe two fluorogenic enzyme probes, 3-o-methylfluorescein-sulfate and resorufin-sulfate, that can be used to detect sulfatases in mycobacterial lysates. both probes were validated with a set of commercial sulfatases and used to reveal species-specific sulfatase banding patterns in a gel-resolved assay of mycobacterial lysates. the fluorogenic ...201424764280
microwave-assisted synthesis of diverse pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinoline-1,3-diones and their antibacterial activities.with the aim of developing a general and practical method for library production, a novel and efficient two-phase microwave-assisted cascade reaction between isatins and β-ketoamides in [bmim]bf4/toluene was developed for the synthesis of pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinoline-1,3-diones. the features of this methodology are, the use of microwave-assisted rapid synthesis, mild reaction conditions, high yields, operational simplicity, facile product separation, and recyclability. furthermore, the antibacterial ...201424749663
molecular characterization of esbl-producing enterobacteriaceae in northern portugal.extended-spectrum β-lactamases (esbls) prevalence was studied in the north of portugal, among 193 clinical isolates belonging to citizens in a district in the boundaries between this country and spain from a total of 7529 clinical strains. in the present study we recovered some members of enterobacteriaceae family, producing esbl enzymes, including escherichia coli (67.9%), klebsiella pneumoniae (30.6%), klebsiella oxytoca (0.5%), enterobacter aerogenes (0.5%), and citrobacter freundii (0.5%). β ...201424701189
habitat discrimination by gravid anopheles gambiae sensu lato--a push-pull system.the non-random distribution of anopheline larvae in natural habitats suggests that gravid females discriminate between habitats of different quality. whilst physical and chemical cues used by culex and aedes vector mosquitoes for selecting an oviposition site have been extensively studied, those for anopheles remain poorly explored. here the habitat selection by anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.), the principal african malaria vector, was investigated when presented with a choice of two infusio ...201424693951
oral administration of bovine milk from cows hyperimmunized with intestinal bacterin stimulates lamina propria t lymphocytes to produce th1-biased cytokines in mice.the goal of this study was to examine the effects of oral administration of bovine milk from cows hyperimmunized with a proprietary bacterin (immune milk "sustaina") on mucosal immunity in the intestine of adult mice. c57bl/6 mice were orally given immune or control milk for two weeks, and then lymphocyte population and the cytokine production in lamina propria of colon in normal mice and mice induced colitis by dextran sulphate sodium (dss) were detected. we found that the levels of ifn-γ and i ...201424686517
carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae in a tertiary hospital in madrid, spain: high percentage of colistin resistance among vim-1-producing klebsiella pneumoniae st11 isolates.here we describe the carbapenemase genes, genetic relatedness and antimicrobial susceptibility data of 123 carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae (cpe) clinical isolates recovered from 2010 to 2012, comprising klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 79), klebsiella oxytoca (n = 13), serratia marcescens (n = 14), enterobacter cloacae (n = 12), enterobacter asburiae (n = 4) and enterobacter aerogenes (n = 1). vim-1 was the most common carbapenemase (n = 101) followed by kpc-2 (n = 19), oxa-48 (n = 2) and i ...201424657043
comparative genomic analysis of kpc-encoding pkpqil-like plasmids and their distribution in new jersey and new york hospitals.the global spread of klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (kpc) is predominately associated with k. pneumoniae strains genotyped as sequence type 258 (st258). the first st258-associated plasmid, pkpqil, was described in israel in 2006, but its history in the northeastern united states remains unknown. six pkpqil-like plasmids from four k. pneumoniae isolates (three st258 and one st234), one escherichia coli isolate, and one enterobacter aerogenes isolate, collected from 2003 to 2010 in new york ( ...201424614371
abiotic process for fe(ii) oxidation and green rust mineralization driven by a heterotrophic nitrate reducing bacteria (klebsiella mobilis).green rusts (grs) are mixed fe(ii)-fe(iii) hydroxides with a high reactivity toward organic and inorganic pollutants. grs can be produced from ferric reducing or ferrous oxidizing bacterial activities. in this study, we investigated the capability of klebsiella mobilis to produce iron minerals in the presence of nitrate and ferrous iron. this bacterium is well-known to reduce nitrate using an organic carbon source as electron donor but is unable to enzymatically oxidize fe(ii) species. during in ...201424605878
kpc-3 carbapenemase harbored in fiik plasmid from klebsiella pneumoniae st512 and escherichia coli st43 in the same patient.five carbapenem-resistant strains (three klebsiella pneumoniae, one escherichia coli, and one enterobacter aerogenes) were isolated between 2009 and 2012 at the verona university hospital, italy, during an epidemiological analysis of antibiotic resistance determinants and plasmid profiles in enterobacteriaceae. two out of the five strains, k. pneumoniae e530 and e. coli e558, were cultured from bile and abdominal drainage, respectively, of a single patient. the strains were resistant to beta-lac ...201424571419
wound healing activity and mechanisms of action of an antibacterial protein from the venom of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (crotalus adamanteus).basic phospholipase a2 was identified from the venom of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake. the crotalus adamanteus toxin-ii (catx-ii) induced bactericidal effects (7.8 µg/ml) on staphylococcus aureus, while on burkholderia pseudomallei (khw), and enterobacter aerogenes were killed at 15.6 µg/ml. catx-ii caused pore formation and membrane damaging effects on the bacterial cell wall. catx-ii was not cytotoxic on lung (mrc-5), skin fibroblast (hepk) cells and in mice. catx-ii-treated mice showed ...201424551028
[a study of the comparative activity of five antibiotics alone and in certain combinations against escherichia coli, aerobacter aerogenes pseudomonas aeruginosa and proteus sp]. 195224542051
the presence of a aerogenes as indicator of faecal pollution. 195124540291
in vitro antibacterial efficacy of 21 indian timber-yielding plants against multidrug-resistant bacteria causing urinary tract infection.to screen methanolic leaf extracts of 21 timber-yielding plants for antibacterial activity against nine species of uropathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical samples of a hospital (enterococcus faecalis, staphylococcus aureus, acinetobacter baumannii, citrobacter freundii, enterobacter aerogenes, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus mirabilis, and pseudomonas aeruginosa).201324524024
autocrine/paracrine dopamine in the salivary glands of the blacklegged tick ixodes scapularis.dopamine (da) is known to be the most potent activator of tick salivary secretion, which is an essential component of successful tick feeding. we examined the quantitative changes of catecholamines using a method coupling high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (hplc-ecd). we also investigated the levels of catecholamines conjugated to other molecules utilising appropriate methods to hydrolyse the conjugates. three different biological samples, salivary glands, syngang ...201424503219
efficacy of commercial natural antimicrobials alone and in combinations against pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms.microbial control strategies are needed in the food industry to prevent foodborne illnesses and outbreaks and prolong product shelf life. the aim of this study was to investigate and compare the efficacy of the commercial natural antimicrobials white mustard essential oil (wmeo), citrus flavonoid and acid blend (cfab), olive extract (oe), nisaplin (a compound containing nisin), and lauric arginate (lae) alone and in combinations against foodborne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms. mics of in ...201424490921
reduction of meckelin leads to general loss of cilia, ciliary microtubule misalignment and distorted cell surface organization.meckelin (mks3), a conserved protein linked to meckel syndrome, assists in the migration of centrioles to the cell surface for ciliogenesis. we explored for additional functions of mks3p using rna interference (rnai) and expression of flag epitope tagged protein in the ciliated protozoan paramecium tetraurelia. this cell has a highly organized cell surface with thousands of cilia and basal bodies that are grouped into one or two basal body units delineated by ridges. the highly systematized natu ...201424484742
intraoperative vancomycin use in spinal surgery: single institution experience and microbial trends.retrospective case series.201424480966
emergence of carbapenemaseproducing klebsiella pneumoniae of sequence type 258 in michigan, usa.the prevalence of carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae (cpe) in our hospital increased beginning in 2009. we aimed to study the clinical and molecular epidemiology of these emerging isolates. we performed a retrospective review of all adult patients with clinical cultures confirmed as cpe by positive modified hodge test from 5/2009- 5/2010 at the university of michigan health system (umhs). clinical information was obtained from electronic medical records. available cpe isolates were analy ...201324470956
induction of lung cancer cell apoptosis through a p53 pathway by [6]-shogaol and its cysteine-conjugated metabolite m2.dietary chemoprevention of cancer offers the possibility to suppress or inhibit cancer growth before it develops into more advanced and lethal stages. to this end, identification of novel compounds and their mechanisms of action is constantly needed. in this study, we describe that a major component of dry ginger (zingiber officinalis), [6]-shogaol (6s), can be quickly metabolized in a549 human lung cancer cell line. one of the resulting metabolites, the cysteine-conjugated 6s (m2), exhibits tox ...201424446736
pleural effusion due to streptococcus milleri: case descriptions.in this study we analyzed the characteristics of patients with pleural effusion secondary to streptococcus milleri studied retrospectively between january and march 2013 and found seven patients with a mean age of 60 years, 43% of which were smokers and 57% with a drinking habit. the most common associated factors were alcoholism, previous pneumonia and diabetes. other bacteria were identified as enterobacter aerogenes, bacteroides and prevotella intermedia capillosus in two patients. the mean d ...201424439468
characterization of kpc-2-producing escherichia coli, citrobacter freundii, enterobacter cloacae, enterobacter aerogenes, and klebsiella oxytoca isolates from a chinese hospital.twelve nonduplicated kpc-2-producing enterobacterial isolates, including three escherichia coli, two citrobacter freundii, two enterobacter cloacae, four enterobacter aerogenes, and one klebsiella oxytoca, were collected from various clinical samples within 18 months (march 2011 to september 2012). two of the 12 patients died from infections caused by kpc-2-producing pathogens, while the rest of the patients with kpc-2-producing pathogens improved or were cured. the majority of the clinical isol ...201424433026
microbiology of controlled rotting of egusi (colocynthis citrullus l.) fruits for the harvesting of the seeds.microorganisms isolated from naturally rotting egusi fruits which are used as a source of dietary seeds, were mainly bacteria: bacillus subtilis, b. licheniformis, b. polymyxa, b. megaterium, b. pumilus, lactobacillus plantarum, la. brevis, leuconostoc mesenteroides, enterobacter aerogenes, e. cloacae, klebsiella aerogenes, k. pneumoniae, staphylococcus epidermidis, s. aureus, micrococcus and candida spp. the rotting period of egusi fruits could be decreased from 120 to 72 h by using a mixture o ...199424421184
biosensing and bioremediation of cr(vi) by cell free extract of enterobacter aerogenes t2.hexavalent chromium or cr(vi) enters the environment through several anthropogenic activities and it is highly toxic and carcinogenic. hence it is required to be detected and remediated from the environment. in this study, low-cost and environment-friendly methods of biosensing and bioremediation of cr(vi) have been proposed. crude cell free extract (cfe) of previously isolated enterobacter aerogenes t2 (gu265554; nii 1111) was prepared and exploited to develop a stable biosensor for direct esti ...201424410691
biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from marine seaweed sargassum cinereum and their antibacterial activity.seaweed extracts of sargassum cinereum was used as a reducing agent in the eco-friendly extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles from an aqueous solution of silver nitrate (agno3). high conversion of silver ions to silver nanoparticles was achieved with a reaction temperature of 100(°) and a seaweed extract concentration of 10% with a residential time of 3 h. formation of silver nanoparticles was characterised by spectrophotometry and the scanning electron microscope. the average particle ...201324403664
inactivation of enterobacter aerogenes in reconstituted skim milk by high- and low-frequency ultrasound.the inactivation of enterobacter aerogenes in skim milk using low-frequency (20khz) and high-frequency (850khz) ultrasonication was investigated. it was found that low-frequency acoustic cavitation resulted in lethal damage to e. aerogenes. the bacteria were more sensitive to ultrasound in water than in reconstituted skim milk having different protein concentrations. however, high-frequency ultrasound was not able to inactivate e. aerogenes in milk even when powers as high as 50w for 60min were ...201424394387
identification and characterization of sulfated carbohydrate-binding protein from lactobacillus reuteri.we previously purified a putative sulfated-galactosylceramide (sulfatide)-binding protein with a molecular weight of 47 kda from the cell surface of lactobacillus reuteri jcm1081. the aim of this study was to identify the 47-kda protein, examine its binding to sulfated glycolipids and mucins, and evaluate its role in bacterial adhesion to mucosal surfaces. by cloning and sequencing analysis, the 47-kda protein was identified as elongation factor-tu (ef-tu). adhesion properties were examined usin ...201324391811
first detection and characterization of an oxa-48-producing enterobacter aerogenes isolate. 201424355605
microbial alkyl- and aryl-sulfatases: mechanism, occurrence, screening and stereoselectivities.this review gives an overview on the occurrence of sulfatases in prokaryota, eukaryota and archaea. the mechanism of enzymes acting with retention or inversion of configuration during sulfate ester hydrolysis is discussed taking two complementary examples. methods for the discovery of novel alkyl sulfatases are described by way of sequence-based search and enzyme induction. a comprehensive list of organisms with their respective substrate scope regarding prim- and sec-alkyl sulfate esters allows ...201324352732
microbial alkyl- and aryl-sulfatases: mechanism, occurrence, screening and stereoselectivities.this review gives an overview on the occurrence of sulfatases in prokaryota, eukaryota and archaea. the mechanism of enzymes acting with retention or inversion of configuration during sulfate ester hydrolysis is discussed taking two complementary examples. methods for the discovery of novel alkyl sulfatases are described by way of sequence-based search and enzyme induction. a comprehensive list of organisms with their respective substrate scope regarding prim- and sec-alkyl sulfate esters allows ...201324352732
the legionella pneumophila collagen-like protein mediates sedimentation, autoaggregation, and pathogen-phagocyte interactions.although only partially understood, multicellular behavior is relatively common in bacterial pathogens. bacterial aggregates can resist various host defenses and colonize their environment more efficiently than planktonic cells. for the waterborne pathogen legionella pneumophila, little is known about the roles of autoaggregation or the parameters which allow cell-cell interactions to occur. here, we determined the endogenous and exogenous factors sufficient to allow autoaggregation to take plac ...201424334670
cytotoxicity, mode of action and antibacterial activities of selected saudi arabian medicinal plants.the flora of saudi arabia is one of the richest biodiversity areas in the arabian peninsula and comprises very important genetic resources of crop and medicinal plants. the present study was designed to investigate the cytotoxicity and the antibacterial activities of the organic extracts from twenty six saudi arabian medicinal plants. the study was also extended to the investigation of the effects of the extracts from the four best plants, ononis serrata (sy160), haplophyllum tuberculatum (sy177 ...201324330397
risk factors and treatment outcomes of bloodstream infection caused by extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant enterobacter species in adults with cancer.treatment of enterobacter infection is complicated due to its intrinsic resistance to cephalosporins. medical records of 192 adults with cancer who had enterobacter bacteremia were analyzed retrospectively to evaluate the risk factors for and the treatment outcomes in extended-spectrum cephalosporin (esc)-resistant enterobacter bacteremia in adults with cancer. the main outcome measure was 30-day mortality. of the 192 patients, 53 (27.6%) had bloodstream infections caused by esc-resistant entero ...201424321352
hepatoblastoma in a 15-month-old female with trisomy 13.trisomy 13 (t13) is a rare autosomal aneuploidy. greater than 90% of patients die during the first year of life. malignancies reported in association with t13 include two cases of wilms tumor and one case of pilocytic astrocytoma. there is no previous report of hepatoblastoma in patients with t13. we report a unique case of hepatoblastoma in a 15-month-old female with constitutional t13. our patient was born at 38 weeks gestation and was noted to have phenotypic features consistent with t13. gen ...201424311532
molecular identification of aiia homologous gene from endophytic enterobacter species and in silico analysis of putative tertiary structure of ahl-lactonase.the aiia homologous gene known to encode ahl- lactonase enzyme which hydrolyze the n-acylhomoserine lactone (ahl) quorum sensing signaling molecules produced by gram negative bacteria. in this study, the degradation of ahl molecules was determined by cell-free lysate of endophytic enterobacter species. the percentage of quorum quenching was confirmed and quantified by hplc method (p<0.0001). amplification and sequence blast analysis showed the presence of aiia homologous gene in endophytic enter ...201424309109
biohydrogen production from sugarcane bagasse by integrating dark- and photo-fermentation.hydrogen production from sugarcane bagasse (scb) by integrating dark-fermentation by enterobacter aerogenes mtcc 2822 and photo-fermentation by rhodopseudomonas bhu 01 was investigated. the scb was hydrolysed by sulphuric acid and the hydrolysate detoxified by passing through adsorbent resin column (amberlite xad-4) to remove the inhibitory furfural, and subjected to dark-fermentation. the cellulosic residue from acid hydrolysis was hydrolysed by the new isolate cellulomonas fimi to release suga ...201424291314
microbial diversity and dynamics during the production of may bryndza cheese.diversity and dynamics of microbial cultures were studied during the production of may bryndza cheese, a traditional slovak cheese produced from unpasteurized ewes' milk. quantitative culture-based data were obtained for lactobacilli, lactococci, total mesophilic aerobic counts, coliforms, e. coli, staphylococci, coagulase-positive staphylococci, yeasts, fungi and geotrichum spp. in ewes' milk, curd produced from it and ripened for 0 - 10 days, and in bryndza cheese produced from the curd, in th ...201424291178
influence of azelaic and mandelic acid peels on sebum secretion in ageing women.azelaic acid and mandelic acid are superficial peels commonly applied in people of various age groups. as they are mild and do not cause any side effects, they are also often used in elderly people.201324278065
hospital clonal dissemination of enterobacter aerogenes producing carbapenemase kpc-2 in a chinese teaching hospital.carbapenems are first-line agents for the treatment of serious nosocomial infections caused by multidrug-resistant enterobacteriaceae. however, resistance to carbapenems has increased dramatically among enterobacteriaceae in our hospital. in this study, we report clonal dissemination caused by carbapenem-resistant enterobacter aerogenes (crea). in 2011, crea was identified from 12 patients admitted to the neurosurgical ward. all 12 clinical isolates were non-susceptible to cefotaxime, ceftazidim ...201424273320
formiminoglutamase from trypanosoma cruzi is an arginase-like manganese metalloenzyme.the crystal structure of formiminoglutamase from trypanosoma cruzi (tcfigase) is reported at 1.85 å resolution. although the structure of this enzyme was previously determined by the structural genomics of pathogenic protozoa consortium (pdb accession code 2a0m), this structure was determined at low ph and lacked bound metal ions; accordingly, the protein was simply annotated as "arginase superfamily protein" with undetermined function. we show that reconstitution of this protein with mn²⁺ confe ...201324261485
conservative management of severe bilateral emphysematous pyelonephritis: case series and review of literature.emphysematous pyelonephritis (epn) is a life-threatening condition most commonly observed in diabetes, with nephrectomy believed to be the treatment of choice. however, nephrectomy in epn is associated with increased risk of complications secondary to associated hemodynamic instability and may result in lifelong hemodialysis in case of bilateral epn. we present three patients of severe bilateral epn and one patient of unilateral epn with diabetic ketoacidosis (dka) successfully managed conservat ...201324251204
immobilization of the enzyme gpdq on magnetite nanoparticles for organophosphate pesticide bioremediation.annually thousands of people die or suffer from organophosphate (pesticide) poisoning. in order to remove these toxic compounds from the environment, the use of enzymes as bioremediators has been proposed. we report here a ser127ala mutant based on the enzyme glycerophosphodiesterase (gpdq) from enterobacter aerogenes. the mutant, with improved metal binding abilities, has been immobilized using glutaraldehyde on pamam dendrimer-modified magnetite nanoparticles. the immobilized system was charac ...201424239906
synthesis, optimization, and characterization of silver nanoparticles from acinetobacter calcoaceticus and their enhanced antibacterial activity when combined with antibiotics.the development of nontoxic methods of synthesizing nanoparticles is a major step in nanotechnology to allow their application in nanomedicine. the present study aims to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles (agnps) using a cell-free extract of acinetobacter spp. and evaluate their antibacterial activity.201324235826
transport equations for a microbial predator-prey community.a transport equation is used which describes the temporal behavior of interacting populations in changing environments. the formulation takes into account the internal state variables of the individuals. the general theory is applied to the transient analysis of a microbial predator-prey system using an approximate model for the specific cell growth rate and multigroup formulism to approximate the mass distribution within the population. experimental results in atetrahymena pyriformis- aerobacte ...197724233466
inhibitory effects of copper on bacteria related to the free ion concentration.cu(2+) ion determinations were carried out in complex and in inorganic salts-glycerol media, to which increasing amounts of cu(ii) had been added, with the ion-specific cu(ii)-selectrode. likewise, complexing capacity of bacterial suspensions was estimated by titration with cuso4.copper-sensitive bacteria, e.g.,klebsiella aerogenes, were inhibited in their growth and survival in the range of 10(-8)-10(-6) m cu(2+) ion concentrations. in copper-buffered complex media, high copper loads could be t ...197924232421
experimental and modeling studies of a four-trophic level predator-prey system.experimental studies of a microbial food chain involving organic carbon substrates,enterobacter aerogenes, and ciliate protozoansparamecium primaurelia anddldinium nasutum were conducted in stirred, aerated batch cultures. quantitative measurements were made of organic carbon levels and of cell numbers, mean cell volumes, and total biovolumes for all three microbial populations. a mathematical model based on monod kinetics was developed to describe this four-trophic level predator-prey system. t ...198224225890
biodegradation of 2-methylquinoline by enterobacter aerogenes tj-d isolated from activated sludge.bacterial strain enterobacter aerogenes tj-d capable of utilizing 2-methylquinoline as the sole carbon and energy source was isolated from acclimated activated sludge under denitrifying conditions. the ability to degrade 2-methylquinoline by e. aerogenes tj-d was investigated under denitrifying conditions. under optimal conditions of temperature (35 degrees c) and initial ph 7, 2-methylquinoline of 100 mg/l was degraded within 176 hr. the degradation of 2-methylquinoline by e. aerogenes tj-d cou ...201324218841
absence of a role for lytic microorganisms in the decline of bacteria andsaccharomyces introduced into soil.the populations ofklebsieila pneumoniae, escherichia coli, enterobacter aerogenes, andpseudomonas sp. fell following their addition to soil, but species lysing these gram-negative bacteria were not detected. the numbers ofstaphylococcus aureus andmicrococcus flavus fell by more than four orders of magnitude and ofsaccharomyces cerevisiae by more than two orders after their addition to soil. organisms lysing these gram-positive bacteria were present in soil, but their numbers did not increase as ...198724202607
co-fermentation of carbon sources by enterobacter aerogenes atcc 29007 to enhance the production of bioethanol.we investigated the enhancement of bioethanol production in enterobacter aerogenes atcc 29007 by co-fermentation of carbon sources such as glycerol, glucose, galactose, sucrose, fructose, xylose, starch, mannitol and citric acid. biofuel production increases with increasing growth rate of microorganisms; that is why we investigated the optimal growth rate of e. aerogenes atcc 29007, using mixtures of different carbon sources with glycerol. e. aerogenes atcc 29007 was incubated in media containin ...201424185706
kpc-2 carbapenemase and dha-1 ampc determinants carried on the same plasmid in enterobacter aerogenes.this study was conducted to analyse the presence of a plasmid-mediated carbapenem resistance mechanism in a clinical enterobacter aerogenes isolate from a patient from jiangsu province, people's republic of china. pcr and sequencing confirmed that the isolate harboured klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (kpc)-2, dha-1 and tem-1 β-lactamase genes. both the kpc-2 and dha-1 genes were transferred to escherichia coli c600 by transconjugation, and southern blotting confirmed that these two genes wer ...201424173427
epidemiology and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacter spp., pantoea agglomerans, and serratia marcescens isolates from a bulgarian hospital.forty-two extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl)-producing isolates of enterobacter aerogenes, enterobacter cloacae, pantoea agglomerans, and serratia marcescens, collected consecutively during the period january-november 2011 from the university hospital in varna, bulgaria, were studied to characterize their esbls by isoelectric focusing, group-specific pcr, and sequencing. the epidemiological relationship was evaluated by random amplified polymorphic dna analysis (rapd). transferability of es ...201424171449
antimicrobial efficacy and phytochemical analysis of indigofera trita linn.an in vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of various extracts of indigofera trita l. viz. petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts were carried out. a total of 21 microorganisms (19 bacteria and 2 fungal strains) were used for antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion method and a standard procedure was used to identify the phytochemical constituents. petroleum ether extract showed moderate inhibitory activity against staphylococcus aureus (14.40 mm), ...201324146483
spectroscopic and mechanistic studies of dinuclear metallohydrolases and their biomimetic complexes.an enhanced understanding of the metal ion binding and active site structural features of phosphoesterases such as the glycerophosphodiesterase from enterobacter aerogenes (gpdq), and the organophosphate degrading agent from agrobacterium radiobacter (opda) have important consequences for potential applications. coupled with investigations of the metalloenzymes, programs of study to synthesise and characterise model complexes based on these metalloenzymes can add to our understanding of structur ...201424135968
infection due to colistin-resistant enterobacteriacae in critically-ill patients.this study was conducted in response to the rising incidence of drug resistance observed in the intensive care unit (icu) of king fahad medical city.201324129623
volatiles produced by soil-borne endophytic bacteria increase plant pathogen resistance and affect tritrophic interactions.volatile organic compounds (vocs) released by soil microorganisms influence plant growth and pathogen resistance. yet, very little is known about their influence on herbivores and higher trophic levels. we studied the origin and role of a major bacterial voc, 2,3-butanediol (2,3-bd), on plant growth, pathogen and herbivore resistance, and the attraction of natural enemies in maize. one of the major contributors to 2,3-bd in the headspace of soil-grown maize seedlings was identified as enterobact ...201324127750
avibactam reverts the ceftazidime mic90 of european gram-negative bacterial clinical isolates to the epidemiological cut-off value.ceftazidime-avibactam consists of the beta-lactam ceftazidime and the novel non-beta-lactam beta-lactamase inhibitor avibactam. the effect of avibactam on the ceftazidime mic frequency distribution of gram-negative european clinical isolates was observed and compared to european committee for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (eucast) mic frequency distributions and epidemiological cut-off values (ecoffs) listed for ceftazidime.201424125508
biodegradation of glycerol using bacterial isolates from soil under aerobic conditions.glycerol, a non-biodegradable by-product during biodiesel production is a major concern to the emerging biodiesel industry. many microbes in natural environments have the ability to utilize glycerol as a sole carbon and energy source. the focus of this study was to screen for microorganisms from soil, capable of glycerol utilization and its conversion to value added products such as ethanol and 1,3-propanediol (1,3-pdo). twelve bacterial isolates were screened for glycerol utilization ability in ...201424117087
the presence of antibiotic-resistant nosocomial pathogens in endotracheal tube biofilms and corresponding surveillance cultures.mechanically ventilated patients often develop ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap). soon after intubation, a mixed biofilm harboring microbial pathogens is formed on the endotracheal tube (et). it is believed that this biofilm contributes to the development of vap. unfortunately, the causative agent is often not known at the time vap is suspected, and early therapy often relies on the identification of surveillance cultures (sc). it is thus important to know whether these sc can predict the mi ...201324115610
irreproducible and uninterpretable polymyxin b mics for enterobacter cloacae and enterobacter aerogenes.carbapenem-resistant enterobacter species are emerging nosocomial pathogens. as with most multidrug-resistant gram-negative pathogens, the polymyxins are often the only therapeutic option. in this study involving clinical isolates of e. cloacae and e. aerogenes, susceptibility testing methods with polymyxin b were analyzed. all isolates underwent testing by the broth microdilution (in duplicate) and agar dilution (in duplicate) methods, and select isolates were examined by the etest method. sele ...201324088860
development of a practical complete-kill assay to evaluate anti-acanthamoeba drugs.acanthamoeba keratitis is a debilitating eye disease that requires effective topical drug therapy. currently, there is no standard in vitro test to evaluate anti-acanthamoeba drugs.201324077460
outbreak of multidrug-resistant acute postoperative endophthalmitis due to enterobacter aerogenes.to report the clinical features, management, and outcome of 7 cases of culture-proven multidrug-resistant enterobacter postoperative endophthalmitis following cataract surgery.201424063692
[the risk factors of ventilator-associated pneumonia in newborn and the changes of isolated pathogens].to study the risk factors of ventilator-associated pneumonia (vap) in newborn and the profiles of isolated pathogens.201324059113
mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyra and parc in enterobacteriaceae isolates from brazil.mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (qrdr) in chromosomal gyra and parc genes and fluoroquinolone susceptibility profiles were investigated in quinolone-resistant enterobacteriaceae isolated from community and hospitalized patients in the brazilian southeast region. a total of 112 nalidixic acid-resistant enterobacterial isolates collected from 2000 to 2005 were investigated for mutations in the topoisomerases genes gyra and parc by amplifying and sequencing the qrdr region ...201224031957
horizontol dissemination of tem- and shv-typr beta-lactamase genes-carrying resistance plasmids amongst clonical isolates of enterobacteriaceae.the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl)-producing bacteria have been isolated at increasing frequency worldwide. expression of esbl is often associated with multidrug resistance and dissemination by resistance plasmids. during a two-month period in 2000, 133 clinical isolates of enterobacterial strains were randomly collected from outpatients and inpatients at a university hospital in turkey. the esbl producing strains were determined by double-disk synergy (dds) testing. twenty esbl producing ...200824031280
antimicrobial ergosteroids and pyrrole derivatives from halotolerant aspergillus flocculosus pt05-1 cultured in a hypersaline medium.in order to obtain more structurally novel and bioactive lead compounds for subsequent drug discovery, we have shifted the focus of our study from traditional microbial resources to 'extremophiles'. in this study, a halotolerant fungus aspergillus flocculosus pt05-1 was isolated from the sediment of putian saltern of fujian province of china in a hypersaline medium. two new compounds, (22r,23s)-epoxy-3β,11α,14β,16β-tetrahydroxyergosta-5,7-dien-12-one (1) and 6-(1h-pyrrol-2-yl)hexa-1,3,5-trienyl- ...201324030481
isolation and characterization of plant growth promoting bacteria from non-rhizospheric soil and their effect on cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp.) seedling growth.the efficacy of four potential phosphate solubilizing enterobacter isolated from non-rhizospheric soil in western ghat forest in india. plant growth promoting ability of these isolates was evaluated in cowpea. all are gram negative, rod shaped, 0.8-1.6 mm in size, and psychrotrophic in nature, grow from 5 to 40°c (optimum temp. 28 ± 2°c). all isolates exhibits growth at a wide range of ph 6-12, optimum at ph 7.0 and tolerates up to 7% (w/v) salt concentration. 16s rrna gene sequencing reveals th ...201024026928
the rare sugar d-allose acts as a triggering molecule of rice defence via ros generation.only d-allose, among various rare monosaccharides tested, induced resistance to xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in susceptible rice leaves with defence responses: reactive oxygen species, lesion mimic formation, and pr-protein gene expression. these responses were suppressed by ascorbic acid or diphenylene iodonium. transgenic rice plants overexpressing osrbohc, encoding nadph oxidase, were enhanced in sensitivity to d-allose. d-allose-mediated defence responses were suppressed by the presence of ...201324014866
a comparative study on phosphotransferase activity of acid phosphatases from raoultella planticola and enterobacter aerogenes on nucleosides, sugars, and related compounds.natural and modified nucleoside-5'-monophosphates and their precursors are valuable compounds widely used in biochemical studies. bacterial nonspecific acid phosphatases (nsaps) are a group of enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of phosphoester bonds, and some of them exhibit phosphotransferase activity. nsap containing enterobacter aerogenes and raoultella planticola whole cells were evaluated in the phosphorylation of a wide range of nucleosides and nucleoside precursors using pyrophosphate as ...201423995227
heat resistance of histamine-producing bacteria in irradiated tuna loins.consumption of foods high in biogenic amines leads to an illness known as histamine, or scombrotoxin, poisoning. the illness is commonly associated with consumption of fish with high levels of histamine ( $ 500 ppm). the objective of this study was to determine and compare the heat resistance of five histamine-producing bacteria in irradiated albacore tuna loins. heat-resistance parameters (d- and z-values) were determined for morganella morganii, raoultella planticola, hafnia alvei, and enterob ...201323992506
cu(ii), ni(ii), and zn(ii) complexes of salan-type ligand containing ester groups: synthesis, characterization, electrochemical properties, and in vitro biological activities.a salen ligand on reduction and n-alkylation affords a novel [n2o2] chelating ligand containing ester groups [l = diethyl-2,2'-(propane-1,3-diylbis((2-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzyl)azanediyl))diacetate]. the purity of the ligand was confirmed by nmr and hplc chromatograms. its cu(ii), ni(ii), and zn(ii) complexes were synthesized and characterized by a combination of elemental analysis, ir, nmr, uv-vis, and mass spectral data, and thermogravimetric analysis (tg/dta). the magnetic moments, uv-vis, and ...201323983672
in vitro activity of ceftaroline-avibactam against gram-negative and gram-positive pathogens isolated from patients in canadian hospitals from 2010 to 2012: results from the canward surveillance study.the in vitro activities of ceftaroline-avibactam, ceftaroline, and comparative agents were determined for a collection of bacterial pathogens frequently isolated from patients seeking care at 15 canadian hospitals from january 2010 to december 2012. in total, 9,758 isolates were tested by using the clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) broth microdilution method (document m07-a9, 2012), with mics interpreted by using clsi breakpoints (document m100-s23, 2013). ceftaroline-avibactam ...201323979759
culture proven newborn sepsis with a special emphasis on late onset sepsis caused by enterobacteriaceae in a level iii neonatal care unit in astana, kazakhstan.newborn sepsis is one of the major public health concerns worldwide. also in our neonatal care unit, it is one of the major problems and especially infections with enterobacteriaceae were noted to pose an increasing problem in the last years.201323975158
synthesis, sar and antibacterial activity of hybrid chloro, dichloro-phenylthiazolyl-s-triazines.a series of hybrid novel chloro (1a-9a) and dichloro (10b-18b) phenylthiazolyl-s-triazine were synthesized and subsequently subjected to their antibacterial activity against three gram positive viz. lactobacillus casei (ncim-2651); bacillus cereus (ncim-2458); staphylococcus aureus (ncim-2120) and three gram negative viz salmonella typhimurium (ncim-2501); escherichia coli (ncim-2065); klebsiella aerogenes (ncim-2098). the sar studies around the lead compound revealed that introduction of electr ...201223960775
studies on bioflocculant production by a mixed culture of methylobacterium sp. obi and actinobacterium sp. mayor.bioflocculants effect the aggregation of suspended solutes in solutions thus, a viable alternative to inorganic poly-ionic and synthetic organic flocculants which are associated with deleterious health problems. consequently, a consortium of two bacteria species were evaluated for optimized bioflocculant yield following the inadequacies of axenic cultures.201323915393
extraction, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and screening of fruits of terminalia chebula retz. for its antimicrobial potential.terminalia chebula is called the "king of medicines" in tibet and is always listed first in the ayurvedic meteria medica because of its extraordinary powers of healing.201323901211
sulfatase-activated fluorophores for rapid discrimination of mycobacterial species and strains.most current diagnostic tests for tuberculosis do not reveal the species or strain of pathogen causing pulmonary infection, which can lead to inappropriate treatment regimens and the spread of disease. here, we report an assay for mycobacterial strain assignment based on genetically conserved mycobacterial sulfatases. we developed a sulfatase-activated probe, 7-hydroxy-9h-(1,3-dichloro-9,9-dimethylacridin-2-one)-sulfate, that detects enzyme activity in native protein gels, allowing the rapid det ...201323878250
the new species enterobacter oryziphilus sp. nov. and enterobacter oryzendophyticus sp. nov. are key inhabitants of the endosphere of rice.six independent gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-spore-forming, nitrogen-fixing rod-shaped isolates were obtained from the root endosphere of rice grown at the international rice research institute (irri) and investigated in a polyphasic taxonomic study.201323865888
purpurides b and c, two new sesquiterpene esters from the aciduric fungus penicillium purpurogenum js03-21.purpurides b and c (1 and 2, resp.), two new sesquiterpene alcohol esters generated from a drimane-type sesquiterpenoid lactone and an amino acid, together with two known analogs, berkedrimane b (3) and purpuride (4), were isolated from the aciduric fungus penicillium purpurogenum js03-21. their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, x-ray single-crystal diffraction, and application of marfey's method. compounds 1-4 showed modest antifungal activities against candida albicans with ...201323847064
inactivation of microorganisms by low-frequency high-power ultrasound: 2. a simple model for the inactivation mechanism.a simple theoretical model based on shear forces generated by the collapse of the ultrasound cavities near the surface of a microorganism is proposed. this model requires two parameters which take into account the number of acoustic cavitation bubbles, and the resistance of the cell wall of the microorganism to the shear forces generated by bubble collapse. to validate the model, high-power low frequency (20 khz) ultrasound was used to inactivate two microorganisms with very different sizes, viz ...201423845410
assessment of phytochemicals, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of extract and fractions from fagonia olivieri (zygophyllaceae).in pakistan fagonia olivieri (zygophyllaceae) is commonly used in the indigenous system of medicine for treatment of conditions like diabetes, cancer, fever, asthma, toothache, stomach troubles and kidney disorders. this study evaluated the crude methanol extract of f. olivieri (fom) and its derived fractions for their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities as well as the classes of phytochemical.201323842440
inactivation of microorganisms by low-frequency high-power ultrasound: 1. effect of growth phase and capsule properties of the bacteria.the aim of this study was to determine the effects of high-intensity low-frequency (20 khz) ultrasound treatment on the viability of bacteria suspension. more specifically, we have investigated the relationship between the deactivation efficiency and the physical (size, hydrophobicity) and biological (gram-status, growth phase) properties of the microbes. enterobacter aerogenes, bacillus subtilis, staphylococcus epidermidis, s. epidermidis sk and staphylococcus pseudintermedius were chosen for t ...201423835398
development of glycerol-utilizing escherichia coli strain for the production of bioethanol.the production of bioethanol was studied using recombinant escherichia coli with glycerol as a carbon source. glycerol is an attractive feedstock for biofuels production since it is generated as a major byproduct in biodiesel industry; therefore, we investigated the conversion of glycerol to bioethanol using e. coli bl21 (de3) which harbors several genes in ethanol production pathway of enterobacter aerogenes kctc 2190. fermentation was carried out at 34°c for 42h, ph 7.6, using defined producti ...201323830464
probing interaction of gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial cells with zno nanorods.in the present work, the physiological effects of the zno nanorods on the gram positive (staphylococcus aureus and bacillus subtilis) and gram-negative (escherichia coli and aerobacter aerogenes) bacterial cells have been studied. the analysis of bacterial growth curves for various concentrations of zno nanorods indicates that gram positive and gram negative bacterial cells show inhibition at concentrations of ~64 and ~256μg/ml respectively. the marked difference in susceptibility towards nanoro ...201223827568
identification of enterobacteriaceae by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry using the vitek ms system.this multicenter study evaluated the accuracy of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (maldi-tof) mass spectrometry identifications from the vitek ms system (biomérieux, marcy l'etoile, france) for enterobacteriaceae typically encountered in the clinical laboratory. enterobacteriaceae isolates (n = 965) representing 17 genera and 40 species were analyzed on the vitek ms system (database v2.0), in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. colony growth (≤72 h) was app ...201323818163
analysis of a soluble (ured:uref:ureg)2 accessory protein complex and its interactions with klebsiella aerogenes urease by mass spectrometry.maturation of the nickel-containing urease of klebsiella aerogenes is facilitated by the ured, uref, and ureg accessory proteins along with the uree metallo-chaperone. a fusion of the maltose binding protein and ured (mbp-ured) was co-isolated with uref and ureg in a soluble complex possessing a (mbpured: uref:ureg)2 quaternary structure. within this complex a uref:uref interaction was identified by chemical cross-linking of the amino termini of its two uref protomers, as shown by mass spectrome ...201323797863
fast coliform detection in portable microbe enrichment unit (pmeu) with colilert(®) medium and bubbling.laboratory strains of coliforms escherichia coli and klebsiella mobilis were used to artificially contaminate water samples in two different cultivation and detection systems, without and with bubble flow. samples were collected with an automated system (ascs). the positive coliform signal caused the color change into yellow (at 550-570nm). this signal could also be transmitted on-line to cell phones. e. coli containing samples emitted uv fluorescence at 480-560nm when activated by uv light. if ...201323790362
acanthamoeba castellanii of the t4 genotype is a potential environmental host for enterobacter aerogenes and aeromonas hydrophila.acanthamoeba can interact with a wide range of microorganisms such as viruses, algae, yeasts, protists and bacteria including legionella pneumophila, pseudomonas aeruginosa, vibrio cholerae, helicobacter pylori, listeria monocytogenes, mycobacterium spp., and escherichia coli. in this capacity, acanthamoeba has been suggested as a vector in the transmission of bacterial pathogens to the susceptible hosts.201323742105
spliced dna sequences in the paramecium germline: their properties and evolutionary potential.despite playing a crucial role in germline-soma differentiation, the evolutionary significance of developmentally regulated genome rearrangements (drgrs) has received scant attention. an example of drgr is dna splicing, a process that removes segments of dna interrupting genic and/or intergenic sequences. perhaps, best known for shaping immune-system genes in vertebrates, dna splicing plays a central role in the life of ciliated protozoa, where thousands of germline dna segments are eliminated a ...201323737328
antimicrobial activity of schinus lentiscifolius (anacardiaceae).schinus lentiscifolius marchand (syn. schinus weinmannifolius engl) is a plant native to rio grande do sul (southern brazil) and has been used in brazilian traditional medicine as antiseptic and antimicrobial for the treatment of many different health problems as well as to treat leucorrhea and to assist in ulcer and wound healing. although it is a plant widely used by the population, there are no studies proving this popular use.201323684720
structure-guided discovery of the metabolite carboxy-sam that modulates trna function.the identification of novel metabolites and the characterization of their biological functions are major challenges in biology. x-ray crystallography can reveal unanticipated ligands that persist through purification and crystallization. these adventitious protein-ligand complexes provide insights into new activities, pathways and regulatory mechanisms. we describe a new metabolite, carboxy-s-adenosyl-l-methionine (cx-sam), its biosynthetic pathway and its role in transfer rna modification. the ...201323676670
extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing multidrug resistant urinary isolates from children visiting kathmandu model hospital.a study was conducted to analyze the status of the multidrug resistant (mdr) isolates producing extended spectrum of beta-lactamase (esbl) among the uropathogens infecting children less than 15 years from november 2010 to april 2011 in the bacteriology laboratory, kathmandu model hospital. urine samples received in the laboratory were processed for routine culture. the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates was determined following clinical and laboratory standard institute (clsi) re ...201223671965
etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial pathogens from urinary tract infection.urinary tract infection (uti) is the most common infection in both community and hospital patients. in majority of the cases, empirical antimicrobial treatment is practiced before the laboratory results of urine culture. thus, antibiotic resistance may increase in urinary bacterial pathogens due to improper use of drugs. this study was designed to find out the etiological agents of uti and their prevalence, and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the bacterial pathogens isol ...201223671963
engineered enterobacter aerogenes for efficient utilization of sugarcane molasses in 2,3-butanediol production.sugarcane molasses is considered to be a good carbon source for biorefinery due to its high sugar content and low price. sucrose occupies more than half of the sugar in the molasses. enterobacter aerogenes is a good host strain for 2,3-butanediol production, but its utilization of sucrose is not very efficient. to improve sucrose utilization in e. aerogenes, a sucrose regulator (scrr) was disrupted from the genomic dna. the deletion mutation increased the sucrose consumption rate significantly w ...201323644066
determination and frying loss of histamine in striped marlin fillets implicated in a foodborne poisoning.an incident of foodborne poisoning causing illness in 67 victims due to ingestion of fried fish fillets occurred in june 2011, in southern taiwan. of the five suspected fish fillets, one fried sample contained 62.0 mg/100 g and one raw sample contained 89.6 mg/100 g histamine, levels which are greater than the potential hazard action level (50 mg/100 g) in most illness cases. given the allergy-like symptoms of the victims and the high histamine content in the suspected fish samples, this foodbor ...201323643129
design and evaluation of novel antimicrobial and anticancer agents among tetrazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline-5-thione s-derivatives.the novel heterocyclization of 5-(2-aminophenyl)-1h-tetrazole with potassium ethylxanthogenate or carbon disulfide was proposed. the potassium salt of the tetrazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline-5-thione was subsequently modified by alkylation with proper halogen derivatives to (tetrazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-ylthio)alkyls, n,n-dialkylethylamines, 1-aryl-2-ethanones, 1-(alkyl)aryl-2-ethanols, carboxylic acids, and esters. the structures of all newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by ft-ir, uv-vis, lc-ms ...201223641327
cysteine-conjugated metabolite of ginger component [6]-shogaol serves as a carrier of [6]-shogaol in cancer cells and in mice.shogaols, a series of major constituents in dried ginger (zingiber officinale), show high anticancer potencies. previously, we reported that a major metabolite resulting from the mercapturic acid pathway, 5-cysteinyl-[6]-shogaol (m2), showed comparable growth inhibitory effects toward cancer cells to [6]-shogaol (6s). here, we probe the mechanism by which m2 exerts its bioactivity. we utilized a series of chemical stability tests in conjunction with bioassays to show that thiol-conjugates displa ...201323638641
antibacterial activity of halophilic bacterial bionts from marine invertebrates of mandapam-india.marine ecosystem and its organisms, particularly the invertebrates are recent targets of bioprospecting and mining for a large group of structurally unique natural products encompassing a wide variety of chemical classes such as terpenes, polyketides, acetogenins, peptides and alkaloids of varying structures, having pronounced pharmacological activities. in view of the limited reports on the antibacterials produced by bacteria, isolated from marine sponges, corals and bivalves of indian origin, ...201223626388
[investigation of the presence of new delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (ndm-1) by pcr in carbapenem-resistant gram-negative isolates].bacteria producing new delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (ndm-1) exhibit high level resistance to beta-lactams including carbapenems. this broad-spectrum resistance limits treatment options for infections caused by ndm-1 producers. ndm-1 was first isolated from an indian patient in sweden; since then, ndm-1 producing isolates have been identified in many countries including turkey. in this study, we investigated the presence of ndm-1 by pcr method in various gram-negative isolates recovered from cl ...201323621739
surveillance of multidrug resistant uropathogenic bacteria in hospitalized patients in indian.to record surveillance, antibiotic resistance of uropathogens of hospitalized patients over a period of 18 months.201323620859
inhibition of cyp2c19 and cyp3a4 by omeprazole metabolites and their contribution to drug-drug interactions.the aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of metabolites to drug-drug interactions (ddi) using the inhibition of cyp2c19 and cyp3a4 by omeprazole and its metabolites as a model. of the metabolites identified in vivo, 5-hydroxyomeprazole, 5'-o-desmethylomeprazole, omeprazole sulfone, and carboxyomeprazole had a metabolite to parent area under the plasma concentration-time curve (auc(m)/auc(p)) ratio ≥ 0.25 when either total or unbound concentrations were measured after a single 20-mg ...201323620487
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